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Mably JD, Wang DZ. Long non-coding RNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: functions, mechanisms and clinical prospects. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:326-345. [PMID: 37985696 PMCID: PMC11031336 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The surge in reports describing non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has focused attention on their possible biological roles and effects on development and disease. ncRNAs have been touted as previously uncharacterized regulators of gene expression and cellular processes, possibly working to fine-tune these functions. The sheer number of ncRNAs identified has outpaced the capacity to characterize each molecule thoroughly and to reliably establish its clinical relevance; it has, nonetheless, created excitement about their potential as molecular targets for novel therapeutic approaches to treat human disease. In this Review, we focus on one category of ncRNAs - long non-coding RNAs - and their expression, functions and molecular mechanisms in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. We further discuss the prospects for this specific class of ncRNAs as novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mably
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Gao F, Liang T, Lu YW, Pu L, Fu X, Dong X, Hong T, Zhang F, Liu N, Zhou Y, Wang H, Liang P, Guo Y, Yu H, Zhu W, Hu X, Chen H, Zhou B, Pu WT, Mably JD, Wang J, Wang DZ, Chen J. Reduced Mitochondrial Protein Translation Promotes Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Heart Regeneration. Circulation 2023; 148:1887-1906. [PMID: 37905452 PMCID: PMC10841688 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of mitochondria in normal heart function are well recognized and recent studies have implicated changes in mitochondrial metabolism with some forms of heart disease. Previous studies demonstrated that knockdown of the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 (MRPS5) by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibits mitochondrial translation and thereby causes a mitonuclear protein imbalance. Therefore, we decided to examine the effects of MRPS5 loss and the role of these processes on cardiomyocyte proliferation. METHODS We deleted a single allele of MRPS5 in mice and used left anterior descending coronary artery ligation surgery to induce myocardial damage in these animals. We examined cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration both in vivo and in vitro. Doxycycline treatment was used to inhibit protein translation. Heart function in mice was assessed by echocardiography. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and RNA sequencing were used to assess changes in transcription and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and BioChIP were used to assess chromatin effects. Protein levels were assessed by Western blotting and cell proliferation or death by histology and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays. Adeno-associated virus was used to overexpress genes. The luciferase reporter assay was used to assess promoter activity. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, ATP levels, and reactive oxygen species were also analyzed. RESULTS We determined that deletion of a single allele of MRPS5 in mice results in elevated cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration; this observation correlates with improved cardiac function after induction of myocardial infarction. We identified ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) as a key regulator of the mitochondrial stress response in cardiomyocytes from Mrps5+/- mice; furthermore, ATF4 regulates Knl1 (kinetochore scaffold 1) leading to an increase in cytokinesis during cardiomyocyte proliferation. The increased cardiomyocyte proliferation observed in Mrps5+/- mice was attenuated when one allele of Atf4 was deleted genetically (Mrps5+/-/Atf4+/-), resulting in the loss in the capacity for cardiac regeneration. Either MRPS5 inhibition (or as we also demonstrate, doxycycline treatment) activate a conserved regulatory mechanism that increases the proliferation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a critical role for MRPS5/ATF4 in cardiomyocytes and an exciting new avenue of study for therapies to treat myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Tian Liang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linbin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xuyang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yuxia Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Hongkun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100092 China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John D. Mably
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Jian’an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Cao J, Wang X, Advani V, Lu YW, Malizia AP, Singh GB, Huang Z, Liu J, Wang C, Oliveira EM, Mably JD, Chen K, Wang D. mt-Ty 5'tiRNA regulates skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13416. [PMID: 36756712 PMCID: PMC10392060 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to determine the role of tRNA-derived fragments in the regulation of gene expression during skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. We employed cell culture to examine the function of mt-Ty 5' tiRNAs. Northern blotting, RT-PCR as well as RNA-Seq, were performed to determine the effects of mt-Ty 5' tiRNA loss and gain on gene expression. Standard and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize cell and sub-cellular structures. mt-Ty 5'tiRNAs were found to be enriched in mouse skeletal muscle, showing increased levels in later developmental stages. Gapmer-mediated inhibition of tiRNAs in skeletal muscle C2C12 myoblasts resulted in decreased cell proliferation and myogenic differentiation; consistent with this observation, RNA-Seq, transcriptome analyses, and RT-PCR revealed that skeletal muscle cell differentiation and cell proliferation pathways were also downregulated. Conversely, overexpression of mt-Ty 5'tiRNAs in C2C12 cells led to a reversal of these transcriptional trends. These data reveal that mt-Ty 5'tiRNAs are enriched in skeletal muscle and play an important role in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Our study also highlights the potential for the development of tiRNAs as novel therapeutic targets for muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Vivek Advani
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrea P. Malizia
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gurinder Bir Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Zhan‐Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Vertex pharmaceuticalsBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chunbo Wang
- UNC McAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Edilamar M. Oliveira
