1
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Schröder M, Muller SH, Vradi E, Mielke J, Lim YM, Couvelard F, Mostert M, Koudstaal S, Eijkemans MJ, Gerlinger C. Sharing Medical Big Data While Preserving Patient Confidentiality in Innovative Medicines Initiative: A Summary and Case Report from BigData@Heart. Big Data 2023; 11:399-407. [PMID: 37889577 PMCID: PMC10733752 DOI: 10.1089/big.2022.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Sharing individual patient data (IPD) is a simple concept but complex to achieve due to data privacy and data security concerns, underdeveloped guidelines, and legal barriers. Sharing IPD is additionally difficult in big data-driven collaborations such as Bigdata@Heart in the Innovative Medicines Initiative, due to competing interests between diverse consortium members. One project within BigData@Heart, case study 1, needed to pool data from seven heterogeneous data sets: five randomized controlled trials from three different industry partners, and two disease registries. Sharing IPD was not considered feasible due to legal requirements and the sensitive medical nature of these data. In addition, harmonizing the data sets for a federated data analysis was difficult due to capacity constraints and the heterogeneity of the data sets. An alternative option was to share summary statistics through contingency tables. Here it is demonstrated that this method along with anonymization methods to ensure patient anonymity had minimal loss of information. Although sharing IPD should continue to be encouraged and strived for, our approach achieved a good balance between data transparency while protecting patient privacy. It also allowed a successful collaboration between industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Schröder
- The Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Münich, Germany
| | - Sam H.A. Muller
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Vradi
- Biomedical Data Science II, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Research and Early Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Yvonne M.F. Lim
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fabrice Couvelard
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER (I.R.I.S.), Suresnes, France
| | - Menno Mostert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Koudstaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus J.C. Eijkemans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gerlinger
- Clinical Statistics and Data Insights, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University Medical School of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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2
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Shah M, de A Inácio MH, Lu C, Schiratti PR, Zheng SL, Clement A, de Marvao A, Bai W, King AP, Ware JS, Wilkins MR, Mielke J, Elci E, Kryukov I, McGurk KA, Bender C, Freitag DF, O'Regan DP. Environmental and genetic predictors of human cardiovascular ageing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4941. [PMID: 37604819 PMCID: PMC10442405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular ageing is a process that begins early in life and leads to a progressive change in structure and decline in function due to accumulated damage across diverse cell types, tissues and organs contributing to multi-morbidity. Damaging biophysical, metabolic and immunological factors exceed endogenous repair mechanisms resulting in a pro-fibrotic state, cellular senescence and end-organ damage, however the genetic architecture of cardiovascular ageing is not known. Here we use machine learning approaches to quantify cardiovascular age from image-derived traits of vascular function, cardiac motion and myocardial fibrosis, as well as conduction traits from electrocardiograms, in 39,559 participants of UK Biobank. Cardiovascular ageing is found to be significantly associated with common or rare variants in genes regulating sarcomere homeostasis, myocardial immunomodulation, and tissue responses to biophysical stress. Ageing is accelerated by cardiometabolic risk factors and we also identify prescribed medications that are potential modifiers of ageing. Through large-scale modelling of ageing across multiple traits our results reveal insights into the mechanisms driving premature cardiovascular ageing and reveal potential molecular targets to attenuate age-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mit Shah
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marco H de A Inácio
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chang Lu
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sean L Zheng
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Clement
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio de Marvao
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wenjia Bai
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew P King
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Eren Elci
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ivan Kryukov
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kathryn A McGurk
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Bender
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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3
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Schlosser P, Scherer N, Grundner-Culemann F, Monteiro-Martins S, Haug S, Steinbrenner I, Uluvar B, Wuttke M, Cheng Y, Ekici AB, Gyimesi G, Karoly ED, Kotsis F, Mielke J, Gomez MF, Yu B, Grams ME, Coresh J, Boerwinkle E, Köttgen M, Kronenberg F, Meiselbach H, Mohney RP, Akilesh S, Schmidts M, Hediger MA, Schultheiss UT, Eckardt KU, Oefner PJ, Sekula P, Li Y, Köttgen A. Genetic studies of paired metabolomes reveal enzymatic and transport processes at the interface of plasma and urine. Nat Genet 2023:10.1038/s41588-023-01409-8. [PMID: 37277652 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kidneys operate at the interface of plasma and urine by clearing molecular waste products while retaining valuable solutes. Genetic studies of paired plasma and urine metabolomes may identify underlying processes. We conducted genome-wide studies of 1,916 plasma and urine metabolites and detected 1,299 significant associations. Associations with 40% of implicated metabolites would have been missed by studying plasma alone. We detected urine-specific findings that provide information about metabolite reabsorption in the kidney, such as aquaporin (AQP)-7-mediated glycerol transport, and different metabolomic footprints of kidney-expressed proteins in plasma and urine that are consistent with their localization and function, including the transporters NaDC3 (SLC13A3) and ASBT (SLC10A2). Shared genetic determinants of 7,073 metabolite-disease combinations represent a resource to better understand metabolic diseases and revealed connections of dipeptidase 1 with circulating digestive enzymes and with hypertension. Extending genetic studies of the metabolome beyond plasma yields unique insights into processes at the interface of body compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schlosser
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nora Scherer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Grundner-Culemann
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Monteiro-Martins
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Haug
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inga Steinbrenner
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burulça Uluvar
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yurong Cheng
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gergely Gyimesi
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Fruzsina Kotsis
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV-Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Research and Early Development, Pharmaceuticals Division, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bing Yu
- Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Morgan E Grams
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Köttgen
- Department of Medicine IV-Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heike Meiselbach
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulla T Schultheiss
