Serous surface papillary borderline ovarian tumors: sonographic features with clinicopathological correlation

Serous surface papillary borderline ovarian tumor (SSPBOT) is a distinct subtype of serous borderline ovarian tumor (SBOT) characterized by solid tissue deposition confined to the ovarian surface. Because SSPBOT is rare, there are few published reports on the ultrasonographic features of this condition. In this retrospective study, we investigated 12 cases of SSPBOT. Ultrasound of SSPBOT showed grossly normal ovaries that were partially or wholly encased with tumor deposits confined to the surface, and clear demarcation between normal ovarian tissue and surrounding tumors. Doppler sonography demonstrated the fireworks sign in all cases of SSPBOT, as an intratumoral vascular bundle originating from the ovarian vessels and supplying hierarchical branching blood flow to the surrounding tumor. No patients with ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma showed these characteristic morphological and Doppler features. In our series, the firework sign appeared to be a characteristic feature of SSPBOTs. Utilization of this novel marker may help to identify correctly SSPBOT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Generalized tessellations of superellipitcal voids in low porosity architected materials for stress mitigation

Stress concentration is a crucial source of mechanical failure in structural elements, especially those embedding voids. This paper examines periodic porous materials with porosity lower than 5%. We investigate their stress distribution under planar multiaxial loading, and presents a family of geometrically optimized void shapes for stress mitigation. We adopt a generalized description for both void geometry and planar tessellation patterns that can handle single and multiple voids of arbitrary void shape at a generic angle. The role of void shape evolution from diamond to rectellipse on the stress-distribution is captured at the edge of voids in a representative volume element (RVE) made of non-equal length periodic vectors. Theoretical derivations, numerical simulations along with experimental validation of the strain field in thermoplastic polymer samples fabricated by laser cutting unveil the role of geometric parameters, e.g. superellipse order, aspect ratio and rotation angle, that minimize stress peak and ameliorate stress distribution around voids. This work extends and complements classical theory by providing fundamental insights into the role that tessellation, void shape and inclination play in the stress distribution of low-porosity architected materials, thus introducing essential guidelines of broad application for stress-minimization and failure mitigation in diverse sectors.

Bugs and drugs: a systems biology approach to characterising the effect of moxidectin on the horse's faecal microbiome

Background

Anthelmintic treatment is a risk factor for intestinal disease in the horse, known as colic. However the mechanisms involved in the onset of disease post anthelmintic treatment are unknown. The interaction between anthelmintic drugs and the gut microbiota may be associated with this observed increase in risk of colic. Little is known about the interaction between gut microbiota and anthelmintics and how treatment may alter microbiome function. The objectives of this study were: To characterise (1) faecal microbiota, (2) feed fermentation kinetics in vitro and (3) metabolic profiles following moxidectin administration to horses with very low (0 epg) adult strongyle burdens. Hypothesis: Moxidectin will not alter (1) faecal microbiota, (2) feed fermentation in vitro, or, (3) host metabolome.

Results

Moxidectin increased the relative abundance of Deferribacter spp. and Spirochaetes spp. observed after 160 h in moxidectin treated horses. Reduced in vitro fibre fermentation was observed 16 h following moxidectin administration in vivo (P = 0.001), along with lower pH in the in vitro fermentations from the moxidectin treated group. Metabolic profiles from urine samples did not differ between the treatment groups. However metabolic profiles from in vitro fermentations differed between moxidectin and control groups 16 h after treatment (R² = 0.69, Q²Y = 0.48), and within the moxidectin group between 16 h and 160 h post moxidectin treatment (R² = 0.79, Q²Y = 0.77). Metabolic profiles from in vitro fermentations and fermentation kinetics both indicated altered carbohydrate metabolism following in vivo treatment with moxidectin.

Conclusions

These data suggest that in horses with low parasite burdens moxidectin had a small but measurable effect on both the community structure and the function of the gut microbiome.

Effects of EGCG on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer SGC7901 cells via down-regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF under a hypoxic state

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells under a hypoxic state.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells were sub-cultured, and the cobalt chloride (CoCl2) hypoxia model was established. The blank control group (normoxia group), hypoxia control group (hypoxia group) and hypoxia + different concentrations of EGCG subgroups (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg/mL EGCG) were set up. Cell viability was detected via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, apoptosis was detected via flow cytometry, and expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Relatively low concentrations of EGCG (20-80 μg/mL) presented no significant inhibiting effect on SGC7901 cell growth within a short time (24 h) (p>0.05). The increasing concentration of EGCG inhibited cell proliferation under a hypoxia state (p<0.05). EGCG induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner under hypoxia (p<0.05). EGCG could significantly impede expressions of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins (p<0.05), and down-regulate the level of VEGF mRNA (p<0.05), but it showed no significant effect on the HIF-1α mRNA expression (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

EGCG inhibited cell proliferation under hypoxia via the downregulation of HIF-1α and its downstream target gene VEGF levels, providing a theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in clinic.