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- School of Physical Education and SportUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - John D. Mably
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Da‐Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
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Lu YW, Liang Z, Guo H, Fernandes T, Espinoza-Lewis RA, Wang T, Li K, Li X, Singh GB, Wang Y, Cowan D, Mably JD, Philpott CC, Chen H, Wang DZ. PCBP1 regulates alternative splicing of AARS2 in congenital cardiomyopathy. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.18.540420. [PMID: 37293078 PMCID: PMC10245752 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.540420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alanyl-transfer RNA synthetase 2 (AARS2) is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial tRNA synthetase that is responsible for charging of tRNA-Ala with alanine during mitochondrial translation. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the Aars2 gene, including those affecting its splicing, are linked to infantile cardiomyopathy in humans. However, how Aars2 regulates heart development, and the underlying molecular mechanism of heart disease remains unknown. Here, we found that poly(rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) interacts with the Aars2 transcript to mediate its alternative splicing and is critical for the expression and function of Aars2. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Pcbp1 in mice resulted in defects in heart development that are reminiscent of human congenital cardiac defects, including noncompaction cardiomyopathy and a disruption of the cardiomyocyte maturation trajectory. Loss of Pcbp1 led to an aberrant alternative splicing and a premature termination of Aars2 in cardiomyocytes. Additionally, Aars2 mutant mice with exon-16 skipping recapitulated heart developmental defects observed in Pcbp1 mutant mice. Mechanistically, we found dysregulated gene and protein expression of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in both Pcbp1 and Aars2 mutant hearts; these date provide further evidence that the infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with the disorder oxidative phosphorylation defect type 8 (COXPD8) is mediated by Aars2. Our study therefore identifies Pcbp1 and Aars2 as critical regulators of heart development and provides important molecular insights into the role of disruptions in metabolism on congenital heart defects.
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Gao F, Liang T, Lu YW, Fu X, Dong X, Pu L, Hong T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liu N, Zhang F, Liu J, Malizia AP, Yu H, Zhu W, Cowan DB, Chen H, Hu X, Mably JD, Wang J, Wang DZ, Chen J. A defect in mitochondrial protein translation influences mitonuclear communication in the heart. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1595. [PMID: 36949106 PMCID: PMC10033703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the informational flow from the mitochondria to the nucleus (mitonuclear communication) is not fully characterized in the heart. We have determined that mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 (MRPS5/uS5m) can regulate cardiac function and key pathways to coordinate this process during cardiac stress. We demonstrate that loss of Mrps5 in the developing heart leads to cardiac defects and embryonic lethality while postnatal loss induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The structure and function of mitochondria is disrupted in Mrps5 mutant cardiomyocytes, impairing mitochondrial protein translation and OXPHOS. We identify Klf15 as a Mrps5 downstream target and demonstrate that exogenous Klf15 is able to rescue the overt defects and re-balance the cardiac metabolome. We further show that Mrps5 represses Klf15 expression through c-myc, together with the metabolite L-phenylalanine. This critical role for Mrps5 in cardiac metabolism and mitonuclear communication highlights its potential as a target for heart failure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Tian Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xuyang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Linbin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuxia Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Vertex pharmaceuticals, VCGT, 316-318 Northern Ave, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Andrea P Malizia
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Douglas B Cowan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - John D Mably
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mably
- University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (J.D.M., D.-Z.W.)
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (J.C.W.)
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (J.D.M., D.-Z.W.)
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Kawasaki J, Aegerter S, Fevurly RD, Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Sahin M, Mably JD, Fishman SJ, Chan J. RASA1 functions in EPHB4 signaling pathway to suppress endothelial mTORC1 activity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2774-84. [PMID: 24837431 DOI: 10.1172/jci67084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations are linked to mutations in RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1, also known as p120RasGAP); however, due to the global expression of this gene, it is unclear how these mutations specifically affect the vasculature. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RASA1 performs a critical effector function downstream of the endothelial receptor EPHB4. In zebrafish models, we found that either RASA1 or EPHB4 deficiency induced strikingly similar abnormalities in blood vessel formation and function. Expression of WT EPHB4 receptor or engineered receptors with altered RASA1 binding revealed that the ability of EPHB4 to recruit RASA1 is required to restore blood flow in EPHB4-deficient animals. Analysis of EPHB4-deficient zebrafish tissue lysates revealed that mTORC1 is robustly overactivated, and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 in these animals rescued both vessel structure and function. Furthermore, overexpression of mTORC1 in endothelial cells exacerbated vascular phenotypes in animals with reduced EPHB4 or RASA1, suggesting a functional EPHB4/RASA1/mTORC1 signaling axis in endothelial cells. Tissue samples from patients with arteriovenous malformations displayed strong endothelial phospho-S6 staining, indicating increased mTORC1 activity. These results indicate that deregulation of EPHB4/RASA1/mTORC1 signaling in endothelial cells promotes vascular malformation and suggest that mTORC1 inhibitors, many of which are approved for the treatment of certain cancers, should be further explored as a potential strategy to treat patients with vascular malformations.