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV-Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Diamant N, Di Achille P, Weng LC, Lau ES, Khurshid S, Friedman S, Reeder C, Singh P, Wang X, Sarma G, Ghadessi M, Mielke J, Elci E, Kryukov I, Eilken HM, Derix A, Ellinor PT, Anderson CD, Philippakis AA, Batra P, Lubitz SA, Ho JE. Deep learning on resting electrocardiogram to identify impaired heart rate recovery. Cardiovasc Digit Health J 2022; 3:161-170. [PMID: 36046430 PMCID: PMC9422063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvdhj.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Postexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is an important indicator of cardiac autonomic function and abnormal HRR is associated with adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that deep learning on resting electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings may identify individuals with impaired HRR. Methods We trained a deep learning model (convolutional neural network) to infer HRR based on resting ECG waveforms (HRRpred) among UK Biobank participants who had undergone exercise testing. We examined the association of HRRpred with incident cardiovascular disease using Cox models, and investigated the genetic architecture of HRRpred in genome-wide association analysis. Results Among 56,793 individuals (mean age 57 years, 51% women), the HRRpred model was moderately correlated with actual HRR (r = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.48). Over a median follow-up of 10 years, we observed 2060 incident diabetes mellitus (DM) events, 862 heart failure events, and 2065 deaths. Higher HRRpred was associated with lower risk of DM (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79 per 1 standard deviation change, 95% CI 0.76-0.83), heart failure (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.95), and death (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.79-0.86). After accounting for resting heart rate, the association of HRRpred with incident DM and all-cause mortality were similar. Genetic determinants of HRRpred included known heart rate, cardiac conduction system, cardiomyopathy, and metabolic trait loci. Conclusion Deep learning-derived estimates of HRR using resting ECG independently associated with future clinical outcomes, including new-onset DM and all-cause mortality. Inferring postexercise heart rate response from a resting ECG may have potential clinical implications and impact on preventive strategies warrants future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Diamant
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo Di Achille
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lu-Chen Weng
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emily S Lau
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shaan Khurshid
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Friedman
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Reeder
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pulkit Singh
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xin Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gopal Sarma
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mercedeh Ghadessi
- Bayer, AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Bayer, AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Eren Elci
- Bayer, AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ivan Kryukov
- Bayer, AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hanna M Eilken
- Bayer, AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Andrea Derix
- Bayer, AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony A Philippakis
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Eric and Wendy Schmidt Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Puneet Batra
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer E Ho
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Bartels C, Mielke J, Glimm E. Confidence intervals with maximal average power. COMMUN STAT-THEOR M 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610926.2020.1828465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Khurshid S, Reeder C, Harrington LX, Singh P, Sarma G, Friedman SF, Di Achille P, Diamant N, Cunningham JW, Turner AC, Lau ES, Haimovich JS, Al-Alusi MA, Wang X, Klarqvist MDR, Ashburner JM, Diedrich C, Ghadessi M, Mielke J, Eilken HM, McElhinney A, Derix A, Atlas SJ, Ellinor PT, Philippakis AA, Anderson CD, Ho JE, Batra P, Lubitz SA. Cohort design and natural language processing to reduce bias in electronic health records research. NPJ Digit Med 2022; 5:47. [PMID: 35396454 PMCID: PMC8993873 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-022-00590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic health record (EHR) datasets are statistically powerful but are subject to ascertainment bias and missingness. Using the Mass General Brigham multi-institutional EHR, we approximated a community-based cohort by sampling patients receiving longitudinal primary care between 2001-2018 (Community Care Cohort Project [C3PO], n = 520,868). We utilized natural language processing (NLP) to recover vital signs from unstructured notes. We assessed the validity of C3PO by deploying established risk models for myocardial infarction/stroke and atrial fibrillation. We then compared C3PO to Convenience Samples including all individuals from the same EHR with complete data, but without a longitudinal primary care requirement. NLP reduced the missingness of vital signs by 31%. NLP-recovered vital signs were highly correlated with values derived from structured fields (Pearson r range 0.95-0.99). Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction/stroke incidence were lower and risk models were better calibrated in C3PO as opposed to the Convenience Samples (calibration error range for myocardial infarction/stroke: 0.012-0.030 in C3PO vs. 0.028-0.046 in Convenience Samples; calibration error for atrial fibrillation 0.028 in C3PO vs. 0.036 in Convenience Samples). Sampling patients receiving regular primary care and using NLP to recover missing data may reduce bias and maximize generalizability of EHR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan Khurshid
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Reeder
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lia X Harrington
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pulkit Singh
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gopal Sarma
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel F Friedman
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Di Achille
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Diamant
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Cunningham
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashby C Turner
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily S Lau
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julian S Haimovich
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mostafa A Al-Alusi
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus D R Klarqvist
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Ashburner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Diedrich
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Mercedeh Ghadessi
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Hanna M Eilken
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Alice McElhinney
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Derix
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Steven J Atlas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony A Philippakis
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Eric and Wendy Schmidt Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Ho
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Puneet Batra
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Thanaj M, Mielke J, McGurk KA, Bai W, Savioli N, de Marvao A, Meyer HV, Zeng L, Sohler F, Lumbers RT, Wilkins MR, Ware JS, Bender C, Rueckert D, MacNamara A, Freitag DF, O'Regan DP. Genetic and environmental determinants of diastolic heart function. Nat Cardiovasc Res 2022; 1:361-371. [PMID: 35479509 PMCID: PMC7612636 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diastole is the sequence of physiological events that occur in the heart during ventricular filling and principally depends on myocardial relaxation and chamber stiffness. Abnormal diastolic function is related to many cardiovascular disease processes and is predictive of health outcomes, but its genetic architecture is largely unknown. Here, we use machine learning cardiac motion analysis to measure diastolic functional traits in 39,559 participants of the UK Biobank and perform a genome-wide association study. We identified 9 significant, independent loci near genes that are associated with maintaining sarcomeric function under biomechanical stress and genes implicated in the development of cardiomyopathy. Age, sex and diabetes were independent predictors of diastolic function and we found a causal relationship between genetically-determined ventricular stiffness and incident heart failure. Our results provide insights into the genetic and environmental factors influencing diastolic function that are relevant for identifying causal relationships and potential tractable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjola Thanaj
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kathryn A McGurk
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wenjia Bai
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London
| | - Nicolò Savioli
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio de Marvao
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah V Meyer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, USA
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Sohler
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Bender
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Aidan MacNamara
