1
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Sheeba KRJ, Alagarasan JK, Dharmaraja J, Kavitha SA, Shobana S, Arvindnarayan S, Vadivel M, Lee M, Retnam KP. Physico-chemical and extraction properties on alkali-treated Acacia pennata fiber. Environ Res 2023; 233:116415. [PMID: 37343749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The production of reinforced composite materials can generally benefit greatly from the use of natural cellulosic woody fibers as good sustainable resources. Natural plants like hemp, cotton, and bamboo are great options for knitters and crocheters looking to make eco-friendly goods. The current study examines the properties of natural fiber obtained from the stem of the Acacia pennata (AP) plant, as well as its basic physico-chemical, structural, thermal, and mechanical characteristics. The key goal of this work was to investigate how alkali treatment affected the AP fibers' morphology, chemical composition, tensile capabilities, morphological changes, structural changes, and thermal degradation (APFs). The SEM image and pXRD analyses support the improved surface roughness of the fiber, and that was seen after the alkaline treatment. From XRD analysis, the fiber crystallinity index (54.65%) was improved and it was connected to their SEM pictograms in comparison to untreated APF. Alkali-treated AP fibers include a higher percentage of chemical components including cellulose (51.38%) and ash (5.13%). Alkali-treated AP fibers have a lower amount of hemi-cellulose (30.30%), lignin (20.96%), pectin (8.77%), wax (0.12%), and moisture (13.44%) than untreated APF. Their low density and high cellulosic content will improve their ability to fiber matrices. The thermal behavior of AP fiber at various temperatures was demonstrated by TG-DTA analysis, and tensile strength was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Jaya Sheeba
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India; Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur, 626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Anne Kavitha
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India; Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, Van Lang School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sundaram Arvindnarayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology, Marungoor, 629402, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoharan Vadivel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry & Research Centre, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Kilakarai, 623 806, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moonyong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Krishna Priya Retnam
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India; Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Arvindnarayan S, Francis RR, Jeyakumar RB, Saratale RG, Ashokkumar V, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Kumar G. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion via greener pretreatment methods towards biorefinery applications. Bioresour Technol 2023; 369:128328. [PMID: 36402280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass during pretreatment releases various compounds, among them the most important is reducing sugars, which can be utilized for the production of biofuels and some other products. Thereby, innovative greener pretreatment techniques for lignocellulosic materials have been considered to open a new door in the aspects of digestibility of the rigid carbohydrate-lignin matrix to reduce the particle size and remove hemicellulose/lignin contents to successfully yield valid bioproducts. This article reviews about the composition of lignocelluloses and emphasizes various green pretreatments viz novel green solvent-based IL and DES steam explosion, supercritical carbon dioxide explosion (Sc-CO2) and co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) along with suitable mechanistic pathway of LCB pretreatment process. Finally, this article concludes that the existing pretreatments should be redesigned to conquer the demands by large scale production and suggests combined pretreatment methods to carry out various biomass pre-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur-626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sundaram Arvindnarayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology, Marungoor - 629402, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rusal Raj Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai Campus, Box 345055, Pilani, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudy, Thiruvarur-610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
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3
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Manjula V, Venkateswaramoorthi R, Dharmaraja J, Bharanidharan S. Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Computational, Biological and Molecular docking studies on 3‐allyl 2,6‐diaryl piperidin‐4‐ones. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Manjula
- Department of Chemistry Periyar University Salem 636 011 Tamilnadu India
| | - R. Venkateswaramoorthi
- Department of Chemistry PGP College of Arts and Science Namakkal 637 207 Tamilnadu India
| | - J. Dharmaraja
- Department of Chemistry Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Vadachennimalai, Attur – 636 121 Tamilnadu India
| | - S. Bharanidharan
- Department of Physics Panimalar Engineering College Chennai 600 123 Tamilnadu India
