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Zhang L, Muscat JE, Kris-Etherton PM, Chinchilli VM, Al-Shaar L, Richie JP. The Epidemiology of Berry Consumption and Association of Berry Consumption with Diet Quality and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in United States Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2018. J Nutr 2024; 154:1014-1026. [PMID: 38242289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berries are rich in important nutrients and bioactive compounds, which could potentially contribute to maintenance of normal lipid and glucose profiles. OBJECTIVE We reported the epidemiology of berry consumption and examined associations of berry consumption with diet quality [measured by Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015)] and levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), glycated hemoglobin, and fasting biomarkers: triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). METHODS We evaluated 33,082 adults (aged ≥20 y) using two 24-h diet recalls from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2018). Multivariable linear regression models were applied to examine the associations of total and individual berry intake with diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factors using appropriate sample weights. RESULTS Approximately 25 % of the United States adults consumed berries (0.08 ± 0.003 cup-equivalents/d), representing ∼10 % of the daily mean total fruit intake. Among berry consumers, the mean intake of strawberries (0.31 ± 0.01 cup-equivalents) was higher than for other berries. Berry consumers had a significantly higher HEI-2015 score than nonconsumers (mean HEI-2015 score = 58.8 compared with 52.3, P < 0.0001). Berry consumers had significantly lower concentrations of cardiometabolic indices than nonconsumers, including BMI, WC, SBP, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and higher mean HDL cholesterol, after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary confounders (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS United States adult berry consumers had a higher diet quality and lower concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors, suggesting a favorable role for berries in diets and cardiometabolic disease prevention in United States adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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Yingst JM, Bordner C, Hrabovsky S, Hobkirk AL, Trushin N, Richie JP, Foulds J. Nicotine Delivery of a Menthol-Flavored Heat-not-Burn Tobacco Product During Directed Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:397-401. [PMID: 37434562 PMCID: PMC10882428 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IQOS was authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a modified-risk tobacco product. We conducted a pharmacokinetic study evaluating the nicotine delivery and subjective effects of IQOS use among current menthol cigarette smokers to better understand if IQOS is an acceptable cigarette alternative in light of the proposed menthol cigarette ban. AIMS AND METHODS Participants were adult smokers of >4 menthol cigarettes per day. After 14-hour nicotine abstinence, participants were provided an IQOS device and menthol heatstick to puff every 20 seconds for a total of 14 puffs. Blood samples were collected at baseline and during active use to calculate nicotine boost from baseline to peak concentration. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms were collected before and after IQOS use. In addition, a modified Product Evaluation Scale for IQOS was collected after use. RESULTS Participants (n = 8) were a mean age of 43.9 years, 63% were female, 88% identified as White, and they smoked a mean of 17.1 menthol cigarettes per day. After IQOS use, the mean nicotine boost obtained was 15.96 ng/mL (SD = 6.91) (range 9.31 to 30.55 ng/mL). Most (75%) participants reported enjoying use of the product "a lot" or greater and more than half (62.5%) reported reduced cigarette cravings. Most participants reported no side effects after use; however, two experienced dry mouth, three experienced dizziness, one experienced throat irritation, and one experienced headache. CONCLUSION We found that directed use (14 puffs) of menthol IQOS delivered a mean nicotine boost of 15.96 ng/mL which reduced craving for a cigarette. The majority of participants enjoyed use of IQOS and reported mild side effects. IMPLICATIONS Menthol IQOS delivered a sufficient dose of nicotine perceived as satisfying by menthol cigarette smokers and it reduced craving with mild side effects. Menthol IQOS has potential to serve as a less harmful alternative for menthol cigarette smokers. The availability of modified risk products like IQOS should be considered by FDA's Comprehensive Plan for Tobacco and Nicotine Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Candace Bordner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Penn State University College of Nursing, UniversityPark, PA, USA
| | - Andrea L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Zhang L, Muscat JE, Chinchilli VM, Kris-Etherton PM, Al-Shaar L, Richie JP. Consumption of Berries and Flavonoids in Relation to Mortality in NHANES, 1999-2014. J Nutr 2024; 154:734-743. [PMID: 38184200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berries are foods that are abundant in nutrients, especially flavonoids, that promote good health; however, the effects of total berries on mortality are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether intakes of total berries and specific berry types including blueberries, strawberries, cranberries, flavonoids, and subclasses of flavonoids (anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, and isoflavones) in relation to mortality risk in United States adults. METHODS A nationally representative sample of the United States adult population was obtained using data from the 1994-2014 NHANES (n = 37,232). Intake of berries was estimated using 24-h food recalls (1999-2014), and flavonoids intake was calculated using the matched USDA's expanded flavonoid database. Mortality outcomes based on 8 y of follow-up were obtained using linked death certificates. RESULTS Compared with nonconsumers, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.79 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.7, 0.89] for any berry consumption, 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) for strawberry consumption 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) for blueberries, and 0.69 (0.51, 0.93) for cranberries. Compared with the lower median of intake, risk of all-cause mortality for greater intake was 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) for total flavonoids, 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) for anthocyanidins, 0.9 (0.82, 0.99) for flavan-3-ols, 0.89 (0.79, 0.9) for flavanols, and 0.89 (0.8, 0.99) for flavones. There was a dose-response relationship between intakes of total flavonoids, anthocyanidins, and flavones and lower all-cause mortality risks (Ptrend < 0.05). Risk for cardiometabolic mortality was 0.75 (0.58, 0.98) for berry consumers and 0.49 (0.25, 0.98) for cranberry consumers. For respiratory disease mortality, risk was 0.41 (0.2, 0.86), compared with blueberry nonconsumers. CONCLUSION Higher intakes of berries and flavonoids were associated with a lower overall mortality risk in adult Americans. Few adults regularly consume berries, indicating that increased intake of berries and flavonoid-rich foods may be beneficial to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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Zhang L, Muscat JE, Chinchilli VM, Kris-Etherton PM, Al-Shaar L, Richie JP. Berry Consumption in Relation to Allostatic Load in US Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2010. Nutrients 2024; 16:403. [PMID: 38337686 PMCID: PMC10857206 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Berries are a rich source of antioxidant polyphenols and other nutrients that are associated with good health. Allostatic load (AL) is an aggregate measure of chronic stress-induced physiological dysregulations across cardiovascular, metabolic, autonomic, and immune systems; the extent of these dysregulations, collectively or in each system, can be characterized by a composite score or a domain score assessed by integrated biomarkers. It was hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory and other effects of berries lower AL. The association was determined between berry consumption and AL composite and domain scores in the 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS Berry intake was measured using two 24 h dietary recalls collected from US adults in the 2003-2010 NHANES (n = 7684). The association with AL and its specific domains was examined using population weight-adjusted multivariable linear regression. RESULTS The mean AL composite scores for consumers of any berries (11.9), strawberries (11.6), and blueberries (11.6), respectively, were significantly lower than nonconsumers (12.3), after fully adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary confounders. A significant dose-response relationship was determined between greater consumption of total berries, strawberries, and blueberries and lower mean AL composite scores (p-trend < 0.05, for all). Consistently, mean cardiovascular and metabolic domain scores remained significantly lower in the consumers of total berries (mean cardiovascular domain score: 4.73 versus 4.97 for nonconsumers; mean metabolic domain score: 2.97 versus 3.1), strawberries (4.73 versus 4.95; 2.99 versus 3.1), and blueberries (4.6 versus 4.95; 2.92 versus 3.11). Berry consumers also had significantly lower mean AL immune scores (1.52 versus 1.56) and lower mean AL autonomic scores (2.49 versus 2.57) than nonconsumers (initial sample: n = 15,620). CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that consumption of berries lowers the AL composite scores and potentially reduces stress-related disease risks in the US adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.); (L.A.-S.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.); (L.A.-S.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.); (L.A.-S.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Penny M. Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.); (L.A.-S.); (J.P.R.)
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.); (L.A.-S.); (J.P.R.)
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Zhang L, Muscat JE, Kris-Etherton PM, Chinchilli VM, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Al-Shaar L, Richie JP. Berry Consumption and Sleep in the Adult US General Population: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018. Nutrients 2023; 15:5115. [PMID: 38140374 PMCID: PMC10745662 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor sleep is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Berries are rich in micronutrients and antioxidants that may improve sleep quality and duration. We determined the association of berry consumption and sleep duration and sleep difficulty among adult participants in NHANES. METHODS We analyzed the diet of US adults aged ≥ 20 y using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2018 (N = 29,217). Poor sleep quality was measured by sleep duration (short sleep duration: <7 h), long sleep (≥9 h), and reported sleep difficulty. The relative risk of poor sleep outcomes for berry consumers vs. nonconsumers was modelled using population weight-adjusted multivariable general logistic regression. RESULTS About 46% of participants reported inadequate sleep duration, and 27% reported sleep difficulties. Twenty-two percent reported consuming berries. Berry consumers had a 10-17% decreased risk of short sleep. The findings were consistent for specific berry types including strawberries and blueberries (p < 0.05). No significant associations with long sleep were found for total berries and any berry types. A decreased risk of sleep difficulties was found to be linked to blackberry consumption (adjusted OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40-0.97; p = 0.036) but not for other berries. CONCLUSIONS US adult berry consumers had a decreased risk of reporting short sleep compared to nonconsumers. Berries are underconsumed foods in the US adult population, and increased berry consumption may improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Penny M. Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.)
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research & Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.M.C.)
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
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Bitzer Z, Mocniak LE, Trushin N, Smith M, Richie JP. Influence of Tobacco Variety and Curing on Free Radical Production in Cigarette Smoke. Nicotine Tob Res 2023:7086405. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Cigarette smoke contains highly reactive free radicals thought to play an important role in tobacco smoke-induced harm. Previously, large variations in free radical and toxicant output have been observed in commercial cigarettes. These variations are likely due to cigarette design features (paper, filter, additives), tobacco variety (burley, bright, oriental, etc.), and tobacco curing methods (air, sun, flue, fire). Previous reports show that tobacco varieties and curing methods influence the production of tobacco smoke constituents like the tobacco-specific carcinogen nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK).
Methods
We evaluated free radical, nicotine, and NNK production in cigarette smoke from cigarettes produced with 15 different types of tobacco. Gas-phase free radicals were captured by spin trapping with N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) and particulate-phase radicals were captured on a Cambridge Filter pad (CFP). Both types of radicals were analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Nicotine and NNK were extracted from the CFP and analyzed by gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively.
Results
Gas-phase radicals varied nearly 8-fold among tobacco types with Saint James Perique tobacco producing the highest levels (42 ± 7 nmol/g) and Canadian Virginia tobacco producing the lowest levels (5 ± 2 nmol/g). Nicotine and NNK levels in smoke varied 14-fold and 192-fold, respectively, by type. Gas-phase free radicals were highly correlated with NNK levels (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001) and appeared to be most impacted by tobacco curing method.
Conclusions
Altogether, these data suggest that tobacco types used in cigarette production may serve as a target for regulation to reduce harm from cigarette smoking.
