Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates hyperuricemia in a novel model

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic syndrome caused by abnormal purine metabolism. Although recent studies have noted a relationship between the gut microbiota and gout, whether the microbiota could ameliorate HUA-associated systemic purine metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we constructed a novel model of HUA in geese and investigated the mechanism by which Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) could have beneficial effects on HUA. The administration of antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments were used in this HUA goose model. The effects of LGG and its metabolites on HUA were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Heterogeneous expression and gene knockout of LGG revealed the mechanism of LGG. Multi-omics analysis revealed that the Lactobacillus genus is associated with changes in purine metabolism in HUA. This study showed that LGG and its metabolites could alleviate HUA through the gut-liver-kidney axis. Whole-genome analysis, heterogeneous expression, and gene knockout of LGG enzymes ABC-type multidrug transport system (ABCT), inosine-uridine nucleoside N-ribohydrolase (iunH), and xanthine permease (pbuX) demonstrated the function of nucleoside degradation in LGG. Multi-omics and a correlation analysis in HUA patients and this goose model revealed that a serum proline deficiency, as well as changes in Collinsella and Lactobacillus, may be associated with the occurrence of HUA. Our findings demonstrated the potential of a goose model of diet-induced HUA, and LGG and proline could be promising therapies for HUA.

Maximizing mesh mileage: evaluating the long-term performance of a novel hybrid mesh for ventral hernia repair

PURPOSE

The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and long-term outcomes of GORE Synecor™ in ventral hernia repair (VHR).

METHODS

This retrospective, single-center case review analyzed outcomes in patients who underwent VHR with Synecor from May 2016 to December 2022. Primary outcomes were hernia recurrence and mesh infection rates. Secondary outcomes were 30-day morbidity, 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, re-operation, surgical-site infection (SSI) and occurrence (SSO) rates, and occurrences requiring intervention (SSOI).

RESULTS

278 patients were identified. Mean follow-up was 24.1 (0.2-87.1) months. Mean hernia defect size was 63.4 (± 77.2) cm2. Overall hernia recurrence and mesh infection rates were 5.0% and 1.4% respectively. No mesh infections required full explantation. We report the following overall rates: 13.3% 30-day morbidity, 4.7% 30-day readmission, 2.9% re-operation, 7.2% SSI, 6.1% SSO, and 2.9% SSOI. 30-day morbidity was significantly higher in non-clean (42.1% vs 11.2%, p < 0.01), onlay (OL) mesh (37.0% vs preperitoneal (PP) 16.4%, p = 0.05 vs retrorectus (RR) 15.0%, p < 0.05 vs intraperitoneal (IP) 5.2%, p < 0.001), and open cases (23.5% vs 3.1% laparoscopic vs 4.4% robotic, p < 0.01). SSI rates were significantly higher in non-clean (31.6% vs 5.4%, p < 0.001), OL mesh (29.6% vs RR 11.3%, p < 0.05 vs PP 5.5%, p < 0.01 vs IP 0.0%, p < 0.001), and open cases (15.2% vs 0% laparoscopic vs 0% robotic, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Long-term performance of a novel hybrid mesh in VHR demonstrates a low recurrence rate and favorable safety profile in various defect sizes and mesh placement locations.

Lipid metabolism-related long noncoding RNA RP11-817I4.1 promotes fatty acid synthesis and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of tumors. The influence of lipid metabolism disruption on the development of HCC has been demonstrated in published studies.

AIM

To establish an HCC prognostic model for lipid metabolism-related long non-coding RNAs (LMR-lncRNAs) and conduct in-depth research on the specific role of novel LMR-lncRNAs in HCC.

METHODS

Correlation and differential expression analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas data were used to identify differentially expressed LMR-lncRNAs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to evaluate the expression of LMR-lncRNAs. Nile red staining was employed to observe intracellular lipid levels. The interaction between RP11-817I4.1, miR-3120-3p, and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) was validated through the performance of dual-luciferase reporter gene and RIP assays.

RESULTS

Three LMR-lncRNAs (negative regulator of antiviral response, RNA transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 1 antisense RNA 1, and RP11-817I4.1) were identified as predictive markers for HCC patients and were utilized in the construction of risk models. Additionally, proliferation, migration, and invasion were reduced by RP11-817I4.1 knockdown. An increase in lipid levels in HCC cells was significantly induced by RP11-817I4.1 through the miR-3120-3p/ACLY axis.

CONCLUSION

LMR-lncRNAs have the capacity to predict the clinical characteristics and prognoses of HCC patients, and the discovery of a novel LMR-lncRNAs, RP11-817I4.1, revealed its role in promoting lipid accumulation, thereby accelerating the onset and progression of HCC.

A torus source and its application for non-primary radiation evaluation

Objective. Non-primary radiation doses to normal tissues from proton therapy may be associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies, particularly in long-term survivors. Thus, a systematic method to evaluate if the dose level of non-primary radiation meets the IEC standard requirements is needed.Approach. Different from the traditional photon radiation therapy system, proton therapy systems are composed of several subsystems in a thick bunker. These subsystems are all possible sources of non-primary radiation threatening the patient. As a case study, 7 sources in the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system are modeled in Monte Carlo (MC) code: tandem injector, injection, synchrotron ring, extraction, beam transport line, scanning nozzle and concrete reflection/scattering. To accurately evaluate the synchrotron beam loss and non-primary dose, a new model called the torus source model is developed. Its parametric equations define the position and direction of the off-orbit particle bombardment on the torus pipe shell in the Cartesian coordinate system. Non-primary doses are finally calculated by several FLUKA simulations.Main results. The ratios of summarized non-primary doses from different sources to the planned dose of 2 Gy are all much smaller than the IEC requirements in both the 15-50 cm and 50-200 cm regions. Thus, the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system is clean and patient-friendly, and there is no need an inner shielding concrete between the accelerator and patient.Significance. Non-primary radiation dose level is a very important indicator to evaluate the quality of a PT system. This manuscript provides a feasible MC procedure for synchrotron-based proton therapy with new beam loss model. Which could help people figure out precisely whether this level complies with the IEC standard before the system put into clinical treatment. What' more, the torus source model could be widely used for bending magnets in gantries and synchrotrons to evaluate non-primary doses or other radiation doses.

[Characteristics and treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma caused by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease]

In recent years, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence has rapidly increased, and it is gradually becoming a major contributor to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). The degree of liver fibrosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, age, and gender are the main risk factors for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression to HCC. Patients with NASH-related HCC are predominantly male, and almost all of them have at least one metabolic disorder (obesity, DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension, etc.). Most HCCs manifest as solitary tumor nodules and a significant number of NASH-related HCCs are non- cirrhotic. Case fatality rates are similar across patients with cirrhotic and noncirrhotic HCC, despite the fact that patients with noncirrhotic HCC tend to be older, have a single macronodular tumor, and have lower incidence of type 2 diabetes and liver transplantation. Controlling the risk factors for NASH might thereby minimize the likelihood of developing HCC. The BCLC staging system should be used as a guide to treat patients with NASH-related HCC. The long-term outcomes of NAFLD-related HCC treatment are similar to those for other HCCs of different etiologies. However, patients combined with metabolic syndrome are at high perioperative risk, so apporpriate preoperative preparation, especially cardiac examination, is essential to avoid this risk.