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Akbareian SE, Nagy N, Steiger CE, Mably JD, Miller SA, Hotta R, Molnar D, Goldstein AM. Enteric neural crest-derived cells promote their migration by modifying their microenvironment through tenascin-C production. Dev Biol 2013; 382:446-56. [PMID: 23958436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cells that migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into enteric neurons and glia within the gut wall. The mechanisms regulating enteric neural crest-derived cell (ENCC) migration are poorly characterized despite the importance of this process in gut formation and function. Characterization of genes involved in ENCC migration is essential to understand ENS development and could provide targets for treatment of human ENS disorders. We identified the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C (TNC) as an important regulator of ENCC development. We find TNC dynamically expressed during avian gut development. It is absent from the cecal region just prior to ENCC arrival, but becomes strongly expressed around ENCCs as they enter the ceca and hindgut. In aganglionic hindguts, TNC expression is strong throughout the outer mesenchyme, but is absent from the submucosal region, supporting the presence of both ENCC-dependent and independent expression within the gut wall. Using rat-chick coelomic grafts, neural tube cultures, and gut explants, we show that ENCCs produce TNC and that this ECM protein promotes their migration. Interestingly, only vagal neural crest-derived ENCCs express TNC, whereas sacral neural crest-derived cells do not. These results demonstrate that vagal crest-derived ENCCs actively modify their microenvironment through TNC expression and thereby help to regulate their own migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E Akbareian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Warren 1153, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Rosen JN, Sogah VM, Ye LY, Mably JD. ccm2-like is required for cardiovascular development as a novel component of the Heg-CCM pathway. Dev Biol 2013; 376:74-85. [PMID: 23328253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Heart of Glass-Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (Heg-CCM) pathway is essential for normal cardiovascular development in zebrafish and mouse. In zebrafish, the Heg-CCM pathway mutants santa(ccm1/san), valentine (ccm2/vtn), and heart of glass (heg) exhibit severely dilated hearts and inflow tracts and a complete absence of blood circulation. We identified a novel gene based on its sequence identity with ccm2, which we have named ccm2-like (ccm2l), and characterized its role in cardiovascular development. Disruption of ccm2l by morpholino injection causes dilation of the atrium and inflow tract and compromised blood circulation. Morpholino co-injection experiments identify ccm2l as an enhancer of the characteristic Heg-CCM dilated heart phenotype, and we find that ccm2 overexpression can partially rescue ccm2l morphant defects. Finally, we show that Ccm2l binds Ccm1 and perform deletion and mutational analyses to define the regions of Ccm1 that mediate its binding to Ccm2l and its previously established interactors Ccm2 and Heg. These genetic and biochemical data argue that ccm2l is a necessary component of the Heg-CCM pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Rosen
- Boston Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mwizerwa O, Das P, Nagy N, Akbareian SE, Mably JD, Goldstein AM. Gdnf is mitogenic, neurotrophic, and chemoattractive to enteric neural crest cells in the embryonic colon. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1402-11. [PMID: 21465624 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) is required for morphogenesis of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and it has been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cultured enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). The goal of this study was to investigate its in vivo role in the colon, the site most commonly affected by intestinal neuropathies such as Hirschsprung's disease. Gdnf activity was modulated in ovo in the distal gut of avian embryos using targeted retrovirus-mediated gene overexpression and retroviral vector-based gene silencing. We find that Gdnf has a pleiotropic effect on colonic ENCCs, promoting proliferation, inducing neuronal differentiation, and acting as a chemoattractant. Down-regulating Gdnf similarly induces premature neuronal differentiation, but also inhibits ENCC proliferation, leading to distal colorectal aganglionosis with severe proximal hypoganglionosis. These results indicate an important role for Gdnf signaling in colonic ENS formation and emphasize the critical balance between proliferation and differentiation in the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olive Mwizerwa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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11
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Sogah VM, Serluca FC, Fishman MC, Yelon DL, Macrae CA, Mably JD. Distinct troponin C isoform requirements in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:3115-23. [PMID: 20925115 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish mutant silent partner is characterized by a dysmorphic, non-contractile ventricle resulting in an inability to generate normal blood flow. We have identified the genetic lesion in the zebrafish homolog of the slow twitch skeletal/cardiac troponin C gene. Although human troponin C1 (TNNC1) is expressed in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, duplication of this gene in zebrafish has resulted in tissue-specific partitioning of troponin C expression and function. Mutation of the zebrafish paralog tnnc1a, which is expressed predominantly in the heart, results in a loss of contractility and myofibrillar organization within ventricular cardiomyocytes, while skeletal muscle remains functional and intact. We further show that defective contractility in the developing heart results in abnormal atrial and ventricular chamber morphology. Together, our results suggest that tnnc1a is required both for the function and structural integrity of the contractile machinery in cardiomyocytes, helping to clarify potential mechanisms of troponin C-mediated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Sogah
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Abstract