IMPLICATIONS
Variations in cigarette free radical and NNK levels vary based on the tobacco variety and curing method. Reducing the ratio of high producing free radical and NNK tobacco types offer a potential tool for regulators and producers looking to reduce toxicant output from cigarettes.
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Mocniak LE, Trushin N, Bitzer ZT, Prabhu P, Richie JP. Tobacco Nitrate and Free Radical Levels in the Mainstream Smoke of US Cigarette Brands. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:653-659. [PMID: 36930521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco nitrate levels have been known to impact the levels of toxicants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) produced during smoking. Recent work in our group showed that the intrinsic nitrate levels in individual tobacco varieties also have a large influence on the formation of gas-phase (GP) free radicals in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes produced with a single tobacco variety. As tobacco nitrate content is a potential target for future regulatory policies, we investigated whether the levels of GP free radicals in the smoke from commercially available cigarettes is also dependent on the nitrate content in the corresponding tobacco blends. GP and particulate-phase (PP) free radical yields in mainstream smoke produced from 25 popular US cigarette brands were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. For each brand, we also measured levels of the TSNAs NNN (N'-nitrosonornicotine) and NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) via HPLC-MS and the nicotine content via GC-FID. Our results show that the intrinsic nitrate levels varied >15-fold and GP radicals varied 4-fold among the 25 brands tested. The GP radicals were correlated with intrinsic nitrate levels (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). NNK and NNN levels varied >8-fold and 12-fold, respectively. We found that NNK was moderately correlated to nitrate content (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) while the NNN was strongly correlated to the nitrate content (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Nicotine levels varied the least (<3-fold) but showed a moderate negative correlation to nitrate content (r = -0.47, p = 0.02). No statistically significant correlation was observed between nicotine and TSNA levels in mainstream smoke. Overall, this demonstrates that the nitrate content of tobacco blends used in US cigarette brands impacts toxicant output in the mainstream smoke, although other proprietary variables (total ventilation, additives, filter type, etc.) may also modulate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Prital Prabhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Wilson RT, Safford SE, Ostrom QT, Wang M, McDonald AC, Salzberg AC, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Richie JP. Genetic factors associated with absolute and relative plasma concentrations of calcitriol. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:697-707. [PMID: 36788426 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding factors associated with calcitriol and a relative measure of calcitriol, the calcitriol-24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-calcifediol proportion ratio (C24CPR). METHODS Using a cross-sectional study design, healthy young adults of African and European descent, matched (1:1) on age (+/- 5 years) provided a blood sample in non-summer months (N=376). Vitamin D metabolites were measured in plasma with high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS). West African genetic ancestry proportion (WGA) was estimated using STRUCTURE modeling of genetic ancestry-informative markers. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate the association of WGA and vitamin D-pathway gene variants with calcitriol and C24CPR, controlling for days from summer solstice, age, sex, blood pressure, body mass index, dietary vitamin D intake, oral contraceptive/medroxyprogesterone acetate use, smoking, tanning bed use, and time of day. RESULTS Calcitriol and C24CPR were not highly correlated (rho=0.14), although both were significantly, positively, and monotonically associated with WGA (p-trends 0.025 and <0.001, respectively). In fully adjusted models, genetic factors explained a greater proportion of variability in C24CPR (R2=0.121 and 0.310, respectively). Variants in genes with associated with calcitriol (CALB1, CYP27B1, GC, PPARGC1A) differed from those associated with C24CPR (CYP3A43, FGF23, KL, VDR). CONCLUSIONS Both absolute and relative measures of calcitriol were significantly higher among African Americans. Otherwise, these biomarkers appear to be genetically distinct. IMPACT C24CPR may be better suited to personalized medicine, due to a higher proportion of population variability explained by genetic variation and a less skewed distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming Wang
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Anna C Salzberg
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - John P Richie
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Richie JP, Sinha R, Dong Z, Nichenametla SN, Ables GP, Ciccarella A, Sinha I, Calcagnotto AM, Chinchilli VM, Reinhart L, Orentreich D. Dietary Methionine and Total Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction in Healthy Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:111-123. [PMID: 36806866 PMCID: PMC10782544 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary restriction of methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) delays the aging process and aging-related diseases, improves glucose and fat metabolism and reduces oxidative stress in numerous laboratory animal models. Little is known regarding the effects of sulfur amino acid restriction in humans. Thus, our objectives were to determine the impact of feeding diets restricted in Met alone (MetR) or in both Met and Cys (total sulfur amino acids, SAAR) to healthy adults on relevant biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk. DESIGN A controlled feeding study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We included 20 healthy adults (11 females/9 males) assigned to MetR or SAAR diet groups consisting of three 4-wk feeding periods: Control period; low level restriction period (70% MetR or 50% SAAR); and high level restriction period (90% MetR or 65% SAAR) separated by 3-4-wk washout periods. RESULTS No adverse effects were associated with either diet and level of restriction and compliance was high in all subjects. SAAR was associated with significant reductions in body weight and plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL, uric acid, leptin, and insulin, BUN, and IGF-1, and increases in body temperature and plasma FGF-21 after 4 weeks (P<0.05). Fewer changes occurred with MetR including significant reductions in BUN, uric acid and 8-isoprostane and an increase in FGF-21 after 4 weeks (P<0.05). In the 65% SAAR group, plasma Met and Cys levels were significantly reduced by 15% and 13% respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that many of the short-term beneficial effects of SAAR observed in animal models are translatable to humans and support further clinical development of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
- Current address: Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Animal Science Laboratory, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY
| | - Sailendra N. Nichenametla
- Current address: Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Animal Science Laboratory, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY
| | - Gene P. Ables
- Current address: Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Animal Science Laboratory, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY
| | - Amy Ciccarella
- Center for Clinical Research, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Indu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Ana M. Calcagnotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - David Orentreich
- Current address: Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Animal Science Laboratory, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY
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Nichenametla SN, Mattocks DAL, Cooke D, Midya V, Malloy VL, Mansilla W, Øvrebø B, Turner C, Bastani N, Sokolová J, Pavlíková M, Richie JP, Shoveller A, Refsum H, Olsen T, Vinknes KJ, Kožich V, Ables GP. Cysteine restriction-specific effects of sulfur amino acid restriction on lipid metabolism. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13739. [PMID: 36403077 PMCID: PMC9741510 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreasing the dietary intake of methionine exerts robust anti-adiposity effects in rodents but modest effects in humans. Since cysteine can be synthesized from methionine, animal diets are formulated by decreasing methionine and eliminating cysteine. Such diets exert both methionine restriction (MR) and cysteine restriction (CR), that is, sulfur amino acid restriction (SAAR). Contrarily, SAAR diets formulated for human consumption included cysteine, and thus might have exerted only MR. Epidemiological studies positively correlate body adiposity with plasma cysteine but not methionine, suggesting that CR, but not MR, is responsible for the anti-adiposity effects of SAAR. Whether this is true, and, if so, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using methionine- and cysteine-titrated diets, we demonstrate that the anti-adiposity effects of SAAR are due to CR. Data indicate that CR increases serinogenesis (serine biosynthesis from non-glucose substrates) by diverting substrates from glyceroneogenesis, which is essential for fatty acid reesterification and triglyceride synthesis. Molecular data suggest that CR depletes hepatic glutathione and induces Nrf2 and its downstream targets Phgdh (the serine biosynthetic enzyme) and Pepck-M. In mice, the magnitude of SAAR-induced changes in molecular markers depended on dietary fat concentration (60% fat >10% fat), sex (males > females), and age-at-onset (young > adult). Our findings are translationally relevant as we found negative and positive correlations of plasma serine and cysteine, respectively, with triglycerides and metabolic syndrome criteria in a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Controlled feeding of low-SAA, high-polyunsaturated fatty acid diets increased plasma serine in humans. Serinogenesis might be a target for treating hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailendra N. Nichenametla
- Animal Science LaboratoryOrentreich Foundation for the Advancement of ScienceCold Spring‐on‐HudsonNew YorkUSA
| | - Dwight A. L. Mattocks
- Animal Science LaboratoryOrentreich Foundation for the Advancement of ScienceCold Spring‐on‐HudsonNew YorkUSA
| | - Diana Cooke
- Animal Science LaboratoryOrentreich Foundation for the Advancement of ScienceCold Spring‐on‐HudsonNew YorkUSA
| | - Vishal Midya
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Virginia L. Malloy
- Animal Science LaboratoryOrentreich Foundation for the Advancement of ScienceCold Spring‐on‐HudsonNew YorkUSA
| | - Wilfredo Mansilla
- Department of Animal BioscienceUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Bente Øvrebø
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nasser E. Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Jitka Sokolová
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, General University Hospital in PragueCharles University‐First Faculty of MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Markéta Pavlíková
- Department of Probability and Mathematical StatisticsCharles University ‐ Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsPragueCzech Republic
| | - John P. Richie
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and PharmacologyPenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal BioscienceUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Kathrine J. Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, General University Hospital in PragueCharles University‐First Faculty of MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Gene P. Ables
- Animal Science LaboratoryOrentreich Foundation for the Advancement of ScienceCold Spring‐on‐HudsonNew YorkUSA
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Hobkirk AL, Houser KR, Hoglen B, Bitzer ZT, Fendrich A, Bordner CR, Foulds J, Wang J, Mukherjee D, Yingst JM, Karunanayaka P, Goel R, Richie JP, Elias RJ, Yang QX. Evidence from an fMRI study that dessert-flavored e-cigarettes engage taste-related, but not smoking-related, brain circuitry for female daily smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:947-958. [PMID: 34110883 PMCID: PMC8660928 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulations limiting the sale of flavored e-cigarette products are controversial for their potential to interfere with e-cigarette use as a cessation aid in addition to curbing youth use. Limited research suggests that flavor might enhance the addictive potential of e-cigarettes; however, the acute effects of flavored aerosols on brain function among humans have not been assessed. The present study aimed to isolate and compare the neural substrates of flavored and unflavored e-cigarette aerosols on brain function among nine female daily smokers. Participants inhaled aerosolized e-liquid with 36 mg/mL of nicotine with and without a strawberry-vanilla flavor while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used general linear modeling to compare whole-brain mean neural activation and seed-to-voxel task-based functional connectivity between the flavored and unflavored inhalation runs. Contrary to our hypothesis, the flavored aerosol was associated with weaker activation than the unflavored aerosol in the brain stem and bilateral parietal-temporal-occipital region of the cortex. Instead, the flavor engaged taste-related brain regions while suppressing activation of the neural circuits typically engaged during smoking and nicotine administration. Alternatively, functional connectivity between subcortical dopaminergic brain seeds and cortical brain regions involved in motivation and reward salience were stronger during the flavored compared to unflavored aerosol run. The findings suggest that fruity and dessert-flavored e-cigarettes may dampen the reward experience of aerosol inhalation for smokers who initiate e-cigarette use by inhibiting activation of dopaminergic brain circuits. These preliminary findings may have implications for understanding how regulations on flavored e-cigarettes might impact their use as cessation aids. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Foulds J, Veldheer S, Pachas G, Hrabovsky S, Hameed A, Allen SI, Cather C, Azzouz N, Yingst J, Hammett E, Modesto J, Krebs NM, Lester C, Trushin N, Reinhart L, Wasserman E, Zhu J, Liao J, Muscat JE, Richie JP, Evins AE. The effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes on biomarkers of nicotine and toxicant exposure, smoking behavior and psychiatric symptoms in smokers with mood or anxiety disorders: A double-blind randomized trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275522. [PMID: 36322562 PMCID: PMC9629593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the government of New Zealand have proposed a reduction of the nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels. This study examined the potential effects of this regulation in smokers with affective disorders. METHODS In a randomized controlled parallel group trial conducted at two sites in the USA (Penn State University, Hershey, PA and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA) 188 adult smokers with a current (n = 118) or lifetime (n = 70) anxiety or unipolar mood disorder, not planning to quit in the next 6 months, were randomly assigned (1:1) to smoke either Usual Nicotine Content (UNC) (11.6 mg nicotine/cigarette) research cigarettes, or Reduced Nicotine Content (RNC) research cigarettes where the nicotine content per cigarette was progressively reduced to 0.2 mg in five steps over 18 weeks. Participants were then offered the choice to either receive assistance to quit smoking, receive free research cigarettes, or resume using their own cigarette brand during a 12-week follow-up period. Main outcomes were biomarkers of nicotine and toxicant exposure, smoking behavior and dependence and severity of psychiatric symptoms. The pre-registered primary outcome was plasma cotinine. RESULTS A total of 143 (76.1%) randomized participants completed the randomized phase of the trial, 69 (73.4%) in the RNC group and 74 (78.8%) in the UNC group. After switching to the lowest nicotine content cigarettes, compared to smokers in the UNC group, at the last randomized visit the RNC group had significantly lower plasma cotinine (metabolite of nicotine): difference between groups, -175.7, 95% CI [-218.3, -133.1] ng/ml. Urine NNAL (metabolite of NNK, a lung carcinogen), exhaled carbon-monoxide, cigarette consumption, and cigarette dependence were also significantly lower in the RNC group than the UNC group. No between-group differences were found on a range of other biomarkers (e.g. 8-isoprostanes) or health indicators (e.g. blood pressure), or on 5 different psychiatric questionnaires, including the Kessler K6 measure of psychological distress. At the end of the subsequent 12-week treatment choice phase, those randomized to the RNC group were more likely to have quit smoking, based on initial intent-to-treat sample, n = 188 (18.1% RNC v 4.3% UNC, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Reducing nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels reduces some toxicant exposures and cigarette addiction and increases smoking cessation in smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders, without worsening mental health. TRIAL REGISTRATION TRN: NCT01928758, registered August 21, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Foulds
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Gladys Pachas
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, Penn State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Ahmad Hameed
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Sophia I. Allen
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Corinne Cather
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nour Azzouz
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Erin Hammett
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Nicolle M. Krebs
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Courtney Lester
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Neil Trushin
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Emily Wasserman
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Jason Liao
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - John P. Richie
- Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, University Drive, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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13
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Dong Z, Richie JP, Gao X, Al-Shaar L, Nichenametla SN, Shen B, Orentreich D. Cumulative Consumption of Sulfur Amino Acids and Risk of Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Nutr 2022; 152:2419-2428. [PMID: 36774108 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies have suggested that consumption of sulfur amino acids (SAAs), including methionine and cysteine, is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans and with T2D-related biomarkers in animals. But whether higher long-term SAA intake increases the risk of T2D in humans remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the association between long-term dietary SAA intake and risk of T2D. METHODS We analyzed data collected from 2 different cohorts of the Framingham Heart Study, a long-term, prospective, and ongoing study. The Offspring cohort (1991-2014) included participants from fifth through ninth examinations, and the Third-Generation cohort (2002-2011) included participants from first and second examinations. After excluding participants with a clinical history of diabetes, missing dietary data, or implausible total energy intake, 3222 participants in the Offspring cohort and 3205 participants in the Third-Generation cohort were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ. The relations between energy-adjusted total SAA (methionine and cysteine) intake or individual SAA intake (in quintiles) and risk of incident T2D were estimated via Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for dietary and nondietary risk factors. Associations across the 2 cohorts were determined by direct combination and meta-analysis. RESULTS During the 23 y of follow-up, 472 participants reported a new diagnosis of T2D in the 2 cohorts. In the meta-analysis, the HRs of T2D comparing the highest with the lowest intake of total SAAs, methionine, and cysteine were 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3, 2.5), 1.7 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.3), and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0, 2.1), respectively. The association of SAA intake with T2D was attenuated after adjusting animal protein intake in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that excess intake of SAAs is associated with higher risk of T2D. Dietary patterns that are low in SAAs could help in preventing T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, Cold Spring, NY, USA.
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Biyi Shen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David Orentreich
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, Cold Spring, NY, USA
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14
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Lin W, Hobkirk AL, Zhu J, Krebs NM, Hayes JE, Richie JP, Liao J, Horn K, Foulds J, Muscat JE. Effect of menthol on nicotine reduction: Pooled results from two double-blind randomized controlled trials. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:131-138. [PMID: 36038015 PMCID: PMC10650975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menthol upregulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is associated with tobacco dependence. The effects of menthol when smoking cigarettes with varying low nicotine content up to 98 % (e.g., non-addicting) less than commercial cigarettes is not well understood. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is considering two tobacco product standards in cigarettes including banning menthol and reducing nicotine content. These new standards have the potential to significantly reduce smoking initiation and maintenance by limiting the mechanistic effects of nicotine and menthol on the brain. METHODS We conducted two parallel randomized clinical trials of gradually reduced nicotine in cigarettes from 11.6 mg down to 0.2 mg nicotine/cigarette (very low nicotine content; VLNC) vs. usual nicotine content (11.6 mg; UNC) over an 18-week period in people who smoke cigarettes with low socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health conditions. RESULTS Compared to UNC, VLNC was associated with significant reductions in cotinine, cigarettes per day, expired carbon monoxide levels, nicotine dependence and symptomology. These associations did not differ between menthol and non-menthol cigarettes, except people who smoke menthol cigarettes had less of a cotinine reduction in the SES trial. The pooled odds ratio of being adherent with using only VLNC study cigarettes in the gradual nicotine reduction arm for people who smoke non-menthol vs. menthol cigarettes was 2.6 (95 % CI:1.0, 6.4; p-value: 0.04). CONCLUSIONS When nicotine is lowered to non-addicting levels, the results indicate an independent effect of menthol on the need to sustain nicotine intake in addicted people who smoke cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Lin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Andrea L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Kimberly Horn
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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15
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Chen KM, Sun YW, Krebs NM, Sun D, Krzeminski J, Reinhart L, Gowda K, Amin S, Mallery S, Richie JP, El-Bayoumy K. Detection of DNA adducts derived from the tobacco carcinogens, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in human oral buccal cells. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:746-753. [PMID: 35749296 PMCID: PMC9486590 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recognized as potential etiological agents in the development of oral cancer in smokers. In particular, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DB[a,l]P) are detected in cigarette smoke and the environment and can induce DNA damage, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in the oral cavity of rodents. Consequently, DNA adducts are regarded as the most direct markers of genotoxicity and can be used as biomarkers of cancer risk. Thus, this study used LC-MS/MS analysis with isotope labeled internal standard to detect and quantify DNA adducts derived from B[a]P and DB[a,l]P in buccal cells of cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Participants in this study include 21 smokers and 16 non-smokers. Our data are the first to report that levels (mean ± SD) of BPDE-N2-dG were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in smokers (20.18 ± 8.40 adducts/108 dG) than in non-smokers (0.84 ± 1.02 adducts/108 dG). Likewise, levels of DBPDE-N6-dA in smokers (5.49 ± 3.41 adducts/108 dA) were significantly higher (P = 0.019) than non-smokers (2.76 ± 2.29 adducts/108 dA). Collectively, the results of this clinical study support that PAHs in tobacco smoke can contribute to the development of oral cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jacek Krzeminski
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Susan Mallery
- College of Dentistry, Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Mocniak LE, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Richie JP. Effects of tobacco nitrate content on free radical levels in mainstream smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:116-123. [PMID: 35961467 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke free radicals play an important role in the development of smoking related adverse health effects. We previously reported that gas phase (GP) radicals vary greatly by cigarette brand and tobacco variety and are highly correlated with levels of NNK in smoke. Since NNK production in tobacco is dependent on nitrate, we proposed that GP radical production may also be associated with tobacco nitrate content. To test this, we examined the relationship between intrinsic nitrate levels in 15 individual tobacco types and the levels of free radicals delivered in mainstream smoke from cigarettes produced from these tobaccos. Intrinsic nitrate levels varied >250-fold among the tobacco types, ranging from <0.1 mg/g tobacco in the Bright Leaf types to 24.1 ± 0.4 mg/g in Light Fire Cured Virginia tobacco. Among the tobacco types tested, GP radicals were highly correlated with nitrate levels (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001). To investigate nitrate-specific changes to free radical production during smoking, different concentrations of exogenous sodium nitrate were added to unsmoked shredded leaves of 4 different tobacco types (Bright Leaf Sweet Virginia, American Virginia, Semi-Oriental 456, and reconstituted). Nitrate addition resulted in dose-dependent increases in GP radicals in the corresponding smoke, supporting our hypothesis that intrinsic nitrate levels are responsible for GP radical production in cigarette smoke. We also observed increases in NNK levels as a function of added nitrate that varied significantly among the 4 tobacco types tested, implying that other tobacco-type related factors may be impacting nicotine nitrosation during pyrolysis. Altogether, these findings have identified tobacco nitrate as a key factor in the production of GP radicals, but to a lesser extent with PP radicals, as well as NNK during combustion and highlight its potential implication as a target for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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17
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Ba DM, Ssentongo P, Gao X, Chinchilli VM, Richie JP, Maiga M, Muscat JE. Prevalence and determinants of meeting minimum dietary diversity among children aged 6-23 months in three sub-Saharan African Countries: The Demographic and Health Surveys, 2019-2020. Front Public Health 2022; 10:846049. [PMID: 36081474 PMCID: PMC9445207 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.846049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary diversity is an indicator of nutritional adequacy, which plays a significant role in child growth and development. Lack of adequate nutrition is associated with suboptimal brain development, lower school performance, and increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases. We aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of meeting minimum dietary diversity (MDD), defined as consuming at least five out of eight basic food groups in the previous 24-h in three sub-Saharan African countries. Methods A weighted population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). MDD data were available between 2019 and 2020 for three sub-Saharan African countries (Gambia, Liberia, and Rwanda). The study population included 5,832 children aged 6-23 months. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to identify independent factors associated with meeting MDD. Results Overall, the weighted prevalence of children who met the MDD was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.7-24.8%), ranging from 8.6% in Liberia to 34.4% in Rwanda. Independent factors associated with meeting MDD were: age of the child (OR) = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.61, 2.39 for 12-17 months vs. 6-11 months], mothers from highest households' wealth status (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.45-2.39) compared with the lowest, and mothers with secondary/higher education (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.35-2.12) compared with those with no education. Mothers who were employed, had access to a radio, and those who visited a healthcare facility in the last 12 months were more likely to meet the MDD. There was no significant association between the child's sex and the odds of fulfilling the MDD. Conclusions There is substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence of MDD in these three sub-Saharan African countries. Lack of food availability or affordability may play a significant role in the low prevalence of MDD. The present analysis suggests that policies that will effectively increase the prevalence of meeting MDD should target poor households with appropriate materials or financial assistance and mothers with lower literacy. Public health interventions working with sectors such as education and radio stations to promote health education about the benefits of diverse diets is a critical step toward improving MDD in sub-Saharan Africa and preventing undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M. Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Djibril M. Ba
