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Cordano C, Werneburg S, Abdelhak A, Bennett DJ, Beaudry-Richard A, Duncan GJ, Oertel FC, Boscardin WJ, Yiu HH, Jabassini N, Merritt L, Nocera S, Sin JH, Samana IP, Condor Montes SY, Ananth K, Bischof A, Nourbakhsh B, Hauser SL, Cree BAC, Emery B, Schafer DP, Chan JR, Green AJ. Synaptic injury in the inner plexiform layer of the retina is associated with progression in multiple sclerosis. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101490. [PMID: 38574736 PMCID: PMC11031420 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
While neurodegeneration underlies the pathological basis for permanent disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), predictive biomarkers for progression are lacking. Using an animal model of chronic MS, we find that synaptic injury precedes neuronal loss and identify thinning of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) as an early feature of inflammatory demyelination-prior to symptom onset. As neuronal domains are anatomically segregated in the retina and can be monitored longitudinally, we hypothesize that thinning of the IPL could represent a biomarker for progression in MS. Leveraging our dataset with over 800 participants enrolled for more than 12 years, we find that IPL atrophy directly precedes progression and propose that synaptic loss is predictive of functional decline. Using a blood proteome-wide analysis, we demonstrate a strong correlation between demyelination, glial activation, and synapse loss independent of neuroaxonal injury. In summary, monitoring synaptic injury is a biologically relevant approach that reflects a potential driver of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cordano
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sebastian Werneburg
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan - Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelhak
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Bennett
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg J Duncan
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Frederike C Oertel
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W John Boscardin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hao H Yiu
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nora Jabassini
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Merritt
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Nocera
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jung H Sin
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isaac P Samana
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shivany Y Condor Montes
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirtana Ananth
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antje Bischof
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bardia Nourbakhsh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce A C Cree
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ari J Green
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Odell E, Jabassini N, Schniedewind B, Pease-Raissi SE, Frymoyer A, Christians U, Green AJ, Chan JR, Ostrem BEL. Minimum Effective Dose of Clemastine in a Mouse Model of Preterm White Matter Injury. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.08.578953. [PMID: 38464078 PMCID: PMC10925142 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.08.578953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Preterm white matter injury (PWMI) is the most common cause of brain injury in premature neonates. PWMI involves a differentiation arrest of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. Clemastine was previously shown to induce oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in mouse models of PWMI at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. The minimum effective dose (MED) of clemastine is unknown. Identification if the MED is essential for maximizing safety and efficacy in neonatal clinical trials. We hypothesized that the MED in neonatal mice is lower than 10 mg/kg/day. Methods Mouse pups were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (10% FiO 2 ) from postnatal day 3 (P3) through P10. Vehicle or clemastine fumarate at one of four doses (0.5, 2, 7.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) was given orally to hypoxia-exposed pups. At P14, myelination was assessed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to determine the MED. Clemastine pharmacokinetics were evaluated at steady-state on day 8 of treatment. Results Clemastine rescued hypoxia-induced hypomyelination with a MED of 7.5 mg/kg/day. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the MED revealed C max 44.0 ng/mL, t 1/2 4.6 hours, and AUC 24 280.1 ng*hr/mL. Conclusion Based on these results, myelination-promoting exposures should be achievable with oral doses of clemastine in neonates with PWMI. Key Points Preterm white matter injury (PWMI) is the most common cause of brain injury and cerebral palsy in premature neonates.Clemastine, an FDA-approved antihistamine, was recently identified to strongly promote myelination in a mouse model of PWMI and is a possible treatment.The minimum effective dose in neonatal rodents is unknown and is critical for guiding dose selection and balancing efficacy with toxicity in future clinical trials.We identified the minimum effective dose of clemastine and the associated pharmacokinetics in a murine chronic hypoxia model of PWMI, paving the way for a future clinical trial in human neonates.
