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Furtado LV, Santiago T, Abramson ZR, Kacar M, Shi Z, Koo SC, Ruiz RE, Mostafavi R, Krasin MJ, Shulkin B, Talbot LJ, Pappo AS, Gartrell J. High-grade osteosarcoma arising from a clinically aggressive infantile fibrosarcoma. J Clin Pathol 2024:jcp-2024-209384. [PMID: 38429093 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2024-209384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V Furtado
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Teresa Santiago
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zachary R Abramson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marija Kacar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zonggao Shi
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Selene C Koo
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert E Ruiz
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roya Mostafavi
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew J Krasin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barry Shulkin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsay J Talbot
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Furtado LV, Santiago T, Shi Z, Wang L, Liu YC, Gartrell J, Ruiz RE. Novel HNRNPM::LEUTX fusion resulting from chromothripsis of chromosome 19 in a pediatric undifferentiated small round cell neoplasm. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:740-745. [PMID: 37366242 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Small round cell neoplasms comprise a diverse group of tumors characterized by a primitive/undifferentiated appearance. Although several entities are associated with recurrent gene fusions, many of these neoplasms have not been fully characterized, and novel molecular alterations are being discovered. Here, we report an undifferentiated small round cell neoplasm arising in the anterior mediastinum of a 17-month-old female. The tumor harbored a novel HNRNPM::LEUTX fusion resulting from chromothripsis of chromosome 19, which was identified by whole transcriptome sequencing, but not by targeted sequencing. The structural variations caused by the chromothripsis event also challenged the interpretation of the targeted sequencing findings. This report expands the spectrum of gene partners involved in LEUTX fusions and underscores the value of whole transcriptome sequencing in the diagnostic workup of undifferentiated small round cell tumors. It also highlights the interpretive challenges associated with complex genomic alterations. A careful evidence-based analysis of sequencing data along with histopathologic correlation is essential to ensure correct categorization of fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V Furtado
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Teresa Santiago
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zonggao Shi
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Liu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert E Ruiz
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Coleman M, Liang J, Rastatter JC, Arch RS, Gartrell J, Chelius DC, Sheyn A, Li C, Richard C. Exploring the Epidemiology and Survival Trends in Pediatric Major Salivary Gland Malignancies: Insights from the National Cancer Database. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:6134-6147. [PMID: 37504316 PMCID: PMC10378439 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinicopathological, therapeutic, and survival data on pediatric major salivary gland cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS National Cancer Database (NCDB) query from 2004 to 2018. RESULTS In total, 967 cases of individuals under the age of 21 were identified. Most cancers affected the parotid gland (86%). Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (41.3%) and acinic cell adenocarcinoma (33.6%) were the most common. Tumors occurred more often from age 11 to 21, and females were more affected. Histology varied by age, gender, and race. In the 0-5 age group, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and myoepithelial carcinoma/sarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma were the most common pathologies. In patients over 5 years old, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most frequent tumor in boys, while acinic cell adenocarcinoma was more common in girls. African American patients had a higher incidence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, while White patients in the 0-5 age group had a higher incidence of myoepithelial carcinoma/sarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma tumors. Low-grade tumors were commonly diagnosed at stage I, but the 0-5 age group had a high frequency of stage IV tumors. The overall 5-year survival rate was 94.9%, with 90% for the 0-5 years age group and 96% for the 11-15 years age group. Negative margins were associated with higher 5-year survival rates in high-stage tumors (93%) compared to positive margins (80%). Submandibular malignancies had worse 5-year survival rates across all age groups. CONCLUSIONS Major salivary gland malignancies in pediatric patients exhibit variations in histopathologic characteristics by age, gender, and race. Negative margins impact 5-year survival rates, especially in high-stage tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Coleman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Jia Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rastatter
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca S Arch
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel C Chelius
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pediatric Head and Neck Tumor Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anthony Sheyn
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Celine Richard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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Furtado LV, Kacar M, Mostafavi R, Shi Z, Ruiz R, Koo SC, Santiago T, Segers B, Krasin MJ, Abramson ZR, Shulkin B, Talbot LJ, Pappo A, Gartrell J. Progressive metastatic infantile fibrosarcoma with multiple acquired mutations. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2023; 9:mcs.a006277. [PMID: 36997313 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile fibrosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children under the age of 1 year and is defined molecularly by NTRK fusion proteins. This tumor is known to be locally invasive; however, metastasis are rare. The NTRK fusion acts as a driver for tumor formation which can be targeted by first and second generation NTRK inhibitors. While NTRK gatekeeper mutations have been well described as mechanisms of resistance to these agents, alternative pathway acquired mutations are rare. Here we report the case of a patient with infantile sarcoma treated with chemotherapy and NTRK inhibition that developed metastatic, progressive disease with multiple acquired mutations, including TP53, SUFU, and an NTRK F617L gatekeeper mutation. Alterations in pathways of SUFU and TP53 have been widely described in the literature in other tumors, however, not yet in infantile fibrosarcoma. While most patients have a sustained response to TRK inhibitors, a subset will go on to develop mechanisms of resistance that have implications for clinical management, such as in our patient. We hypothesize this constellation of mutations contributed to the patient's aggressive clinical course. Taken together, we report the first case of infantile fibrosarcoma with ETV6::NTRK3 and acquired SUFU, TP53, and NTRK F617L gatekeeper mutation along with detailed clinical course and management. Our report highlights the importance of genomic profiling in recurrent infantile fibrosarcoma to reveal actionable mutations, such as gatekeeper mutations, that can improve patient outcomes.