Higher thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the first trimester are associated with gestational diabetes in a Chinese population

AIM

To evaluate the relationship between maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels during the first trimester and gestational diabetes risk.

METHODS

In Tianjin, China, 7258 women underwent a thyroid-stimulating hormone screening test within 12 gestational weeks and then had a glucose challenge test at 24-28 weeks of gestational age. The women with a glucose challenge test ≥7.8 mmol/l underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed following International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to explore full-range risk associations of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with gestational diabetes. Logistic regression was performed to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

In all, 594 women (8.2%) had gestational diabetes. Among women with thyroid-stimulating hormone ≤3.2 mIU/l, a positive association between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and gestational diabetes risk was found (adjusted OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27). There was no relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and gestational diabetes risk in univariable and multivariable analyses among women with thyroid-stimulating hormone >3.2 mIU/l. In subgroup analyses, among women with thyroid-stimulating hormone ≤3.2 mIU/l and BMI ≥25 kg/m² , the adjusted odds ratio for thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with gestational diabetes was enhanced to 1.25 (95% CI: 1.02-1.53).

CONCLUSIONS

In pregnant Chinese women, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels even within normal range in the first trimester were positively related to gestational diabetes risk, especially for pre-pregnancy overweight/obese women.

Community health perceptions and human environmental exposure to chromium contamination in a small New Jersey City

Following a 1983 chromic acid (hexavalent chromium [CrVI]) spill from a Garfield, NJ electroplating plant, CrVI-contaminated water was found in a local firehouse basement in 1993. An ATSDR public health advisory was issued for the plant site in 2010, and from 2008-2015, fourteen residential properties have required remediation to address CrVI-contaminated dust in the basements. As part of the Community Outreach and Engagement Core of the NYU NIEHS Center, seventytwo Garfield residents aged 18-65 years, participated in a community survey with the goal of identifying concerns related to environmental and community health. Thirty-two percent responded that they 'didn't know' if they were exposed to chemicals or pollutants where they live. This finding suggests a limited awareness of environmental chemical exposures, chromium contamination and/or potential exposure to CrVI. Furthermore, toenail clippings were collected from forty-seven Garfield residents and analyzed for total chromium levels to assess potential long-term exposure. On average, residents living on/inside the contaminated plume area had higher total chromium levels in their toenail clippings than residents living outside the plume area. However, chromium levels for all participants were within the range of historical normal. This study highlights the value of partnerships between environmentally-impacted community's and academic scientists working together to identify potential contaminant exposures and address public health concerns through research and environmental health education.

Development and Validation of a Natural Language Processing Tool to Identify Patients Treated for Pneumonia across VA Emergency Departments

BACKGROUND

Identifying pneumonia using diagnosis codes alone may be insufficient for research on clinical decision making. Natural language processing (NLP) may enable the inclusion of cases missed by diagnosis codes.

OBJECTIVES

This article (1) develops a NLP tool that identifies the clinical assertion of pneumonia from physician emergency department (ED) notes, and (2) compares classification methods using diagnosis codes versus NLP against a gold standard of manual chart review to identify patients initially treated for pneumonia.

METHODS

Among a national population of ED visits occurring between 2006 and 2012 across the Veterans Affairs health system, we extracted 811 physician documents containing search terms for pneumonia for training, and 100 random documents for validation. Two reviewers annotated span- and document-level classifications of the clinical assertion of pneumonia. An NLP tool using a support vector machine was trained on the enriched documents. We extracted diagnosis codes assigned in the ED and upon hospital discharge and calculated performance characteristics for diagnosis codes, NLP, and NLP plus diagnosis codes against manual review in training and validation sets.

RESULTS

Among the training documents, 51% contained clinical assertions of pneumonia; in the validation set, 9% were classified with pneumonia, of which 100% contained pneumonia search terms. After enriching with search terms, the NLP system alone demonstrated a recall/sensitivity of 0.72 (training) and 0.55 (validation), and a precision/positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.89 (training) and 0.71 (validation). ED-assigned diagnostic codes demonstrated lower recall/sensitivity (0.48 and 0.44) but higher precision/PPV (0.95 in training, 1.0 in validation); the NLP system identified more "possible-treated" cases than diagnostic coding. An approach combining NLP and ED-assigned diagnostic coding classification achieved the best performance (sensitivity 0.89 and PPV 0.80).

CONCLUSION

System-wide application of NLP to clinical text can increase capture of initial diagnostic hypotheses, an important inclusion when studying diagnosis and clinical decision-making under uncertainty.