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Schrader TO, Lorrain KI, Bagnol D, Edu GC, Broadhead A, Baccei C, Poon MM, Stebbins KJ, Xiong Y, Lorenzana AO, Chan JR, Green AJ, Lorrain DS, Chen A. Identification and In Vivo Evaluation of Myelination Agent PIPE-3297, a Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist Devoid of β-Arrestin-2 Recruitment Efficacy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:685-698. [PMID: 38265210 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of PIPE-3297, a fully efficacious and selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. PIPE-3297, a potent activator of G-protein signaling (GTPγS EC50 = 1.1 nM, 91% Emax), did not elicit a β-arrestin-2 recruitment functional response (Emax < 10%). Receptor occupancy experiments performed with the novel KOR radiotracer [3H]-PIPE-3113 revealed that subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of PIPE-3297 at 30 mg/kg in mice achieved 90% occupancy of the KOR in the CNS 1 h post dose. A single subcutaneous dose of PIPE-3297 in healthy mice produced a statistically significant increase of mature oligodendrocytes (P < 0.0001) in the KOR-enriched striatum, an effect that was not observed in animals predosed with the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine. An equivalent dose given to mice in an open-field activity-monitoring system revealed a small KOR-independent decrease in total locomotor activity versus vehicle measured between 60 and 75 min post dose. Daily doses of PIPE-3297 at both 3 and 30 mg/kg s.c. reduced the disease score in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Visually evoked potential (VEP) N1 latencies were also significantly improved versus vehicle in both dose groups, and latencies matched those of untreated animals. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential therapeutic value of functionally selective G-protein KOR agonists in demyelinating disease, which may avoid the sedating side effects typically associated with classical nonbiased KOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Schrader
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kym I Lorrain
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Didier Bagnol
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Geraldine C Edu
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexander Broadhead
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher Baccei
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael M Poon
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Karin J Stebbins
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yifeng Xiong
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ariana O Lorenzana
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Daniel S Lorrain
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Austin Chen
- Contineum Therapeutics, Suite 200, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Xin W, Kaneko M, Roth RH, Zhang A, Nocera S, Ding JB, Stryker MP, Chan JR. Adolescent oligodendrogenesis and myelination restrict experience-dependent neuronal plasticity in adult visual cortex. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.29.560231. [PMID: 37808666 PMCID: PMC10557765 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental myelination is a protracted process in the mammalian brain. One theory for why oligodendrocytes mature so slowly posits that myelination may stabilize neuronal circuits and temper neuronal plasticity as animals age. We tested this hypothesis in the visual cortex, which has a well-defined critical period for experience-dependent neuronal plasticity. OBJECTIVES/METHODS To prevent myelin progression, we conditionally deleted Myrf, a transcription factor necessary for oligodendrocyte maturation, from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (Myrf cKO) in adolescent mice. To induce experience-dependent plasticity, adult control and Myrf cKO mice were monocularly deprived by eyelid suture. Functional and structural neuronal plasticity in the visual cortex were assessed in vivo by intrinsic signal optical imaging and longitudinal two photon imaging of dendritic spines, respectively. RESULTS During adolescence, visual experience modulated the rate of oligodendrocyte maturation in visual cortex. Myrf deletion from oligodendrocyte precursors during adolescence led to inhibition of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination that persisted into adulthood. Following monocular deprivation, visual cortex activity in response to visual stimulation of the deprived eye remained stable in adult control mice, as expected for post-critical period animals. By contrast, visual cortex responses to the deprived eye decreased significantly following monocular deprivation in adult Myrf cKO mice, reminiscent of the plasticity observed in adolescent mice. Furthermore, visual cortex neurons in adult Myrf cKO mice had fewer dendritic spines and a higher level of spine turnover. Finally, monocular deprivation induced spatially coordinated spine size decreases in adult Myrf cKO, but not control, mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a critical role for oligodendrocytes in shaping the maturation and stabilization of cortical circuits and support the concept of myelin acting as a brake on neuronal plasticity during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco
| | - Megumi Kaneko
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco
| | - Richard H. Roth
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University
| | - Albert Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco
| | - Sonia Nocera
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco
| | - Jun B. Ding
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University
| | - Michael P. Stryker
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco
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5
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Chen Y, Quan S, Patil V, Kunjamma RB, Tokars HM, Leisten ED, Joy G, Wills S, Chan JR, Wong YC, Popko B. Insights into the mechanism of oligodendrocyte protection and remyelination enhancement by the integrated stress response. Glia 2023; 71:2180-2195. [PMID: 37203250 PMCID: PMC10681276 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