[Analysis on the infection source of the first local cluster epidemic caused by the VOC/Gamma variant of SARS-CoV-2 in China]

Objective: To investigate a SARS-CoV-2 epidemic reported in Rongcheng City, Weihai, Shandong Province. Methods: The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive patients and their close contacts were investigated, and the whole genome sequencing and genetic evolution analysis of 9 variant viruses were carried out. An infection source investigation and analysis were carried out from two sources of home and abroad, and three aspects of human, material and environment. Results: A total of 15 asymptomatic infections were reported in this epidemic, including 13 cases as employees of workshop of aquatic products processing company, with an infection rate of 21.67% (13/60). Two cases were infected people's neighbors in the same village (conjugal relation). The first six positive persons were processing workers engaged in the first process of removing squid viscera in the workshop of the company. The nucleic acid Ct value of the first time were concentrated between 15 and 29, suggesting that the virus load was high, which was suspected to be caused by one-time homologous exposure. The whole genome sequence of 9 SARS-CoV-2 strains was highly homologous, belonging to VOC/Gamma (Lineage P.1.15). No highly homologous sequences were found from previous native and imported cases in China. It was highly homologous with the six virus sequences sampled from May 5 to 26, 2021 uploaded by Chile. The infection source investigation showed that the company had used the squid raw materials captured in the ocean near Chile and Argentina from May to June 2021 over the last 14 days. Many samples of raw materials, products and their outer packages in the inventory were tested positive for nucleic acid. Conclusion: This epidemic is the first local epidemic caused by the VOC/Gamma of SARS-CoV-2 in China. It is speculated that the VOC/Gamma, which was prevalent in South America from May to June 2021, could be imported into China through frozen squid.

[Mechanism of hepatic fibrosis associated with Echinococcus: a review]

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus infections, and this disorder may cause fibrosis of multiple vital organs, which may further progress into cirrhosis. Early-stage hepatic fibrosis is reversible, and unraveling the mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis induced by Echinococcus infections is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of early-stage hepatic fibrosis. Recently, the studies pertaining to hepatic fibrosis associated with Echinococcus infections focus on cytokines and immune cells. This review summarizes the advances in the mechanisms underlying host immune cells- and cytokines-mediated hepatic fibrosis in humans or mice following Echinococcus infections.

Advances in the study of molecular identification technology of Echinococcus species

The larvae of Echinococcus (hydatidcyst) can parasitize humans and animals, causing a serious zoonotic disease-echinococcosis. The life history of Echinococcus is complicated, and as the disease progresses slowly after infection, early diagnosis is difficult to establish. Due to the limitations of imaging and immunological diagnosis in this respect, domestic and foreign scholars have established a variety of molecular detection techniques for the pathogen Echinococcus over recent years, mainly including nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, and nucleic acid isothermal amplification technology. In this article, the research progress of molecular detection technology for Echinococcus infection currently was reviewed and the significance of these methods in the detection and diagnosis of hydatid and hydatid diseases was also discussed.

[Outcomes at discharge of preterm infants born <34 weeks' gestation]

Objective: To investigate the incidence and trend of short-term outcomes among preterm infants born <34 weeks' gestation. Methods: A secondary analysis of data from the standardized database established by a multicenter cluster-randomized controlled study "reduction of infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) using the evidence-based practice for improving quality (REIN-EPIQ) study". This study was conducted in 25 tertiary NICU. A total of 27 192 infants with gestational age <34 weeks at birth and admitted to NICU within the first 7 days of life from May 2015 to April 2018 were enrolled. Infants with severe congenital malformation were excluded. Descriptive analyses were used to describe the mortality and major morbidities of preterm infants by gestational age groups and different admission year groups. Cochran-Armitage test and Jonckheere-Terpstra test were used to analyze the trend of incidences of mortality and morbidities in 3 study-years. Multiple Logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the differences of outcomes in 3 study-years adjusting for confounders. Results: A total of 27 192 preterm infants were enrolled with gestational age of (31.3±2.0) weeks at birth and weight of (1 617±415) g at birth. Overall, 9.5% (2 594/27 192) of infants were discharged against medical advice, and the overall mortality rate was 10.7% (2 907/27 192). Mortality for infants who received complete care was 4.7% (1 147/24 598), and mortality or any major morbidity was 26.2% (6 452/24 598). The incidences of moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, severe intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, proven necrotizing enterocolitis, and severe retinopathy of prematurity were 16.0% (4 342/27 192), 11.9% (3 225/27 192), 6.8% (1 641/24 206), 3.6% (939/25 762) and 1.5% (214/13 868), respectively. There was a decreasing of the overall mortality (P<0.001) during the 3 years. Also, the incidences for sepsis and severe retinopathy of prematurity both decreased (both P<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the major morbidity in preterm infants who received complete care during the 3-year study period (P=0.230). After adjusting for confounders, infants admitted during the third study year showed significantly lower risk of overall mortality (adjust OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.55-0.69, P<0.001), mortality or major morbidity, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis and severe retinopathy of prematurity, compared to those admitted in the first study year (all P<0.05). Conclusions: From 2015 to 2018, the mortality and major morbidities among preterm infants in Chinese NICU decreased, but there is still space for further efforts. Further targeted quality improvement is needed to improve the overall outcome of preterm infants.

Strength-fracture toughness synergy strategy in ostrich tibia's compact bone: Hierarchical and gradient

Ostriches are the fastest bipeds in the world, but their tibias are very thin. How the thin tibia can withstand the huge momentum impacts of the heavy body during running? The present work revealed that the combination of hierarchical and gradient design strategies was the main reason for their high strength and fracture toughness. The microstructure of ostrich's tibias compact bone was self-assembled into the 6-level hierarchical structure from the hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals, collagen fiber (sub-nano), mineralized collagen fiber (nano-), mineralized collagen fiber bundle (sub-micro), lamellae (micro-) and osteon (macro-scales). The most distinctive design in the ostrich compact bone was that the HAP crystals were embedded in collagen fibers as well as wrapped in the outer layer of mineral collagen fibers (MCFs) in the form of HAP nanocrystals, thus achieving a high degree of soft and hard combination from the nanoscale. The bending strength was gradient-structure dependent and up to 787.2 ± 40.5 MPa, 4 times that of a human's compact bone. The fracture toughness (K_Jc) is 5.8 ± 0.1 MPa m^1/2. Several toughening mechanisms, such as crack deflection/twist, bridging, HAP fibers pulling-out, and fracture of the MCF bundles were found in the compact bone.

Feeding Alginate-Coated Liquid Metal Nanodroplets to Silkworms for Highly Stretchable Silk Fibers

In this study, we fed the larval of Bombyx mori silkworms with nanodroplets of liquid metal (LM) coated with microgels of marine polysaccharides to obtain stretchable silk. Alginate-coated liquid metal nanodroplets (LM@NaAlg) were prepared with significant chemical stability and biocompatibility. This study demonstrates how the fed LM@NaAlg acts on the as-spun silk fiber. We also conducted a series of characterizations and steered molecular dynamics simulations, which showed that the LM@NaAlg additions impede the conformation transition of silk fibroins from the random coil and α-helix to the β-sheet by the formation of hydrogen bonds between LM@NaAlg and the silk fibroins, thus enhancing the elongation at the breakpoints in addition to the tensile properties. The intrinsically highly stretchable silk showed outstanding mechanical properties compared with regular silk due to its 814 MPa breaking strength and a breaking elongation of up to 70%—the highest reported performance so far. We expect that the proposed method can expand the fabrication of multi-functional silks.