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Ghuneim L, Raghuvanshi R, Schena B, Feiner J, Castillo-Bahena A, Jentz C, Mielke J, McClelland M, Conrad D, Klapper I, Zhang T, Quinn R. 487: Predicting and testing the complex outcomes of antibiotic treatment against the CF lung microbiome. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Quinn R, Sosinski L, Quinn R, Neugebauer K, Ghuneim L, Guzior D, Castillo-Bahena A, Mielke J, McClelland M, Thomas R, Conrad D. 525: Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor therapy alters the CF lung mucus metabolome, reshaping microbiome niche space. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Cheng Y, Schlosser P, Hertel J, Sekula P, Oefner PJ, Spiekerkoetter U, Mielke J, Freitag DF, Schmidts M, Kronenberg F, Eckardt KU, Thiele I, Li Y, Köttgen A. Author Correction: Rare genetic variants affecting urine metabolite levels link population variation to inborn errors of metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5938. [PMID: 34615878 PMCID: PMC8494923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Cheng
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hertel
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Thiele
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Division of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Kotsis F, Schultheiss UT, Wuttke M, Schlosser P, Mielke J, Becker MS, Oefner PJ, Karoly ED, Mohney RP, Eckardt KU, Sekula P, Köttgen A. Self-Reported Medication Use and Urinary Drug Metabolites in the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2315-2329. [PMID: 34140400 PMCID: PMC8729827 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy is common among patients with CKD, but little is known about the urinary excretion of many drugs and their metabolites among patients with CKD. METHODS To evaluate self-reported medication use in relation to urine drug metabolite levels in a large cohort of patients with CKD, the German Chronic Kidney Disease study, we ascertained self-reported use of 158 substances and 41 medication groups, and coded active ingredients according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. We used a nontargeted mass spectrometry-based approach to quantify metabolites in urine; calculated specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of medication use and corresponding metabolite measurements; and used multivariable regression models to evaluate associations and prescription patterns. RESULTS Among 4885 participants, there were 108 medication-drug metabolite pairs on the basis of reported medication use and 78 drug metabolites. Accuracy was excellent for measurements of 36 individual substances in which the unchanged drug was measured in urine (median, 98.5%; range, 61.1%-100%). For 66 pairs of substances and their related drug metabolites, median measurement-based specificity and sensitivity were 99.2% (range, 84.0%-100%) and 71.7% (range, 1.2%-100%), respectively. Commonly prescribed medications for hypertension and cardiovascular risk reduction-including angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and metoprolol-showed high sensitivity and specificity. Although self-reported use of prescribed analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen) was <3% each, drug metabolite levels indicated higher usage (acetaminophen, 10%-26%; ibuprofen, 10%-18%). CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive screen of associations between urine drug metabolite levels and self-reported medication use supports the use of pharmacometabolomics to assess medication adherence and prescription patterns in persons with CKD, and indicates under-reported use of medications available over the counter, such as analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Kotsis
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine IV: Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulla T. Schultheiss
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine IV: Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Medicine IV: Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Division of Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation and Digital Technologies, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael S. Becker
- Division of Pharmaceuticals, Cardiovascular Research, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peter J. Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Burmeister Getz E, Carroll KJ, Mielke J, Jones B, Benet LZ. Batch Selection via In Vitro/In Vivo Correlation in Pharmacokinetic Bioequivalence Testing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:224. [PMID: 34410534 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic differences between manufacturing batches, well established for inhaled drug products, preclude control of patient risk in the customary two-way (single batch) pharmacokinetic bioequivalence crossover design if batches are randomly chosen. European regulators have recommended selecting a "typical" in vitro batch to represent each product in pharmacokinetic bioequivalence testing. We explored the feasibility of this approach to control patient risk (the "false equivalence", or Type I, error rate). The probability of achieving a Test/Reference 90% confidence interval within (0.80, 1.25) for a true (non-equivalent) value of 1.25 was simulated for a two-way crossover design using the median in vitro batch across a range of number of in vitro batches, in vitro/in vivo correlation (IVIVC) quality (correlation coefficient, r, of zero to one), and within-subject between-batch pharmacokinetic variability. Even under extremely optimistic conditions, e.g., r=0.95 and >100 batches per product screened in vitro, patient risk for typical between-batch variability levels remained at least threefold higher than the 5% regulatory expectation for the significance level (the false equivalence error rate) of the pharmacokinetic bioequivalence test. This elevated error rate in bioequivalence decision-making occurs because of incomplete confidence that the true product average has been identified, and, importantly, omission of this uncertainty from the bioequivalence confidence interval.
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13
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Kotsis FK, Schultheiß UT, Wuttke M, Schlosser P, Oefner P, Mohney RP, Eckardt KU, Mielke J, Becker M, Sekula P, Köttgen A. MO492SELF-REPORTED MEDICATION USE AND URINARY DRUG METABOLITES IN THE GERMAN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (GCKD) STUDY: A PHARMACOMETABOLOMIC APPROACH. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab087.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Aims
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to prescription of multiple medications. Medication adherence is a well-recognized problem in the management of patients with chronic diseases requiring polypharmacy. This study aimed to evaluate the connection between self-reported medication use and urine drug metabolite levels in a large cohort of CKD patients, the GCKD study, as a basis for future pharmacometabolomics studies.
Method
Self-reported medication use of 160 substances and 41 medication groups was ascertained at study baseline and coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. A non-targeted mass spectrometry-based approach (Metabolon HD4™) was used for concomitant metabolite quantification in urine. Specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of medication use and the corresponding urine metabolite measurements were calculated. Multivariable regression models (adjusted to age, sex, eGFR, log(UACR), systolic blood pressure, LDL, log(triglycerides), log(HBA1c) were used to establish associations in prescription patterns.
Results
Among 4,885 participants, 78 drug metabolites were detected in urine (frequency range: 0.4-58%) and assigned into 110 medication – drug metabolite pairs (MMPs) based on reported individual substances and medication groups. For all 68 MMPs of individual substances, accuracy of medication use and the corresponding drug metabolite measurement was excellent (median 97.0%, range 43%-100%), as was measurement-based specificity (median 99.3%, range 73.3%-100%; Fig. 1). Median measurement-based sensitivity was 72.1% (range 1.1%-100%, Fig. 1). Sensitivity and specificity were especially high for angiotensin-II receptor blockers (92%-96%; 99-100%), calcium channel blockers (85-100%; 91-100%), and metoprolol (90%; 98% respectively) commonly prescribed and important medications for blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction in CKD patients. MMPs showing sensitivity <80% included several substances found in over-the-counter (OTC) analgesic medications, suggesting that their use is not always reported. While self-reported use of the OTC analgesics acetaminophen and ibuprofen was <3% each, their corresponding drug metabolites indicated higher usage (acetaminophen: 10-26%; ibuprofen: 10-18%, depending on the number of evaluated drug metabolites). Typical examples of medication co-prescriptions (e.g., trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole) were detected as the combined presence of their drug metabolites in urine. This result validates the abstraction of single substances from combination medications and this urine-based metabolomic approach.
Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive screen of the associations between urine drug metabolite levels and self-reported medication use. It supports the usefulness of pharmacometabolomics to assess medication use, frequency of OTC analgesics use, and prescription patterns in persons with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Kinga Kotsis
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Freiburg , Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Department of Medicine IV – Nephrology and Primary Care, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulla T Schultheiß
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Freiburg , Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Department of Medicine IV – Nephrology and Primary Care, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Freiburg , Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Department of Medicine IV – Nephrology and Primary Care, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Freiburg , Germany
| | - Peter Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics Image, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Berlin, Germany
- University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Bayer AG, Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Becker
- Bayer AG, Division Pharmaceuticals, Cardiovascular Research, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Freiburg , Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg., Freiburg , Germany
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14
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Banerjee A, Chen S, Fatemifar G, Zeina M, Lumbers RT, Mielke J, Gill S, Kotecha D, Freitag DF, Denaxas S, Hemingway H. Machine learning for subtype definition and risk prediction in heart failure, acute coronary syndromes and atrial fibrillation: systematic review of validity and clinical utility. BMC Med 2021; 19:85. [PMID: 33820530 PMCID: PMC8022365 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used in research for subtype definition and risk prediction, particularly in cardiovascular diseases. No existing ML models are routinely used for cardiovascular disease management, and their phase of clinical utility is unknown, partly due to a lack of clear criteria. We evaluated ML for subtype definition and risk prediction in heart failure (HF), acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS For ML studies of subtype definition and risk prediction, we conducted a systematic review in HF, ACS and AF, using PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science from January 2000 until December 2019. By adapting published criteria for diagnostic and prognostic studies, we developed a seven-domain, ML-specific checklist. RESULTS Of 5918 studies identified, 97 were included. Across studies for subtype definition (n = 40) and risk prediction (n = 57), there was variation in data source, population size (median 606 and median 6769), clinical setting (outpatient, inpatient, different departments), number of covariates (median 19 and median 48) and ML methods. All studies were single disease, most were North American (n = 61/97) and only 14 studies combined definition and risk prediction. Subtype definition and risk prediction studies respectively had limitations in development (e.g. 15.0% and 78.9% of studies related to patient benefit; 15.0% and 15.8% had low patient selection bias), validation (12.5% and 5.3% externally validated) and impact (32.5% and 91.2% improved outcome prediction; no effectiveness or cost-effectiveness evaluations). CONCLUSIONS Studies of ML in HF, ACS and AF are limited by number and type of included covariates, ML methods, population size, country, clinical setting and focus on single diseases, not overlap or multimorbidity. Clinical utility and implementation rely on improvements in development, validation and impact, facilitated by simple checklists. We provide clear steps prior to safe implementation of machine learning in clinical practice for cardiovascular diseases and other disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Banerjee
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK.
- Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, 235 Euston Road, London, UK.
- Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, London, UK.
| | - Suliang Chen
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ghazaleh Fatemifar
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - R Thomas Lumbers
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, 235 Euston Road, London, UK
| | - Johanna Mielke
- Bayer AG, Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Simrat Gill
- University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dipak Kotecha
- University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Bayer AG, Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Spiros Denaxas
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Harry Hemingway
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (UCLH BRC), London, UK
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15
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Cheng Y, Schlosser P, Hertel J, Sekula P, Oefner PJ, Spiekerkoetter U, Mielke J, Freitag DF, Schmidts M, Kronenberg F, Eckardt KU, Thiele I, Li Y, Köttgen A. Rare genetic variants affecting urine metabolite levels link population variation to inborn errors of metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:964. [PMID: 33574263 PMCID: PMC7878905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolite levels in urine may provide insights into genetic mechanisms shaping their related pathways. We therefore investigate the cumulative contribution of rare, exonic genetic variants on urine levels of 1487 metabolites and 53,714 metabolite ratios among 4864 GCKD study participants. Here we report the detection of 128 significant associations involving 30 unique genes, 16 of which are known to underlie inborn errors of metabolism. The 30 genes are strongly enriched for shared expression in liver and kidney (odds ratio = 65, p-FDR = 3e-7), with hepatocytes and proximal tubule cells as driving cell types. Use of UK Biobank whole-exome sequencing data links genes to diseases connected to the identified metabolites. In silico constraint-based modeling of gene knockouts in a virtual whole-body, organ-resolved metabolic human correctly predicts the observed direction of metabolite changes, highlighting the potential of linking population genetics to modeling. Our study implicates candidate variants and genes for inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Cheng
- grid.5963.9Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- grid.5963.9Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hertel
- grid.6142.10000 0004 0488 0789School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland ,grid.5603.0University of Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peggy Sekula
- grid.5963.9Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Oefner
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- grid.5963.9Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Mielke
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Division Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- grid.5963.9Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kronenberg
- grid.5361.10000 0000 8853 2677Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Thiele
- grid.6142.10000 0004 0488 0789School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland ,grid.6142.10000 0004 0488 0789Division of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland ,APC Microbiome Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yong Li
- grid.5963.9Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- grid.5963.9Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Kunert J, Mielke J. Efficient designs for the estimation of mixed and self carryover effects. Stat Sin 2021. [DOI: 10.5705/ss.202018.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Mielke J, Jones B, Posch M, König F. Testing Procedures for Claiming Success on at Least k Out of m Hypotheses with an Application to Biosimilar Development. Stat Biopharm Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2020.1730233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Posch
- Medical University of Vienna Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz König
- Medical University of Vienna Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Georgi B, Mielke J, Chaffin M, Khera AV, Gelis L, Mundl H, van Giezen JJJ, Ellinor P, Kathiresan S, Ziegelbauer K, Freitag DF. Leveraging Human Genetics to Estimate Clinical Risk Reductions Achievable by Inhibiting Factor XI. Stroke 2019; 50:3004-3012. [PMID: 31558144 PMCID: PMC6824502 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Coagulation factor XI (FXI) is a novel target for antithrombotic therapy addressed by various therapeutic modalities currently in clinical development. The expected magnitude of thrombotic event reduction mediated by targeting FXI is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Georgi
- From the Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany (B.G., J.M., K.Z., D.F.F.)
| | - Johanna Mielke
- From the Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany (B.G., J.M., K.Z., D.F.F.)
| | - Mark Chaffin
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (M.C., A.V.K., P.E., S.K.)
| | - Amit V Khera
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (M.C., A.V.K., P.E., S.K.)
| | - Lian Gelis
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Development, Wuppertal, Germany (L.G., H.M., J.J.J.v.G.)
| | - Hardi Mundl
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Development, Wuppertal, Germany (L.G., H.M., J.J.J.v.G.)
| | - J J J van Giezen
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Development, Wuppertal, Germany (L.G., H.M., J.J.J.v.G.)
| | - Patrick Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (M.C., A.V.K., P.E., S.K.)
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (M.C., A.V.K., P.E., S.K.)
| | - Karl Ziegelbauer
- From the Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany (B.G., J.M., K.Z., D.F.F.)
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- From the Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany (B.G., J.M., K.Z., D.F.F.)