central nervous system (CNS) inflammation triggers activation of the integrated stress response (ISR). We previously reported that prolonging the ISR protects remyelinating oligodendrocytes and promotes remyelination in the presence of inflammation. However, the exact mechanisms through which this occurs remain unknown. Here, we investigated whether the ISR modulator Sephin1 in combination with the oligodendrocyte differentiation enhancing reagent bazedoxifene (BZA) is able to accelerate remyelination under inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms mediating this pathway. We find that the combined treatment of Sephin1 and BZA is sufficient to accelerate early-stage remyelination in mice with ectopic IFN-γ expression in the CNS. IFN-γ, which is a critical inflammatory cytokine in multiple sclerosis (MS), inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation in culture and triggers a mild ISR. Mechanistically, we further show that BZA promotes OPC differentiation in the presence of IFN-γ, while Sephin1 enhances the IFN-γ-induced ISR by reducing protein synthesis and increasing RNA stress granule formation in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Finally, pharmacological suppression of the ISR blocks stress granule formation in vitro and partially lessens the beneficial effect of Sephin1 on disease progression in a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Overall, our findings uncover distinct mechanisms of action of BZA and Sephin1 on oligodendrocyte lineage cells under inflammatory stress, suggesting that a combination therapy may effectively promote restoring neuronal function in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Deptment of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vaibhav Patil
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rejani B. Kunjamma
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haley M. Tokars
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eric D. Leisten
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Godwin Joy
- Deptment of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Samantha Wills
- Deptment of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yvette C. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Nocera S, Chan JR. Remyelination by preexisting oligodendrocytes: Glass half full or half empty? Neuron 2023; 111:1689-1691. [PMID: 37290399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The central dogma in remyelination states that the primary cellular source for myelin repair are the oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In this issue of Neuron, Mezydlo et al.1 highlight the potential of preexisting oligodendrocytes as an alternative, albeit minor, source for new myelin, with implications for demyelinating disorder research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nocera
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Caverzasi E, Papinutto N, Cordano C, Kirkish G, Gundel TJ, Zhu A, Akula AV, Boscardin WJ, Neeb H, Henry RG, Chan JR, Green AJ. MWF of the corpus callosum is a robust measure of remyelination: Results from the ReBUILD trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217635120. [PMID: 37155847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217635120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin repair is an unrealized therapeutic goal in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Uncertainty remains about the optimal techniques for assessing therapeutic efficacy and imaging biomarkers are required to measure and corroborate myelin restoration. We analyzed myelin water fraction imaging from ReBUILD, a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled (delayed treatment) remyelination trial, that showed a significant reduction in VEP latency in patients with MS. We focused on brain regions rich in myelin. Fifty MS subjects in two arms underwent 3T MRI at baseline and months 3 and 5. Half of the cohort was randomly assigned to receive treatment from baseline through 3 mo, whereas the other half received treatment from 3 mo to 5 mo post-baseline. We computed myelin water fraction changes occurring in normal-appearing white matter of corpus callosum, optic radiations, and corticospinal tracts. An increase in myelin water fraction was documented in the normal-appearing white matter of the corpus callosum, in correspondence with the administration of the remyelinating treatment clemastine. This study provides direct, biologically validated imaging-based evidence of medically induced myelin repair. Moreover, our work strongly suggests that significant myelin repair occurs outside of lesions. We therefore propose myelin water fraction within the normal-appearing white matter of the corpus callosum as a biomarker for clinical trials looking at remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Caverzasi
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nico Papinutto
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Gina Kirkish
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tristan J Gundel
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alyssa Zhu
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Amit Vijay Akula
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - W John Boscardin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Heiko Neeb
- Multimodal Imaging Physics Group, Department of Mathematics and Technology, Koblenz University of Applied Sciences, 53424 Koblenz, Germany
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Information Processing, University of Koblenz and Landau, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Roland G Henry
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Xin W, Chan JR. Motor learning revamps the myelin landscape. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1251-1252. [PMID: 36180789 PMCID: PMC10668869 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Learning requires new oligodendrogenesis, but how myelin patterns change during learning is unclear. Bacmeister et al. show that motor learning induces phase-specific changes in myelination on behaviorally activated axons that correlate with motor performance, suggesting myelin remodeling is involved in learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Xin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Abdelhak A, Cordano C, Boscardin WJ, Caverzasi E, Kuhle J, Chan B, Gelfand JM, Yiu HH, Oertel FC, Beaudry-Richard A, Condor Montes S, Oksenberg JR, Lario Lago A, Boxer A, Rojas-Martinez JC, Elahi FM, Chan JR, Green AJ. Plasma neurofilament light chain levels suggest neuroaxonal stability following therapeutic remyelination in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:jnnp-2022-329221. [PMID: 35710320 PMCID: PMC9984688 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic demyelination is a major contributor to axonal vulnerability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, remyelination could provide a potent neuroprotective strategy. The ReBUILD trial was the first study showing evidence for successful remyelination following treatment with clemastine in people with MS (pwMS) with no evidence of disease activity or progression (NEDAP). Whether remyelination was associated with neuroprotection remains unexplored. METHODS Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels were measured from ReBUILD trial's participants. Mixed linear effect models were fit for individual patients, epoch and longitudinal measurements to compare NfL concentrations between samples collected during the active and placebo treatment period. RESULTS NfL concentrations were 9.6% lower in samples collected during the active treatment with clemastine (n=53, geometric mean=6.33 pg/mL) compared to samples collected during treatment with placebo (n=73, 7.00 pg/mL) (B=-0.035 [-0.068 to -0.001], p=0.041). Applying age- and body mass index-standardised NfL Z-scores and percentiles revealed similar results (0.04 vs 0.35, and 27.5 vs 33.3, p=0.023 and 0.042, respectively). Higher NfL concentrations were associated with more delayed P100 latencies (B=1.33 [0.26 to 2.41], p=0.015). In addition, improvement of P100 latencies between visits was associated with a trend for lower NfL values (B=0.003 [-0.0004 to 0.007], p=0.081). Based on a Cohen's d of 0.248, a future 1:1 parallel-arm placebo-controlled study using a remyelinating agent with comparable effect as clemastine would need 202 subjects per group to achieve 80% power. CONCLUSIONS In pwMS, treatment with the remyelinating agent clemastine was associated with a reduction of blood NfL, suggesting that neuroprotection is achievable and measurable with therapeutic remyelination. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02040298.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhak
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christian Cordano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - W John Boscardin
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eduardo Caverzasi
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Neurology, Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brandon Chan
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hao H Yiu
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Frederike C Oertel
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shivany Condor Montes
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Argentina Lario Lago
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam Boxer
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julio C Rojas-Martinez
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fanny M Elahi
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ari J Green
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Cordano C, Sin JH, Timmons G, Yiu HH, Stebbins K, Guglielmetti C, Cruz-Herranz A, Xin W, Lorrain D, Chan JR, Green AJ. Validating visual evoked potentials as a preclinical, quantitative biomarker for remyelination efficacy. Brain 2022; 145:3943-3952. [PMID: 35678509 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biomarkers in clinical neuroscience lack pathological certification. This issue is potentially a significant contributor to the limited success of neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies for human neurological disease - and is evident even in areas with therapeutic promise such as myelin repair. Despite the identification of promising remyelinating candidates, biologically validated methods to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy or provide robust preclinical evidence of remyelination in the central nervous system are lacking. Therapies with potential to remyelinate the central nervous system constitute one of the most promising and highly anticipated therapeutic developments in the pipeline to treat multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. The optic nerve has been proposed as an informative pathway to monitor remyelination in animals and human subjects. Recent clinical trials using visual evoked potential (VEP) have had promising results, but without unequivocal evidence about the cellular and molecular basis for signal changes on VEP, the interpretation of these trials is constrained. The VEP was originally developed and utilized in the clinic as a diagnostic tool but its use as a quantitative method for assessing therapeutic response requires certification of its biological specificity. Here, using the tools of experimental pathology we demonstrate that quantitative measurements of myelination using both histopathological measures of nodal structure and ultrastructural assessments correspond to VEP latency in both inflammatory and chemical models of demyelination. VEP latency improves after treatment with a tool remyelinating compound (clemastine), mirroring both quantitative and qualitative myelin assessment. Furthermore, clemastine does not improve VEP latency following demyelinating injury when administered to a transgenic animal incapable of forming new myelin. Therefore, using the capacity for therapeutic enhancement and biological loss of function we demonstrate conclusively that VEP measures myelin status and is thereby a validated tool for preclinical verification of remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jung H Sin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Garrett Timmons
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao H Yiu
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andres Cruz-Herranz
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Bove R, Anderson A, Rowles W, Rankin KA, Hills NK, Carleton M, Cooper J, Cree BA, Gelfand JM, Graves J, Henry RG, Krysko KM, Rush G, Zamvil SS, Joffe H, Chan JR, Green A. A Hormonal therapy for menopausal women with MS: A Phase Ib/IIa Randomized Controlled Trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 61:103747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Follis RM, Tep C, Genaro-Mattos TC, Kim ML, Ryu JC, Morrison VE, Chan JR, Porter N, Carter BD, Yoon SO. Metabolic Control of Sensory Neuron Survival by the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor in Schwann Cells. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8710-8724. [PMID: 34507952 PMCID: PMC8528492 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3243-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that the neurotrophin receptor p75 contributes to sensory neuron survival through the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in Schwann cells. Selective deletion of p75 in mouse Schwann cells of either sex resulted in a 30% loss of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and diminished thermal sensitivity. P75 regulates Schwann cell cholesterol biosynthesis in response to BDNF, forming a co-receptor complex with ErbB2 and activating ErbB2-mediated stimulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2), a master regulator of cholesterol synthesis. Schwann cells lacking p75 exhibited decreased activation of SREBP2 and a reduction in 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase (DHCR7) expression, resulting in accumulation of the neurotoxic intermediate, 7-dehyrocholesterol in the sciatic nerve. Restoration of DHCR7 in p75 null Schwann cells in mice significantly attenuated DRG neuron loss. Together, these results reveal a mechanism by which the disruption of lipid metabolism in glial cells negatively influences sensory neuron survival, which has implications for a wide range of peripheral neuropathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although expressed in Schwann cells, the role of p75 in myelination has remained unresolved in part because of its dual expression in sensory neurons that Schwann cells myelinate. When p75 was deleted selectively among Schwann cells, myelination was minimally affected, while sensory neuron survival was reduced by 30%. The phenotype is mainly due to dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in p75-deficient Schwann cells, leading to an accumulation of neurotoxic cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Mechanism-wise, we discovered that in response to BDNF, p75 recruits and activates ErbB2 independently of ErbB3, thereby stimulating the master regulator, sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2). These results together highlight a novel role of p75 in Schwann cells in regulating DRG neuron survival by orchestrating proper cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Follis