No apparent p53 activation in CRISPR-engineered gene-edited rabbits

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐CRISPR‐associated 9 (CRISPR‐Cas9) and base editors (BEs) are revolutionary gene‐editing technology that has been widely utilized in biology, biotechnology and medicine. However, recent reports show that CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated genome editing can induce a p53‐mediated stress response and cell cycle arrest in human cells, while not illustrated in gene‐editing animals. In the study, to verify whether there is a phenomenon of p53 activation, by analysing nine gene‐edited rabbits using CRISPR‐Cas9 and BEs, we provide the first evidence that no apparent p53 expression changes in those rabbits generated by Cas9 or BE‐edited, suggesting that p53 may not need to consider for application in gene‐edited animals.

Association of PRKCA expression and polymorphisms with layer duck eggshell quality

1. Eggshell quality is important for the poultry industry. Calcium is deposited during eggshell formation, and protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA) is involved in transmembrane transport of calcium ions in cells. However, the biological function of PRKCA in poultry is still not understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the association of mRNA expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PRKCA gene with eggshell quality in laying ducks. 2. The mRNA expression and SNPs of the PRKCA gene were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and sequencing of PCR products in 45-week-old female Sansui ducks, which is a high production layer duck breed in China. The association of mRNA expression and SNPs in the PRKCA gene with layer duck eggshell traits was analysed using SPSS (v18.0) software. 3. The results demonstrated that PRKCA mRNA was widely expressed in all examined tissues, and expression was highest in kidney and lowest in the gizzard. Furthermore, the PRKCA mRNA level in uterus was significantly positively correlated with eggshell strength and eggshell weight (P < 0.05). Three novel SNPs, the synonymous mutations of g.9571770 T > C in exon 5, g.9583222 C > T and g.9583227 G > A in exon 7, were found in the PRKCA gene, giving four haplotypes and 10 diplotypes, which affected the mRNA secondary structure and free energy. The g.9583222 C > T and g.9583227 G > A mutations were significantly associated with eggshell strength (P < 0.05). Diplotype H1H1 was advantageous for increasing the strength and thickness of an eggshell. 4. In conclusion, the study showed that the mRNA transcription and genetic variation in the PRKCA gene could significantly affect the strength of duck eggshell and that the PRKCA gene is an important candidate gene for improving eggshell quality in poultry.

[Effects of double-catheter epidural analgesia by lidocaine injection respectively on the delivery outcomes and maternal-infant complications for persistent posterior or lateral occipital position of protracted active phase]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of dual-tube epidural segmental injection of lidocaine analgesia on the delivery outcome and maternal and infant complications of persistent posterior occipital position postpartum or lateral occipital position postpartum patients with protracted active phase. Methods: The full and single-term primiparas (n=216, 37 to 42 weeks gestation, 22 to 35 years) diagnosed as persistent posterior or lateral occipital position during the active period were selected from the Department of Obstetrics of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January 2015 to October 2019. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups: double-tube epidural block group (n=108) and single-tube epidural block group (n=108), 1% lidocaine was used for epidural analgesia respectively under ultrasound guidance. Senior midwife or obstetricians implement new partogram, and guide women to perform position management, and push or rotate the fetal head in a timely manner. Observation indicators: general condition, the use of non-pharmacological analgesic measures, analgesia related conditions and pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, delivery-related indicator, cesarean section indication, anesthesia-related indicator, maternal and child complications. Results: (1) General condition: the age, weight, height, gestational age, the ratio of persistent lateral or posterior occipital position, cephalic score, and neonatal birth weight between the two groups of women were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). (2) The use of non-pharmacological analgesic measures: the women's Lamaze breathing method, Doula delivery companionship, percutaneous electrical stimulation, and other measures between two groups were compared, and there were not significant differences (all P>0.05). (3) Analgesia related conditions and VAS scores of women undergoing vaginal delivery: compared with the single-tube epidural block group (n=40), the second-partum time of the women in the double-tube epidural block group (n=59) was significantly shortened [(124±44) vs (86±33) minutes, P<0.01]; after 30 minutes of analgesia (4.4±0.5 vs 0.9±0.5, P<0.01), during forced labor in the second stage of labor (5.7±0.6 vs 1.3±0.4, P<0.01), the VAS scores of pain were also significantly reduced (P<0.01). (4) Labor-related indicators: compared with the single-tube epidural block group, the natural delivery rate (21.3% vs 49.1%) and the delivery experience satisfaction rate (51.9% vs 98.1%) of women in the double-tube epidural block group were significantly increased (all P<0.01), cesarean section rate (63.0% vs 45.4%), instrument assisted rate (15.7% vs 5.6%) decreased significantly (all P<0.05). (5) Cesarean section indications: compared with the single-tube epidural block group, the cesarean section rate caused by prolonged labor or protracted active phase of women in the double-tube epidural block group was significantly reduced (38.0% vs 22.2%； P<0.05), and the fetal distress, intrauterine infection, and social factors caused by cesarean section between the two groups were compared, while the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05).(6) Anesthesia related indexes: the block planes of the maternal upper tube administration in the double-tube epidural block group were mostly T7, T8, T9-L2 and L3,While,the block planes in the single-tube epidural block group were mostly T10, T11-S1, S2, S3, and the modified Bromage score were all 0. (7) Maternal and child complications: compared with the single-tube epidural block group, the postpartum hemorrhage rate (18.5% vs 7.4%), the perineal lateral cut rate (20.4% vs 5.6%), the neonatal asphyxia rate (12.0% vs 3.7%), ICU rate of transferred neonates (13.9% vs 4.6%) in the double-tube epidural block group were significantly reduced (all P<0.05). Soft birth canal injury rate, puerperal disease rate and neonatal birth rate between two groups were compared, and there were not statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Dual-tube epidural segmental injection of lidocaine analgesia could increase the natural delivery rate of women with posterior occipital or lateral occipital position with active stagnation, reduce the rate of cesarean section and the rate of transvaginal instruments, and reduce the complications of mother and child.

[Significance of microRNA 216a, 324-5p and 29a expression in peripheral blood in patients with acute pancreatitis and their correlation with liver injury]