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, State College, PA, United States,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Mamoudou Maiga
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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18
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Lin W, Zhu J, Hayes JE, Richie JP, Muscat JE. Comparison of Carcinogen Biomarkers in Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarettes: The 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Special Sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1539-1545. [PMID: 35654409 PMCID: PMC9357114 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US FDA announced its commitment to prohibiting menthol as a characterizing flavor in tobacco. The relationship between cigarette menthol and exposure to toxic substances in mainstream tobacco smoke is not well characterized. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015 to 2016 special sample were used to study markers of 26 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) in tobacco smoke. These include urine metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and heavy metals in exclusive menthol (n = 162) and nonmenthol (n = 189) cigarette smokers. Urine metabolites of 7 PAHs, 15 VOCs, and 4 heavy metal biomarkers were compared by menthol status. Multivariable analyses were conducted on creatinine-adjusted concentrations. RESULTS There were no significant differences in cotinine levels or in 22 of 26 HPHCs. Among the urine metabolites of PAHs, the levels of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were about 16% lower in menthol smokers. Among the urine metabolites of VOCs, menthol cigarette smokers presented significantly lower concentrations of acrylamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile. Menthol and nonmenthol smokers presented similar levels of heavy metals. Menthol did not affect the levels of cotinine and the nicotine metabolite ratio in urine. CONCLUSIONS Menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes deliver similar levels of most HPHCs. IMPACT Findings on toxicity are similar for menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Lin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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19
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Ba DM, Gao X, Chinchilli VM, Liao D, Richie JP, Al-Shaar L. Red and processed meat consumption and food insecurity are associated with hypertension; analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2003-2016. J Hypertens 2022; 40:553-560. [PMID: 34784309 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the joint association of red and processed meat intake and food insecurity with hypertension. METHODS Adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2016 were included. Total red meat intake was estimated using 24 h dietary recalls. Food insecurity was defined as having three or more affirmative responses using the Food Security Survey Module. Hypertension was defined as having mean SBP of at least 130 mmHg or DBP of at least 85 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs. Multivariable surveylogistic regression models were used to examine the independent and joint associations of total red meat and food insecurity with hypertension. RESULTS A total of 31 314 participants [mean (SE) age of 46.8 (0.3) years] were included, of whom 18.3% were food insecure. Total red meat consumption and food insecurity were independently associated with higher odds of hypertension. Compared with the first quintile of total red meat intake, participants in the fourth and fifth quintiles of total red meat intake had 29 and 39% higher odds of hypertension, respectively (P = 0.003). These associations were stronger among food insecure participants (P value for interaction <0.001). Substituting one serving/day of poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, or plant-based protein sources for total red meat was each associated with 8-15% lower odds of hypertension. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence regarding the health hazards of total red meat consumption in relation with hypertension and calls for more awareness among food insecure groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey
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20
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Ba DM, Gao X, Al-Shaar L, Muscat J, Chinchilli V, Beelman RB, Richie JP. Authors' response: Mushroom intake and depression: A population-based study using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2016. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:668. [PMID: 34565596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Vernon Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Department of Food Science and Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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21
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Beelman RB, Phillips AT, Richie JP, Ba DM, Duiker SW, Kalaras MD. Health Consequences of Improving the Content of Ergothioneine in the Food Supply. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1231-1240. [PMID: 34954825 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory amino acid that is highly bioavailable to humans from the diet. ERGO is now regarded by some as a "longevity vitamin" that has the potential to mitigate some chronic diseases of aging and thereby increase life expectancy when present in adequate amounts. However, only limited knowledge exists regarding ERGO content in the human diet. Since ERGO is produced primarily by fungi, mushrooms are known to be the leading dietary source, but ERGO is found in relatively low amounts throughout the food chain as a result of soil-borne fungi or bacteria passing it on to plants through their roots. Some conventional agricultural practices that negatively impact soil fungi, such as excessive soil disturbance (plowing), can significantly reduce ERGO content of food crops when compared to regenerative practices such as eliminating tillage of the soil (No-Till). This has led us to the concept that ERGO may be a definitive connection between soil health and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Beelman
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University, 202 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Allen T Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, Penn State University, 203A South Frear Building University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, 500 University Dr. Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, 500 University Dr. Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Sjoerd W Duiker
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University, 408 ASI Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael D Kalaras
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University, 202 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
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22
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Foulds J, Cobb CO, Yen MS, Veldheer S, Brosnan P, Yingst J, Hrabovsky S, Lopez AA, Allen SI, Bullen C, Wang X, Sciamanna C, Hammett E, Hummer BL, Lester C, Richie JP, Chowdhury N, Graham JT, Kang L, Sun S, Eissenberg T. Effect of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on Cigarette Abstinence in Smokers with no Plans to Quit: Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:955-961. [PMID: 34850164 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extent to which use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) for smoking reduction leads to cigarette abstinence in smokers with no plans to quit smoking is unclear. This exploratory analysis examined the effects of ENDS delivering different amounts of nicotine on cigarette abstinence up to 24-week follow-up, in comparison to placebo or a behavioral substitute. METHODS This four-arm parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trial took place at two academic medical centers in USA (Penn State Hershey and Virginia Commonwealth University). Participants were current adult smokers (N=520) interested in reducing but not planning to quit. They received brief advice and were randomized to one of four 24-week conditions, receiving either an eGo-style ENDS paired with 0, 8 or 36 mg/ml nicotine liquid (double-blind) or a cigarette-shaped tube, as a cigarette substitute (CS). Self-reported daily cigarette consumption and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) were measured at all study visits. Outcomes included intent-to-treat, self-reported 7-day cigarette abstinence, biochemically confirmed by exhaled CO at 24 weeks after randomization. RESULTS At 24 weeks, significantly more participants in the 36 mg/ml condition (14/130, 10.8%) than in the 0 mg/ml condition (1/130, 0.8%) and the CS condition (4/130, 3.1%) were abstinent (relative risk = 14 [95% CI=1.9-104.9] and 3.5 [95% CI=1.2-10.4], respectively). The abstinence rate in the 8 mg/ml condition was 4.6% (6/130). CONCLUSIONS When smokers seeking to reduce smoking tried ENDS, few quit smoking in the short term. However, if smokers continued to use an ENDS with cigarette-like nicotine delivery, a greater proportion completely switched to ENDS, as compared with placebo or a cigarette substitute. IMPLICATIONS The extent to which use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) for smoking reduction leads to cigarette abstinence in smokers with no plans to quit smoking was unclear. This randomized trial found that ENDS with nicotine delivery approaching that of a cigarette are more effective in helping ambivalent smokers to quit cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Foulds
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Miao-Shan Yen
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Phoebe Brosnan
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Alexa A Lopez
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Sophia I Allen
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Christopher Bullen
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xi Wang
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Chris Sciamanna
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Erin Hammett
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Breianna L Hummer
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Courtney Lester
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Center for Research on Tobacco & Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Nadia Chowdhury
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jacob T Graham
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Le Kang
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Shumei Sun
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Ba DM, Gao X, Al-Shaar L, Muscat JE, Chinchilli VM, Beelman RB, Richie JP. Mushroom intake and depression: A population-based study using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2016. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:686-692. [PMID: 34333177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mushrooms contain numerous bioactive compounds that may be associated with reduced anxiety including vitamin B12, nerve growth factor, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. We hypothesized that mushroom consumption is associated with a lower risk of depression in American adults. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2016 was used. Up to two days of 24 h dietary recall were analyzed to assess mushroom intake frequency. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, score ≥ 10). We used multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Among 24,699 participants (mean (SE) age: 45.5 (0.3) years), the weighted prevalence of depression was 5.9%. Mushrooms were consumed by 5.2% of participants. Compared with the lowest tertile of mushroom intake, participants in the middle tertile (median intake = 4.9 g/d, number of cases = 16) had lower odds of depression (adjusted OR = 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16, 0.60) while those in the highest tertile did not differ (median intake = 19.6 g/d, adjusted OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.78, number of cases = 22) (P-trend = 0.42). LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data and lack of information on specific types of mushrooms consumed. CONCLUSION Mushroom consumers had a lower odd of depression. However, we did not observe a dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Department of Food Science and Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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Ba DM, Gao X, Al-Shaar L, Muscat J, Chinchilli VM, Ssentongo P, Zhang X, Liu G, Beelman RB, Richie JP. Prospective study of dietary mushroom intake and risk of mortality: results from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 and a meta-analysis. Nutr J 2021; 20:80. [PMID: 34548082 PMCID: PMC8454070 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether mushroom consumption, which is a rich source of potent antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione, vitamins, and minerals (e.g., selenium & copper), is associated with a lower mortality risk is not well understood. This study aimed to examine the association between mushroom consumption and risk of mortality in a prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Methods We followed 30,378 participants from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) extant data (2003-2014). Dietary mushroom intake was assessed using up to two 24-h recalls. Mortality was evaluated in all participants linked to the National Death Index mortality data through December 31, 2015. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We also conducted a meta-analysis, including results from our present study and 4 other cohort studies. Results During a mean (SD) of 6.7 (3.4) years of follow-up, a total of 2855 death cases were documented among NHANES participants. In our analysis of continuous NHANES, we found a non-significant association between mushroom consumption and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.67-1.06) after adjusting for demographic, major lifestyle factors, overall diet quality, and other dietary factors, including total energy. The meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, including 601,893 individuals, showed that mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (pooled risk ratio: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98). Conclusion In a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-021-00738-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Department of Food Science and Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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25