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Arnold MR, Langelier MF, Gartrell J, Kirby IT, Sanderson DJ, Bejan DS, Šileikytė J, Sundalam SK, Nagarajan S, Marimuthu P, Duell AK, Shelat AA, Pascal JM, Cohen MS. Allosteric regulation of DNA binding and target residence time drive the cytotoxicity of phthalazinone-based PARP-1 inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1694-1708.e10. [PMID: 36493759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric coupling between the DNA binding site to the NAD+-binding pocket drives PARP-1 activation. This allosteric communication occurs in the reverse direction such that NAD+ mimetics can enhance PARP-1's affinity for DNA, referred to as type I inhibition. The cellular effects of type I inhibition are unknown, largely because of the lack of potent, membrane-permeable type I inhibitors. Here we identify the phthalazinone inhibitor AZ0108 as a type I inhibitor. Unlike the structurally related inhibitor olaparib, AZ0108 induces replication stress in tumorigenic cells. Synthesis of analogs of AZ0108 revealed features of AZ0108 that are required for type I inhibition. One analog, Pip6, showed similar type I inhibition of PARP-1 but was ∼90-fold more cytotoxic than AZ0108. Washout experiments suggest that the enhanced cytotoxicity of Pip6 compared with AZ0108 is due to prolonged target residence time on PARP-1. Pip6 represents a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors that may have unique anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah R Arnold
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Marie-France Langelier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ilsa T Kirby
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Daniel J Sanderson
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Daniel S Bejan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Justina Šileikytė
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Sunil K Sundalam
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Shanthi Nagarajan
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Parthiban Marimuthu
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Duell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA.
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Fleming AM, Duffy C, Gartrell J, McCarville MB, Langham MR, Ruiz RE, Santiago T, Murphy AJ. Giant focal nodular hyperplasia with a background of hepatic steatosis in a 14-year-old boy. J Surg Case Rep 2022; 2022:rjac238. [PMID: 35665385 PMCID: PMC9155174 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant focal nodular hyperplasia (GFNH) is rarely seen in children, presenting complex diagnostic and management considerations. Pathognomonic radiographic findings can be absent in this population, and the nuances of pathologic examination are critical. We present a child with a GFNH involving the right side of the liver arising in the background of hepatic steatosis. The details of the diagnosis and therapeutic decisions involved in his treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fleming
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Caitlyn Duffy
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M Beth McCarville
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Max R Langham
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert E Ruiz
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Teresa Santiago
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Gartrell J, Panetta JC, Baker SD, Chen YL, Hawkins DS, Ostrenga A, Scharschmidt TJ, Spunt SL, Wang D, Weiss AR. The effects of pazopanib on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in children and adults with non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma: a report from Children's Oncology Group and NRG Oncology study ARST1321. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:551-557. [PMID: 35083502 PMCID: PMC8958317 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment for soft tissue sarcomas is increasing given promising signals of activity in a variety of tumor types. The recently completed study in non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas, ARST1321, demonstrated that the addition of pazopanib to neoadjuvant ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and radiation improved the pathological near complete response rate compared with chemoradiotherapy alone. Pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation of doxorubicin with pazopanib has not been previously reported. As an exploratory aim, doxorubicin PK data were collected during the dose-finding phase of the study in patients receiving chemotherapy and pazopanib to assess the effect of pazopanib on