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Chhavy Tep
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Arts and Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Mi Lyang Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jae Cheon Ryu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vivianne E Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Ned Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Arts and Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Bruce D Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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13
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Pan S, Chan JR. Clinical Applications of Myelin Plasticity for Remyelinating Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:558-567. [PMID: 34402546 PMCID: PMC8555870 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) and subsequent axonal degeneration represent a major cause of clinical morbidity. Learning, salient experiences, and stimulation of neuronal activity induce new myelin formation in rodents, and in animal models of demyelination, remyelination can be enhanced via experience- and activity-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, preliminary studies in MS patients support the use of neuromodulation and rehabilitation exercises for symptomatic improvement, suggesting that these interventions may represent nonpharmacological strategies for promoting remyelination. Here, we review the literature on myelin plasticity processes and assess the potential to leverage these mechanisms to develop remyelinating therapies. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:558-567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco
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14
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Niu J, Yu G, Wang X, Xia W, Wang Y, Hoi KK, Mei F, Xiao L, Chan JR, Fancy SPJ. Oligodendroglial ring finger protein Rnf43 is an essential injury-specific regulator of oligodendrocyte maturation. Neuron 2021; 109:3104-3118.e6. [PMID: 34390652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation arrest in human white matter injury contributes significantly to the failure of endogenous remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) and newborn brain injuries such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) that cause cerebral palsy. In this study, we identify an oligodendroglial-intrinsic factor that controls OL maturation specifically in the setting of injury. We find a requirement for the ring finger protein Rnf43 not in normal development but in neonatal hypoxic injury and remyelination in the adult mammalian CNS. Rnf43, but not the related Znrf3, is potently activated by Wnt signaling in OL progenitor cells (OPCs) and marks activated OPCs in human MS and HIE. Rnf43 is required in an injury-specific context, and it promotes OPC differentiation through negative regulation of Wnt signal strength in OPCs at the level of Fzd1 receptor presentation on the cell surface. Inhibition of Fzd1 using UM206 promotes remyelination following ex vivo and in vivo demyelinating injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Niu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Guangdan Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenlong Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kimberly K Hoi
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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15
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Chen JF, Liu K, Hu B, Li RR, Xin W, Chen H, Wang F, Chen L, Li RX, Ren SY, Xiao L, Chan JR, Mei F. Enhancing myelin renewal reverses cognitive dysfunction in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2021; 109:2292-2307.e5. [PMID: 34102111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe cognitive decline is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to gray matter loss, significant white matter pathology has been identified in AD patients. Here, we characterized the dynamics of myelin generation and loss in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Unexpectedly, we observed a dramatic increase in the rate of new myelin formation in APP/PS1 mice, reminiscent of the robust oligodendroglial response to demyelination. Despite this increase, overall levels of myelination are decreased in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and postmortem AD tissue. Genetically or pharmacologically enhancing myelin renewal, by oligodendroglial deletion of the muscarinic M1 receptor or systemic administration of the pro-myelinating drug clemastine, improved the performance of APP/PS1 mice in memory-related tasks and increased hippocampal sharp wave ripples. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of enhancing myelination as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate AD-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fei Chen
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rong-Rong Li
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wendy Xin
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rui-Xue Li
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shu-Yu Ren
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Feng Mei
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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16
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Chen Y, Kunjamma RB, Weiner M, Chan JR, Popko B. Prolonging the integrated stress response enhances CNS remyelination in an inflammatory environment. eLife 2021; 10:65469. [PMID: 33752802 PMCID: PMC7987340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory environment of demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients contributes to remyelination failure. Inflammation activates a cytoprotective pathway, the integrated stress response (ISR), but it remains unclear whether enhancing the ISR can improve remyelination in an inflammatory environment. To examine this possibility, the remyelination stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as well as a mouse model that incorporates cuprizone-induced demyelination along with CNS delivery of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ were used here. We demonstrate that either genetic or pharmacological ISR enhancement significantly increased the number of remyelinating oligodendrocytes and remyelinated axons in the inflammatory lesions. Moreover, the combined treatment of the ISR modulator Sephin1 with the oligodendrocyte differentiation enhancing reagent bazedoxifene increased myelin thickness of remyelinated axons to pre-lesion levels. Taken together, our findings indicate that prolonging the ISR protects remyelinating oligodendrocytes and promotes remyelination in the presence of inflammation, suggesting that ISR enhancement may provide reparative benefit to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Rejani B Kunjamma