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Lay CH, Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Arvindnarayan S, Krishna Priya R, Jeyakumar RB, Saratale RG, Park YK, Kumar V, Kumar G. Lignocellulose biohydrogen towards net zero emission: A review on recent developments. Bioresour Technol 2022; 364:128084. [PMID: 36220533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review mainly determines novel and advance physical, chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological and nanotechnology-based pretreatment techniques in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment for bio-H2 production. Further, aim of this review is to gain the knowledge on the lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment and its priority on the efficacy of bio-H2 and positive findings. The influence of various pretreatment techniques on the structure of lignocellulosic biomass have presented with the pros and cons, especially about the cellulose digestibility and the interference by generation of inhibitory compounds in the bio-enzymatic technique as such compounds is toxic. The result implies that the stepwise pretreatment technique only can ensure eventually the lignocellulosic biomass materials fermentation to yield bio-H2. Though, the mentioned pretreatment steps are still a challenge to procure cost-effective large-scale conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars along with low inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyi-How Lay
- Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur-626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, Van Lang School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sundaram Arvindnarayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology, Marungoor - 629402, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Retnam Krishna Priya
- Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil - 629004, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Ganesh Saratale R, Ponnusamy VK, Jeyakumar RB, Sirohi R, Piechota G, Shobana S, Dharmaraja J, Lay CH, Dattatraya Saratale G, Seung Shin H, Ashokkumar V. Microalgae cultivation strategies using cost-effective nutrient sources: Recent updates and progress towards biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 2022; 361:127691. [PMID: 35926554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are grabbing huge attention as well as consciousness on non-renewable energy sources for the global energy crises because of gradual increase in oil price, fast depletion or low availability of resources, and the release of more toxic-gases (CO2, SOx, NxO) during exhaustion, etc. Due to such hitches, the key need is to find alternative biofuels or feedstocks to replace fossil fuel energy demands worldwide. Currently, microalgae have become intrigued feedstock candidates (3rd generation source of biofuel) to replace nearly 50-60 % of fossil fuels due to high production of biomass and oil, mitigating CO2 and wastewater remediation. The present work demonstrated the current developments and future perspectives on large-scale algal cultivation strategies for the biorefinery economy. In addition, various advanced cultivation techniques adopted for enhanced biomass production and cost-effective methods for bioenergy production were detailly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, and Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GP CHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, Legionów 40a/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur 626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chyi-How Lay
- Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.
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Manjula V, Venkateswaramoorthi R, Dharmaraja J, Selvanayagam S. 2,6-Diphenyl-3-(prop-2-en-1-yl)piperidin-4-one. IUCr Data 2020; 5:x200526. [DOI: 10.1107/s241431462000526x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound, C20H21NO, the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring is 47.5 (1)° and the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...π interactions into dimers with the molecules related by twofold symmetry.
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7
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Hemalatha S, Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Subbaraj P, Esakkidurai T, Raman N. Chemical and pharmacological aspects of novel hetero MLB complexes derived from NO2 type Schiff base and N2 type 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Ponnusamy VK, Nguyen DD, Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Banu JR, Saratale RG, Chang SW, Kumar G. A review on lignin structure, pretreatments, fermentation reactions and biorefinery potential. Bioresour Technol 2019; 271:462-472. [PMID: 30270050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lignin valorization is commercially an important and advanced sustainable process for lignocellulosic biomass-based industries, primarily through the depolymerization path. The conversion of the lignin moieties into biofuels and other high value-added products are still challenging to the researchers due to the heterogeneity and complex structure of lignin-containing biomass. Besides, the involvement of different microorganisms that carries varying metabolic and enzymatic complex systems towards degradation and conversion of the lignin moieties also discussed. These microorganisms are frequently short of the traits which are obligatory for the