Objective: To investigate the significance of microRNA (miR)-216a, miR-324-5p, miR-29a expression in peripheral blood in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and their correlation with liver injury. Methods: It was a case-control study design. To select 130 AP patients admitted from June 2017 to May 2019 in the First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, and the patients were divided into mild AP group (MAP group) and moderately severe AP group (SAP group) according to the disease severity, or 54 patients in the liver injury group (20 were MAP and 34 were SAP) and 76 in the non-liver injury group(all were MAP) according to liver injury. And another 40 healthy volunteers were selected as the healthy group. The expressions of miR-216a, miR-324-5p and miR-29a in peripheral blood of MAP group, SAP group, healthy group and liver injury group, non-liver injury group were compared, and the correlation between the miRNA levels and clinical indexes was analyzed. The predictive value of miRNA levels in peripheral blood for AP complicated with liver injury was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The levels of miR-216a and miR-29a in MAP group and SAP group were higher than those in healthy group, and the level of miR-324-5p was lower than that in healthy group (all P<0.01). The levels of miR-216a and miR-29a in SAP group were higher than those in MAP group, and the level of miR-324-5p was lower than that in healthy group (all P<0.01). Balthazar CT Score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluations (APACHE Ⅱ) score, C-reactive protein level, length of hospital stay were positively correlated with the levels of miR-216a and miR-29a in peripheral blood (all P<0.05), and negatively correlated with the levels of miR-324-5p (P<0.05). The levels of miR-216a and miR-29a in the peripheral blood in the liver injury group were higher than those in the non-liver injury group, and they were higher inSAP patients than those in MAP patients in the liver injury group (all P<0.05). The level of miR-324-5p in the peripheral blood in the liver injury group was lower than that in the non-liver injury group, and it was lower in SAP patients than that in MAP patientsin the liver injury group (all P<0.05). The area under ROC curve of miR-216a, miR-324-5p, and miR-29a in peripheral blood to predicate the AP complicated with liver damage was 0.694, 0.750 and 0.814, respectively. Conclusions: The levels of miR-216a and miR-29a increase in peripheral blood and the level of miR-324-5p decreases in patients with AP, and they are closely related to Balthazar CT score, APACHEⅡ score, C-reactive protein and length of hospital stay. The levels of miR-216a, miR-324-5p, miR-29a has certain predictive value for AP with liver injury, of which miR-29a has the highest predictive value.

[Clinical analysis of 7 cases with anti-Caspr2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, laboratory tests, imaging features, electroencephalogram (EEG) manifestations, treatment and prognosis of anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis with the purpose to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods: Seven patients diagnosed with CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis in the Fifth and first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2017 to January 2019 were selected. The clinical manifestations, course of disease, imaging, treatment plan and prognosis of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Of the 7 patients, 4 were male and 3 were female. The median age of onset was 34 years old (range, 11-66 years). Seizures (6/7), memory decline(5/7), and neuropsychiatric disorders (4/7) were common clinical manifestations. CASPR2 antibody was detected in the CSF of 3 patients (3/7) and the serum of all patients (7/7). Notable imaging changes were observed in 5 patients (5/7). All patients received immunotherapy and were followed up for 1 month to 2 years. One patient was diagnosed with rectal cancer with a poor prognosis; all the others got a good prognosis. Conclusions: CASPR2 antibody-related encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disease. It is considered to present with seizures, memory loss, psychiatric symptoms, dizziness and sleep disorders as the main clinical manifestations. Early identification and treatment of the disease can help the patients achieve a good prognosis.

Effects of Talaromyces marneffei infection on mortality of HIV/AIDS patients in southern China: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

Talaromyces marneffei is an opportunistic infection with high morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients in Southeast Asia and southern China. Its effects on mortality in HIV/AIDS patients has not been clearly elucidated.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized HIV-infected individuals at the Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi, China during 2012-2015. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to calculate the cumulative mortality. Cox proportional hazard models and 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) were used to evaluate the effects of T. marneffei infection on mortality of HIV/AIDS patients.

RESULTS

In total, 6791 HIV/AIDS patients were included, 1093 of them (16.1%) with documented T. marneffei co-infection. The mortality of T. marneffei-infected patients (25.0 per 100 person-months, 95% CI 21.5-26.7) was the highest among all AIDS-associated complications and was significantly higher than that of T. marneffei-uninfected HIV/AIDS patients (13.8 per 100 person-months, 95% CI 12.5-15.1; adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.80, 95% CI 1.48-2.16). The results using PSM were similar (AHR 4.52 95% CI 2.43-8.42). The mortality of T. marneffei-infected patients was also significantly higher than that of patients without any complications. When stratified by demographic characteristics, T. marneffei infection has higher mortality risk in all stratifications. Co-infection with T. marneffei carries a higher mortality risk in patients at any CD4⁺ T-cell count.

CONCLUSIONS

Talaromyces marneffei infection is commonly found in hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients in southern China and was associated with a higher mortality rate than most HIV-associated complications. These results highlight the need for improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infection by this neglected fungal pathogen in southern China.

Prognostic value of pathologic grade for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

The purposes of this study were to explore both the prognostic value of pathologic grade and the relationships between differentiation and clinicopathological characteristics in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included the records of 2036 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who were surgically treated from June 1999 to December 2011. Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression model were performed for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Many clinicopathological characteristics were associated with pathologic grade. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that well-differentiated tumors had a better prognosis than the other two grades. Cox regression model showed that differentiation was an independent risk factor for prognosis in patients with early stage, but not with advanced stage. The predictive abilities of pathologic grade, T stage, N status, and lymph node ratio were similar, but the presence of extracapsular spread and perineural invasion were stronger prognostic factors than pathologic differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Pathologic grade was found to be an independent risk factor for early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma, but not for advanced stage. Many important clinicopathological characteristics were associated with histological classification; however, its prognostic value was limited.

The Anti-Allergic Rhinitis Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shenqi by Regulating Mast Cell Degranulation and Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance

Shenqi is a traditional Chinese polyherbal medicine has been widely used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-allergic rhinitis activity of Shenqi and explore its underlying molecular mechanism. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis rat model was used to evaluate the anti-allergic rhinitis effect of Shenqi. The effect of Shenqi on IgE-mediated degranulation was measured using rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. Primary spleen lymphocytes were isolated to investigate the anti-allergic mechanism of Shenqi by detecting the expression of transcription factors via Western blot and the level of cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-γ) via ELISA. In OVA-induced AR rat models, Shenqi relieved the allergic rhinitis symptoms, inhibited the histopathological changes of nasal mucosa, and reduced the levels of IL-4 and IgE. The results from the in vitro study certified that Shenqi inhibited mast cell degranulation. Furthermore, the results of GATA3, T-bet, p-STAT6, and SOCS1 expression and production of IFN-γ and IL-4 demonstrated that Shenqi balanced the ratio of Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/IL-4) in OVA-stimulated spleen lymphocytes. In conclusion, these results suggest that Shenqi exhibits an obvious anti-allergic effect by suppressing the mast cell-mediated allergic response and by improving the imbalance of Th1/Th2 ratio in allergic rhinitis.

Genome-wide studies of von Willebrand factor propeptide identify loci contributing to variation in propeptide levels and von Willebrand factor clearance

Essentials Variants at ABO, von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and 2q12 contribute to the variation in plasma in VWF. We performed a genome-wide association study of plasma VWF propeptide in 3,238 individuals. ABO, VWF and 2q12 loci had weak or no association or linkage with plasma VWFpp levels. VWF associated variants at ABO, VWF and 2q12 loci primarily affect VWF clearance rates.

SUMMARY

Background Previous studies identified common variants at the ABO and VWF loci and unknown variants in a chromosome 2q12 linkage interval that contributed to the variation in plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels. Whereas the association with ABO haplotypes can be explained by differential VWF clearance, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the association with VWF single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or with variants in the chromosome 2 linkage interval. VWF propeptide (VWFpp) and mature VWF are encoded by the VWF gene and secreted at the same rate, but have different plasma half-lives. Therefore, comparison of VWFpp and VWF association signals can be used to assess whether the variants are primarily affecting synthesis/secretion or clearance. Methods We measured plasma VWFpp levels and performed genome-wide linkage and association studies in 3238 young and healthy individuals for whom VWF levels had been analyzed previously. Results and conclusions Common variants in an intergenic region on chromosome 7q11 were associated with VWFpp levels. We found that ABO serotype-specific SNPs were associated with VWFpp levels in the same direction as for VWF, but with a much lower effect size. Neither the association at VWF nor the linkage on chromosome 2 previously reported for VWF was observed for VWFpp. Taken together, these results suggest that the major genetic factors affecting plasma VWF levels, i.e. variants at ABO, VWF and a locus on chromosome 2, operate primarily through their effects on VWF clearance.