The use of animal models in medicine has contributed significantly to the development of drug treatments and surgical procedures for the last century, in particular for cardiovascular disease. In order to model human disease in an animal, an appreciation of the strengths and limitations of the system are required to interpret results and design the logical sequence of steps toward clinical translation. As the world's population ages, cardiovascular disease will become even more prominent and further progress will be essential to stave off what seems destined to become a massive public health issue. Future treatments will require the imaginative application of current models as well as the generation of new ones. In this review, we discuss the resources available for modeling cardiovascular disease in zebrafish and the varied attributes of this system. We then discuss current zebrafish disease models and their potential that has yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Chen JN, van Bebber F, Goldstein AM, Serluca FC, Jackson D, Childs S, Serbedzija G, Warren KS, Mably JD, Lindahl P, Mayer A, Haffter P, Fishman MC. Genetic steps to organ laterality in zebrafish. Comp Funct Genomics 2010; 2:60-8. [PMID: 18628903 PMCID: PMC2447199 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2000] [Accepted: 02/23/2001] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
All internal organs are asymmetric along the left–right axis. Here we report a genetic
screen to discover mutations which perturb organ laterality. Our particular focus is upon
whether, and how, organs are linked to each other as they achieve their laterally
asymmetric positions. We generated mutations by ENU mutagenesis and examined F3
progeny using a cocktail of probes that reveal early primordia of heart, gut, liver and
pancreas. From the 750 genomes examined, we isolated seven recessive mutations which
affect the earliest left–right positioning of one or all of the organs. None of these mutations
caused discernable defects elsewhere in the embryo at the stages examined. This is in
contrast to those mutations we reported previously (Chen et al., 1997) which, along with
left–right abnormalities, cause marked perturbation in gastrulation, body form or midline
structures. We find that the mutations can be classified on the basis of whether they
perturb relationships among organ laterality. In Class 1 mutations, none of the organs
manifest any left–right asymmetry. The heart does not jog to the left and normally leftpredominant
BMP4 in the early heart tube remains symmetric. The gut tends to remain
midline. There frequently is a remarkable bilateral duplication of liver and pancreas.
Embryos with Class 2 mutations have organotypic asymmetry but, in any given embryo,
organ positions can be normal, reversed or randomized. Class 3 reveals a hitherto
unsuspected gene that selectively affects laterality of heart. We find that visceral organ
positions are predicted by the direction of the preceding cardiac jog. We interpret this as
suggesting that normally there is linkage between cardiac and visceral organ laterality.
Class 1 mutations, we suggest, effectively remove the global laterality signals, with the
consequence that organ positions are effectively symmetrical. Embryos with Class 2
mutations do manifest linkage among organs, but it may be reversed, suggesting that the
global signals may be present but incorrectly orientated in some of the embryos. That
laterality decisions of organs may be independently perturbed, as in the Class 3 mutation,
indicates that there are distinctive pathways for reception and organotypic interpretation
of the global signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Nian Chen
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Frauke van Bebber
- Max-Planck-Institut für EntwicklungsbiologieAbteilung GenetikSpemannstrasse 35Tübingen72076Germany
| | - Allan M. Goldstein
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Fabrizio C. Serluca
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Donald Jackson
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Sarah Childs
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - George Serbedzija
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Kerri S. Warren
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - John D. Mably
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Per Lindahl
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Alan Mayer
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Pascal Haffter
- Max-Planck-Institut für EntwicklungsbiologieAbteilung GenetikSpemannstrasse 35Tübingen72076Germany
| | - Mark C. Fishman
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital149 13th StreetCharlestownMA02129USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
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14
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Shin JT, Pomerantsev EV, Mably JD, MacRae CA. High-resolution cardiovascular function confirms functional orthology of myocardial contractility pathways in zebrafish. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:300-9. [PMID: 20388839 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00206.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotype-driven screens in larval zebrafish have transformed our understanding of the molecular basis of cardiovascular development. Screens to define the genetic determinants of physiological phenotypes have been slow to materialize as a result of the limited number of validated in vivo assays with relevant dynamic range. To enable rigorous assessment of cardiovascular physiology in living zebrafish embryos, we developed a suite of software tools for the analysis of high-speed video microscopic images and validated these, using established cardiomyopathy models in zebrafish as well as modulation of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Quantitative analysis in wild-type fish exposed to NO or in a zebrafish model of dilated cardiomyopathy demonstrated that these tools detect significant differences in ventricular chamber size, ventricular performance, and aortic flow velocity in zebrafish embryos across a large dynamic range. These methods also were able to establish the effects of the classic pharmacological agents isoproterenol, ouabain, and verapamil on cardiovascular physiology in zebrafish embryos. Sequence conservation between zebrafish and mammals of key amino acids in the pharmacological targets of these agents correlated with the functional orthology of the physiological response. These data provide evidence that the quantitative evaluation of subtle physiological differences in zebrafish can be accomplished at a resolution and with a dynamic range comparable to those achieved in mammals and provides a mechanism for genetic and small-molecule dissection of functional pathways in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Shin
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Center, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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15