DFT modelling of a diphosphane - N-heterocyclic carbene-Rh(i) pincer complex rearrangement: a computational evaluation of the electronic effects in C-P bond activation

DFT calculations confirmed that the rearrangement of a PCP-Rh-H pincer to a CCP-Rh-phosphane pincer occured by C-P oxidative addition (ΔG^‡ = 29.5 kcal mol^-1, rate-determining step), followed by P-H reductive elimination (ΔG^‡ = 4.8 kcal mol^-1). The oxidative addition proceeded via a 3-centered transition state and is accelerated by electron-withdrawing substituents p- to the reacting C-P bond, resulting in a reaction constant (ρ) of 2.12 for ΔG^‡ and 2.76 for ΔH^‡ in a Hammett-type linear free energy relationship. AIM wavefunction analyses indicated a decrease in the negative charge on the carbon bonded to Rh with a concomitant increase in the positive charge on the latter. The electronic density at the Rh-P bond critical point and the atomic charge on Rh correlate well with the Hammett constants (σ) of the p-substituents. The replacement of the Rh-bound hydride with other anions (CH₃, Ph, t-Bu, OH, F, Cl, and CN) results in a decrease in the OA barrier only for CH₃, which is in accordance with the experimental results. The reductive elimination occurs via a 3-centered (Rh, H, P) transition state, which adopts a conformation wherein the steric clash between the i-Pr groups is minimized, followed by recomplexation of Rh and the newly formed (i-Pr)₂PH by a conformational twist around the Rh-P axis.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus on overweight status of their children

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) as a group of medical complications in pregnancy are believed to be associated with an increased risk of poor fetal growth, but the influence on offspring’s body composition is not clear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and overweight status in the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

A cross-sectional study among 1263 GDM mother-child pairs was performed in Tianjin, China. General linear models and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of maternal hypertension in pregnancy with anthropometry and overweight status in the offspring from birth to 1–5 years old.

Offspring of GDM mothers who were diagnosed with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy had higher mean values of Z scores for birth weight for gestational age and birth weight for length, and higher mean values of Z scores for weight for age, weight for length/height, and body mass index for age at 1–5 years old than those of GDM mothers with normal blood pressure during pregnancy. Maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were associated with increased risks of large for gestational age (OR 1.74, 95%CI 1.08–2.79) and macrosomia (OR 2.02, 95%CI 1.23–3.31) at birth and childhood overweight/obesity at 1–5 years old age (OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.16–3.04).

For offspring of mothers with GDM, maternal hypertension during pregnancy was a risk factor for macrosomia at birth and childhood overweight and obesity, and controlling the maternal hypertension may be more important for preventing large for gestational age babies and childhood obesity.

Sleep duration and quality, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant Chinese women

AIMS

To examine the association between sleep disturbances during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

From 2010 to 2012, 12 506 women in Tianjin, China, were screened using a 50-g 1-h glucose challenge test at 24-28 weeks' gestation. Those with glucose challenge test values of ≥ 7.8 mmol/l were invited to further undergo a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Gestational diabetes was determined according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group's definition. Self-reported sleep duration and sleep quality during pregnancy was documented using a modified questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios and 95% CIs.

RESULTS

A total of 919 women (7.3%) had gestational diabetes. Sleep duration was found to have an approximate J-shaped association with gestational diabetes risk after adjusting for covariates. Compared with a sleep duration of 7-9 h/day (43% of 12 506 women), the adjusted odds ratios for sleep duration of ≥ 9 h/day (55%) and < 7 h/day (2%) for gestational diabetes were 1.21 (95% CI 1.03-1.42) and 1.36 (95% CI 0.87-2.14), respectively. Compared with good sleep quality (37.9% of 12 506 women), the adjusted odds ratios of moderate (59.9%) and poor sleep quality (2.2%) for gestational diabetes were 1.19 (95% CI 1.01-1.41) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.04-2.50), respectively.

CONCLUSION

In pregnant Chinese women, poor sleep quality, and shorter and longer duration of sleep during pregnancy were independently associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes.

Lifestyle intervention can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

This study aimed to examine the effect of lifestyle intervention on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We searched PubMed, Springer and other databases to retrieve articles published in English and Chinese up to 30 September 2015. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of lifestyle intervention on risk of GDM. Exclusion criteria were studies with prepregnancy diabetes mellitus or interventions with nutrient supplements. Random-effect and fixed-effect model analyses were used to obtain pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of diet and physical activity on the risk of GDM. Subgroup analyses were performed to check the consistency of effect sizes across groups where appropriate. We identified 29 randomized controlled trials with 11,487 pregnant women, addressing the effect of lifestyle intervention on the risk of GDM. In the pooled analysis, either diet or physical activity resulted in an 18% (95%CI 5-30%) reduction in the risk of GDM (P = 0.0091). Subgroup analysis showed that such intervention was effective among women with intervention before the 15th gestational week (relative risk: 0.80, 95%CI 0.66-0.97), but not among women receiving the intervention afterwards. We conclude that lifestyle modification during pregnancy, especially before the 15th gestational week, can reduce the risk of GDM. © 2016 World Obesity.