industrial application to achieve maximum yields and productivity. This review mainly focuses on the current progress and developments in the pretreatment routes for enhancing lignin degradation and also assesses the liquid and gaseous biofuel production by fermentation, gasification and hybrid technologies along with the biorefinery schemes which involves the synthesis of high value-added chemicals, biochar and other valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Virapandianpatnam, Tiruchendur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Campus Anna University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Dharmaraja J, Balamurugan J, Shobana S. Synthesis, structural elucidation, microbial, antioxidant and nuclease activities of some novel divalent M(II) complexes derived from 5-fluorouracil and l-tyrosine. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dharmaraja J, Subbaraj P, Esakkidurai T, Shobana S. Studies on Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with 2-aminobenzamide and some bioactive imidazole enzyme constituents. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Aruppukottai, India
| | | | | | - Sutha Shobana
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur, India
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Subbaraj P, Ramu A, Raman N, Dharmaraja J. Synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction and pharmacological studies of substituted benzophenone derived Schiff base metal(II) complexes. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Shobana S, Subramaniam P, Mitu L, Dharmaraja J, Arvind Narayan S. Synthesis, structural elucidation, biological, antioxidant and nuclease activities of some 5-Fluorouracil-amino acid mixed ligand complexes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 134:333-344. [PMID: 25022506 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Some biologically active mixed ligand complexes (1-9) have been synthesized from 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU; A) and amino acids (B) such as glycine (gly), L-alanine (ala) and L-valine (val) with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. The synthesized mixed ligand complexes (1-9) were characterized by various physico-chemical, spectral, thermal and morphological studies. 5-Fluorouracil and its mixed ligand complexes have been tested for their in vitro biological activities against some pathogenic bacterial and fungal species by the agar well diffusion method. The in vitro antioxidant activities of 5-Fluorouracil and its complexes have also been investigated by using the DPPH assay method. The results demonstrate that Cu(II) mixed ligand complexes (4-6) exhibit potent biological as well as antioxidant activities compared to 5-Fluorouracil and Ni(II) (1-3) and Zn(II) (7-9) mixed ligand complexes. Further, the cleaving activities of CT DNA under aerobic conditions show moderate activity with the synthesized Cu(II) and Ni(II) mixed ligand complexes (1-6) while no activity is seen with Zn(II) complexes (7-9). Binding studies of CT DNA with these complexes show a decrease in intensity of the charge transfer band to the extent of 5-15% along with a minor red shift. The free energy change values (Δ(‡)G) calculated from intrinsic binding constants indicate that the interaction between mixed ligand complex and DNA is spontaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutha Shobana
- Department of Chemistry, Rajas International Institute of Technology for Women, Ozhuginaserri, Nagercoil 629 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Virapandianpatnam, Tiruchendur 628 216, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Liviu Mitu
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Pitesti, Pitesti 110040, Romania.
| | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Chettikurichi, Aruppukottai 626 134, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Arvind Narayan
- Department of Science and Humanities, K.N.S.K. College of Engineering, Therekalputhoor, Nagercoil 629 001, Kanyakumari District, India
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Dharmaraja J, Subbaraj P, Esakkidurai T, Shobana S. Coordination behavior and bio-potent aspects of Ni(II) with 2-aminobenzamide and some amino acid mixed ligands--Part II: Synthesis, spectral, morphological, pharmacological and DNA interaction studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 132:604-614. [PMID: 24892541 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel bioactive mixed ligand Ni(II) complexes (1a-1d) have been synthesised by using 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) and some bio-relevant amino acid ligands. The synthesised Ni(II) complexes were structurally characterized by various physico-chemical and spectral studies. Elemental analysis and molar conductance values suggest that 1:1:1 stoichiometry with non-electrolytic nature. Based on the spectral studies, both the ligands act as bidentate and they chelate with Ni(II) ion via amino-NH2 and amido-O and deprotonated carboxylato-O and amino-NH2 atoms respectively to form a stable six, five membered chelate rings with mononuclear octahedral geometry. Thermal studies show the presence of coordinated water and acetate molecules in the coordination. The powder X-ray diffractogram and SEM pictograph imply that all the complexes have fine crystalline peaks with homogeneous surface morphology. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant studies indicate the complexes are more active than free 2-aminobenzamide ligand. The Ni(II)-2AB-gly/phe complexes (1a and 1d) show significant oxidative cleavage and DNA binding activities. Moreover, the 3D molecular modeling, analysis of the complexes has also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Chettikurichi, Aruppukottai 626 134, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramasivam Subbaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Devanga Arts College (Autonomous), Aruppukottai 626 101, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirugnanasamy Esakkidurai