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Mielke J, Innerbichler F, Schiestl M, Ballarini NM, Jones B. The Assessment of Quality Attributes for Biosimilars: a Statistical Perspective on Current Practice and a Proposal. AAPS J 2018; 21:7. [PMID: 30483892 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Establishing comparability of the originator and its biosimilar at the structural and functional level, by analyzing so-called quality attributes, is an important step in biosimilar development. The statistical assessment of quality attributes is currently in the focus of attention because both the FDA and the EMA are working on regulatory documents for advising companies on the use of statistical approaches for strengthening their comparability claim. In this paper, we first discuss "comparable" and "not comparable" settings and propose a shift away from the usual comparison of the mean values: we argue that two products can be considered comparable if the range of the originator fully covers the range of the biosimilar. We then introduce a novel statistical testing procedure (the "tail-test") and compare the operating characteristics of the proposed approach with approaches currently used in practice. In contrast to the currently used approaches, we note that our proposed methodology is compatible with the proposed understanding of comparability and has, compared to other frequently applied range-based approaches, the advantage of being a formal statistical testing procedure which controls the patient's risk and has reasonable large-sample properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolas M Ballarini
- Section for Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Byron Jones
- Novartis Pharma AG, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Mielke J, Jilma B, Jones B, Koenig F. An update on the clinical evidence that supports biosimilar approvals in Europe. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1415-1431. [PMID: 29575017 PMCID: PMC6005614 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sponsors and regulators have more than 10 years of experience with the development of biosimilars in Europe. However, the regulatory pathway is still evolving. The present article provides an update on biosimilar development in practice by reviewing the clinical development programmes of recently approved biosimilars in Europe. METHODS We used the European public assessment reports (EPARs) which are published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a comparison of the clinical development programmes of the 37 approved biosimilars in Europe. Here, we present novel strategies in the development of biosimilars by focusing specifically on the 17 biosimilars that have gained approval in the last year, but we also compare additional key characteristics for all approved biosimilars. RESULTS The high variability of the clinical development strategies that we found previously was confirmed in the present analysis. Compared with earlier biosimilar applications, more nonstandard development strategies have been used recently. This includes, for example, applications without any studies in patients, and more complex study designs. During this study, we found that the EPARs for biosimilars seem to be improving; however, we identified important details which were still often missing. We provide a proposal for a checklist of the minimum information that should be included in biosimilar EPARs for giving the general public insights into the rationale for the approval of biosimilars. CONCLUSIONS European regulators still seem to be open to consider approaches that differ from the guidelines or previous applications, as long as justification is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mielke
- Statistical MethodologyNovartis Pharma AG4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Byron Jones
- Statistical MethodologyNovartis Pharma AG4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Franz Koenig
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent SystemsMedical University of ViennaSpitalgasse 231090ViennaAustria
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz König
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Abstract
For the approval of biosimilars, it is, in most cases, necessary to conduct large Phase III clinical trials in patients to convince the regulatory authorities that the product is comparable in terms of efficacy and safety to the originator product. As the originator product has already been studied in several trials beforehand, it seems natural to include this historical information into the showing of equivalent efficacy. Since all studies for the regulatory approval of biosimilars are confirmatory studies, it is required that the statistical approach has reasonable frequentist properties, most importantly, that the Type I error rate is controlled-at least in all scenarios that are realistic in practice. However, it is well known that the incorporation of historical information can lead to an inflation of the Type I error rate in the case of a conflict between the distribution of the historical data and the distribution of the trial data. We illustrate this issue and confirm, using the Bayesian robustified meta-analytic-predictive (MAP) approach as an example, that simultaneously controlling the Type I error rate over the complete parameter space and gaining power in comparison to a standard frequentist approach that only considers the data in the new study, is not possible. We propose a hybrid Bayesian-frequentist approach for binary endpoints that controls the Type I error rate in the neighborhood of the center of the prior distribution, while improving the power. We study the properties of this approach in an extensive simulation study and provide a real-world example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mielke
- Statistical Methodology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Schmidli
- Statistical Methodology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Byron Jones
- Statistical Methodology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Mielke J, Woehling H, Jones B. Longitudinal assessment of the impact of multiple switches between a biosimilar and its reference product on efficacy parameters. Pharm Stat 2018; 17:231-247. [DOI: 10.1002/pst.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Hannig S, Mielke J, Fenske JA, Misera M, Beev N, Ospelkaus C, Schmidt PO. A highly stable monolithic enhancement cavity for second harmonic generation in the ultraviolet. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:013106. [PMID: 29390701 DOI: 10.1063/1.5005515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly stable bow-tie power enhancement cavity for critical second harmonic generation (SHG) into the UV using a Brewster-cut β-BaB2O4 (BBO) nonlinear crystal. The cavity geometry is suitable for all UV wavelengths reachable with BBO and can be modified to accommodate anti-reflection coated crystals, extending its applicability to the entire wavelength range accessible with non-linear frequency conversion. The cavity is length-stabilized using a fast general purpose digital PI controller based on the open source STEMlab 125-14 (formerly Red Pitaya) system acting on a mirror mounted on a fast piezo actuator. We observe 130 h uninterrupted operation without decay in output power at 313 nm. The robustness of the system has been confirmed by exposing it to accelerations of up to 1 g with less than 10% in-lock output power variations. Furthermore, the cavity can withstand 30 min of acceleration exposure at a level of 3 grms without substantial change in the SHG output power, demonstrating that the design is suitable for transportable setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hannig
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Mielke
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - J A Fenske
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Misera
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - N Beev
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Ospelkaus
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P O Schmidt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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Vandemeulebroecke M, Bornkamp B, Krahnke T, Mielke J, Monsch A, Quarg P. A Longitudinal Item Response Theory Model to Characterize Cognition Over Time in Elderly Subjects. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:635-641. [PMID: 28643388 PMCID: PMC5613212 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For drug development in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, it is important to understand which cognitive domains carry the most information on the earliest signs of cognitive decline, and which subject characteristics are associated with a faster decline. A longitudinal Item Response Theory (IRT) model was developed for the Basel Study on the Elderly, in which the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease - Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (with additions) and the California Verbal Learning Test were measured on 1,750 elderly subjects for up to 13.9 years. The model jointly captured the multifaceted nature of cognition and its longitudinal trajectory. The word list learning and delayed recall tasks carried the most information. Greater age at baseline, fewer years of education, and positive APOEɛ4 carrier status were associated with a faster cognitive decline. Longitudinal IRT modeling is a powerful approach for progressive diseases with multifaceted endpoints.