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Molly Weiner
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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17
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Chang KJ, Agrawal I, Vainshtein A, Ho WY, Xin W, Tucker-Kellogg G, Susuki K, Peles E, Ling SC, Chan JR. TDP-43 maximizes nerve conduction velocity by repressing a cryptic exon for paranodal junction assembly in Schwann cells. eLife 2021; 10:64456. [PMID: 33689679 PMCID: PMC7946431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 is extensively studied in neurons in physiological and pathological contexts. However, emerging evidence indicates that glial cells are also reliant on TDP-43 function. We demonstrate that deletion of TDP-43 in Schwann cells results in a dramatic delay in peripheral nerve conduction causing significant motor deficits in mice, which is directly attributed to the absence of paranodal axoglial junctions. By contrast, paranodes in the central nervous system are unaltered in oligodendrocytes lacking TDP-43. Mechanistically, TDP-43 binds directly to Neurofascin mRNA, encoding the cell adhesion molecule essential for paranode assembly and maintenance. Loss of TDP-43 triggers the retention of a previously unidentified cryptic exon, which targets Neurofascin mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay. Thus, TDP-43 is required for neurofascin expression, proper assembly and maintenance of paranodes, and rapid saltatory conduction. Our findings provide a framework and mechanism for how Schwann cell-autonomous dysfunction in nerve conduction is directly caused by TDP-43 loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae-Jiun Chang
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ira Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Vainshtein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keiichiro Susuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, United States
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Medicine Healthy Longevity Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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18
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Pease-Raissi SE, Chan JR. Building a (w)rapport between neurons and oligodendroglia: Reciprocal interactions underlying adaptive myelination. Neuron 2021; 109:1258-1273. [PMID: 33621477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin, multilayered lipid-rich membrane extensions formed by oligodendrocytes around neuronal axons, is essential for fast and efficient action potential propagation in the central nervous system. Initially thought to be a static and immutable process, myelination is now appreciated to be a dynamic process capable of responding to and modulating neuronal function throughout life. While the importance of this type of plasticity, called adaptive myelination, is now well accepted, we are only beginning to understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons communicate experience-driven circuit activation to oligodendroglia and precisely how changes in oligodendrocytes and their myelin refine neuronal function. Here, we review recent findings addressing this reciprocal relationship in which neurons alter oligodendroglial form and oligodendrocytes conversely modulate neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Pease-Raissi
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Throughout our lifespan, new sensory experiences and learning continually shape our neuronal circuits to form new memories. Plasticity at the level of synapses has been recognized and studied for decades, but recent work has revealed an additional form of plasticity - affecting oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheaths they produce - that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. In this Review, we summarize recent work characterizing plasticity in the oligodendrocyte lineage following sensory experience and learning, the physiological and behavioural consequences of manipulating that plasticity, and the evidence for oligodendrocyte and myelin dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders with cognitive symptoms. We also discuss the limitations of existing approaches and the conceptual and technical advances that are needed to move forward this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Xin
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Le Ster M, Chan JR, Ruck BJ, Brown SA, Natali F. Removable capping layer for air-sensitive GdN. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:275709. [PMID: 32208377 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab82d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The strongly correlated rare earth nitrides display unusual coupled magnetic, electronic and superconducting properties, with predicted topological states. However, their air-sensitiveness has prevented in-depth investigations of their properties. In this paper, we show that a 100 nm thick epitaxial samarium layer provides adequate passivation of 100 nm thick thin films of gadolinium nitride (GdN), the prototypical rare earth nitride, enabling ex-situ magnetic and structural characterizations. Using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, we investigate the thermal desorption of the samarium layer under vacuum. We finally demonstrate successful removal of the samarium capping layer in a separate vacuum chamber after exposure to air using a combination of argon ion sputtering and thermal desorption at 400 °C, recovering the GdN surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Le Ster
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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21
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Wang F, Ren SY, Chen JF, Liu K, Li RX, Li ZF, Hu B, Niu JQ, Xiao L, Chan JR, Mei F. Myelin degeneration and diminished myelin renewal contribute to age-related deficits in memory. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:481-486. [PMID: 32042174 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline remains an unaddressed problem for the elderly. We show that myelination is highly active in young mice and greatly inhibited in aged mice, coinciding with spatial memory deficits. Inhibiting myelination by deletion of Olig2 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells impairs spatial memory in young mice, while enhancing myelination by deleting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, or promoting oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination via clemastine treatment, rescues spatial memory decline during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Yu Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Fei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui-Xue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Qin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jonah R Chan