- Department of Chemistry, Devanga Arts College (Autonomous), Aruppukottai 626 101, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Department of Chemistry, Rajas Institute of Technology for Women, Ozhuginaserri, Nagercoil 629 001, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Subbaraj P, Ramu A, Raman N, Dharmaraja J. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological aspects of metal(II) complexes incorporating 4-[phenyl(phenylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-diol. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.950256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Subbaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Devanga Arts College, Aruppukottai, India
| | - A. Ramu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - N. Raman
- Research Department of Chemistry, V.H.N.S.N. College, Virudhunagar, India
| | - J. Dharmaraja
- Department of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Aruppukottai, India
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15
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Subbaraj P, Ramu A, Raman N, Dharmaraja J. Novel mixed ligand complexes of bioactive Schiff base (E)-4-(phenyl (phenylimino) methyl) benzene-1,3-diol and 2-aminophenol/2-aminobenzoic acid: synthesis, spectral characterization, antimicrobial and nuclease studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 117:65-71. [PMID: 23981416 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel bidentate Schiff base ligand has been synthesized using 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and aniline. Its mixed ligand complexes of MAB type [M=Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II); HA=Schiff base and B=2-aminophenol/2-aminobenzoic acid] have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of spectral data UV-Vis, IR, (1)H NMR, FAB-Mass, EPR, SEM and magnetic studies. All the complexes were soluble in DMF and DMSO. Elemental analysis and molar conductance values indicate that the complexes are non-electrolytes. HA binds with M(II) ions through azomethine and deprotonated phenolic group and B binds through the primary amine group and deprotonated phenolic/carboxylic groups. Using FAB-Mass the cleavage pattern of the ligand (HA) has been established. All the complexes adopt octahedral geometry around the metal ions. It has been confirmed with the help of UV-Vis, IR, (1)H NMR and FAB-Mass spectral data. DNA binding activities of the complexes 1d and 2d are studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and cleavage studies of Schiff base ligand and its complexes 1d and 2d have been by agarose gel electrophoresis method. In vitro biological activities of the free ligand (HA) and their metal complexes (1a-1e and 2a-2e) were screened against few bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saphyphiticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi Aspergillus niger, Enterobacter species, Candida albicans by well diffusion technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Subbaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Devanga Arts College, Aruppukottai 626 101, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dharmaraja J, Subbaraj P, Esakkidurai T, Shobana S, Raji S. Complexation equilibria and coordination aspects of Zn(II) complexes contain 2-aminobenzamide and some bioactive amino acid mixed ligands: pH-metric, spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies. Acta Chim Slov 2014; 61:803-812. [PMID: 25551720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed ligand complexation of 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) as ligand [L] with Zn(II) in the presence of some bio-relevant amino acid constituents like glycine (gly), L-alanine (ala), L-valine (val) and L-phenylalanine (phe) as ligand [B] have been investigated using pH-metric measurements with a combined pH electrode at different temperatures (300, 310, 320 and 330 ± 0.1 K) in 50% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture containing I = 0.15 M NaClO(4) as supporting electrolyte. Computer assisted analysis of the experimental titration data showed the presence of ZnLB and ZnLB2 species as mixed ligand complexes in addition to various binary species. In ZnLB/ZnLB(2) species, both primary and secondary ligands act as bidentate to form a stable six, five membered chelate ring. The calculated stabilization parameter Deltalog K, log X, log X' and % R.S. values clearly show the mixed ligand complexes have higher stabilities than their binary. Thermodynamic parameters DeltaG, DeltaH and DeltaS have been derived from the temperature dependence of the stability constants. The complexation behavior of ZnLB species has been studied by means of electronic spectra. The percentage distribution of various binary and mixed ligand species of each type of the complexes in solution depending on pH and the ratio of Zn(II) to 2-aminobenzamide/amino acid of the systems.