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Mengden T, Ligges U, Mielke J, Bramlage P, Korzinek A, Sehnert W. Blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: The German T2Target registry. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:757-763. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mengden
- Kerckhoff Clinic; Rehabilitation; ESH Excellence Centre; Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Uwe Ligges
- TU Dortmund University; Dortmund Germany
| | | | - Peter Bramlage
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine; Cloppenburg Germany
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Burmeister Getz E, Carroll KJ, Mielke J, Benet LZ, Jones B. Between-Batch Pharmacokinetic Variability Inflates Type I Error Rate in Conventional Bioequivalence Trials: A Randomized Advair Diskus Clinical Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:331-340. [PMID: 27727445 PMCID: PMC5324827 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated pharmacokinetic differences among manufacturing batches of a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved dry powder inhalation product (Advair Diskus 100/50) large enough to establish between-batch bio-inequivalence. Here, we provide independent confirmation of pharmacokinetic bio-inequivalence among Advair Diskus 100/50 batches, and quantify residual and between-batch variance component magnitudes. These variance estimates are used to consider the type I error rate of the FDA's current two-way crossover design recommendation. When between-batch pharmacokinetic variability is substantial, the conventional two-way crossover design cannot accomplish the objectives of FDA's statistical bioequivalence test (i.e., cannot accurately estimate the test/reference ratio and associated confidence interval). The two-way crossover, which ignores between-batch pharmacokinetic variability, yields an artificially narrow confidence interval on the product comparison. The unavoidable consequence is type I error rate inflation, to ∼25%, when between-batch pharmacokinetic variability is nonzero. This risk of a false bioequivalence conclusion is substantially higher than asserted by regulators as acceptable consumer risk (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Mielke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Z Benet
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - B Jones
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Mielke J, Jilma B, Koenig F, Jones B. Clinical trials for authorized biosimilars in the European Union: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:1444-1457. [PMID: 27580073 PMCID: PMC5099555 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim In 2006, Omnitrope (by Sandoz) was the first approved biosimilar in Europe. To date, 21 biosimilars for seven different biologics are on the market. The present study compared the clinical trials undertaken to obtain market authorization. Methods We summarized the findings of a comprehensive review of all clinical trials up to market authorization of approved biosimilars, using the European public assessment reports (EPARs) published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The features compared were, among others, the number of patients enrolled, the number of trials, the types of trial design, choice of endpoints and equivalence margins for pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) and phase III trials. Results The variability between the clinical development strategies is high. Some differences are explainable by the characteristics of the product; if, for example, the PD marker can be assumed to predict the clinical outcome, no efficacy trials might be necessary. However, even for products with the same reference product, the sample size, endpoints and statistical models are not always the same. Conclusions There seems to be flexibility for sponsors regarding the decision as to how best to prove biosimilarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mielke
- Statistical Methodology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Koenig
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Byron Jones
- Statistical Methodology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Böckmann H, Liu S, Mielke J, Gawinkowski S, Waluk J, Grill L, Wolf M, Kumagai T. Direct Observation of Photoinduced Tautomerization in Single Molecules at a Metal Surface. Nano Lett 2016; 16:1034-41. [PMID: 26796945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches are of fundamental importance in nature, and light is an important stimulus to selectively drive the switching process. However, the local dynamics of a conformational change in these molecules remain far from being completely understood at the single-molecule level. Here, we report the direct observation of photoinduced tautomerization in single porphycene molecules on a Cu(111) surface by using a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and laser excitation in the near-infrared to ultraviolet regime. It is found that the thermodynamically stable trans configuration of porphycene can be converted to the metastable cis configuration in a unidirectional fashion by photoirradiation. The wavelength dependence of the tautomerization cross section exhibits a steep increase around 2 eV and demonstrates that excitation of the Cu d-band electrons and the resulting hot carriers play a dominant role in the photochemical process. Additionally, a pronounced isotope effect in the cross section (∼100) is observed when the transferred hydrogen atoms are substituted with deuterium, indicating a significant contribution of zero-point energy in the reaction. Combined with the study of inelastic tunneling electron-induced tautomerization with the STM, we propose that tautomerization occurs via excitation of molecular vibrations after photoexcitation. Interestingly, the observed cross section of ∼10(-19) cm(2) in the visible-ultraviolet region is much higher than that of previously studied molecular switches on a metal surface, for example, azobenzene derivatives (10(-23)-10(-22) cm(2)). Furthermore, we examined a local environmental impact on the photoinduced tautomerization by varying molecular density on the surface and find substantial changes in the cross section and quenching of the process due to the intermolecular interaction at high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Böckmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Liu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Mielke
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - J Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Grill
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hodoroaba VD, Rades S, Salge T, Mielke J, Ortel E, Schmidt R. Characterisation of nanoparticles by means of high-resolution SEM/EDS in transmission mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/109/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Sehnert W, Mielke J, Mengden T. Blutdrucktherapie bei Typ-2-Diabetikern mit Nephropathie/Das T2-TARGET Register (Screening zur Anwendung der ambulanten 24-Stunden Blutdruckmessung bei Typ-2-Diabetikern). DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Sehnert W, Mielke J, Mengden T. Bluthochdruck das unterschätzte Risiko des Typ-II-Diabetikers/Das T2-TARGET Register (Screening zur Anwendung der ambulanten 24-Stunden Blutdruckmessung bei Typ-2-Diabetikern). DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Monsch AU, Mielke J, Vandemeulebroecke M, Krahnke T, Quarg P. P1‐329: ITEM RESPONSE THEORY (CERAD, CVLT). Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas U. Monsch
- University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, Felix Platter‐HospitalBaselSwitzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter and its two receptor subgroups, termed D1-like and D2-like receptors, are found both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. D1-like receptors signal through increases, D2-like receptors through decreases in cAMP production. Reports about the presence of dopamine receptors in the cornea are rare and inconsistant. The aim of this study was to examine if native bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells express dopamine receptors and whether these receptors belong to the D1-like or D2-like group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dopamine receptors were studied using polyclonal antibodies. The cAMP concentration after receptor stimulation with dopamine was determined by means of an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS In bovine corneal epithelium and endothelium immunohistochemical staining was positive for D1-like receptors but not for D2-like receptors. Stimulation of corneal D1-like receptors with dopamine revealed a dose-dependent increase of the intracellular cAMP concentration which was blocked by SCH23 390 (a selective D1-like antagonist). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that bovine corneal epithelium and endothelium express a functional D1-like receptor positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production. However, at the present time the physiological role of this receptor remains a matter of speculation.