doxorubicin PK parameters. METHODS Blood samples were collected during cycle 2 (week 4) of chemotherapy at the following time points from doxorubicin administration: predose, 5, 30, and 60 min, and 2, 4, 8, 24 ± 3, and 48 ± 3 h after dosing. The population pharmacokinetic and individual post hoc estimates of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol were determined by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS There were 52 doxorubicin and doxorubicinol samples from 7 individuals in this study (median age: 17 years; range 14-23). The doxorubicin clearance was 26.9 (16.1, 36.4, and 33.9) L/h/m2 (post hoc median and range) and 25.8 (23.3%) L/h/m2 [population estimate and IIV (CV%)]. The doxorubicinol apparent clearance was 67.5 (18.2, 1701) L/h/m2 (post hoc median and range) and 58.7 (63.7%) L/h/m2 [population estimate and IIV (CV%)]. CONCLUSION The PK data of seven patients treated on ARST1321 is consistent with previously reported population and post hoc doxorubicin clearance and doxorubicinol apparent clearance estimates, showing that the addition of pazopanib does not significantly alter doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. These data support the safety of administration of pazopanib with doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gartrell
- Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - J C Panetta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S D Baker
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Y L Chen
- Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D S Hawkins
- Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Ostrenga
- Pharmacy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - S L Spunt
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D Wang
- Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A R Weiss
- Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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8
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Twarog NR, Martinez NE, Gartrell J, Xie J, Tinkle CL, Shelat AA. Data vignettes for the application of response surface models in drug combination analysis. Data Brief 2021; 38:107400. [PMID: 34589567 PMCID: PMC8461350 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This data set contains the data used in Twarog et al. (2021) to examine the robustness and utility of response surface models in drug combination analysis. It includes simulated experimental data for the evaluation of traditional index methods, as well as a processed library of interaction metrics evaluated on the Merck OncoPolyPharmacology Screen (O'Neil et al., 2016), the scripts used to implement those metrics on all tested combinations in that screen, and scripts to evaluate the performance of those metrics in comparison with real-world mechanistic classifications. Finally, the data set includes data from several published and unpublished drug combination experiments, and scripts which allow the analyses of those experiments to be replicated and applied to new data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Twarog
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nancy E Martinez
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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9
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Angione SDA, Akalu AY, Gartrell J, Fletcher EP, Burckart GJ, Reaman GH, Leong R, Stewart CF. Fusion Oncoproteins in Childhood Cancers: Potential Role in Targeted Therapy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:541-555. [PMID: 34421403 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.6.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death from disease in children. Historically, in contrast to their adult counterparts, the causes of pediatric malignancies have remained largely unknown, with most pediatric cancers displaying low mutational burdens. Research related to molecular genetics in pediatric cancers is advancing our understanding of potential drivers of tumorigenesis and opening new opportunities for targeted therapies. One such area is fusion oncoproteins, which are a product of chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the fusion of different genes. They have been identified as oncogenic drivers in several sarcomas and leukemias. Continued advancement in the understanding of the biology of fusion oncoproteins will contribute to the discovery and development of new therapies for childhood cancers. Here we review the current scientific knowledge on fusion oncoproteins, focusing on pediatric sarcomas and hematologic cancers, and highlight the challenges and current efforts in developing drugs to target fusion oncoproteins.