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Dong Z, Gao X, Chinchilli VM, Sinha R, Muscat J, Winkels R, Richie JP. Association of dietary sulfur amino acid intake with mortality from diabetes and other causes. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:289-298. [PMID: 34327571 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulfur amino acid (SAA) consumption in Western countries is far greater than recommended levels. In preclinical studies, reduced SAA intake enhanced longevity and reduced risk for numerous chronic diseases. The current objective was to examine for associations between the intake of total SAA, including methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys), and all-cause and disease-specific mortality US adults. METHODS This prospective analysis included 15,083 US adult participants (mean age = 46.7 years) from the Third National Examination and Nutritional Health Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) with available mortality status (National Death Registry, 1988-2011). Dietary SAA intake was obtained from 24-h recall data. Associations between quintile (Q) of SAA intake (expressed as absolute intake or protein density) and mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and expressed as hazard ratio (HR). RESULTS During follow-up (mean = 16.9 years), 4636 deaths occurred. After multivariable adjustment (including demographics and traditional risk factors, such as fat and other micronutrients intake), diabetes-caused mortality rates were nearly threefold higher in the highest compared to lowest SAA intake quintiles [HRQ5-Q1 total SAA, 2.68 (1.46-4.90); HRQ5-Q1 methionine, 2.45 (1.37-4.38); HRQ5-Q1 cysteine, 2.91 (1.57-5.37)] (P < 0.01)]. Higher total SAA protein density was also associated with diabetes-caused mortality [HRQ5-Q1 1.75 (1.31-2.35)]. Associations between SAA intake and all-cause mortality, and mortality caused by other major diseases were not detected. CONCLUSION Results suggest that high-SAA diets are associated with increased risk for diabetes mortality and that lowering intake towards to Recommended Dietary Allowance levels could lead to reductions in lifetime risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Renate Winkels
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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26
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Sinha I, Modesto J, Krebs NM, Stanley AE, Walter VA, Richie JP, Muscat JE, Sinha R. Changes in salivary proteome before and after cigarette smoking in smokers compared to sham smoking in nonsmokers: A pilot study. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:56. [PMID: 34239408 PMCID: PMC8240953 DOI: 10.18332/tid/138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease. Although smoking results in an acute effect of relaxation and positive mood through dopamine release, smoking is thought to increase stress symptoms such as heart rate and blood pressure from nicotine-induced effects on the HPA axis and increased cortisol. Despite the importance in understanding the mechanisms in smoking maintenance, little is known about the overall protein and physiological response to smoking. There may be multiple functions involved that if identified might help in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, our goal for this pilot study was to identify proteins in the saliva that change in response to an acute smoking event versus acute sham smoking event in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. METHODS We employed the iTRAQ technique followed by Mass Spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in saliva of smokers and non-smokers after smoking cigarettes and sham smoking, respectively. We also validated some of the salivary proteins by ELISA or western blotting. In addition, salivary cortisol and salivary amylase (sAA) activity were measured. RESULTS In all, 484 salivary proteins were identified. Several proteins were elevated as well as decreased in smokers compared to non-smokers. Among these were proteins associated with stress response including fibrinogen alpha, cystatin A and sAA. Our investigation also highlights methodological considerations in study design, sampling and iTRAQ analysis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest further investigation of other differentially expressed proteins in this study including ACBP, A2ML1, APOA4, BPIB1, BPIA2, CAH1, CAH6, CYTA, DSG1, EST1, GRP78, GSTO1, sAA, SAP, STAT, TCO1, and TGM3 that might assist in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Anne E Stanley
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Vonn A Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
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Krebs NM, Zhu J, Wasserman E, Kuprewicz R, Martinez DJ, Veldheer S, Livelsberger C, Modesto J, Reinhart L, Trushin N, Reilly SM, Liao J, Fazzi A, Bascom R, Richie JP, Foulds J, Horn K, Muscat JE. Switching to Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Low Socioeconomic Status: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:992-1001. [PMID: 33249498 PMCID: PMC8150128 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Food and Drug Administration issued an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking for setting a product standard for nicotine levels in cigarettes, with an emphasis on minimally or non-addicting very low nicotine content (VLNC). METHODS A 33 week, two-arm, double-blind randomized trial conducted in Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA and Washington, DC, USA included adult daily cigarette smokers (≥5 cigarettes per day) with less than a college degree, and who had no plans to quit within the next six months. Participants were randomized to either reduced nicotine content (RNC) study cigarettes tapered every three weeks to a final VLNC (0.2 mg/cigarette) for six weeks or to usual nicotine content (UNC) study cigarettes (11.6 mg/cigarette). Outcomes included acceptability of study cigarettes measured by attrition (primary outcome), compliance, reduction in cigarette dependence and tobacco biomarkers, and post-intervention cessation. RESULTS The RNC (n = 122) versus UNC (n = 123) group had higher attrition (adjusted Hazard Ratio 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.99 to 5.81). At the end of the intervention, cotinine levels were 50% lower in the RNC group (mean group difference -137 ng/mL; 95% CI -172, -102). The RNC group smoked fewer CPD (-4.1; 95% CI -6.44, -1.75) and had lower carbon monoxide levels (-4.0 ppm; 95% CI -7.7, -0.4). Forty seven percent (29/62) of the RNC group were biochemically-confirmed compliant with smoking VLNC cigarettes (mean cotinine = 8.9 ng/ml). At three month follow-up, only compliant VLNC smokers quit with an assisted quit attempt (N = 6/22, 27%). CONCLUSIONS This study supports a VLNC standard in cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS Differential dropout and noncompliance indicate some smokers had difficulty transitioning to cigarettes with reduced nicotine. These smokers will benefit from supplemental nicotine in medicinal or noncombustible tobacco products if a nicotine reduction standard is established. Other smokers successfully transitioned to very low nicotine content cigarettes exclusively and substantially reduced their exposure to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Emily Wasserman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Robin Kuprewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Diane J Martinez
- Public Health Division, Arlington County Department of Human Services, Arlington, VA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Craig Livelsberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Alyse Fazzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA
| | - Rebecca Bascom
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Kimberly Horn
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
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28
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Ba DM, Gao X, Muscat J, Al-Shaar L, Chinchilli V, Zhang X, Ssentongo P, Beelman RB, Richie JP. Association of mushroom consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among American adults: prospective cohort study findings from NHANES III. Nutr J 2021; 20:38. [PMID: 33888143 PMCID: PMC8061446 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether mushroom consumption, which is rich in several bioactive compounds, including the crucial antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione, is inversely associated with low all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains uncertain. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between mushroom consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk. METHODS Longitudinal analyses of participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) extant data (1988-1994). Mushroom intake was assessed by a single 24-h dietary recall using the US Department of Agriculture food codes for recipe foods. All-cause and cause-specific mortality were assessed in all participants linked to the National Death Index mortality data (1988-2015). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS Among 15,546 participants included in the current analysis, the mean (SE) age was 44.3 (0.5) years. During a mean (SD) follow-up duration of 19.5 (7.4) years , a total of 5826 deaths were documented. Participants who reported consuming mushrooms had lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with those without mushroom intake (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98) after adjusting for demographic, major lifestyle factors, overall diet quality, and other dietary factors including total energy. When cause-specific mortality was examined, we did not observe any statistically significant associations with mushroom consumption. Consuming 1-serving of mushrooms per day instead of 1-serving of processed or red meats was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.50-0.84). We also observed a dose-response relationship between higher mushroom consumption and lower risk of all-cause mortality (P-trend = 0.03). CONCLUSION Mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of total mortality in this nationally representative sample of US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Vernon Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Department of Food Science and Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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29
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Ba DM, Ssentongo P, Beelman RB, Muscat J, Gao X, Richie JP. Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1691-1704. [PMID: 33724299 PMCID: PMC8483951 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are rich in bioactive compounds. The potential health benefits associated with mushroom intake have gained recent research attention. We thus conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between mushroom intake and risk of cancer at any site. We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies on mushroom intake and cancer published from 1 January, 1966, up to 31 October, 2020. Observational studies (n = 17) with RRs, HRs, or ORs and 95% CIs of cancer risk for ≥2 categories of mushroom intake were eligible for the present study. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Higher mushroom consumption was associated with lower risk of total cancer (pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.78; n = 17). Higher mushroom consumption was also associated with lower risk of breast cancer (pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.81; n = 10) and nonbreast cancer (pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.97; n = 13). When site-specific cancers were examined, a significant association with mushroom consumption was only observed with breast cancer; this could be due to the small number of studies that were conducted with other cancers. There was evidence of a significant nonlinear dose-response association between mushroom consumption and the risk of total cancer (P-nonlinearity = 0.001; n = 7). Limitations included the potential for recall and selection bias in case-control designs, which comprised 11 out of the 17 studies included in this meta-analysis, and the large variation in the adjustment factors used in the final models from each study. The association between higher mushroom consumption and lower risk of cancer, particularly breast cancer, may indicate a potential protective role for mushrooms in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to determine if glutathione (GSH) deficiency occurs in children with HIV infection and whether GSH deficiency is associated with HIV-related short stature.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study with two age-matched comparison groups in an inner city hospital-based pediatric AIDS/HIV outpatient clinic. Ten perinatally HIV-infected children aged 6 to 49 months with short stature (height–age percentile ≤5) were studied together with age-matched 10 HIV-infected children with normal height and 10 HIV-seronegative children with normal height. Total erythrocyte GSH (GSH and GSH disulfide) levels were determined by a modification of the 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid glutathione disulfide reductase method. Other measures included complete blood counts, lymphocyte subset analysis, plasma albumin, cholesterol, vitamins A and E, and determination of HIV disease stage.
Discussion Erythrocyte GSH levels were lower in HIV-infected children with short stature (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 0.639 µmol/mL ± 0.189) compared with HIV-infected children with normal height (mean ± SD: 0.860 µmol/mL ± 0.358; p < 0.05) and HIV-negative controls (mean ± SD: 0.990 µmol/mL ± 0.343; p < 0.05). Plasma levels of cholesterol, albumin, and vitamins A and E did not differ between the short-stature group and either the HIV-infected normal-height group or HIV-negative controls.