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Grüb M, Mielke J, Rohrbach JM. [m4 muscarinic receptors of the cornea : muscarinic cholinoceptor-stimulated inhibition of the cAMP-PKA pathway in corneal epithelial and endothelial cells]. Ophthalmologe 2012; 108:651-7. [PMID: 21487711 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-011-2356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscarinic cholinoceptors have been found in all types of ocular tissue, e.g. in corneal epithelium and endothelium. Latest research has focused only on the m5 cholinoceptor subtype. However, previous studies have also indicated the presence of m2 or m4 receptor subtypes in corneal tissue. The aim of this study was to show the decrease of intracellular cAMP formation and protein kinase A (PKA) activity after stimulation of m2 or m4 cholinoceptors in bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. MATERIALS UND METHODS: Muscarinic cholinoceptors were studied using polyclonal antibodies. The cAMP concentration was determined with an enzyme immunoassay and PKA activity was estimated by the consumption of ATP. RESULTS Immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting revealed the presence of the m4 muscarinic cholinoceptor subtype but not of the m2 receptor subtype in bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. In bovine corneal epithelium and endothelium protein cAMP formation was decreased and PKA activity was inhibited by acetylcholine in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The findings indicate that stimulation of m4 muscarinic cholinoceptors inhibits the cAMP-PKA pathway in corneal epithelial and endothelial cells resulting in decreased protein kinase A activity. Further work will be needed to clarify the physiological role of this signaling pathway in corneal epithelium and endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grüb
- Department für Augenheilkunde, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.
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Bombis C, Ample F, Mielke J, Mannsberger M, Villagómez CJ, Roth C, Joachim C, Grill L. Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline NaCl islands on Cu(111). Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:185502. [PMID: 20482188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.185502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical response of ultrathin NaCl crystallites of nanometer dimensions upon manipulation with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is investigated, expanding STM manipulation to various nanostructuring modes of inorganic materials as cutting, moving, and cracking. In the light of theoretical calculations, our results reveal that atomic-scale NaCl islands can behave elastically and follow a classical Hooke's law. When the elastic limit of the nanocrystallites is reached, the STM tip induces atomic dislocations and consequently the regime of plastic deformation is entered. Our methodology is paving the way to understand the mechanical behavior and properties of other nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Bombis
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
In the mid-1990s data were obtained on alcohol consumption in the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, the Solomon Islands and Tonga. These data are reported together with a discussion of the nature of alcohol related problems in the island nations. Per capita consumption is highest in the Cook Islands, which compared with other countries has the highest ratio of liquor outlets and lowest alcohol taxation regime. As an alcohol problem prevention measure, it is concluded that the promotion of responsible consumption, together with the option of abstinence for those who wish it, is an acceptable strategy for the Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McDonald
- National Centre for Epidemiology an Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Mielke J. Medications for chronic pain practical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 55:19-24. [PMID: 21977843 DOI: 10.4314/cajm.v55i1-4.63636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review is confined to the drug management of chronic pain, and is specifically adapted to the resource-poor environment and the HIV pandemic of sub-Saharan Africa. A brief classification of chronic pain is followed by a discussion of the different classes of medications in use, including those used in migraine. An approach to the rational drug management of neuropathic pain is presented. In conclusion some general principles for prescribing in this setting are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mielke
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Mielke J, Reinhard J. Kreisförmig angeordnete, periphere Irisflecken. Ophthalmologe 2007; 104:161-2. [PMID: 16642338 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-006-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mielke
- Sektion für Motilitätsstörungen, Universitätsaugenklinik, Schleichstrasse 12, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Grüb M, Leitritz M, Mielke J, Reinthal E, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Rohrbach JM. [Effect of timolol on central corneal thickness and endothelial cell density]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2007; 223:894-8. [PMID: 17131249 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-927129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of corneal thickness plays an increasing role in glaucoma screening and diagnosis. The influence of a variety of drugs on corneal thickness is well established. Especially for antiglaucomateous drugs this effect seems to be important. However, little is known about the influence of beta receptor antagonists on corneal thickness. The aim of this study was to provide evidence of the effect of timolol on central corneal thickness and endothelial cell density. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten healthy volunteers (five women and five men) with a mean age of 29 years (range 25 to 56 years) were examined in a double-blind, prospective and randomised pilot study. Intraocular pressure, corneal thickness and endothelial cell density was estimated before as well as fifteen minutes, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after application of timolol 0.5 % eye drops twice daily. The partner eye received sodium hyaluronate eye drops twice daily and served as a control. RESULTS The application of timolol showed a decrease of intraocular pressure from initially 12 mmHg to 9 mmHg after four days (p = 0,0188) as well as an increase of corneal thickness from 537 microm to 557 microm after four days (p = 0,0659). There was no change of intraocular pressure (p = 0,9935) or corneal thickness (p = 0,9998) in the control eyes. There was also no effect of timolol (p = 0,2782) or sodium hyaluronate (p = 0,1940) on endothelial cell density. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence of the influence of beta receptor antagonists on corneal thickness. This effect may be caused by receptor mediated influences on corneal ion and fluid transport. Further studies are needed to show if the increase of corneal thickness after application of topical timolol has clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grüb
- Universitätsaugenklinik Tübingen, Abteilung I, Schleichstrasse 12, 72076 Tübingen.
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Grüb M, El-Wardani M, Mielke J, Reinthal E, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Rohrbach JM, Martin J. [Protein kinase C isoforms in corneal epithelium and endothelium]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2007; 223:952-6. [PMID: 17199189 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-927130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in cell metabolism. Three subgroups and 12 isoforms have been isolated so far, catalysing specific functions in cell metabolism. The demonstration of PKC subtypes in corneal tissue has been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to verify the expression of several PKC subgroups and isoforms in human and bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS PKC subgroups and isoforms were studied using polyclonal antibodies. RESULTS Antibodies to PKC-alpha, -delta, -epsilon and -zeta, representing all three PKC subgroups, bound in human and bovine corneal epithelium and endothelium. No binding was found for antibodies to PKC-beta2. CONCLUSIONS For the first time the presence of all three PKC subgroups was demonstrated in human and bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. Further studies are needed to show the role of these subgroups in cellular functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grüb
- Universitätsaugenklinik Tübingen.
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Karim-Zade K, Mielke J, Besch D, Szurman P, Ernemann U, Herzau V. [Choroidal effusion syndrome after embolization of an indirect cavernous sinus fistula via the superior ophthalmic vein]. Ophthalmologe 2006; 103:609-11. [PMID: 16685540 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-006-1339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Embolization of a cavernous sinus fistula (SCF) via the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) was reported to be an almost uncomplicated procedure, even after ligature of the vein at the end of the procedure. We report about a complication of this therapy. A 58-year-old female had a successful embolization of a right indirect cavernous sinus fistula via the SOV. At the end of the operation the SOV was ligated because of the danger of bleeding. Directly after surgery she experienced general worsening of the right eye with signs of venous congestion and marked effusion syndrome. The patient underwent total heparinization to achieve an opening of venous collaterals. Under local therapy with atropine 1% eye drops a decrease of the intraocular pressure was observed. The effusion syndrome was completely resolved within 1 month. If embolization of a cavernous sinus fistula is performed via the SOV, the ligature of the vein at the end of the procedure leads to thrombosis, which can reduce the venous stream from the eye and orbit. A secondary effusion syndrome with ocular hypertension because of a ciliolenticular block situation is possible and requires appropriate therapy. It is not possible to assess the capacity and time of opening of the venous collateral system before surgery. Therefore a transient outflow disturbance should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karim-Zade
- Augenklinik, Universität Tübingen, Schleichstrasse 12, 72076 Tübingen.