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10
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Gartrell J, Mellado-Largarde M, Clay MR, Bahrami A, Sahr NA, Sykes A, Blankenship K, Hoffmann L, Xie J, Cho HP, Twarog N, Connelly M, Yan KK, Yu J, Porter SN, Pruett-Miller SM, Neale G, Tinkle CL, Federico SM, Stewart EA, Shelat AA. SLFN11 is Widely Expressed in Pediatric Sarcoma and Induces Variable Sensitization to Replicative Stress Caused By DNA-Damaging Agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2151-2165. [PMID: 34413129 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies that exhibit variable response to DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Schlafen family member 11 protein (SLFN11) increases sensitivity to replicative stress and has been implicated as a potential biomarker to predict sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents (DDA). SLFN11 expression was quantified in 220 children with solid tumors using IHC. Sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor talazoparib (TAL) and the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan (IRN) was assessed in sarcoma cell lines, including SLFN11 knock-out (KO) and overexpression models, and a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model (PDOX). SLFN11 was expressed in 69% of pediatric sarcoma sampled, including 90% and 100% of Ewing sarcoma and desmoplastic small round-cell tumors, respectively, although the magnitude of expression varied widely. In sarcoma cell lines, protein expression strongly correlated with response to TAL and IRN, with SLFN11 KO resulting in significant loss of sensitivity in vitro and in vivo Surprisingly, retrospective analysis of children with sarcoma found no association between SLFN11 levels and favorable outcome. Subsequently, high SLFN11 expression was confirmed in a PDOX model derived from a patient with recurrent Ewing sarcoma who failed to respond to treatment with TAL + IRN. Selective inhibition of BCL-xL increased sensitivity to TAL + IRN in SLFN11-positive resistant tumor cells. Although SLFN11 appears to drive sensitivity to replicative stress in pediatric sarcomas, its potential to act as a biomarker may be limited to certain tumor backgrounds or contexts. Impaired apoptotic response may be one mechanism of resistance to DDA-induced replicative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marcia Mellado-Largarde
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Natasha A Sahr
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - April Sykes
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kaley Blankenship
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lauren Hoffmann
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hyekyung P Cho
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nathaniel Twarog
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michele Connelly
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Koon-Kiu Yan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shaina N Porter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- The Center for Advanced Genomic Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- The Center for Advanced Genomic Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sara M Federico
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Elizabeth A Stewart
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last decades, multi-institutional clinical trials have resulted in significant improvements in the outcomes of patients with localized Ewing sarcoma; however, those with metastatic and recurrent diseases continue to fare poorly. More recently, advancements made in understanding the biology of the disease and mechanisms of response to therapy have opened the door for the incorporation of targeted therapies. Here we review the current state of treatment for Ewing sarcoma and the most recent preclinical advancements that have the potential to translate to improved care. AREAS COVERED This review provides a general overview of the most recent clinical trials completed in Ewing sarcoma, as well as the preclinical and translational data that has the potential to be incorporated into clinical trials. A PubMed review as well as a review of published meeting abstracts was used to compose this review. EXPERT OPINION While dose-intenstifying strategies have failed to lead to improvements in outcomes for patients with the highest-risk disease, recent preclinical advancements have shed light on potential new targeted strategies. The lack of early-phase clinical trial responses should not deter us from further developing these agents, but instead should guide us in designing novel combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America.,Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America
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12
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Panetta JC, Campagne O, Gartrell J, Furman W, Stewart CF. Pharmacokinetically guided dosing of oral sorafenib in pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma: A simulation study. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2152-2160. [PMID: 34060723 PMCID: PMC8604221 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib improves outcomes in adult hepatocellular carcinoma; however, hand foot skin reaction (HFSR) is a dose limiting toxicity of sorafenib that limits its use. HFSR has been associated with sorafenib systemic exposure. The objective of this study was to use modeling and simulation to determine whether using pharmacokinetically guided dosing to achieve a predefined sorafenib target range could reduce the rate of HFSR. Sorafenib steady‐state exposures (area under the concentration curve from 0 to 12‐h [AUC0–>12 h]) were simulated using published sorafenib pharmacokinetics at either a fixed dosage (90 mg/m2/dose) or a pharmacokinetically guided dose targeting an AUC0–>12 h between 20 and 55 h µg/ml. Dosages were either rounded to the nearest quarter of a tablet (50 mg) or capsule (10 mg). A Cox proportional hazard model from a previously published study was used to quantify HFSR toxicity. Simulations showed that in‐target studies increased from 50% using fixed doses with tablets to 74% using pharmacokinetically guided dosing with capsules. The power to observe at least 4 of 6 patients in the target range increased from 33% using fixed dosing with tablets to 80% using pharmacokinetically guided with capsules. The expected HFSR toxicity rate decreased from 22% using fixed doses with tablets to 16% using pharmacokinetically guided dosing with capsules. The power to observe less than 6 of 24 studies with HFSR toxicity increased from 51% using fixed dosing with tablets to 88% using pharmacokinetically guided with capsules. Our simulations provide the rationale to use pharmacokinetically guided sorafenib dosing to maintain effective exposures that potentially improve tolerability in pediatric clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Olivia Campagne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wayne Furman
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Sutthatarn P, Morin CE, Gartrell J, Furman WL, Langham MR, Santiago T, Murphy AJ. Bilateral Diffuse Nodular Pulmonary Ossification Mimicking Metastatic Disease in a Patient with Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Children (Basel) 2021; 8:children8030226. [PMID: 33809687 PMCID: PMC8002229 DOI: 10.3390/children8030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare finding, characterized by mature bone formation in the lung parenchyma. We report a 20-year-old female patient diagnosed with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) and bilateral diffuse nodular PO. The patient presented with a unifocal left liver mass and multiple bilateral pulmonary lesions, which were treated as metastatic disease. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by left hepatectomy, and bilateral staged thoracotomies for clearance of the pulmonary disease. The histology of the pulmonary nodules demonstrated nodular type PO. We present the history, the course of treatment, imaging, and histologic findings of this rare disease process that could mimic metastatic pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattamon Sutthatarn
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.S.); (M.R.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Cara E. Morin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.G.); (W.L.F.)