Metabolic syndrome of weight change from pre-pregnancy to 1-5 years post-partum among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes

AIMS

Few studies have evaluated the effect of weight change from pre-pregnancy to post-partum with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between weight change from pre-pregnancy to 1-5 years post-partum with metabolic syndrome among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study in 1263 women with gestational diabetes mellitus at 1-5 years post-partum. Participants were divided into four groups based on their weight change from pre-pregnancy to 1-5 years post-partum: loss of ≥ 3 kg, ± 3 kg, gain of 3-7 kg and gain of ≥7 kg.

RESULTS

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 12.1%, 16.2%, 26.0% and 44.3% among women with weight loss ≥ 3 kg, stable weight ( ± 3 kg), weight gain 3-7 kg and weight gain ≥ 7 kg from pre-pregnancy to post-partum, respectively. The positive association between weight change and metabolic syndrome was observed among women with pre-pregnancy normal weight (BMI < 24 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI 24-27.9 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m(2)). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was almost similar among pre-pregnancy normal weight women with weight gain ≥ 7 kg, pre-pregnancy overweight women with stable weight ( ± 3 kg) and pre-pregnancy obese women with weight loss ≥ 3 kg from pre-pregnancy to post-partum (P = 0.62).

CONCLUSIONS

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus who had large weight gain from pre-pregnancy to post-partum were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Women who are pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and also diagnosed as gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy need more weight control after delivery.

Dominant components of the Thoroughbred metabolome characterised by (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A metabolite atlas of common biofluids

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY

Metabonomics is emerging as a powerful tool for disease screening and investigating mammalian metabolism. This study aims to create a metabolic framework by producing a preliminary reference guide for the normal equine metabolic milieu.

OBJECTIVES

To metabolically profile plasma, urine and faecal water from healthy racehorses using high resolution (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and to provide a list of dominant metabolites present in each biofluid for the benefit of future research in this area.

STUDY DESIGN

This study was performed using 7 Thoroughbreds in race training at a single time point. Urine and faecal samples were collected noninvasively and plasma was obtained from samples taken for routine clinical chemistry purposes.

METHODS

Biofluids were analysed using (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolite assignment was achieved via a range of one- and 2-dimensional experiments.

RESULTS

A total of 102 metabolites were assigned across the 3 biological matrices. A core metabonome of 14 metabolites was ubiquitous across all biofluids. All biological matrices provided a unique window on different aspects of systematic metabolism. Urine was the most populated metabolite matrix with 65 identified metabolites, 39 of which were unique to this biological compartment. A number of these were related to gut microbial host cometabolism. Faecal samples were the most metabolically variable between animals; acetate was responsible for the majority (28%) of this variation. Short-chain fatty acids were the predominant features identified within this biofluid by (1) H-NMR spectroscopy.

CONCLUSIONS

Metabonomics provides a platform for investigating complex and dynamic interactions between the host and its consortium of gut microbes and has the potential to uncover markers for health and disease in a variety of biofluids. Inherent variation in faecal extracts along with the relative abundance of microbial-mammalian metabolites in urine and invasive nature of plasma sampling, infers that urine is the most appropriate biofluid for the purposes of metabonomic analysis.

Engineering optical properties of a graphene oxide metamaterial assembled in microfluidic channels

The dense packing of two dimensional flakes by van der Waals forces has enabled the creation of new metamaterials with desirable optical properties. Here we assemble graphene oxide sheets into a three dimensional metamaterial using a microfluidic technique and confirm their ordering via measurements of ellipsometric parameters, polarized optical microscopy, polarized transmission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We show that the produced metamaterials demonstrate strong in-plane optical anisotropy (Δn≈0.3 at n≈1.5-1.8) combined with low absorption (k<0.1) and compare them with as-synthesized samples of graphene oxide paper. Our results pave the way for engineered birefringent metamaterials on the basis of two dimensional atomic crystals including graphene and its derivatives.

Obesity index and the risk of diabetes among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes

AIMS

There is some confusion regarding which anthropometric measurement of adiposity should be used to indicate diabetes, especially for Asians. The present study was to evaluate different indicators of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference and body fat) with Type 2 diabetes risk among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional survey in 1263 women with gestational diabetes at 1-5 years after delivery. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of BMI, waist circumference and body fat with Type 2 diabetes risk.