Sintering Behavior and Effect of Silver Nanowires on the Electrical Conductivity of Electrically Conductive Adhesives

In this paper, two kinds of silver nanowires with a 160 nm average diameter ranging from 30 to 90 µm length and a 450 nm average diameter up to 100 µm length were successfully synthesized by a polyol process with FeCl3 and Na₂S as reaction inhibitor, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the morphologies and sintering behaviors of both of silver nanowires are impacted by glutaric acid and sintering temperature. The isotropically conductive adhesives (ICAs) filled with micro-sized silver flakes and silver nanowires as hybrid fillers were fabricated and the electrical properties were investigated based on the fraction of the silver nanowires of the total of silver fillers and the curing temperature, etc. The in situ monitoring the variation in electrical resistance of the ICAs explores that silver nanowires have influence on the curing behavior of the ICAs. Silver nanowires synthesized with Na2S as reaction inhibitor and treated with glutaric acid can significantly improve the electrical conductivity of the ICAs in the case of the low loading of silver fillers in the appropriate proportion range of the weight ratio of micro-sized silver flakes and silver nanowires, primarily as a result of connecting effect. When the loading of silver fillers in the ICAs is high, the electrical conductivity is also enhanced slightly in the case of the proper fraction of silver nanowires of the total of silver fillers. The effect of the curing temperature on the electrical conductivity relates to the fraction of silver nanowires and the total loading of silver fillers. The electrical conductivity of the ICAs filled with micro-sized silver flakes and silver nanowires synthesized with FeCl₃ as reaction inhibitor is greatly damaged, indicating that the size of silver nanowires also is one of main factor to impact the electrical conductivity of the ICAs doped with silver nanowires. The electrical property of the ICAs filled with micro-sized silver flakes and silver nanowires results mainly from the synergy of silver flakes and nanowires, forming the conductive pathways.

Glucosamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: characterization and regulation under alkaline and cadmium stress

Heavy metal residues and chemical contaminators considered as relevant sources of aquatic environmental pollutants have a generally immunosuppressive effect on aquatic organisms, depressing metabolic activities and immune response. Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT, EC2.6.1.16) is the first, and rate-limiting, enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and is involved in the regulation of chitin biosynthesis and glycosylation of proteins. We have isolated and characterized GFAT from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Amino acid sequence similarity of the Lv-GFAT (L.vannamei-GFAT) was highest to GFATs isolated from insects and mammals (83 % similarity to that of Haemaphysalis longicornis). The open-reading frame of the Lv-GFAT codes for a protein of 41.6 kDa with a calculated isoelectric point of 5.03. RT-PCR assays showed that endogenous Lv-GFAT mRNA is most strongly expressed in the intestine. Further analysis of Lv-GFAT gene expression in hepatopancreas by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that Lv-GFAT transcript levels increased when the shrimp were exposed to alkaline pH (9.3) and cadmium stress, but the time when its mRNA expression level peaked differed under these stresses. We also first expressed the recombinant protein of GFAT from shrimps in Escherichia coli. Western blot analyses confirmed that the Lv-GFAT protein was strongly expressed in the hepatopancreas after exposure to the LC-Cd stress. These results suggest that Lv-GFAT expression is stimulated by alkaline pH and cadmium stress and that it may play important roles in resistance of shrimp to environmental stresses.

Capability of GaN based micro-light emitting diodes operated at an injection level of kA/cm²

Different size InGaN/GaN based micro-LEDs (μLEDs) are fabricated. An extremely high injection level above 16 kA/cm2 is achieved for 10 μm-diameter LED. The lateral current density and carrier distributions of the μLEDs are simulated by APSYS software. Streak camera time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) results show clear evidence that the band-gap renormalization (BGR) effect is weakened by strain relaxation in smaller size μLEDs. BGR affects the relaxation of free carriers on the conduction band bottom in multiple quantum wells (MQWs), and then indirectly affects the recombination rate of carriers. An energy band model based on BGR effect is made to explain the high-injection-level phenomenon for μLEDs.

Medically inoperable peripheral lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy

Background

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death in North America. There is wide variation between patients who are medically inoperable and those managed surgically. The use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has narrowed the gap in survival rates between operative and non-operative management for those with early stage disease. This retrospective study reports outcomes for the treatment of peripheral non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with SBRT from a single community practice.

Methods

Sixty-seven consecutive patients (pts) with inoperable, untreated peripheral lung tumors were treated from 2010 through 2012 and included in this study. Stereotactic targeting was facilitated by either spine or lung-based image guidance, either with or without fiducial marker tracking with a frameless robotic radiosurgery system. Peripheral tumors received a median biological effective dose (BED) of 105.6 Gy₁₀ or in terms of a median physical dose, 48 Gy delivered over 4 daily fractions. Survival was measured using the Kaplan-Meier method to determine rates of local control, progression of disease and overall survival. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to study the effects of tumor size, stage, histology, patient age, tumor location (lobe), tracking method, and BED on the survival distributions.

Results

The median follow-up for this cohort was 24.5 months (range: 2.4–50.3) with an overall (OS) 3-year survival of 62.4 % (95 % CI: 74.3-47.3). The median progression-free survival was 28.5 months (95 % CI: 15.8 months to not reached). Local control (LC), defined as a lack of FDG uptake on PET/CT or the absence of tumor growth was achieved in 60 patients (90.9 %) at the time of first follow-up (median 3 months, range: 1–6). Local control at one year for the entire cohort was 81.8 % (95 % CI, 67.3-90.3). The one-year OS probability among those who achieved local control at first follow-up was 86.2 % (95 % CI, 74.3-92.9) but no patients who did not achieve LC at first follow-up survived one year. Of the 60 pts that achieved initial LC, 16 have died. The rates of local control, progression-free survival and overall survival were not statistically different for patients treated using a fiducial target tracking system versus non-invasive guidance. (p = 0.44, p = 0.97 and p = 0.66, respectively). No National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE-4) grade 3 or greater toxicity was observed.

Conclusion

SBRT is an effective treatment for medically inoperable NSCLC patients with peripherally located tumors. This therapy appears to be well tolerated with low toxicity, and patient outcomes when using non-invasive tumor tracking systems are not inferior to traditional fiducial-based techniques.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-015-0423-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Circadian dysregulation of clock genes: clues to rapid treatments in major depressive disorder

Conventional antidepressants require 2-8 weeks for a full clinical response. In contrast, two rapidly acting antidepressant interventions, low-dose ketamine and sleep deprivation (SD) therapy, act within hours to robustly decrease depressive symptoms in a subgroup of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Evidence that MDD may be a circadian-related illness is based, in part, on a large set of clinical data showing that diurnal rhythmicity (sleep, temperature, mood and hormone secretion) is altered during depressive episodes. In a microarray study, we observed widespread changes in cyclic gene expression in six regions of postmortem brain tissue of depressed patients matched with controls for time-of-death (TOD). We screened 12 000 transcripts and observed that the core clock genes, essential for controlling virtually all rhythms in the body, showed robust 24-h sinusoidal expression patterns in six brain regions in control subjects. In MDD patients matched for TOD with controls, the expression patterns of the clock genes in brain were significantly dysregulated. Some of the most robust changes were seen in anterior cingulate (ACC). These findings suggest that in addition to structural abnormalities, lesion studies, and the large body of functional brain imaging studies reporting increased activation in the ACC of depressed patients who respond to a wide range of therapies, there may be a circadian dysregulation in clock gene expression in a subgroup of MDDs. Here, we review human, animal and neuronal cell culture data suggesting that both low-dose ketamine and SD can modulate circadian rhythms. We hypothesize that the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and SD may act, in part, to reset abnormal clock genes in MDD to restore and stabilize circadian rhythmicity. Conversely, clinical relapse may reflect a desynchronization of the clock, indicative of a reactivation of abnormal clock gene function. Future work could involve identifying specific small molecules capable of resetting and stabilizing clock genes to evaluate if they can rapidly relieve symptoms and sustain improvement.