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Rhee DY, Zhao XQ, Francis RJB, Huang GY, Mably JD, Lo CW. Connexin 43 regulates epicardial cell polarity and migration in coronary vascular development. Development 2009; 136:3185-93. [PMID: 19700622 DOI: 10.1242/dev.032334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 knockout (Cx43 KO) mice exhibit conotruncal malformations and coronary artery defects. We observed epicardial blisters in the Cx43 KO hearts that suggest defects in epicardial epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), a process that generates coronary vascular progenitors. Analysis using a three-dimensional collagen gel invasion assay showed that Cx43 KO epicardial cells are less invasive and that, unlike wild-type epicardial cells, they fail to organize into thin vessel-like projections. Examination of Cx43 KO hearts using Wt1 as an epicardial marker revealed a disorganized pattern of epicardial cell infiltration. Time-lapse imaging and motion analysis using epicardial explants showed a defect in directional cell migration. This was associated with changes in the actin/tubulin cytoskeleton. A defect in cell polarity was indicated by a failure of the microtubule-organizing center to align with the direction of cell migration. Forced expression of Cx43 constructs in epicardial explants showed the Cx43 tubulin-binding domain is required for Cx43 modulation of cell polarity and cell motility. Pecam staining revealed early defects in remodeling of the primitive coronary vascular plexuses in the Cx43 KO heart. Together, these findings suggest an early defect in coronary vascular development arising from a global perturbation of the cytoarchitecture of the cell. Consistent with this, we found aberrant myocardialization of the outflow tract, a process also known to be EMT dependent. Together, these findings suggest cardiac defects in the Cx43 KO mice arise from the disruption of cell polarity, a process that may be dependent on Cx43-tubulin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Rhee
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Milan DJ, Kim AM, Winterfield JR, Jones IL, Pfeufer A, Sanna S, Arking DE, Amsterdam AH, Sabeh KM, Mably JD, Rosenbaum DS, Peterson RT, Chakravarti A, Kääb S, Roden DM, MacRae CA. Drug-sensitized zebrafish screen identifies multiple genes, including GINS3, as regulators of myocardial repolarization. Circulation 2009; 120:553-9. [PMID: 19652097 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.821082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac repolarization, the process by which cardiomyocytes return to their resting potential after each beat, is a highly regulated process that is critical for heart rhythm stability. Perturbations of cardiac repolarization increase the risk for life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Although genetic studies of familial long-QT syndromes have uncovered several key genes in cardiac repolarization, the major heritable contribution to this trait remains unexplained. Identification of additional genes may lead to a better understanding of the underlying biology, aid in identification of patients at risk for sudden death, and potentially enable new treatments for susceptible individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS We extended and refined a zebrafish model of cardiac repolarization by using fluorescent reporters of transmembrane potential. We then conducted a drug-sensitized genetic screen in zebrafish, identifying 15 genes, including GINS3, that affect cardiac repolarization. Testing these genes for human relevance in 2 concurrently completed genome-wide association studies revealed that the human GINS3 ortholog is located in the 16q21 locus, which is strongly associated with QT interval. CONCLUSIONS This sensitized zebrafish screen identified 15 novel myocardial repolarization genes. Among these genes is GINS3, the human ortholog of which is a major locus in 2 concurrent human genome-wide association studies of QT interval. These results reveal a novel network of genes that regulate cardiac repolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
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17
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McCully JD, Bhasin MK, Daly C, Guerrero MC, Dillon S, Liberman TA, Cowan DB, Mably JD, McGowan FX, Levitsky S. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of global ischemia and cardioprotection in the rabbit heart. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:125-37. [PMID: 19454556 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00033.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioplegia is used to partially alleviate the effects of surgically induced global ischemia injury; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this cardioprotection remain to be elucidated. To improve the understanding of the molecular processes modulating the effects of global ischemia and the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia, we constructed rabbit heart cDNA libraries and isolated, sequenced, and identified a compendium of nonredundant cDNAs for use in transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. New Zealand White rabbits were used to compare the effects of global ischemia and cardioplegia compared with control (nonischemic) hearts. The effects of RNA and protein synthesis on the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia were investigated separately by preperfusion with either alpha-amanitin or cycloheximide. Our results demonstrate that cardioplegia partially ameliorates the effects of global ischemia and that the cardioprotection is modulated by RNA- and protein-dependent mechanisms. Transcriptomic and proteomic enrichment analyses indicated that global ischemia downregulated genes/proteins associated with mitochondrial function and energy production, cofactor catabolism, and the generation of precursor metabolites of energy. In contrast, cardioplegia significantly increased differentially expressed genes/proteins associated with the mitochondrion and mitochondrial function and significantly upregulated the biological processes of muscle contraction, involuntary muscle contraction, carboxylic acid and fatty acid catabolic processes, fatty acid beta-oxidation, and fatty acid metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D McCully
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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18
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Abstract
One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo. Morpholinos, which are synthetic oligonucleotides with antisense complementarity to target RNAs, can be added to the embryo to reduce the expression of a particular gene product. Conversely, processed mRNA can be added to the embryo to increase levels of a gene product. The vehicle for adding either mRNA or morpholino to an embryo is microinjection. Microinjection is efficient and rapid, allowing for the injection of hundreds of embryos per hour. This video shows all the steps involved in microinjection. Briefly, eggs are collected immediately after being laid and lined up against a microscope slide in a Petri dish. Next, a fine-tipped needle loaded with injection material is connected to a microinjector and an air source, and the microinjector controls are adjusted to produce a desirable injection volume. Finally, the needle is plunged into the embryo's yolk and the morpholino or mRNA is expelled.