RESULTS

BMI, waist circumference and body fat were all associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes among women with prior gestational diabetes (all P(trend) < 0.001). After adjustment for waist circumference and body fat, the positive association of BMI with Type 2 diabetes risk became non-significant and reversed. There was a significantly positive association of waist circumference with Type 2 diabetes risk after adjustment for BMI, and a significantly positive association of body fat with Type 2 diabetes risk after adjustment for both BMI and waist circumference. When the joint effects were examined, the significantly positive associations of waist circumference or body fat with Type 2 diabetes risk were consistent among women with different levels of BMI, and the positive association of BMI and Type 2 diabetes risk was significant among women with gestational diabetes with a waist circumference of ≥ 50% or body fat ≥ 50%.

CONCLUSIONS

BMI, waist circumference and body fat were all associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, and waist circumference and body fat were better indicators than BMI for Type 2 diabetes risk among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes.

Synthesis of size-monodisperse spherical Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles and 3-D assembly assisted by microfluidics

This article reports a one-step approach for the fabrication of highly uniform, spherical Ag particles with tailored dimensions ranging from 10 to 30 nm. Coated with silica shell, the high uniformity of the particles allows their spontaneous assembly into millimeter-long extended 3-D arrays with transverse dimensions of tens of micrometers, using a microfluidic evaporation-based process.

Time-resolved microfocused small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of the microfluidic concentration of charged nanoparticles

We describe the concentration process of a dispersion of silica nanoparticles undergoing evaporation in a dedicated microfluidic device. Using microfocused small-angle X-ray scattering, we measure in time and space both the concentration field of the dispersion and its structure factor. We show that the electrostatic interactions affect the concentration rate by strongly enhancing the collective diffusion coefficient of the nanoparticle dispersion. En route towards high concentrations, the nanoparticles eventually undergo a liquid-solid phase transition in which we evidence crystallites of micron size.

Molecular diversity of bacteria in Yunnan yellow cattle (Bos taurs) from Nujiang region, China

The rumen content of four Yunnan Yellow Cattle (Bos taurs) were collected to determine the bacteria diversity by using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A total of 129 sequences were examined and the sequences were referred as 107 OTU (Operational Taxonomy Unit) according to the similarity level of 97% in gene sequence. Similarity analysis revealed that Yunnan Yellow Cattle had 12 sequences (10 OTU) shared 97% or greater similarity with cultured rumen bacteria Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Succiniclasticum ruminis, Ruminococcus bromii, Clostridium proteoclasticum, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis, Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, and Prevotella ruminicola, which accounting for 9.3% of the total clones (9.2% of the total OTU). The further 12 sequences (9 OTU) shared 90-97% similarity with cultured bacteria Clostridium aminobutyricum, butyrate-producing bacterium, Schwartzia succinivorans, Prevotella ruminicola, Eubacterium ruminantium, Ruminococcus albus, and Clostridium termitidis, also accounting for 9.3% of the total sequences (8.3% of the total OTU). The remaining 105 sequences (90 OTU) shared less than 90% similarity with cultured bacteria, accounting for 81.4% of the total sequences (82.5% of the total OTU). According to the phylogenetic analysis, all sequences were phylogenetically placed within phyla of low G+C subdivision (accounting for 72.1 and 72.5% of the total clones and OTU, respectively) and CFB subdivision (Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides; accounting for 27.9 and 27.5% of the total clones and OTU, respectively). Among the examined clones, rare bacteria Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus was detected in the rumen of cattle.

Assessment of protozoa in Yunnan Yellow cattle rumen based on the 18S rRNA sequences

Library of ruminal protozoal 18S rRNA of Yunnan Yellow Cattle has been constructed in the present study. Phylogenic analysis of sequences was meanwhile employed to reveal the diversity of protozoa in the rumen of Yunnan Yellow Cattle. One Yellow Cattle was fed malt meal (YCRPB) and the other was fed wheat straw (YCRPS). A protozoa-specific primer (P-SSU-342f) and a eukarya-specific primer (Medlin B) were used to amplify a 1,360-bp fragment of DNA encoding protozoal small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA from rumen fluid. The results showed as follows: A total of 121 clones were obtained and fell into four genera identified as Entodinium (66.9%), Dasytricha (5.8%), Isotricha (9.1%), and Diplodinium (18.2%). Within the genus Entidinium, 48 of the YCRPB sequences and 33 of the YCRPS sequences clustered with the Entodinium caudatum. 7 of the YCRPB sequences were phylogenetically placed within the genus Dasytricha. 11 of the YCRPB sequences were related with high confidence to Isotricha intestinalis. 22 of the YCRPS sequences were phylogenetically placed within the genus Diplodinium. The predominant protozoal genus identified in the rumen fluid belonged to the Entodinium group, and the divergences between two cattle may due to diet and individual differences.