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Dharmaraja J, Esakkidurai T, Subbaraj P, Shobana S. Mixed ligand complex formation of 2-aminobenzamide with Cu(II) in the presence of some amino acids: synthesis, structural, biological, pH-metric, spectrophotometric and thermodynamic studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 114:607-621. [PMID: 23811147 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixed ligand Cu(II) complexes of 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) and amino acids viz., glycine (gly), L-alanine (ala), L-valine (val) and L-phenylalanine (phe) have been synthesised and characterized by various physico-chemical and spectral techniques. The calculated g-tensor values for Cu(II) complexes at 77 K and 300 K, show the distorted octahedral geometry which has been confirmed from the absorption studies. Consequently, the thermal studies illustrate that the loss of water and acetate molecules in the initial stage which are followed by the decomposition of organic residues. The powder X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis reflect that all the complexes have well-defined crystallinity nature with homogeneous morphology. The binding activities of CT DNA with CuAB complexes have been examined by absorption studies. Further, the oxidative cleavage interactions of 2-aminobenzamide and CuAB complexes with DNA were studied by gel electrophoresis method in H2O2 medium. Also, the complex formation of Cu(II) involving 2-aminobenzamide and amino acids were carried out by a combined pH-metric and spectrophotometric techniques in 50% (v/v) water-ethanol mixture at 300, 310, 320 and 330±0.1 K with I=0.15 mol dm(-3) (NaClO4). In solution, CuAB and CuAB2 species has been detected and the binding modes of 2-aminobenzamide and amino acids in both binary and mixed ligand complexes are same. The calculated stabilization value of ΔlogK, log X and log X' indicates higher stabilities for the mixed ligand complexes rather than their binary species. The thermodynamic parameters like ΔG, ΔH and ΔS have been determined from temperature dependence of the stability constant. In vitro biological activities of 2-aminobenzamide, CuA and CuAB complexes show remarkable activities against some bacterial and fungal strains. The percentage distribution of various binary and mixed ligand species in solution at dissimilar pH intervals were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering, Aruppukottai, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shobana S, Dharmaraja J, Selvaraj S. Mixed ligand complexation of some transition metal ions in solution and solid state: spectral characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant, DNA cleavage activities and molecular modeling. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 107:117-132. [PMID: 23416916 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium studies of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) mixed ligand complexes involving a primary ligand 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; A) and imidazoles viz., imidazole (him), benzimidazole (bim), histamine (hist) and L-histidine (his) as co-ligands(B) were carried out pH-metrically in aqueous medium at 310±0.1K with I=0.15 M (NaClO4). In solution state, the stoichiometry of MABH, MAB and MAB2 species have been detected. The primary ligand(A) binds the central M(II) ions in a monodentate manner whereas him, bim, hist and his co-ligands(B) bind in mono, mono, bi and tridentate modes respectively. The calculated ΔlogK, logX and logX' values indicate higher stability of the mixed ligand complexes in comparison to binary species. Stability of the mixed ligand complex equilibria follows the Irving-Williams order of stability. In vitro biological evaluations of the free ligand(A) and their metal complexes by well diffusion technique show moderate activities against common bacterial and fungal strains. Oxidative cleavage interaction of ligand(A) and their copper complexes with CT DNA is also studied by gel electrophoresis method in the presence of oxidant. In vitro antioxidant evaluations of the primary ligand(A), CuA and CuAB complexes by DPPH free radical scavenging model were carried out. In solid, the MAB type of M(II)5-FU(A)his(B) complexes were isolated and characterized by various physico-chemical and spectral techniques. Both the magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectral analysis suggest distorted octahedral geometry. Thermal studies on the synthesized mixed ligand complexes show loss of coordinated water molecule in the first step followed by decomposition of the organic residues subsequently. XRD and SEM analysis suggest that the microcrystalline nature and homogeneous morphology of MAB complexes. Further, the 3D molecular modeling and analysis for the mixed ligand MAB complexes have also been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutha Shobana
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Men), Nandanam, Chennai 600 035, Tamil Nadu, India
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Neelakantan MA, Esakkiammal M, Mariappan SS, Dharmaraja J, Jeyakumar T. Synthesis, characterization and biocidal activities of some schiff base metal complexes. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 72:216-22. [PMID: 20838526 PMCID: PMC2929781 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.65015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Some new mixed ligand complexes (1-5) of type ML'B (M(II)=Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II); HL'= o-vanillidene-2-aminobenzothiazole; B= 1,10-phenanthroline) and Schiff base metal complexes of types (ML(2)") (6-10) and (M(2)L") (11-15) (HL"= o-vanillidene-2-amino-N-(2-pyridyl)-benzene sulfonamide) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectral (IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR) studies. The free ligands and their metal complexes have been screened for their in vitro biological activities against bacteria, fungi and yeast. The metal complexes show more potent activities compared with Schiff base ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Neelakantan
- Chemistry Research Centre, National Engineering College, K. R. Nagar, Kovilpatti-628 503, India
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Neelakantan MA, Mariappan SS, Dharmaraja J, Muthukumaran K. pH Metric, Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Study of Complexation Behavior of 2-aminobenzothiazole with Ni (II) in Presence of Amino Acids. Acta Chim Slov 2010; 57:198-205. [PMID: 24061673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexation of 2-aminobenzothiazole (2abt) [A] with Ni(II) in presence of amino acids viz., glycine (gly), L-alanine (ala), L-valine (val) and L-phenylalanine (pal) [B] in 50% (v/v) water-ethanol mixture containing NaClO4 (0.15 M) has been studied by pH metrically at various temperatures (300, 310, 320 and 330 ± 0.1 K). Mixed ligand complexes of types NiAB and NiAB2 were observed and their stability constants were determined. The stabilization of mixed ligand complexes over binary analogues has been derived from Δ log K, log X' and log X values. The thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were derived from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants. The complexation behavior has also been studied by means of electronic spectra. On the basis of stability constants and electronic spectra, it is revealed that the mixed ligand complexes have six-coordinated octahedral structure. The binary and mixed ligand complexes were screened for their microbial activities in vitro on common bacteria, fungi and yeast. The DNA cleaving activities were studied by electrophoresis method.