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination in the central nervous system. In this issue of Immunity, Werneberg et al. report a striking loss of synapses driven by excessive microglial pruning early in demyelinating disease, which can be rescued by inhibiting the complement component C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology and the Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and the Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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23
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Harty BL, Coelho F, Pease-Raissi SE, Mogha A, Ackerman SD, Herbert AL, Gereau RW, Golden JP, Lyons DA, Chan JR, Monk KR. Myelinating Schwann cells ensheath multiple axons in the absence of E3 ligase component Fbxw7. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2976. [PMID: 31278268 PMCID: PMC6611888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons; in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate a single axon. Why are the myelinating potentials of these glia so fundamentally different? Here, we find that loss of Fbxw7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase component, enhances the myelinating potential of SCs. Fbxw7 mutant SCs make thicker myelin sheaths and sometimes appear to myelinate multiple axons in a fashion reminiscent of oligodendrocytes. Several Fbxw7 mutant phenotypes are due to dysregulation of mTOR; however, the remarkable ability of mutant SCs to ensheathe multiple axons is independent of mTOR signaling. This indicates distinct roles for Fbxw7 in SC biology including modes of axon interactions previously thought to fundamentally distinguish myelinating SCs from oligodendrocytes. Our data reveal unexpected plasticity in the myelinating potential of SCs, which may have important implications for our understanding of both PNS and CNS myelination and myelin repair. The authors find that deletion from Schwann cells of an E3 ubiquitin ligase component called Fbxw7 leads to a phenotype reminiscent of myelination in the central nervous system where a single oligodendrocyte ensheaths multiple axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne L Harty
- Thaden School, 410 SE Staggerwing Lane, Bentonville, AR, 72712, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fernanda Coelho
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah E Pease-Raissi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amit Mogha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1440 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Amy L Herbert
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 279W. Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Judith P Golden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Brain Discovery Sciences, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Osso
- UCSF Weill Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- UCSF Weill Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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25
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Niu J, Tsai HH, Hoi KK, Huang N, Yu G, Kim K, Baranzini SE, Xiao L, Chan JR, Fancy SPJ. Aberrant oligodendroglial-vascular interactions disrupt the blood-brain barrier, triggering CNS inflammation. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:709-718. [PMID: 30988524 PMCID: PMC6486410 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical to initiation and perpetuation of disease in multiple sclerosis (MS). We report an interaction between oligodendroglia and vasculature in MS that distinguishes human white matter injury from normal rodent demyelinating injury. We find perivascular clustering of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in certain active MS lesions, representing an inability to properly detach from vessels following perivascular migration. Perivascular OPCs can themselves disrupt the BBB, interfering with astrocyte endfeet and endothelial tight junction integrity, resulting in altered vascular permeability and an associated CNS inflammation. Aberrant Wnt tone in OPCs mediates their dysfunctional vascular detachment and also leads to OPC secretion of Wif1, which interferes with Wnt ligand function on endothelial tight junction integrity. Evidence for this defective oligodendroglial-vascular interaction in MS suggests that aberrant OPC perivascular migration not only impairs their lesion recruitment but can also act as a disease perpetuator via disruption of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Niu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly K Hoi
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nanxin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangdan Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kicheol Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Cree BAC, Niu J, Hoi KK, Zhao C, Caganap SD, Henry RG, Dao DQ, Zollinger DR, Mei F, Shen YAA, Franklin RJM, Ullian EM, Xiao L, Chan JR, Fancy SPJ. Clemastine rescues myelination defects and promotes functional recovery in hypoxic brain injury. Brain 2019; 141:85-98. [PMID: 29244098 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia can injure brain white matter tracts, comprised of axons and myelinating oligodendrocytes, leading to cerebral palsy in neonates and delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) in adults. In these conditions, white matter injury can be followed by myelin regeneration, but myelination often fails and is a significant contributor to fixed demyelinated lesions, with ensuing permanent neurological injury. Non-myelinating oligodendrocyte precursor cells are often found in lesions in plentiful numbers, but fail to mature, suggesting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation arrest as a critical contributor to failed myelination in hypoxia. We report a case of an adult patient who developed the rare condition DPHL and made a nearly complete recovery in the setting of treatment with clemastine, a widely available antihistamine that in preclinical models promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation. This suggested possible therapeutic benefit in the more clinically prevalent hypoxic injury of newborns, and we demonstrate in murine neonatal hypoxic injury that clemastine dramatically promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, myelination, and improves functional recovery. We show that its effect in hypoxia is oligodendroglial specific via an effect on the M1 muscarinic receptor on oligodendrocyte precursor cells. We propose clemastine as a potential therapy for hypoxic brain injuries associated with white matter injury and oligodendrocyte precursor cell maturation arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A C Cree