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19
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Abstract
Hematopoietic and endothelial cells develop from a common progenitor, the hemangioblast, or directly from mesodermal cells. The molecular pathway that regulates the specification of both cell lineages remains elusive. Here, we show that a lysocardiolipin acyltransferase, lycat, is critical for the establishment of both hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. We isolated lycat from the deletion interval of cloche, a zebrafish mutant that has dramatically reduced hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. Reduction of lycat mRNA levels in wild-type zebrafish embryos decreases both endothelial and hematopoietic lineages. Lycat mRNA rescues blood lineages in zebrafish cloche mutant embryos. E165R and G166L mutations in the highly conserved catalytic domain in lycat abolish its function in zebrafish hematopoiesis. Epistasis analysis supports that lycat acts upstream of scl and etsrp in zebrafish hemangioblast development. These data indicate that lycat is the earliest known player in the generation of both endothelial and hematopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Xiong
- The Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St, Room 8216, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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20
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Mably JD, Chuang LP, Serluca FC, Mohideen MAPK, Chen JN, Fishman MC. santa and valentine pattern concentric growth of cardiac myocardium in the zebrafish. Development 2006; 133:3139-46. [PMID: 16873582 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the myocardial layer of the primitive heart tube grows outward from the endocardial-lined lumen, with new cells added to generate concentric thickness to the wall. This is a key evolutionary step, demarcating vertebrates from more primitive chordates, and is essential for normal cardiac function. Zebrafish embryos with the recessive lethal mutations santa (san) and valentine (vtn) do not thicken, but do add the proper number of cells to the myocardium. Consequently, the heart chambers are huge, constituted of a monolayered myocardium lined by endocardium. This phenotype is similar to that of the heart of glass (heg) mutation, which we described previously as a novel endocardial expressed gene. By positional cloning, we here identify san as the zebrafish homolog of human CCM1, and vtn as the homolog of human CCM2. Dominant mutations of either in humans cause vascular anomalies in the brain, known as cerebral cavernous malformations. The synergistic effects of morpholino pairs indicate that san, vtn and heg are in a genetic pathway, and san and vtn contain protein motifs, NPxY and PTB domain, respectively, known to interact. This suggests that concentric growth of the myocardium, crucial for blood pressure generation, is dictated by a heg-san-vtn signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mably
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Nian Chen
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterned growth of vertebrate organs is essential for normal physiological function, but the underlying pathways that govern organotypic growth are not clearly understood. Heart function is critically dependent upon the concentric thickening of the ventricular wall generated by the addition of cells to the myocardium along the axis from the endocardium (inside) to the outside of the chamber. In heart of glass mutant embryos, the number of cells in the myocardium is normal, but they are not added in the concentric direction. As a consequence, the chambers are huge and dysfunctional, and the myocardium remains a single layer. RESULTS To begin to define the factors controlling the concentric growth of cells in the myocardium, we used positional cloning to identify the heart of glass (heg) gene. heg encodes a protein of previously undescribed function, expressed in the endocardial layer of the heart. By alternative splicing, three distinct isoforms are generated, one of which is predicted to be transmembrane and two other secreted. By selective morpholino perturbation, we demonstrate that the transmembrane form is critical for the normal pattern of growth. CONCLUSIONS heart of glass encodes a previously uncharacterized endocardial signal that is vital for patterning concentric growth of the heart. Growth of the heart requires addition of myocardial cells along the endocardial-to-myocardial axis. This axis of patterning is driven by heg, a novel transmembrane protein expressed in the endocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mably
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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23
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Peterson RT, Mably JD, Chen JN, Fishman MC. Convergence of distinct pathways to heart patterning revealed by the small molecule concentramide and the mutation heart-and-soul. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1481-91. [PMID: 11591315 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the earliest steps in heart formation is the generation of two chambers, as cardiogenic cells deployed in the epithelial sheet of mesoderm converge to form the nascent heart tube. What guides this transformation to organotypic form is not known. RESULTS We have identified a small molecule, concentramide, and a genetic mutation called heart-and-soul (has) that disrupt heart patterning. Both cause the ventricle to form within the atrium. Here, we show that the has gene encodes PKC lambda. The effect of the has mutation is to disrupt epithelial cell-cell interactions in a broad range of tissues. Concentramide does not disrupt epithelial interactions, but rather shifts the converging heart field rostrally. What is shared between the concentramide and has effects is a reversal of the order of fusion of the anterior and posterior ends of the heart field. CONCLUSIONS The polarity of cardiac tube assembly is a critical determinant of chamber orientation and is controlled by at least two distinct molecular pathways. Combined chemical/genetic dissection can identify nodal points in development, of special importance in understanding the complex patterning events of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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24