| | - Wayne L. Furman
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (J.G.); (W.L.F.)
| | - Max R. Langham
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.S.); (M.R.L.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Teresa Santiago
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (P.S.); (M.R.L.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Federico SM, Pappo AS, Sahr N, Sykes A, Campagne O, Stewart CF, Clay MR, Bahrami A, McCarville MB, Kaste SC, Santana VM, Helmig S, Gartrell J, Shelat A, Brennan RC, Hawkins D, Godwin K, Bishop MW, Furman WL, Stewart E. A phase I trial of talazoparib and irinotecan with and without temozolomide in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory solid malignancies. Eur J Cancer 2020; 137:204-213. [PMID: 32795876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Talazoparib combined with irinotecan and temozolomide demonstrated efficacy in a murine Ewing sarcoma model. Based on these data, we conducted a phase I trial of talazoparib and irinotecan with/without temozolomide in paediatric patients with recurrent/refractory solid malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cohorts of 3-6 patients with recurrent/refractory solid malignancies received escalating doses of oral talazoparib and intravenous irinotecan (arm A) and oral talazoparib, oral temozolomide and intravenous irinotecan (arm B) in a 3 + 3 design. Talazoparib was administered on days 1-6, and intravenous irinotecan and oral temozolomide were administered on days 2-6, of a 21-day course. Serum for talazoparib and irinotecan pharmacokinetics was obtained during course 1. UGT1A1 polymorphism and Schlafen family member 11 (SLFN11) immunohistochemical staining were performed. RESULTS Forty-one patients (20 males; median age, 14.6 years; 24 with recurrent disease) were evaluable for dose escalation. Twenty-nine and 12 patients were treated on arm A and arm B, respectively, for a total of 208 courses. The most common diagnosis was Ewing sarcoma (53%). The most common ≥grade III haematologic toxicities in arms A and B included neutropenia (78% and 31%, respectively) and thrombocytopenia (42% and 31%, respectively). In arms A and B, febrile neutropenia (24% and 14%, respectively) and diarrhoea (21% and 7%, respectively) were the most common ≥grade III non-hematologic toxicities. Six patients (Ewing sarcoma [5 patients] and synovial sarcoma [1 patient]) had a response (1 with a complete response, 5 with a partial response). The objective response rates were 10.3% (arm A) and 25% (arm B). Pharmacokinetic testing demonstrated no evidence of drug-drug interaction between talazoparib and irinotecan. UGT1A1 was not related to response. SLFN11 positivity was associated with best response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS The combination of talazoparib and irinotecan with/without temozolomide is feasible and active in Ewing sarcoma, and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Federico
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Natasha Sahr
- Departments of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - April Sykes
- Departments of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Olivia Campagne
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael R Clay
- Departments of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Departments of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mary B McCarville
- Departments of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sue C Kaste
- Departments of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Victor M Santana
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Sara Helmig
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anang Shelat
- Departments of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rachel C Brennan
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Dana Hawkins
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kimberly Godwin
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael W Bishop
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Wayne L Furman
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Departments of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; The Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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15
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a high-grade malignant neoplasm, with a morphologic appearance mimicking that of developing skeletal muscle. Over the last 30 years, patient outcomes have improved with the incorporation of multimodal therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. The overall cure rates exceed 70%, with patients who have low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease experiencing long-term survival rates of >90%, 70%, and <30%, respectively. Historically, RMS was classified according to histology; however, recent advances have revealed new molecular subgroups that allow us to more accurately identify high-, intermediate-, and low-risk disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances made in understanding RMS tumor biology and propose how this understanding can drive a new classification system that can guide clinical approaches for treatment de-escalation in patients with expected favorable outcomes and escalation for those with expected poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alberto Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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16