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Mielke J. Ethical challenges to medical professionalism: Zimbabwe 2006. Cent Afr J Med 2006; 52:43-45. [PMID: 18254463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mielke
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Sebit MB, Mielke J. Epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa: its socio-demography, aetiology, diagnosis and EEG characteristics in Harare, Zimbabwe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 82:128-37. [PMID: 16122075 DOI: 10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess epileptics with regard to socio-demographic characteristics, aetiology, EEG results and classification. DESIGN A descriptive cohort study from 1997 to 2001. SETTING Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS A total of 229 consecutive epileptic subjects. RESULTS The mean (s.d.) follow-up was 3.2 (1.14) years. The mean (s.d.) age of subjects was 23.4(11.8) years and 56% of them were males, over one third (43.1%) were unemployed and had secondary education (48%). Over one fourth (26.6%) of the subjects were first borns and had a family history of epilepsy (25.8%). Most of the subjects had Generalised Tonic Clonic Seizures (TCS). Over half (51.5%) of the subjects had their first onset of seizures after the age of 20 years. Lack of sleep (7.9%) and emotional disturbance (5.4%) were described by subjects as the frequent provoking factors for epileptic attacks. One hundred and fourteen subjects had electroencephalogram (EEG) results. Of these, 96 (41.9%) subjects had abnormal EEG results and only 18 (7.9%) had normal EEG results a majority (43.8%) of whom were of generalised slow waves. Majority of the subjects (52.8%) sought treatments from biomedical drugs, but some started with traditional herbs (20.5%) and then biomedical drugs, whereas others sought biomedical drugs then resorted to traditional herbs (20.1%). Phenobarbital and carbamazepine were taken by over 40% of the subjects. CONCLUSION The findings of this study seem to suggest that these referrals to a specialised epilepsy outpatient clinic for further management may be attributed to socio cultural issues in our African settings about the actual nature of the condition, hence the delay in treatments and diagnosis of seizures as well as under diagnoses of non-epileptic seizure disorders that may lead to the condition becomes uncontrollable. Inexpensive drugs such as phenobarbital and phenytoin can be able to control most of the epileptic seizures, if they can be made available in primary health care centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Sebit
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box A 178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The validity of the 15-min adenovirus assay SAS Adenotest was evaluated compared with virus detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from conjunctival swabs. METHODS In 75 patients with assumed epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, adenovirus detection from conjunctival swabs was performed by the immunochromatographic assay SAS Adenotest and PCR. RESULTS In 25 patients adenovirus was detected by PCR, 18 of whom were detected by the SAS Adenotest and 7 of whom were not. No false positive results occurred. Sensitivity was 72% and specificity was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that rapid adenovirus detection with the SAS Adenotest is a useful tool in early epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. An additional PCR should be performed when clinical symptoms persist for 5 days or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mielke
- Abteilung 2, Sektion für Motilitätsstörungen, Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen.
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Besch D, El-Araj I, Mielke J, Herzau V. Spontan pulsierendes Auge. Ophthalmologe 2005; 102:1000-1, 1002. [PMID: 15455254 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-004-1123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Besch
- Augenklinik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen.
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Houston S, Ray S, Chitsike I, Mielke J, Chingono A, Mutetwa S, Gangaidzo I. Breaking the silence: an HIV-related educational intervention for medical students in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 2005; 51:48-52. [PMID: 17432431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM A culture of silence surrounding HIV is a major contributor to continued HIV transmission and poor care for people living with HIV/AIDS. AIM To encourage medical leadership in addressing stigma and fear related to HIV at individual and community levels OBJECTIVE To pilot a mini-course for final year medical students in Zimbabwe that demonstrates stigma-reduction knowledge and skills needed to communicate information about HIV to patients, to address ethical implications of testing versus not testing for HIV, to increase awareness of the medical and preventive benefits of knowing one's HIV status and showing people how to cope with the emotional burden of dealing with HIV everyday. DESIGN Methods of proven effectiveness for training medical students in ethics and communication skills were used such as presentations by well respected role models and opinion leaders, role-playing, small group discussions, accompanied by materials indicating local resources, in three afternoon teaching sessions. SETTING University of Zimbabwe College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS 60 medical students, six lecturers, two facilitators and a group of actors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Evaluation of the course by students showed appreciation of the course as measured on a scale of one to five for content and usefulness with requests for further inputs into the curriculum; model of mini-course that can be used by other medical schools in the southern Africa region and other areas of emerging HIV epidemics. CONCLUSIONS A brief educational intervention can help medical students to cope with the extraordinary challenge of providing care in high HIV prevalence countries and may contribute towards better leadership in addressing HIV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Houston
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Medicine, PO Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Mielke J, Ndebele P. Making research ethics review work in Zimbabwe--the case for investment in local capacity. Cent Afr J Med 2004; 50:115-9. [PMID: 16615661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the status of ethics review as pertaining to medical research in Zimbabwe, to compare this with international guidelines, and thus to identify potential improvements in the process. DESIGN The description includes background about the national review body, the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ), and the findings of an analysis of institutional ethics review performed by the MRCZ liaison office. RESULTS Discrepancies with international guidelines include application of the concepts of independent and competent review, monitoring of ongoing studies, and ensuring appropriate membership of institutional ethics review committees (IRECs). CONCLUSION A focus on research ethics education for researchers and IREC members, as well as ensuring appropriate respect for IREC review, are opportunities for improvement in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mielke
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Harare.
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Abstract
Intraocular pressure is mainly controlled by the rate of aqueous humor production and the resistance to its outflow. Aqueous humor formation is the result of fast unidirectional secretion and slow contradirectional reabsorption. The most striking evidence of endogenous regulation of the ciliary epithelial secretion is provided by the observation of the circadian rhythm. Aqueous humor formation is mainly controlled by the interaction of inhibiting alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors and stimulating beta-adrenoceptors. The role of the central nervous system in the regulation of this process remains unclear and the precise mechanism of outflow regulation is not fully understood. The aqueous humor passes into the anterior chamber and leaves the eye by two routes: the direct outflow pathway through the trabecular meshwork or the indirect outflow pathway through the ciliary muscle. Further biochemical, biological and pharmacological investigations are necessary to determine the fundamental process of aqueous humor formation, outflow and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grüb
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen.
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