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Serluca FC, Sidow A, Mably JD, Fishman MC. Partitioning of tissue expression accompanies multiple duplications of the Na+/K+ ATPase alpha subunit gene. Genome Res 2001; 11:1625-31. [PMID: 11591639 PMCID: PMC311157 DOI: 10.1101/gr.192001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2001] [Accepted: 06/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate genomes contain multiple copies of related genes that arose through gene duplication. In the past it has been proposed that these duplicated genes were retained because of acquisition of novel beneficial functions. A more recent model, the duplication-degeneration-complementation hypothesis (DDC), posits that the functions of a single gene may become separately allocated among the duplicated genes, rendering both duplicates essential. Thus far, empirical evidence for this model has been limited to the engrailed and sox family of developmental regulators, and it has been unclear whether it may also apply to ubiquitously expressed genes with essential functions for cell survival. Here we describe the cloning of three zebrafish alpha subunits of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of this gene family. The predicted amino acid sequences are extremely well conserved among vertebrates. The evolutionary relationships and the map positions of these genes and of other alpha-like sequences indicate that both tandem and ploidy duplications contributed to the expansion of this gene family in the teleost lineage. The duplications are accompanied by acquisition of clear functional specialization, consistent with the DDC model of genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Serluca
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02119, USA
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25
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Chan J, Mably JD, Serluca FC, Chen JN, Goldstein NB, Thomas MC, Cleary JA, Brennan C, Fishman MC, Roberts TM. Morphogenesis of prechordal plate and notochord requires intact Eph/ephrin B signaling. Dev Biol 2001; 234:470-82. [PMID: 11397014 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, mediate cell-to-cell signals implicated in the regulation of cell migration processes during development. We report the molecular cloning and tissue distribution of zebrafish transmembrane ephrins that represent all known members of the mammalian class B ephrin family. The degree of homology among predicted ephrin B sequences suggests that, similar to their mammalian counterparts, zebrafish B-ephrins can also bind promiscuously to several Eph receptors. The dynamic expression patterns for each zebrafish B-ephrin support the idea that these ligands are confined to interact with their receptors at the borders of their complementary expression domains. Zebrafish B-ephrins are expressed as early as 30% epiboly and during gastrula stages: in the germ ring, shield, prechordal plate, and notochord. Ectopic overexpression of dominant-negative soluble ephrin B constructs yields reproducible defects in the morphology of the notochord and prechordal plate by the end of gastrulation. Notably disruption of Eph/ephrin B signaling does not completely destroy structures examined, suggesting that cell fate specification is not altered. Thus abnormal morphogenesis of the prechordal plate and the notochord is likely a consequence of a cell movement defect. Our observations suggest Eph/ephrin B signaling plays an essential role in regulating cell movements during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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26
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Ton C, Hwang DM, Dempsey AA, Tang HC, Yoon J, Lim M, Mably JD, Fishman MC, Liew CC. Identification, characterization, and mapping of expressed sequence tags from an embryonic zebrafish heart cDNA library. Genome Res 2000; 10:1915-27. [PMID: 11116087 PMCID: PMC313056 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.12.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) has proven to be a rapid and economical approach by which to identify and characterize expressed genes. We generated 5102 ESTs from a 3-d-old embryonic zebrafish heart cDNA library. Of these, 57.6% matched to known genes, 14.2% matched only to other ESTs, and 27.8% showed no match to any ESTs or known genes. Clustering of all ESTs identified 359 unique clusters comprising 1771 ESTs, whereas the remaining 3331 ESTs did not cluster. This estimates the number of unique genes identified in the data set to be approximately 3690. A total of 1242 unique known genes were used to analyze the gene expression patterns in the zebrafish embryonic heart. These were categorized into seven categories on the basis of gene function. The largest class of genes represented those involved in gene/protein expression (25.9% of known transcripts). This class was followed by genes involved in metabolism (18.7%), cell structure/motility (16.4%), cell signaling and communication (9.6%), cell/organism defense (7.1%), and cell division (4.4%). Unclassified genes constituted the remaining 17.91%. Radiation hybrid mapping was performed for 102 ESTs and comparison of map positions between zebrafish and human identified new synteny groups. Continued comparative analysis will be useful in defining the boundaries of conserved chromosome segments between zebrafish and humans, which will facilitate the transfer of genetic information between the two organisms and improve our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
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Ton C, Hwang DM, Dempsey AA, Tang HC, Yoon J, Lim M, Mably JD, Fishman MC, Liew CC. Identification, Characterization, and Mapping of Expressed Sequence Tags from an Embryonic Zebrafish Heart cDNA Library. Genome Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1101/gr.154000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) has proven to be a rapid and economical approach by which to identify and characterize expressed genes. We generated 5102 ESTs from a 3-d-old embryonic zebrafish heart cDNA library. Of these, 57.6% matched to known genes, 14.2% matched only to other ESTs, and 27.8% showed no match to any ESTs or known genes. Clustering of all ESTs identified 359 unique clusters comprising 1771 ESTs, whereas the remaining 3331 ESTs did not cluster. This estimates the number of unique genes identified in the data set to be approximately 3690. A total of 1242 unique known genes were used to analyze the gene expression patterns in the zebrafish embryonic heart. These were categorized into seven categories on the basis of gene function. The largest class of genes represented those involved in gene/protein expression (25.9% of known transcripts). This class was followed by genes involved in metabolism (18.7%), cell structure/motility (16.4%), cell signaling and communication (9.6%), cell/organism defense (7.1%), and cell division (4.4%). Unclassified genes constituted the remaining 17.91%. Radiation hybrid mapping was performed for 102 ESTs and comparison of map positions between zebrafish and human identified new synteny groups. Continued comparative analysis will be useful in defining the boundaries of conserved chromosome segments between zebrafish and humans, which will facilitate the transfer of genetic information between the two organisms and improve our understanding of vertebrate evolution.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.BE693120–BE693210 and BE704450.]