[Correlation between urinary sediment spectra and pathological patterns of renal biopsies]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical value of urinary sediment analysis, a non-invasive diagnostic means, in the evaluation of pathological patterns of renal diseases.

METHODS

A total of 1 140 pairs of matched renal biopsies and fresh fasting morning urine specimens were collected from hospitalized patients in Peking University First Hospital. Their urinary sediments were examined with phase-contrast microscopy; the 24 h urine proteins were measured. Based on urinary sediment features combined with urine protein amount, the spectra of the urine sediments were classified into four types, Type I: hematuria-dominant, with multiple cells and casts; Type II: proteinuria-dominant, with hyaline or fine-granular casts but scanty cells; Type III: renal tubular epithelial cell(RTEC)-dominant, minor proteinuria; Type IV: non-specificurine sediments,minor proteinuria. According to the pathological lesions detected in renal biopsies, the renal diseases were classified into three patterns: proliferative glomerulopathy(P-GP), non-proliferative glomerulopathy (NP-GP) and tubulointerstitial nephropathy(TIN). The urinary sediment spectra of different pathological patterns and the correlation between urinary sediment types and pathological patterns were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using kappa test, and χ(2) test, and significance was accepted at P<0.05.

RESULTS

(1) Of the 840 cases of matched urine samples and renal biopsies, 419 cases were diagnosed with P-GP; 375 cases with NP-GP; 46 cases with TIN respectively. (2) The spectra of urine sediments were associated with pathological patterns of the renal biopsies, and 84.0% of the patients with P-GP manifested type I urine sediments; 93.1% of the patients with NP-GP had type II urine sediments; 67.4% of the patients with TIN had type III urine sediments. (3) The correlation between the urinary sediment types and renal pathological patterns was validated in an additional 300 matched samples. The positive predictive values of urinary sediment spectra in predicting renal pathological lesions were 84.8% for typeI to P-GP, 86.0% for type II to NP-GP and 73.7% for type III to TIN, respectively.

CONCLUSION

As a non-invasive diagnostic means, the urinary sediment analysis is valuable in the evaluation of pathological patterns of renal diseases.

[Recent development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the neuro-inflammation of Alzheimer's disease]

Neuropathological, clinical epidemiology and animal models studies provide clear evidence for the activation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is linked with reduced risk to develop the disease. But the clinical trials got a negative outcome with traditional NSAIDs treating AD. The therapeutic effects of NSAIDs on Alzheimer's disease are still not clear based on the present research. Profound study for anti-inflammatory mechanisms and standardized clinical trials are needed. As cause and effect relationships between neuroinflammation and AD are being worked out, the challenge is how to realize the effect of traditional NSAIDs on treating AD.

Pan-European early switch/early discharge opportunities exist for hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft tissue infections

The objective of this study was to document pan-European real-world treatment patterns and healthcare resource use and estimate opportunities for early switch (ES) from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotics and early discharge (ED) in hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs). This retrospective observational medical chart review study enrolled 342 physicians across 12 European countries who collected data from 1542 patients with documented MRSA cSSTI who were hospitalized (July 2010 to June 2011) and discharged alive (by July 2011). Data included clinical characteristics and outcomes, hospital length of stay (LOS), MRSA-targeted IV and oral antibiotic use, and ES and ED eligibility according to literature-based and expert-validated criteria. The most frequent initial MRSA-active antibiotics were vancomycin (50.2%), linezolid (15.1%), clindamycin (10.8%), and teicoplanin (10.4%). Patients discharged with MRSA-active antibiotics (n = 480) were most frequently prescribed linezolid (42.1%) and clindamycin (19.8%). IV treatment duration (9.3 ± 6.5 vs. 14.6 ± 9.9 days; p <0.001) and hospital LOS (19.1 ± 12.9 vs. 21.0 ± 18.2 days; p 0.162) tended to be shorter for patients switched from IV to oral treatment than for patients who received IV treatment only. Of the patients, 33.6% met ES criteria and could have discontinued IV treatment 6.0 ± 5.5 days earlier, and 37.9% met ED criteria and could have been discharged 6.2 ± 8.2 days earlier. More than one-third of European patients hospitalized for MRSA cSSTI could be eligible for ES and ED, resulting in substantial reductions in IV days and bed-days, with potential savings of €2000 per ED-eligible patient.

Dual-targeting non-viral vector based on polyethylenimine improves gene transfer efficiency

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is the polymer most commonly used for transferring plasmids into eukaryotes, but its gene-transfer efficiency is lower compared to viral vectors. Receptors targeting PEI combined with ligands can enhance efficiency of gene transfer into the corresponding receptor-positive cells. Using the double-receptor-mediated pathway of viral infection, in this study we synthesized a novel non-viral vector based on PEI combined with two peptides recognizing FGF receptors (peptide YC25) and integrins (peptide CP9) on the cell surface. The dual targeting vector showed a physicochemical character similar to that of PEI, such as pDNA formation, particle size, zeta potential and lower toxicity. In vitro gene transfer showed that the dual-receptor targeted vector (YC25-PEI-CP9) exhibited a markedly higher transgene efficiency in cell lines with positive expression of FGF receptors and integrins, compared with single-peptide-modified PEI or unmodified PEI. In the cells with only integrin-positive expression, YC25-PEI-CP9 mediated a higher transgene expression than PEI but lower than CP9-PEI. The corresponding free peptides could inhibit the transgene efficiency of the peptide-coupled PEI. In vivo gene transfer in tumor-bearing nude mice also demonstrated that the dual-targeting vectors showed a significantly enhanced transfection efficiency in tumors with positive expression of FGF receptors and integrins. The synthesized polymer YC25-PEI-CP9 has the prospect to act as a novel kind of non-viral vector in gene therapy.