Dysregulation of macrophage signal transduction by Toxoplasma gondii: past progress and recent advances

The opportunistic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is well known as a strong inducer of cell-mediated immunity, largely as a result of proinflammatory cytokine induction during in vivo infection. Yet, during intracellular infection the parasite suppresses signal transduction pathways leading to these proinflammatory responses. The opposing responses are likely to reflect the parasite's need to stimulate immunity allowing host survival and parasite persistence, and at the same time avoiding excessive responses that could result in parasite elimination and host immunopathology. This Review summarizes past and present investigations into the effects of Toxoplasma on host cell signal transduction. These studies reveal insight into the profound suppression of proinflammatory cytokine responses that occurs when the parasite infects macrophages and other cells of innate immunity.

CCR2-dependent intraepithelial lymphocytes mediate inflammatory gut pathology during Toxoplasma gondii infection

Mice of the C57BL/6 strain develop acute ileal inflammation after infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This pathology resembles many key features of human Crohn's disease, including a Th1 cytokine profile with high levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 12 (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-alpha, presence of pathogenic CD4(+) T cells, and infiltration of gut flora into inflammed tissue. Using CCR2(-/-) mice, we identify a role for this chemokine receptor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pathology during T. gondii infection. Lack of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) was associated with low levels of CD103(+) T lymphocytes in the intraepithelial compartment, Peyer's patch, and lamina propria relative to wild-type animals. Adoptive transfer of wild-type, but not IFN-gamma(-/-), intraepithelial T lymphocytes converted CCR2 knockout mice from a resistant to susceptible phenotype with respect to parasite-triggered inflammatory gut pathology. These results for the first time show a role for intraepithelial T lymphocytes in pathogenesis of ileitis triggered by a microbial pathogen.

Microfluidic exploration of the phase diagram of a surfactant/water binary system

We investigate the behavior of a binary surfactant solution (AOT/water) as it is progressively concentrated in microfluidic evaporators. We observe in time a succession of phase transitions from a dilute solution up to a dense state, which eventually grows and invades the microchannels. Analyzing these observations, we show that, with a few experiments and a limited amount of material, our microdevices permit a semiquantitative screening of the equilibrium phase diagram as well as a few kinetic observations.

Impact of different pressures and exposure times of a simulated carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum environment on proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND

This study aimed too evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cell lines HO8910 and SKOV3 after exposure to a simulated laparoscopic carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum environment at different pressures and lengths of exposure time.

METHODS

The effects of the simulated laparoscopic CO2 pneumoperitoneum environment at different CO2 pressures (0-16 mmHg) and exposure times (1-4 h) on tumor cell growth and apoptosis were assessed by 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol]-2; 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) chromometry and proliferative index (PI) staining or Annexin V and PI double-staining flow cytometry. Cells cultured in a standard environment were used as the control group.

RESULTS

In this study, HO8910 cell growth tended to slow down with the increase in CO2 pressure and exposure time. A significantly lower PI was observed at 72 h of culture after exposure to both 8 and 16 mmHg of pressure, as compared with the control and 0 mmHg pressure group (p < 0.05). The PI of SKOV3 cells tended to decline after exposure. Significantly lower PI was observed in the group with exposure to 16 mmHg for 4 h over a 72-h period, as compared with the control groups exposed to 0 mmHg (p < 0.05). The inhibition of cell growth was associated with an increase in the proportion of cells at stage G1. The apoptotic index and the percentage of apoptotic cells tended to increase with an increase in pressure and a prolonged time of exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest inhibited cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells were positively related to CO2 pressure and exposure time.

Carcinosarcoma arising from atypical endometriosis in a cesarean section scar

Malignant change of endometriosis in a cesarean scar (CS) is rare. We report a case of carcinosarcoma arising from atypical endometriosis in a CS scar, which was successfully treated with complete excision of the lesion and repair of the abdominal wall defect with autologous skin-muscle flap graft. A 41-year-old woman presented with a recurrent endometriosis in a CS scar. Within 16 years it changed from benign to atypical endometriosis and finally to carcinosarcoma after three operations. Complete excision of the tumor was performed, with a big defect of abdominal wall successfully repaired by autologous pedicle skin-muscle graft. The diagnosis of carcinosarcoma arising from atypical endometriosis was confirmed histologically. The lesion recurred 6 months after the fourth operation. She died of disease 15 months after the fourth operation. This case demonstrated that long-standing recurrent scar endometriosis could undergo malignant changes and should be made aware. The primary treatment is complete surgical excision.