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Abstract
The delineation of the mechanisms that regulate cardiac gene expression is central to our understanding of cardiac growth and development. Much progress has been made toward the identification of factors involved in tissue-restricted gene expression, especially in skeletal muscle cells. However, the mechanisms regulating the expression of cardiac-specific genes remain less well understood. Certain homeodomain proteins have been implicated in commitment to the cardiac phenotype. Among the best characterized are the murine proteins Csx, Nkx-2.5, and Nkx-2.6, related to the protein tinman, which is essential for heart formation in Drosophila. The expression of these genes precedes that of cardiac-specific genes and is therefore believed to play a critical role in the development of the heart. The GATA proteins are a family of zinc finger proteins that are also expressed early in cardiac development and may act separately from, or in concert with, the homeodomain proteins as crucial regulators of heart development. The myosin heavy and light chain genes, the actin genes, the troponin genes, and the atrial natriuretic factor and muscle creatine kinase genes have served as excellent paradigms for the study of cardiac gene expression. Although differences in cis-acting elements and their behavior in binding assays have been observed between different genes, there exist similarities that are noteworthy. In this review, we will discuss the factors involved in the regulation of cardiac-specific gene expression in an attempt to provide a better understanding of the process of cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mably
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Mably JD, Sole MJ, Liew CC. Characterization of the GArC motif. A novel cis-acting element of the human cardiac myosin heavy chain genes. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:476-82. [PMID: 8416951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A positive element between positions -924 and -851 and a negative element between -851 and -762 of the 5'-upstream region of the alpha-myosin heavy chain gene were identified through transient transfection assays in primary cultures of neonatal rat heart cells. Subsequent DNase I protection analysis revealed almost identical footprints at two positions (GAAAAATCT at -904 to -896 and GAAAATCT at -823 to -816). We have designated this sequence the GArC motif (for G,AT-rich,C). Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated the formation of specific complexes with GArC oligomers when either rat heart, rat liver, or HeLa cell nuclear extracts were used. Competition studies with unlabeled GArC oligomers resulted in a loss of binding. Oligomers were also made to the Xenopus cytoskeletal actin serum response element and to a segment of the alpha-MyHC gene (AT-core), each with a similar AT-rich core sequence. No detectable loss of binding resulted from the addition of an excess of either of these unlabeled oligomers. Southwestern blot analysis identified several proteins which interacted with the GArC element, suggesting the presence of a group of related trans-acting factors. Analysis of a sequence in the beta-MyHC gene with the same AT-rich core was negative, suggesting a role for the bases surrounding the protected area in binding. We propose that the GArC motif, together with its associated trans-acting factor(s), provides a novel mechanism of transcriptional control in addition to those previously reported for the cardiac myosin heavy chain genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mably
- Toronto Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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McCully JD, Mably JD, Sole MJ, Liew CC. RNA transcription and translation in the hearts of normal and cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters. Biochem Cell Biol 1991; 69:88-92. [PMID: 1710470 DOI: 10.1139/o91-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster has an autosomal recessive defect that results in the development of an early onset cardiac myopathy leading to cardiac dysfunction and, eventually, complete heart failure. To assess the regulatory mechanisms modulating gene expression in the normal and myopathic myocardium, we investigated both RNA transcription and translation. Our results indicated that the incorporation of [3H]UMP into myocardial cell nuclear RNA decreased 10-fold from 7 to 210 days of age in the normal Syrian hamster. The incorporation of [3H]UMP was approximately 50% lower in the cardiomyopathic as compared with the normal Syrian hamster. RNA translation, as assessed by rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro translation, indicated that a coordinated 50% decrease in RNA translation occurred in normal Syrian hamster from 7 to 210 days of age. A further reduction of 20% in translation was found in cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster ventricular RNA translation as compared with matched random bred control groups. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis of cell-free translated protein products demonstrated two myocardial peptides that were found to be consistently altered when the normal and cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters were compared. These results indicate that transcription and translation decrease with age and that these processes are further downregulated, in an additive manner, with the genesis of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D McCully
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Toronto Hospital, Ont., Canada
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