QTL consistency and meta-analysis for grain yield components in three generations in maize

Grain yield is the most important and complex trait in maize. In this study, a total of 258 F(9) recombinant inbred lines (RIL), derived from a cross between dent corn inbred Dan232 and popcorn inbred N04, were evaluated for eight grain yield components under four environments. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) and their epistatic interactions were detected for all traits under each environment and in combined analysis. Meta-analysis was used to integrate genetic maps and detected QTL across three generations (RIL, F(2:3) and BC(2)F(2)) derived from the same cross. In total, 103 QTL, 42 pairs of epistatic interactions and 16 meta-QTL (mQTL) were detected. Twelve out of 13 QTL with contributions (R(2)) over 15% were consistently detected in 3-4 environments (or in combined analysis) and integrated in mQTL. Only q100GW-7-1 was detected in all four environments and in combined analysis. 100qGW-1-1 had the largest R(2) (19.3-24.6%) in three environments and in combined analysis. In contrast, 35 QTL for 6 grain yield components were detected in the BC(2)F(2) and F(2:3) generations, no common QTL across three generations were located in the same marker intervals. Only 100 grain weight (100GW) QTL on chromosome 5 were located in adjacent marker intervals. Four common QTL were detected across the RIL and F(2:3) generations, and two between the RIL and BC(2)F(2) generations. Each of five important mQTL (mQTL7-1, mQTL10-2, mQTL4-1, mQTL5-1 and mQTL1-3) included 7-12 QTL associated with 2-6 traits. In conclusion, we found evidence of strong influence of genetic structure and environment on QTL detection, high consistency of major QTL across environments and generations, and remarkable QTL co-location for grain yield components. Fine mapping for five major QTL (q100GW-1-1, q100GW-7-1, qGWP-4-1, qERN-4-1 and qKR-4-1) and construction of single chromosome segment lines for genetic regions of five mQTL merit further studies and could be put into use in marker-assisted breeding.

Identification of differentially expressed genes at two key endosperm development stages using two maize inbreds with large and small grain and integration with detected QTL for grain weight

Maize endosperm accounts for more than 80% of the grain weight. Cell division and grain filling are the two key stages for endosperm development. Previous studies showed that gene expression during differential stages in endosperm development is greatly different. However, information on systematic identification and characterization of the differentially expressed genes between the two stages are limited. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to generate four subtracted cDNA libraries for the two stages using two maize inbreds with large and small grain. Totally, 4,784 differentially expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced and 902 were non-redundant, which consisted of 344 unique ESTs. Among them 192 had high sequence similarity to the GenBank entries and represent diverse of functional categories, such as metabolism, cell growth/division, transcription, signal transduction, protein destination/storage, protein synthesis and others. The expression patterns of 75.7% SSH-derived cDNAs were confirmed by reverse Northern blot and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and exhibited the similar results (75.0%). Genes differentially expressed between two key stages for the two inbreds were involved in diverse physiological process pathway, which might be responsible for the formation of grain weight. 43.8% (70 of the 160 unique ESTs) of the identified ESTs were assigned to 39 chromosome bins distributed over all ten maize chromosomes. Eleven ESTs were found to co-localize with previous detected QTLs for grain weight, which might be considered as the candidate genes of grain weight for further study.

First Report of Neofusicoccum parvum Causing Dieback Disease of Chinese Weeping Cypress in China

Cupressus funebris Endl. (Chinese weeping cypress) is native to southwestern and central China. In June 2008, blighted shoots of Chinese weeping cypress trees were observed in Yunnan Province (southwestern China). Symptomatic trees were located in an ornamental planting established approximately 8 to 12 years ago. Additional samples were collected from 11 locations in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Chongqing. Disease symptoms included yellowing and wilting of leaves on several branches, followed by sudden death within 6 to 8 weeks. Cross sections on trunks and branches revealed darkened zones. Tissue from diseased samples was plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C. Fungal isolates developed copious, white, aerial mycelium that became dark gray after 4 to 6 days and formed black pycnidia after 25 days. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusiform, externally smooth, thin walled, nonseptate, and measured 12.5 to 18.5 × 4.0 to 6.5 μm. Identity was confirmed by analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITSI-5.8S-ITS2) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α). BLAST searches at GenBank showed a high identity with reference sequences (ITS: >99%; EF1-α: 100%). Representative sequences of both regions were deposited in GenBank (ITS: Accession No. FJ842960 and FJ842961; EF1-α: Accession No. GU811148). Morphological and molecular results confirmed this species as Neofusicoccum parvum, reported as the anamorph of Botryosphaeria parva. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by stem inoculation of 2-year-old C. funebris seedlings. Mycelial plugs (4 mm in diameter) of N. parvum from actively growing colonies were applied to same-size bark wounds on the middle point of the stems. Control seedlings were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. Inoculated and control seedlings (five each) were kept in a greenhouse and watered as needed. After 5 weeks, all C. funebris seedlings showed leaf wilting and dark vascular stem tissue. N. parvum was reisolated from all inoculated, symptomatic tissues, fulfilling Koch's postulates; no symptoms were visible in the control seedlings. N. parvum has previously been reported to cause canker and dieback disease of avocado (3), mango (2), and magenta cherry (Syzygium paniculatum) (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing dieback of C. funebris in China. References: (1) R. C. Ploetz et al. Plant Pathol. 58:801, 2009. (2) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 97:99, 2005. (3) T. Zea-Bonilla et al. Plant Dis. 91:1052, 2007.

Health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib vs interferon-alpha in a phase III trial: final results and geographical analysis

BACKGROUND

In a randomised phase III trial, sunitinib significantly improved efficacy over interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) as first-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We report the final health-related quality of life (HRQoL) results.

METHODS

Patients (n=750) received oral sunitinib 50 mg per day in 6-week cycles (4 weeks on, 2 weeks off treatment) or subcutaneous IFN-alpha 9 million units three times weekly. Health-related quality of life was assessed with nine end points: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General and its four subscales, FACT-Kidney Symptom Index (FKSI-15) and its Disease-Related Symptoms subscale (FKSI-DRS), and EQ-5D questionnaire's EQ-5D Index and visual analogue scale. Data were analysed using mixed-effects model (MM), supplemented with pattern-mixture models (PMM), for the total sample and the US and European Union (EU) subgroups.

RESULTS

Patients receiving sunitinib reported better scores in the primary end point, FKSI-DRS, across all patient populations (P<0.05), and in nine, five, and six end points in the total sample, in the US and EU groups respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the US and EU groups for all end points with the exception of the FKSI item 'I am bothered by side effects of treatment' (P=0.02). In general, MM and PMM results were similar.

CONCLUSION

Patients treated with sunitinib in this study had improved HRQoL, compared with patients treated with IFN-alpha. Treatment differences within the US cohort did not differ from those within the EU cohort.

Stress-induced changes in primate prefrontal profiles of gene expression

Stressful experiences that consistently increase cortisol levels appear to alter the expression of hundreds of genes in prefrontal limbic brain regions. Here, we investigate this hypothesis in monkeys exposed to intermittent social stress-induced episodes of hypercortisolism or a no-stress control condition. Prefrontal profiles of gene expression compiled from Affymetrix microarray data for monkeys randomized to the no-stress condition were consistent with microarray results published for healthy humans. In monkeys exposed to intermittent social stress, more genes than expected by chance appeared to be differentially expressed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to monkeys not exposed to adult social stress. Most of these stress responsive candidate genes were modestly downregulated, including ubiquitin conjugation enzymes and ligases involved in synaptic plasticity, cell cycle progression and nuclear receptor signaling. Social stress did not affect gene expression beyond that expected by chance in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or prefrontal white matter. Thirty four of 48 comparisons chosen for verification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were consistent with the microarray-predicted result. Furthermore, qPCR and microarray data were highly correlated. These results provide new insights on the regulation of gene expression in a prefrontal corticolimbic region involved in the pathophysiology of stress and major depression. Comparisons between these data from monkeys and those for ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans with a history of major depression may help to distinguish the molecular signature of stress from other confounding factors in human postmortem brain research.