New York City syndromic surveillance systems

New York City's first syndromic surveillance systems were established in 1995 to detect outbreaks of waterborne illness. In 1998, daily monitoring of ambulance dispatch calls for influenza-like illness began. After the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, concern about biologic terrorism led to the development of surveillance systems to track chief complaints of patients reporting to emergency departments, over-the-counter and prescription pharmacy sales, and worker absenteeism. These systems have proved useful for detecting substantial citywide increases in common viral illnesses (e.g., influenza, norovirus, and rotavirus). However, the systems have not detected more contained outbreaks earlier than traditional surveillance. Future plans include monitoring school health and outpatient clinic visits, augmenting laboratory testing to confirm syndromic signals, and conducting evaluation studies to identify which of these systems will be continued for the long term.

Evaporation of liquids and solutions in confined geometry

We describe a drying setup where a liquid droplet is confined between two circular glass plates and allowed to evaporate. Optical imaging of the shrinking droplet provides the temporal evolution of the solvent volume. For a pure liquid, we measure the diffusion coefficient of the evaporating gas with a good accuracy. For a solution, the slowing down of evaporation by progessive concentration of the solute yields a direct measurement of the solvent activity.

Endobronchial eosinophils preferentially stimulate T helper cell type 2 responses

BACKGROUND

Antigen-loaded eosinophils instilled intratracheally into mice were capable of migrating into local lymph nodes and localize to the T cell-rich paracortical zones where they stimulated antigen-specific proliferation of CD4+ T cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether eosinophils within the tracheobronchial lumen can stimulate Th2 cell expansion by presenting antigen both in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

Airway eosinophils were recovered from ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged BALB/c mice, these eosinophils were then co-cultured with sensitized CD4+ cells in the absence or presence of anti-CD80 or/and -CD86 monoclonal antibodies. Airway eosinophils were instilled into the trachea of sensitized mice. At 3 days thereafter, the draining paratracheal lymph nodes were removed and teased into cell suspensions for culture. Cell-free culture supernatants were collected for detection of cytokines.

RESULTS

Our data showed that airway eosinophils functioned as CD80- and CD86-dependent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate sensitized CD4+ lymphocytes to produce interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not interferon (IFN)-gamma in in vitro assay. When instilled intratracheally in sensitized recipient mice, airway eosinophils migrated into draining paratracheal lymph nodes primed Th2 cells in vivo for IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not IFN-gamma, production during the in vitro culture that was also CD80- and CD86-dependent.

CONCLUSION

Eosinophils within the lumina of airways could process inhaled antigen function in vitro and in vivo as APCs to promote expansion of Th2 cells. This investigation highlights the potential of eosinophils to not only act as terminal effector cells but also to actively modulate immune responses by amplifying Th2 cell responses.

Kinetics of the micelle-to-vesicle transition: aqueous lecithin-bile salt mixtures

Important routes to lipid vesicles (liposomes) are detergent removal techniques, such as dialysis or dilution. Although they are widely applied, there has been only limited understanding about the structural evolution during the formation of vesicles and the parameters that determine their properties. We use time-resolved static and dynamic light scattering to study vesicle formation in aqueous lecithin-bile salt mixtures. The kinetic rates and vesicle sizes are found to strongly depend on total amphiphile concentration and, even more pronounced, on ionic strength. The observed trends contradict equilibrium calculations, but are in agreement with a kinetic model that we present. This model identifies the key kinetic steps during vesicle formation: rapid formation of disk-like intermediate micelles, growth of these metastable micelles, and their closure to form vesicles once line tension dominates bending energy. A comparison of the rates of growth and closure provides a kinetic criterion for the critical size at which disks close and thus for the vesicle size. The model suggests that liposomes are nonequilibrium, kinetically trapped structures of very long lifetime. Their properties are hence controlled by kinetics rather than thermodynamics.

[Endometriosis in adolescents: analysis of 6 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To review the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis in adolescents and to evaluate the surgical and medical treatment options for this special population.

METHOD

To review the 6 cases of adolescent endometriosis and to review the literature research.

RESULTS

Three hundred and ninety nine cases under age 18 had undergone gynecological operation. So the incidence among this period is 1.8% (6/339) in hospitalized adolescents. Four cases have complicated genital tract anomalies. Preoperative diagnosis is rare. Good prognosis is expected in most patients. Only 1 case relapsed 9 years after medical therapy. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pelvic pain in adolescents. There may be a natural progression of endometriosis from atypical lesions in adolescents to classic lesions in adults. Congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract are the main reason for the adolescent endometriosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Endometriosis should be strongly suspected in adolescent with chronic pelvic pain especially with no response to oral contraceptives and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medicine. The treatment involves the surgical operation and medicine. Adolescence;

Laparoscopic myomectomy

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the indications, surgical techniques and complications of laparoscopic myomectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study was carried out in 74 patients with fibroids > 3 cm from March, 1995 until May, 2000 at PUMC Hospital. Indications for surgery were symptomatic fibroids (20 cases), mainly pain or urine frequency; progressively increasing fibroid size (7 cases); coexistent adnexal pathology(26 cases) and infertility(21 cases).