Conclusion These results demonstrate a GSH deficiency in HIV-infected children with short stature and support the hypothesis that GSH balance is important in growth among HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Du
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stephen M. Arpadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
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31
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Kamens HM, Silva CP, Nye RT, Miller CN, Singh N, Sipko J, Trushin N, Sun D, Branstetter SA, Muscat JE, Richie JP, Foulds J. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Spectrum Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:273-279. [PMID: 30892637 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spectrum research cigarettes have been developed with varying nicotine content for use in studies evaluating the effects of a regulatory policy reducing the permissible nicotine content in cigarettes. This study aimed to characterize the nicotine pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum cigarettes. METHODS Twelve daily smokers attended four sessions and had blood nicotine, exhaled carbon monoxide, and subjective effects measured before and after smoking either a single cigarette of their preferred brand or high (10.9 mg/cigarette), medium (3.2 mg/cigarette), or low (0.2 mg/cigarette) nicotine content Spectrum research cigarettes, in a double-blind design with order counterbalanced. RESULTS The boost in blood nicotine concentration was dose-dependent, with a boost of 0.3, 3.9, and 17.3 ng/mL for low-, medium-, and high-nicotine content Spectrum cigarettes. The high dose Spectrum had a similar nicotine boost to the "preferred brand" cigarettes (19 ng/mL). Subjects took longer puffs on the low nicotine cigarettes, but smoked these cigarettes faster than other cigarette types. High nicotine Spectrum cigarettes reduced the urge to smoke more than other cigarette types. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that Spectrum research cigarettes produce blood nicotine absorption in a dose-dependent manner, and therefore, are appropriate for use in studies of nicotine reduction in cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum reduced nicotine content research cigarettes following an overnight abstinence. These data could provide evidence to regulatory agencies about the effects of reduced nicotine cigarettes when considering regulations on tobacco reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Kamens
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Constanza P Silva
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Russell T Nye
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Carley N Miller
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Nayantara Singh
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Joseph Sipko
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA.,Penn State Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Steven A Branstetter
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA.,Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
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32
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Lei X, Goel R, Sun D, Bhangu G, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Ma L, Richie JP, Xiu G, Muscat J. Free Radical and Nicotine Yields in Mainstream Smoke of Chinese Marketed Cigarettes: Variation with Smoking Regimens and Cigarette Brands. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1791-1797. [PMID: 32363856 PMCID: PMC10037311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and nicotine are components of cigarette smoke that are thought to contribute to the development of smoking-induced diseases. China has the largest number of smokers in the world, yet little is known about the yields of tobacco smoke constituents in different Chinese brands of cigarettes. In this study, gas-phase and particulate-phase free radicals as well as nicotine yields were quantified in mainstream cigarette smoke from five popular Chinese brands and two research cigarettes (3R4F and 1R6F). Mainstream smoke was generated under International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens using a linear smoking machine. Levels of free radicals and nicotine were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, respectively. Under the ISO puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 3.0 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 118 ± 44.7 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/cig nicotine. Under the CI puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 5.6 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 282 ± 92.1 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 2.1 ± 0.4 mg/cig nicotine. Overall, both gas- and particulate-phase free radicals were substantially lower compared to the research cigarettes under both regimens, whereas no significant differences were observed for nicotine levels. When Chinese brands were compared, the highest free radical and nicotine yields were found in "LL" and "BS" brands, while lowest levels were found in "YY". These results suggested that the lower radical delivery by Chinese cigarettes compared to United States reference cigarettes may be associated with reductions in oxidant-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Dr. Lei is currently with School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Trushin N, Muscat J, Richie JP. Free Radical Production and Characterization of Heat-Not-Burn Cigarettes in Comparison to Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1882-1887. [PMID: 32432464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With conventional cigarettes, the burning cone reaches temperatures of >900 °C, resulting in the production of numerous toxicants and significant levels of highly reactive free radicals. In attempts to eliminate combustion while still delivering nicotine and flavorings, a newer alternative tobacco product has emerged known as "heat-not-burn" (HnB). These products heat tobacco to temperatures of 250-350 °C depending on the device allowing for the volatilization of nicotine and flavorants while potentially limiting the production of combustion-related toxicants. To better understand how the designs of these new products compare to conventional cigarettes and different styles of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), we measured and partially characterized their production of free radicals. Smoke or aerosols were trapped by a spin trap phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and analyzed for free radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Free radical polarity was assessed by passing the aerosol or smoke through either a polar or nonpolar trap prior to being spin trapped with PBN. Particulate-phase radicals were detected only for conventional cigarettes. Gas-phase free radicals were detected in smoke/aerosol from all products with levels for HnB (IQOS, Glo) (12 pmol/puff) being similar to e-cigs (Juul, SREC, box mod e-cig) and hybrid devices (Ploom) (5-40 pmol/puff) but 50-fold lower than conventional cigarettes (1R6F). Gas phase radicals differed in polarity with HnB products and conventional cigarettes producing more polar radicals compared to those produced from e-cigs. Free radical production should be considered in evaluating the toxicological profile of nicotine delivery products and identification of the radicals is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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34
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El-Bayoumy K, Christensen ND, Hu J, Viscidi R, Stairs DB, Walter V, Chen KM, Sun YW, Muscat JE, Richie JP. An Integrated Approach for Preventing Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers: Two Etiologies with Distinct and Shared Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:649-660. [PMID: 32434808 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was the 7th most common malignancy worldwide in 2018 and despite therapeutic advances, the overall survival rate for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; ∼50%) has remained unchanged for decades. The most common types are OSCC and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC, survival rate ∼85%). Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor of HNSCC. In the developed world, the incidence of OSCC is declining as a result of tobacco cessation programs. However, OPSCC, which is also linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is on the rise and now ranks as the most common HPV-related cancer. The current state of knowledge indicates that HPV-associated disease differs substantially from other types of HNSCC and distinct biological differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC have been identified. Although risk factors have been extensively discussed in the literature, there are multiple clinically relevant questions that remain unanswered and even unexplored. Moreover, existing approaches (e.g., tobacco cessation, vaccination, and chemoprevention) to manage and control this disease remain a challenge. Thus, in this review, we discuss potential future basic research that can assist in a better understanding of disease pathogenesis which may lead to novel and more effective preventive strategies for OSCC and OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raphael Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Ba DM, Ssentongo P, Na M, Kjerulff KH, Liu G, Du P, Song W, Richie JP, Gao X. Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration among Women of Reproductive Age, 20-49 Years Old, in Tanzania: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa079. [PMID: 32462108 PMCID: PMC7236838 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal salt iodization (USI) is the most feasible and cost-effective, and equitable, approach to prevent iodine deficiency. Severe maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with serious adverse gestational and birth outcomes. OBJECTIVES The aim was to assess iodine status and identify independent factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. METHODS This was a weighted, population-based, cross-sectional study in 2985 women of reproductive age (20-49 y) in Tanzania who participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys in 2015-2016 (DHS 2015-2016) and had measured UIC. Multivariable generalized linear regression was used to identify potential factors that were associated with UIC. RESULTS The median UICs among women consuming inadequately iodized salt (93.6 μg/L; 25th and 75th percentiles: 43.1, 197.9 μg/L) and women in the lowest socioeconomic status (92.3 μg/L; 45.6, 194.4 μg/L) were below the WHO-recommended ranges (≥150 μg/L for pregnant women and ≥100 μg/L for nonpregnant women). The results of multivariable models indicated that pregnant women had 1.21 μg/L lower UIC than nonpregnant women (β = -1.21; 95% CI: -3.42, -0.12), breastfeeding women had 1.02 μg/L lower UIC than nonbreastfeeding women (β = -1.02; 95% CI: -2.25, -0.27), and women with no education had a 1.88 μg/L lower UIC compared with those with secondary/highest education (β = -1.88; 95% CI: -4.58, -0.36). Women consuming inadequately iodized salt had 6.55 μg/L lower UIC than those consuming adequately iodized salt (β = -6.55; 95% CI: -9.24, -4.33). The median UIC varied substantially across geographic zones, ranging from 83.2 μg/L (45.9, 165.3) in the Western region to 347.8 μg/L (185.0, 479.8) in the Eastern region. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated a great heterogeneity in median UIC across regions of Tanzania among women of reproductive age. Poverty, consuming inadequately iodized salt, and lack of education appeared to be the driving factors for lower UIC in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Muzi Na
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Kristen H Kjerulff
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ping Du
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Won Song
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
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Reilly SM, Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Trushin N, Richie JP. Free Radical, Carbonyl, and Nicotine Levels Produced by Juul Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1274-1278. [PMID: 30346584 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Free radicals and carbonyls produced by electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have the potential to inflict oxidative stress. Recently, Juul e-cigs have risen drastically in popularity; however, there is no data on nicotine and oxidant yields from this new e-cig design. METHODS Aerosol generated from four different Juul flavors was analyzed for carbonyls, nicotine, and free radicals. The e-liquids were analyzed for propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) concentrations. To determine the effects of e-liquid on oxidant production, Juul pods were refilled with nicotine-free 30:70 or 60:40 PG:GLY with or without citral. RESULTS No significant differences were found in nicotine (164 ± 41 µg/puff), free radical (5.85 ± 1.20 pmol/puff), formaldehyde (0.20 ± 0.10 µg/puff), and acetone (0.20 ± 0.05 µg/puff) levels between flavors. The PG:GLY ratio in e-liquids was ~30:70 across all flavors with GLY being slightly higher in tobacco and mint flavors. In general, when Juul e-liquids were replaced with nicotine-free 60:40 PG:GLY, oxidant production increased up to 190% and, with addition of citral, increased even further. CONCLUSIONS Juul devices produce free radicals and carbonyls, albeit, at levels substantially lower than those observed in other e-cig products, an effect only partially because of a low PG:GLY ratio. Nicotine delivery by these devices was as high as or higher than the levels previously reported from cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that oxidative stress and/or damage resulting from Juul use may be lower than that from cigarettes or other e-cig devices; however, the high nicotine levels are suggestive of a greater addiction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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37
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Allen SI, Wasserman E, Veldheer S, Yingst J, Hrabovsky S, Liao J, Krebs NM, Horn K, Reinhart L, Modesto J, Putt K, Evins AE, Muscat JE, Richie JP, Foulds J. Characteristics of Adult Cigarette Smokers Who "Relight" and the Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Constituents. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1206-1212. [PMID: 29982710 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About half of smokers relight their cigarette, a habit that is a risk factor for chronic bronchitis and possibly lung cancer. Little is known about the characteristics of smokers who relight and their dependence on nicotine. It is unknown whether relighting affects exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. This study examined the characteristics of relighters of usual brand cigarettes and whether relighting affects exposure to selected tobacco smoke constituents. METHODS We explored relighting status and frequency, using baseline data from 248 adult smokers participating in studies of reduced nicotine cigarettes in relation to demographic and cigarette characteristics, smoking behaviors, nicotine dependence, biomarkers of exposure (exhaled carbon monoxide, blood cotinine), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione). RESULTS 69.4% (n = 172) of subjects reported relighting, and they relit an average of five cigarettes out of 20. Both relighters and non-relighters smoked a mean of 20 cigarettes per day (p = .6). Relighting was significantly associated with higher nicotine dependence, use of longer rod cigarettes, older age, lower income, and unemployment. There were no significant associations between relighting and blood cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide or measures of oxidized/reduced blood glutathione. CONCLUSIONS The majority of subjects were relighters, who had higher levels of nicotine dependence than non-relighters. Relighters had similar levels of plasma cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide to non-relighters. IMPLICATIONS No study has compared the cigarette characteristics and biomarkers of exposure of adult cigarette smokers who relight with those who do not. Relighting behavior was common in our sample and was associated with low income, not currently working, higher nicotine dependence, cigarette rod length, daily cigarette use years, and a lifetime history of depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia I Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Emily Wasserman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Kimberly Horn