Evaluation of transdermal permeability of pentoxifylline gel: in vitro skin permeation and in vivo microdialysis using Wistar rats

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the transdermal permeability of pentoxifylline gel in vitro and in vivo. Gel was prepared with carbomer 934 as the base, and the Wistar rat was chosen as an animal model. The effects of percutaneous enhancers on the transdermal permeability of pentoxifylline gel were investigated by in vitro permeation experiments. Cumulative permeation at different times was determined by HPLC. 3% Azone and 5% propylene glycol were used as collaborative enhancers in an optimal formulation. Topical concentrations at different times were measured by microdialysis in vivo. The transdermal process of pentoxifylline fits to a zero-order kinetic equation, and its release profile remains of the zero-order despite the addition of enhancers. In addition, a good in-vitro-in-vivo correlation was achieved.

Modified Bilston nonlinear viscoelastic model for finite element head injury studies

This paper proposes a modified nonlinear viscoelastic Bilston model (Bilston et al., 2001, Biorheol., 38, pp. 335-345). for the modeling of brain tissue constitutive properties. The modified model can be readily implemented in a commercial explicit finite element (FE) code, PamCrash. Critical parameters of the model have been determined through a series of rheological tests on porcine brain tissue samples and the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle has been used to extend the frequency to a high region. Simulations by using PamCrash are compared with the test results. Through the use of the TTS principle, the mechanical and rheological behavior at high frequencies up to 10(4) rads may be obtained. This is important because the properties of the brain tissue at high frequencies and impact rates are especially relevant to studies of traumatic head injury. The averaged dynamic modulus ranges from 130 Pa to 1500 Pa and loss modulus ranges from 35 Pa to 800 Pa in the frequency regime studied (0.01 rads to 3700 rads). The errors between theoretical predictions and averaged relaxation test results are within 20% for strains up to 20%. The FEM simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed model will be especially useful for application to FE analysis of the head under impact loads. More realistic analysis of head injury can be carried out by incorporating the nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive law for brain tissue into a commercial FE code.

Analysis of QTLs for yield components, agronomic traits, and disease resistance in an advanced backcross population of spring barley

Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum, the wild progenitor of barley, is a potential source of useful genetic variation for barley breeding programs. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in an advanced backcross population of barley. A total of 207 BC3 lines were developed using the 2-rowed German spring cultivar Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare 'Brenda' as a recurrent parent and the H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum accession HS584 as a donor parent. The lines were genotyped by 108 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers and evaluated in field tests for the measurement of grain yield and its components, such as ear length, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, spike number, and 1000-grain mass, as well as heading date and plant height. A total of 100 QTLs were detected. Ten QTLs with increasing effects were found for ear length, spikelet number, and grain number per spike. Three QTLs contributed by HS584 were found to significantly decrease days to heading across all years at 2 locations. In addition, 2 QTLs from HS584 on chromosomes 2H and 3H were associated with resistance to leaf rust. Based on genotypic data obtained from this population, 55 introgression lines carrying 1 or 2 donor segments were selected to develop a set of doubled-haploid lines, which will be used to reconfirm and investigate the effects of 100 QTLs for future genetic studies.

Local immunomodulation with CD4 and CD8 antibodies, but not cyclosporine A, improves osteogenesis induced by ADhBMP9 gene therapy

This study was designed to see if immunosuppression achieved using local application of cyclosporine A (Cs. A) or CD4 and CD8 antibodies would improve bone formation following intramuscular injections of human BMP-4 and BMP-9 adenoviral vectors (ADhBMP4 and ADhBMP9) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Cs. A was injected into the thigh muscle. After 2 days, ADhBMP4, ADhBMP9, and the antibodies were separately injected into the left and right rear legs. At this time, the number of CD4+/CD3+ cells was significantly lower and the number of CD8+/CD3+ cells higher in the Cs. A group than in the control group (P < 0.01). The total number of white blood cells 3 days following injection of CD4 and CD8 antibodies was significantly lower than that before the injection (P < 0.01). At 4 weeks after the viral and antibody injections, mean bone volumes at the ADhBMP9 treatment sites were 0.29 +/- 0.01 cm3 in the viral control group, 0.17 +/- 0.03 cm3 in the Cs. A-ADhBMPs group, and 0.59 +/- 0.07 cm3 in the antibodies-ADhBMPs group. ADhBMP4 did not induce new bone formation in any group. This study demonstrates that local immunomodulation may improve the osteogenic potential of bone morphogenetic protein gene therapy in the clinical setting.

Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression

Abnormalities in L-glutamic acid (glutamate) and GABA signal transmission have been postulated to play a role in depression, but little is known about the underlying molecular determinants and neural mechanisms. Microarray analysis of specific areas of cerebral cortex from individuals who had suffered from major depressive disorder demonstrated significant down-regulation of SLC1A2 and SLC1A3, two key members of the glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter protein family, SLC1. Similarly, expression of L-glutamate-ammonia ligase, the enzyme that converts glutamate to nontoxic glutamine was significantly decreased. Together, these changes could elevate levels of extracellular glutamate considerably, which is potentially neurotoxic and can affect the efficiency of glutamate signaling. The astroglial distribution of the two glutamate transporters and L-glutamate-ammonia ligase strongly links glia to the pathophysiology of depression and challenges the conventional notion that depression is solely a neuronal disorder. The same cortical areas displayed concomitant up-regulation of several glutamate and GABA(A) receptor subunits, of which GABA(A)alpha1 and GABA(A)beta3 showed selectivity for individuals who had died by suicide, indicating their potential utility as biomarkers of suicidality. These findings point to previously undiscovered molecular underpinnings of the pathophysiology of major depression and offer potentially new pharmacological targets for treating depression.

Analysis of QTLs for yield, yield components, and malting quality in a BC3-DH population of spring barley

Advanced backcross (AB)-quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis has been successfully applied for detecting and transferring QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines in various plant species. Here, we describe the application of a modified AB breeding scheme to spring barley. A BC3-doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 181 lines derived from the German spring barley cultivar 'Brenda' (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) as the recurrent parent and the wild species line 'HS213' (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) as the donor line was evaluated for yield and its components as well as malting quality traits. A set of 60 microsatellite markers was used to genotype the population, and phenotypic data were collected at two locations in Germany in continuous years. Altogether, 25 significant QTLs were detected by single-marker regression analysis and interval mapping. Most positive QTLs originated from the recurrent parent 'Brenda'. A QTL, Qhd2.1, on chromosome 2HS from 'Brenda' explained 18.3% and 20.7% of the phenotypic variation for yield and heading date, respectively. Due to the small percentage of donor-parent genome of 6.25%, the BC3-DH lines could be directly used for the extraction of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for Qhd2.1. Consequently, it was possible to determine the precise location of the locus hd2.1 within a region of 6.5 cM, using an F2 population consisting of 234 individuals developed from a cross between an NIL containing a defined donor segment at this locus and 'Brenda'. The location of this QTL was consistent with the presence of a major photoperiod response gene, Ppd-H1, previously reported in this region, which is associated with pleiotropic effects on yield components. In summary, the analysis of a BC3-DH population in barley provides a compromise between the analysis of QTLs by means of an AB scheme and the generation of defined substitution lines. Several lines carrying defined different donor segments for only one single chromosome or trait in the genetic background of 'Brenda' could be selected for further genetic studies.