RESULTS

The number of fibroids of each patient varied from 1 to 4 with single fibroid of 62 cases (83.7%). The fibroids were located in anterior wall (30 cases), posterior wall (23 cases) and fundus (21 cases). A total of 93 fibroids were removed from these patients including 16 intramural fibroids and 77 subserous fibroids. The size of dominant fibroids ranged from 3 approximately 8 cm (mean 4.8 cm). In 19 cases (25.6%), the uterine wall was sutured in one layer. Mean duration of operation was 73 minutes and mean blood loss was 82 ml. Longer operating time and more blood loss were observed in patients with fibroids > or = 4 cm than those with fibroids < 4 cm. The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.2 days and overall complication rate was 1.4%. The average postoperative follow-up period was 22 months (1 approximately 62 months). All the patients with symptoms showed remission of their complaints at 2-month follow-up. Recurrence of fibroid occurred in 1 case 1 year after initial operation and second laparoscopic myomectomy was given to her successfully. Five patients became pregnant. The pregnancy was uneventful and proceeded to selective caesarean section at term pregnancy in 4 cases. One miscarriage occured at 8 weeks in the 5th case. No adhesions at myomectomy site were found in these 5 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests the feasibility of laparoscopic myomectomy in selected patients, which leads to effectiveness, low complication rate and satisfactory remission of symptoms. Further study on recurrence and fertility must be continued.

[Complications in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: analysis of 34 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate retrospectively the complication rate of gynecological laparoscopies at Peking union medical college (PUMC) hospital over 6-year period.

METHODS

1,769 laparoscopic surgeries were carried out from Jan. 1994 through Oct. 1999. The procedures included 1,421 adnexal surgeries, 52 myomectomies and 296 laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH). Complication was defined as an event that had modified the usual course of the procedure or of the postoperative period.

RESULTS

Complications occurred in 34 cases, the overall complication rate was 1.9%. Unintended laparotomies occurred in 6 cases (0.3%). Complication rate was 0.9%, 1.9% and 6.8% in adnexal surgeries, myomectomies and LAVH respectively. 12 (35.3%) complications related to puncture and pneumoperitoneum, including five severe emphysema, 7 injuries to epigastric blood vessels of abdominal wall and omental blood vessel, this figure represented 35.3% of all complications of this series. 5 (14.7%) intraoperative, complications occurred during the laparoscopic surgery (3 severe bleedings, 1 bladder injury and 1 skin burn of leg related to the electrode plate), laparotomy was required in 4 of these cases. 17 (50.0%) complications occurred during postoperative stage: 2 intraperitoneal hemorrhages needing re-laparotomy, 2 bowel complications, 4 nerve paresis and 9 febrile morbidities.

CONCLUSIONS

In our experience, operative gynecologic laparoscopy is associated with acceptable morbidity rate, but can not be overlooked. Complications seems related to advanced procedures such as LAVH.

Oscillating viscosity in a lyotropic lamellar phase under shear flow

We report some time-dependent behavior of lyotropic lamellar phase under shear flow. At fixed stress, near a layering instability, the system presents an oscillating shear rate. We build up a new stress versus shear rate diagram that includes temporal behavior. This diagram is made of two distinct branches of stationary states which correspond, respectively, to disordered and ordered multilamellar vesicle phases. When increasing the shear stress, prior to the transition to the ordered structural state, sustained oscillations of the viscosity are recorded. They correspond to periodic structural change of the entire sample between a disordered and a ordered state of multilamellar vesicles.

Complications in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery

OBJECTIVE

To investigate retrospectively the complications and associated factors of gynecolgical laparoscopies.

METHODS

1 769 laparoscopic surgeries were carried out from January 1994 to October 1999 at our department. The procedures included 1421 surgeries of ovary and tube, 52 myomectomies and 296 cases of laproscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH). A total of 312 patients had a history of prior laparotomy (17.6%).

RESULTS

Complications occured in 34 cases, the overall complication rate was 1.92%. Unintended laparotomies occured in 6 cases (0.34%). 12 complications were associated with insertion of Veresse needle or trocar and creation of pneumoperitoneum, including 5 severe emphysema and 7 vascular injuries, this figure represents 35.3% of all complications of this series. Five intraoperative complications (14.7%) occured during the laparoscopic surgery (3 severe bleedings, one bladder injury and one skin burn of leg caused by damaged electrode plate), laparotomy was required in four of these cases. Seventeen complications occured during postoperative stage: 2 intraperitoneal hemorrhages needing laparotomy, 2 bowel injuries, 4 nerve paresis and 9 febrile morbidities.

CONCLUSIONS

Operative gynecologic laparoscopy is associated with acceptable morbidity rate, but can not be overlooked. Complication rate seems to be higher in advanced procedures such as LAVH.