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Gartrell J, Kaste SC, Sandlund JT, Flerlage J, Zhou Y, Cheng C, Estepp J, Metzger ML. The association of mediastinal mass in the formation of thrombi in pediatric patients with non-lymphoblastic lymphomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28057. [PMID: 31736198 PMCID: PMC7233458 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children diagnosed with cancer are at a significantly higher risk of developing a thrombotic event (TE) compared with the general population. The rarity of these events makes it difficult to discern the specific risk factors; however, age, sex, presence of central venous lines, inherited thrombophilia, and mediastinal mass may play a role. The primary aim of this study is to identify prognostic characteristics of children diagnosed with non-lymphoblastic lymphomas associated with a greater risk of developing a TE early on in their disease, with an increased focus on mediastinal mass characteristics. METHODS Retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with non-lymphoblastic lymphoma between 2004 and 2014 at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. RESULTS TE occurred in 8.5% (n = 28/330) of individuals at a median of 21 days from the diagnosis of a non-lymphoblastic lymphoma, with 60% of TEs occurring within 30 days of diagnosis. Of the variables evaluated, only presence of a peripherally inserted central catheter (odds ratio [OR]: 3.14 [95% CI: 1.24-7.98; P = 0.02]) and degree of superior vena cava (SVC) compression of > 25% increased the odds of developing a TE (OR: 2.2 [95% CI: 1.01-4.93; P = 0.048]). CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with non-lymphoblastic lymphoma are at increased risk of developing TEs. In contrast to previous studies, the presence of a mediastinal mass alone was not associated with a higher risk of TE, but individuals with a mediastinal mass with 25% or greater degree of SVC compression were more likely to develop a TE. This finding highlights a high-risk group of children who may benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Sue C. Kaste
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John T. Sandlund
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jamie Flerlage
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Yinmei Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jeremie Estepp
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN,Department of Hematology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Monika L. Metzger
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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17
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Weinrath M, Gartrell J. Victimization and fear of crime. Violence Vict 1996; 11:187-197. [PMID: 9125788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Victimization has generally been associated with increased fear of crime. Analysis of two very large victimization surveys completed with the Canadian city of Edmonton, Alberta, explores the ways in which age and gender condition the experience of different types of victimization. While younger women were sensitized by assault (current or prior), older women appeared to be desensitized by similar victimization.
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Abstract
To characterize the binding properties of the Fc receptors on human macrophages, the binding of radiolabeled human IgG1 to peritoneal macrophages was assessed. Cells were obtained at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy from women undergoing evaluation of infertility. Macrophages bound on the average more IgG1 monomer than monocytes but the avidity with which both types of cells bound IgG1 monomer was comparable. By contrast, macrophages bound much more IgG1 dimers than monocytes. Scatchard plots of the binding of dimer to monocytes were linear, but plots of binding to macrophages were markedly curvilinear. This curvilinearity was not an artifact of extensive ligand internalization or catabolism by cells, since 80% of binding was reversible and there was very little catabolism of ligand in the medium. Assuming that the observed curvilinearity was due to the presence of two independent subpopulations of receptors, an objective estimate for the number of receptors per cell and of the avidity with which each subpopulation bound IgG1 dimer was obtained using a previously described computer program (Scatfit). The analysis of the binding of dimer to macrophages from six donors suggested the presence of 42,000 +/- 33,000 high avidity receptors per cell which bind IgG1 dimer with a mean Ka of 2.7 X 10(9) M-1 and 218,000 +/- 127,000 low avidity receptors which bind the same ligand with a Ka of 1.1 X 10(7) M-1. ADCC of IgG antibody-coated sheep red blood cells mediated by macrophages was less readily inhibited by soluble IgG1 monomer than ADCC mediated by peripheral blood monocytes. This provides further evidence for the presence of low avidity receptors which bind monomeric IgG1 poorly and also suggests that these sites are functionally active in triggering antibody-dependent immune clearance.
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