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Kayla Putt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - A Eden Evins
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
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Hobkirk AL, Bitzer Z, Goel R, Sica CT, Livelsberger C, Yingst J, Houser KR, Rupprecht S, Trushin N, Karunanayaka P, Foulds J, Richie JP, Spreen L, Hoglen B, Wang J, Elias RJ, Yang QX. An Electronic Aerosol Delivery System for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Subst Abuse 2020; 14:1178221820904140. [PMID: 32095075 PMCID: PMC7013112 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820904140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Public health concerns over the addictive potential of electronic cigarettes
(e-cigs) have heightened in recent years. Brain function during e-cig use
could provide an objective measure of the addictive potential of new vaping
products to facilitate research; however, there are limited methods for
delivering e-cig aerosols during functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI). The current study describes the development and feasibility testing
of a prototype to deliver up to four different e-cig aerosols during
fMRI. Methods: Standardized methods were used to test the devices’ air flow variability,
nicotine yield, and free radical production. MRI scans were run with and
without the device present to assess its safety and effects on MRI data
quality. Five daily smokers were recruited to assess plasma nicotine
absorption from e-liquids containing nicotine concentrations of 8, 11, 16,
24, and 36 mg/ml. Feedback was collected from participants through a
semi-structured interview and computerized questionnaire to assess comfort
and subjective experiences of inhaling aerosol from the device. Results: Nicotine yield captured from the aerosol produced by the device was highly
correlated with the nicotine concentration of the e-liquids used
(R2 = 0.965). Nicotine yield was reduced by a mean of 48% and
free radical production by 17% after traveling through the device. The
e-liquid containing the highest nicotine concentration tested (36 mg/ml)
resulted in the highest plasma nicotine boost (6.6 ng/ml). Overall,
participants reported that the device was comfortable to use and inhaling
the e-cig aerosols was tolerable. The device was determined to be safe for
use during fMRI and had insignificant effects on scan quality. Conclusions: With the current project, we were able to design a working prototype that
safely and effectively delivers e-cig aerosols during fMRI. The device has
the potential to be used to assess brain activation during e-cig use and to
compare brain reactivity to varying flavors, nicotine concentrations, and
other e-cig characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T Sica
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Craig Livelsberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Rupprecht
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Spreen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Dong Z, Gao X, Chinchilli VM, Sinha R, Muscat J, Winkels RM, Richie JP. Association of sulfur amino acid consumption with cardiometabolic risk factors: Cross-sectional findings from NHANES III. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 19:100248. [PMID: 32140669 PMCID: PMC7046517 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An average adult American consumes sulfur amino acids (SAA) at levels far above the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and recent preclinical data suggest that higher levels of SAA intake may be associated with a variety of aging-related chronic diseases. However, there are little data regarding the relationship between SAA intake and chronic disease risk in humans. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between consumption of SAA and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS The sample included 11,576 adult participants of the Third National Examination and Nutritional Health Survey (NHANES III) Study (1988-1994). The primary outcome was cardiometabolic disease risk score (composite risk factor based on blood cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, C-reactive protein (CRP), uric acid, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glycated hemoglobin, insulin, and eGFR). Group differences in risk score by quintiles of energy-adjusted total SAA, methionine (Met), and cysteine (Cys) intake were determined by multiple linear regression after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and dietary factors. We further examined for associations between SAA intake and individual risk factors. FINDINGS Mean SAA consumption was > 2.5-fold higher than the EAR. After multivariable adjustment, higher intake of SAA, Met, and Cys were associated with significant increases in composite cardiometabolic disease risk scores, independent of protein intake, and with several individual risk factors including serum cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, BUN, and insulin and glycated hemoglobin (p < 0.01). INTERPRETATION Overall, our findings suggest that diets lower in SAA (close to the EAR) are associated with reduced risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Low SAA dietary patterns rely on plant-derived protein sources over meat derived foods. Given the high intake of SAA among most adults, our findings may have important public health implications for chronic disease prevention. FUNDING This study does not have any funding.
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Key Words
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- Cardiometabolic diseases
- Cys, cysteine
- Cysteine
- Diabetes
- Dietary sulfur amino acids
- EAR, estimated average requirement
- IR, insulin resistance
- MEC, mobile examination center
- Met, methionine
- Methionine
- NHANES III, Third National Examination and Nutritional Health Survey
- RDA, recommended dietary allowance
- SAA, sulfur amino acids
- SAAR, sulfur amino acid restriction
- Sulfur amino acids restriction
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Renate M. Winkels
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
- Corresponding author.
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Cirillo S, Urena JF, Lambert JD, Vivarelli F, Canistro D, Paolini M, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Richie JP, Elias RJ. Impact of electronic cigarette heating coil resistance on the production of reactive carbonyls, reactive oxygen species and induction of cytotoxicity in human lung cancer cells in vitro. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104500. [PMID: 31629780 PMCID: PMC6897375 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette; e-cig) use has grown exponentially in recent years despite their unknown health effects. E-cig aerosols are now known to contain hazardous chemical compounds, including carbonyls and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these compounds are directly inhaled by consumers during e-cig use. Both carbonyls and ROS are formed when the liquid comes into contact with a heating element that is housed within an e-cig's atomizer. In the present study, the effect of coil resistance (1.5 Ω and 0.25 Ω coils, to obtain a total wattage of 8 ± 2 W and 40 ± 5 W, respectively) on the generation of carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein) and ROS was investigated. The effect of the aerosols generated by different coils on the viability of H1299 human lung carcinoma cells was also evaluated. Our results show a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the low resistance coils and the generation of higher concentrations of the selected carbonyls and ROS in e-cig aerosols. Moreover, exposure to e-cig vapor reduced the viability of H1299 cells by up to 45.8%, and this effect was inversely related to coil resistance. Although further studies are needed to better elucidate the potential toxicity of e-cig emissions, our results suggest that these devices may expose users to hazardous compounds which, in turn, may promote chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Jose F Urena
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rodriguez-Estrada
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA.
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Abstract
This case series characterizes nicotine absorption among adults who regularly use a pod-based electronic nicotine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Penn State University College of Nursing, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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42
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Bitzer Z, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Little Cigars, Filtered Cigars, and their Carbonyl Delivery Relative to Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:S99-S106. [PMID: 30125018 PMCID: PMC6093475 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Little cigars and filtered cigars are currently growing in popularity due to their low cost and wide variety of flavors while retaining an appearance similar to cigarettes. Given the health consequences associated with cigarette use, it is important to understand the potential harm associated with these similar products. This includes the potential harm associated with carbonyls (eg, acetaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, etc.), an important class of toxicants and carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Our objective was to determine the carbonyl levels in mainstream smoke from little and filtered cigars compared to cigarettes. Methods We examined two brands each of little cigars and filtered cigars, as well as two research cigarettes for carbonyl delivery using the International Organization of Standards (ISO) and the Health Canada Intense (HCI) machine-smoking protocols. Results On a per puff basis, the levels of five of the seven carbonyls were higher from little cigars than filtered cigars and cigarettes (ISO: 56-116%; HCI: 39-85%; p < .05). On a per unit basis, most carbonyl levels were higher from both cigar types than cigarettes using the ISO method (ISO: 51-313%; p < .05) whereas only filtered cigars were higher using the HCI method (HCI: 53-99%; p < .05). Conclusion These findings suggest that cigar smokers can be exposed to higher levels of carbonyls per cigar than cigarette smokers per cigarette. Implications These data will increase our understanding of the relative harm from carbonyl exposure from little and filtered cigars both for cigar-only smokers and the cumulative harm among the growing population of cigarette-cigar multi-product smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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43
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Goel R, Trushin N, Reilly SM, Bitzer Z, Muscat J, Foulds J, Richie JP. A Survey of Nicotine Yields in Small Cigar Smoke: Influence of Cigar Design and Smoking Regimens. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:1250-1257. [PMID: 29059441 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Although the popularity of small cigar brands that resemble cigarettes, including both little cigars (LC) and filtered cigars (FC), has been on the rise, little is known about the delivery of nicotine from these products. Our objective was to determine the nicotine yields of small cigars in comparison to cigarettes. Methods Nicotine yields from LC, FC, and 3R4F and 1R6F research cigarettes were determined from mainstream smoke generated on a smoking machine under the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) methods. Market characteristics (price and package label) and physical features (filter ventilation, product weight and filter weight, product length, and diameter) were also determined for eight brands of small cigars. Results Nicotine yields in small cigars averaged 1.24 and 3.49 mg/unit on ISO and CI regimens, respectively, compared with 0.73 and 2.35 mg/unit, respectively, for the research cigarettes. Nicotine yields per puff were similar between small cigars and cigarettes. We also found that FC did not differ from LC in nicotine yields. FC and LC differ from each other in many physical design features (unit weight, filter weight, and filter length), but are similar in others (unit length, diameter, and filter ventilation). Conclusions Nicotine delivery from small cigars is similar to or greater than that from cigarettes. Thus, for future research and regulatory purposes, standard definitions need to be developed for small cigars, and FC and LC should be evaluated as separate entities. Implications Small cigars are similar to cigarettes in their design and use. Although nicotine yields per puff were similar between products, small cigars delivered substantially higher amounts of nicotine per unit than cigarettes. These findings support the growing body of evidence to justify regulating all small cigars, including LC and FC in a similar fashion as cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Gao X, Sanderson SM, Dai Z, Reid MA, Cooper DE, Lu M, Richie JP, Ciccarella A, Calcagnotto A, Mikhael PG, Mentch SJ, Liu J, Ables G, Kirsch DG, Hsu DS, Nichenametla SN, Locasale JW. Dietary methionine influences therapy in mouse cancer models and alters human metabolism. Nature 2019; 572:397-401. [PMID: 31367041 PMCID: PMC6951023 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition exerts considerable effects on health, and dietary interventions are commonly used to treat diseases of metabolic aetiology. Although cancer has a substantial metabolic component1, the principles that define whether nutrition may be used to influence outcomes of cancer are unclear2. Nevertheless, it is established that targeting metabolic pathways with pharmacological agents or radiation can sometimes lead to controlled therapeutic outcomes. By contrast, whether specific dietary interventions can influence the metabolic pathways that are targeted in standard cancer therapies is not known. Here we show that dietary restriction of the essential amino acid methionine-the reduction of which has anti-ageing and anti-obesogenic properties-influences cancer outcome, through controlled and reproducible changes to one-carbon metabolism. This pathway metabolizes methionine and is the target of a variety of cancer interventions that involve chemotherapy and radiation. Methionine restriction produced therapeutic responses in two patient-derived xenograft models of chemotherapy-resistant RAS-driven colorectal cancer, and in a mouse model of autochthonous soft-tissue sarcoma driven by a G12D mutation in KRAS and knockout of p53 (KrasG12D/+;Trp53-/-) that is resistant to radiation. Metabolomics revealed that the therapeutic mechanisms operate via tumour-cell-autonomous effects on flux through one-carbon metabolism that affects redox and nucleotide metabolism-and thus interact with the antimetabolite or radiation intervention. In a controlled and tolerated feeding study in humans, methionine restriction resulted in effects on systemic metabolism that were similar to those obtained in mice. These findings provide evidence that a targeted dietary manipulation can specifically affect tumour-cell metabolism to mediate broad aspects of cancer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sydney M Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ziwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Reid