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Neelakantan MA, Rusalraj F, Dharmaraja J, Johnsonraja S, Jeyakumar T, Sankaranarayana Pillai M. Spectral characterization, cyclic voltammetry, morphology, biological activities and DNA cleaving studies of amino acid Schiff base metal(II) complexes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2008; 71:1599-1609. [PMID: 18656419 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes are synthesized with Schiff bases derived from o-phthalaldehyde (opa) and amino acids viz., glycine (gly) l-alanine (ala), l-phenylalanine (pal). Metal ions coordinate in a tetradentate or hexadentate manner with these N(2)O(2) donor ligands, which are characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moments, IR, electronic, (1)H NMR and EPR spectral studies. The elemental analysis suggests the stoichiometry to be 1:1 (metal:ligand). Based on EPR studies, spin-Hamiltonian and bonding parameters have been calculated. The g-values calculated for copper complexes at 300K and in frozen DMSO (77K) indicate the presence of the unpaired electron in the dx2-y2 orbital. The evaluated metal-ligand bonding parameters showed strong in-plane sigma- and pi-bonding. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron micrography (SEM) analysis provide the crystalline nature and the morphology of the metal complexes. The cyclic voltammograms of the Cu(II)/Mn(II)/VO(II) complexes investigated in DMSO solution exhibit metal centered electroactivity in the potential range -1.5 to +1.5V. The electrochemical data obtained for Cu(II) complexes explains the change of structural arrangement of the ligand around Cu(II) ions. The biological activity of the complexes has been tested on eight bacteria and three fungi. Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes show an increased activity in comparison to the controls. The metal complexes of opapal Schiff base were evaluated for their DNA cleaving activities with calf-thymus DNA (CT DNA) under aerobic conditions. Cu(II) and VO(II) complexes show more pronounced activity in presence of the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Neelakantan
- Chemistry Research Centre, National Engineering College, K.R. Nagar, Kovilpatti 628 503, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Neelakantan MA, Marriappan SS, Dharmaraja J, Jeyakumar T, Muthukumaran K. Spectral, XRD, SEM and biological activities of transition metal complexes of polydentate ligands containing thiazole moiety. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2008; 71:628-635. [PMID: 18313976 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes of o-vanillidene-2-aminobenzothiazole have been prepared and characterized by elemental and spectral (vibrational, electronic, 1H NMR and EPR) data as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermo gravimetric analysis (TG/DTA). The low molar conductance values reveal the non-electrolytic nature of these complexes. The elemental analysis suggests that the stoichiometry to be 1:2 (metal:ligand). Magnetic susceptibility data coupled with electronic spectra suggest that two ligands coordinate to each metal atom by phenolic oxygen and imino nitrogen to form high spin octahedral complex with Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II). The fifth and sixth position of metal ion is satisfied with water molecules. The thermal behaviour (TG/DTA) of the synthesised complexes shows that the complexes loss water molecules in the first step followed by decomposition of the ligand. Spin Hamiltonian parameters predict a distorted tetrahedral geometry for the copper complex. XRD and SEM analysis provide the crystalline nature and the morphology of the metal complexes. The in vitro biological activity of the metal chelates is tested against the Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquifacians) and gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas species), fungus (Aspergillus niger) and yeast (Sacchromyces cereviaceae). Most of the metal chelates exhibited higher biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Neelakantan
- Chemistry Research Centre, National Engineering College, K.R. Nagar, Kovilpatti 628503, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Krishnasamy K, Venkateswaran V, Shanmugam M, Dharmaraja J. Chromium(VI) oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide–kinetic and mechanistic approach. J Sulphur Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990701420270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krishnasamy K, Devanathan D, Dharmaraja J. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of substituted benzaldehydes by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium chlorochromate. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-007-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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