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amy Ciccarella
- Penn State University Clinical Research Center, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ana Calcagnotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Peter G Mikhael
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha J Mentch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gene Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring, NY, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Hsu
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Yingst JM, Foulds J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Trushin N, Eissenberg TT, Williams J, Richie JP, Nichols TT, Wilson SJ, Hobkirk AL. Nicotine absorption during electronic cigarette use among regular users. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220300. [PMID: 31344110 PMCID: PMC6657878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capability of electronic cigarette devices (e-cigs) to deliver nicotine is key to their potential to replace combustible cigarettes. We compared nicotine delivery and subjective effects associated with the use of two classes of e-cigarettes and cigarettes. METHODS 14 e-cigarette users were instructed to vape their own e-cigarette device every 20 seconds for 10 minutes while blood was drawn at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, and 15 minutes after initiating vaping. Users rated withdrawal symptoms and side effects before and after vaping. E-cigarette devices were classified as first-generation (same size as cigarette, no activation button) or advanced (larger than cigarette with an activation button). Separately, 10 cigarette smokers completed a similar protocol. Fisher's Exact Test and two-sided t-tests were used as appropriate to determine differences in outcomes between first-generation e-cigarette users, advanced e-cigarette users, and smokers. RESULTS Compared to first-generation devices, advanced devices were associated with greater serum nicotine Cmax (ng/ml) (11.5 v. 2.8, p = 0.0231) and greater nicotine boost (ng/ml) (10.8 v. 1.8, p = 0.0177). Overall, e-cigarettes users experienced a significant reduction in withdrawal and craving, although there were no significant differences between users of first-generation and advanced devices. Comparing e-cigarettes overall to cigarettes, cigarettes were associated with greater Cmax (25.9 v. 9.0, p = 0.0043) and greater nicotine boost (21.0 v. 8.2, p = 0.0128). CONCLUSIONS Advanced e-cigarettes delivered significantly more nicotine than first-generation devices but less than combustible cigarettes. Overall, e-cigarette use was associated with a reduction in withdrawal and craving with no reported side effects. The wide variation in nicotine absorption from different e-cigarette devices should be considered in studies of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Center for the Study on Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Jill Williams
- Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Travis T. Nichols
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Hobkirk
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
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Winkels RM, van Brakel L, van Baar H, Beelman RB, van Duijnhoven FJB, Geijsen A, van Halteren HK, Hansson BME, Richie JP, Sun D, Wesselink E, van Zutphen M, Kampman E, Kok DE. Are Ergothioneine Levels in Blood Associated with Chronic Peripheral Neuropathy in Colorectal Cancer Patients Who Underwent Chemotherapy? Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:451-459. [PMID: 31298929 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1637005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Chronic Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is highly prevalent among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Ergothioneine (ET) - a dietary antioxidant -protected against CIPN in experimental models, but human studies are lacking. We explored whether whole blood ET levels were associated with chronic peripheral neuropathy among CRC patients who had completed chemotherapy.Methods: At diagnosis, median ET-concentration in whole blood of 159 CRC patients was 10.2 μg/ml (7.2-15.8). Patients completed questionnaires on peripheral neuropathy 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) to assess associations of ET-concentrations and prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and used linear regression to assess associations with severity of peripheral neuropathy.Results: Prevalence of total and sensory peripheral neuropathy were both 81%. Higher ET-concentrations tended to be associated with lower prevalence of total and sensory peripheral neuropathy, but not statistically significant (highest versus lowest tertile of ET: PR = 0.93(0.78, 1.11) for total neuropathy, and PR = 0.84(0.70, 1.02) for sensory neuropathy). ET-concentrations were not associated with severity of neuropathy.Conclusion: Statistically significant associations were not observed, possibly because of limited sample size. Although data may putatively suggest higher levels of ET to be associated with a lower prevalence of neuropathy, analyses should be repeated in larger populations with larger variability in ET-concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate M Winkels
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lieve van Brakel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm van Baar
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Department of Food Science, Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Anne Geijsen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bibi M E Hansson
- Department of Surgery, Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Evertine Wesselink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek van Zutphen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje E Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Stennett A, Krebs NM, Liao J, Richie JP, Muscat JE. Ecological momentary assessment of smoking behaviors in native and converted intermittent smokers. Am J Addict 2019; 27:131-138. [PMID: 29489042 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES About 22% of adult smokers in the U.S. are intermittent cigarette smokers (ITS). ITS can be further classified as native ITS who never smoked daily and converted ITS who formerly smoked daily but reduced to intermittent smoking. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was conducted to determine the behaviors and experiences that are associated with the decision to smoke. METHODS The study included 24 native ITS and 36 converted ITS (N = 60) from the Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study. A baseline questionnaire, daily log, and an EMA smoking log that assessed emotions, activities, and smoking urges was filled out with each cigarette for 1 week to capture 574 smoking sessions. RESULTS Both groups had very low levels of cigarette dependence. Both groups were more tempted to smoke in positive or negative situations than situations associated with habituation. EMA showed that the most common emotional state during smoking sessions was positive (47%), followed by negative (32%), neutral (16%), and mixed (5%) emotions. Smokers were more likely to smoke during activities of leisure (48%) than during performative duties (29%), social (16%) or interactive occasions (7%). Converted ITS were more likely to smoke alone compared to native ITS (p < .001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ITS report minimal levels of dependence when captured on traditional scales of nicotine dependence, yet experience loss of autonomy and difficulty quitting. The majority of the ITS reported positive emotions and leisure activities while smoking, and smoked during the evening. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The current paper identifies environmental and behavioral factors that are associated with smoking among ITS in real time. (Am J Addict 2018;27:131-138).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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48
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Hrabovsky SM, Midya V, Lester C, Veldheer S, Yingst JM, Allen SI, Krebs NM, Liao J, Reinhart L, Modesto J, Evins AE, Richie JP, Muscat JE, Horn K, Foulds J. Effect of Cigarette Rod Length on Smokers Switching to SPECTRUM Cigarettes. Am J Health Behav 2019; 43:380-392. [PMID: 30808477 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.43.2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Cigarettes vary in rod length but are generally thought of as a constant unit. In this study, we evaluated whether the rod length of participants' usual brand cigarettes affected their perceptions and smoking habits when switching to SPECTRUMs. Methods: Data were analyzed for 341 participants smoking their own brand cigarettes for one week and after switching to normal nicotine content (11.6 mg) SPECTRUMs for 2 weeks. Changes in perceptions of cigarette attributes and biomarkers of smoke exposure were evaluated using linear mixed models among 3 groups: usual length short (ULS, 72 mm); medium/king (ULM, ~84 mm); and long (ULL ≥ 100 mm). Results: Among the 3 cigarette length groups, only ULL smokers' rated SPECTRUMs significantly less strong, harder to draw, lower in taste, and lower in enjoyment (p < .03) compared to usual brand. Among all groups, satisfaction was significantly lower for SPECTRUMs (p < .02). Cigarettes per day (CPD) increased significantly more for ULL (+4.75 CPD) as compared to ULM (+1.38 CPD) (p < .001). When switching to SPECTRUMs, cotinine-per-cigarette decreased among all groups, and exhaled carbon monoxide increased significantly in ULL and ULM smokers (p < .001). Conclusion: People who smoked long cigarettes had the largest changes in perceptions and use when switching to SPECTRUM research cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari M. Hrabovsky
- Assistant Research Professor, Penn State College of Nursing, Hershey, PA;,
| | - Vishal Midya
- Pre-Doctoral Scholar, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Courtney Lester
- Research Coordinator, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Jessica M. Yingst
- Pre-doctoral Scholar, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Sophia I. Allen
- Postdoctoral Scholar, De- partment of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Nicolle M. Krebs
- Project Manager, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Jason Liao
- Professor of Public Health Sciences and Biostatistics Core Director, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Research Technologist, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Laboratory Manager, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Director of the Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - John P. Richie
- Professor of Public Health Sciences and Pharmacology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Professor of Public Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Kimberly Horn
- Associate Dean, Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Professor of Public Health Sciences and Psychiatry, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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49
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Emissions of Free Radicals, Carbonyls, and Nicotine from the NIDA Standardized Research Electronic Cigarette and Comparison to Similar Commercial Devices. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:130-138. [PMID: 30525517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) are a diverse and continuously evolving group of products with four generations currently in the market. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) standardized research e-cigarette (SREC) is intended to provide researchers with a consistent e-cig device with known characteristics. Thus, we conducted laboratory-based characterizations of oxidants and nicotine in aerosols produced from SREC and other closed-system, breath-activated, commercially available e-cigs (Blu and Vuse). We hypothesized that oxidant and nicotine production will be significantly affected in all devices by changes in puffing parameters. All e-cigs were machine vaped and the aerosols generated were examined for nicotine, carbonyls, and free-radicals while varying the puff-volumes and puff-durations to reflect typical human usage. The data were normalized on a per puff, per gram aerosol, and per milligram nicotine basis. We found that aerosol production generally increased with increasing puff-duration and puff-volume in all e-cigs tested. Increased puff-duration and puff-volume increased nicotine delivery for Blu and Vuse but not the SREC. We report, for the first time, reactive free-radicals in aerosols from all closed-system e-cigs tested, albeit at levels lower than cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde were detected in the aerosols of all tested e-cigs. Carbonyl and free radical production is affected by puff-duration and puff volume. Overall, SREC was more efficient at aerosol and nicotine production than both Blu and Vuse. In terms of carbonyl and free radical levels, SREC delivered lower or similar levels to both other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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50
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Trushin N, Bitzer ZT, Elias RJ, Muscat J, Richie JP. Effects of Charcoal on Carbonyl Delivery from Commercial, Research, and Make-Your-Own Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1339-1347. [PMID: 30426738 PMCID: PMC8323621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous literature has shown that adding charcoal to cigarette filters can have varying effects on the delivery of toxic carbonyls depending on filter design, amount of charcoal, and puffing profiles. However, these studies have relied on either comparisons between commercially available charcoal and noncharcoal filtered cigarettes or experimental modification of filters to insert a charcoal plug into existing cellulose acetate filters. Make-your-own (MYO) cigarettes can help obviate many of the potential pitfalls of previous studies; thus, we conducted studies using commercial charcoal cigarettes and MYO cigarettes to determine the effects of charcoal on carbonyl delivery. To do this, we analyzed carbonyls in mainstream smoke by HPLC-UV after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Charcoal was added in-line after the cigarettes or through the use of MYO charcoal cigarette tubes. MYO cigarettes had carbonyl deliveries similar to that of 3R4F research cigarette, regardless of tobacco type. The greatest effect on carbonyl delivery was observed with 200 mg of charcoal, significantly reducing all carbonyls under both methods tested. However, "on-tow" design charcoal filters, available on many commercially available charcoal brands, appeared to have a minimal effect on carbonyl delivery under intense smoking methods. Overall, we found that charcoal, when added in sufficient quantity (200 mg) as a plug, can substantially reduce carbonyl delivery for both MYO and conventional cigarettes. As carbonyls are related to negative health outcomes, such reductions may be associated with reductions in carbonyl-related harm in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T. Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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