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kimberly K Hoi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Scott D Caganap
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Roland G Henry
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dang Q Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel R Zollinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yun-An A Shen
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jonah R Chan
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Division of Neonatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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27
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Jiang M, Rao R, Wang J, Wang J, Xu L, Wu LM, Chan JR, Wang H, Lu QR. The TSC1-mTOR-PLK axis regulates the homeostatic switch from Schwann cell proliferation to myelination in a stage-specific manner. Glia 2018; 66:1947-1959. [PMID: 29722913 PMCID: PMC6185760 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proper peripheral myelination depends upon the balance between Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation programs. The serine/threonine kinase mTOR integrates various environmental cues to serve as a central regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and function. We report here that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), a negative regulator of mTOR activity, establishes a stage-dependent program for Schwann cell lineage progression and myelination by controlling cell proliferation and myelin homeostasis. Tsc1 ablation in Schwann cell progenitors in mice resulted in activation of mTOR signaling, and caused over-proliferation of Schwann cells and blocked their differentiation, leading to hypomyelination. Transcriptome profiling analysis revealed that mTOR activation in Tsc1 mutants resulted in upregulation of a polo-like kinase (PLK)-dependent pathway and cell cycle regulators. Attenuation of mTOR or pharmacological inhibition of polo-like kinases partially rescued hypomyelination caused by Tsc1 loss in the developing peripheral nerves. In contrast, deletion of Tsc1 in mature Schwann cells led to redundant and overgrown myelin sheaths in adult mice. Together, our findings indicate stage-specific functions for the TSC1-mTOR-PLK signaling axis in controlling the transition from proliferation to differentiation and myelin homeostasis during Schwann cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqing Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rohit Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lingli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lai Man Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Department of Neurology and Programs in Biomedical and Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Huimin Wang
- The Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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28
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Almeida RG, Pan S, Cole KLH, Williamson JM, Early JJ, Czopka T, Klingseisen A, Chan JR, Lyons DA. Myelination of Neuronal Cell Bodies when Myelin Supply Exceeds Axonal Demand. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1296-1305.e5. [PMID: 29628374 PMCID: PMC5912901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The correct targeting of myelin is essential for nervous system formation and function. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS myelinate some axons, but not others, and do not myelinate structures including cell bodies and dendrites [1]. Recent studies indicate that extrinsic signals, such as neuronal activity [2, 3] and cell adhesion molecules [4], can bias myelination toward some axons and away from cell bodies and dendrites, indicating that, in vivo, neuronal and axonal cues regulate myelin targeting. In vitro, however, oligodendrocytes have an intrinsic propensity to myelinate [5, 6, 7] and can promiscuously wrap inert synthetic structures resembling neuronal processes [8, 9] or cell bodies [4]. A current therapeutic goal for the treatment of demyelinating diseases is to greatly promote oligodendrogenesis [10, 11, 12, 13]; thus, it is important to test how accurately extrinsic signals regulate the oligodendrocyte’s intrinsic program of myelination in vivo. Here, we test the hypothesis that neurons regulate myelination with sufficient stringency to always ensure correct targeting. Surprisingly, however, we find that myelin targeting in vivo is not very stringent and that mistargeting occurs readily when oligodendrocyte and myelin supply exceed axonal demand. We find that myelin is mistargeted to neuronal cell bodies in zebrafish mutants with fewer axons and independently in drug-treated zebrafish with increased oligodendrogenesis. Additionally, by increasing myelin production of oligodendrocytes in zebrafish and mice, we find that excess myelin is also inappropriately targeted to cell bodies. Our results suggest that balancing oligodendrocyte-intrinsic programs of myelin supply with axonal demand is essential for correct myelin targeting in vivo and highlight potential liabilities of strongly promoting oligodendrogenesis. Balance between axons and myelin production regulates its targeting in vivo Excess myelin is mistargeted to cell bodies Low, but not zero, level of mistargeting during normal development Potential implications for myelin-promoting therapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Simon Pan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katy L H Cole
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jill M Williamson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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29
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Abstract
White matter abnormalities are prevalent in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether these abnormalities represent a cause or consequence of these disorders. Reduced levels of the myelin protein 2'-3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) are associated with the schizophrenic symptom catatonia in both humans and mouse models. In this issue of the JCI, Janova et al. show that reduced CNP levels correlate with catatonia and white matter inflammation in human subjects. Furthermore, they demonstrate that microglial ablation prevents and alleviates catatonic signs in Cnp-/- mice, indicating that microglial-mediated inflammation causes catatonia. Together, this study identifies a cellular mechanism by which subtle myelin abnormalities cause low-grade neuroinflammation and catatonic behavior.
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30
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Green AJ, Gelfand JM, Cree BA, Bevan C, Boscardin WJ, Mei F, Inman J, Arnow S, Devereux M, Abounasr A, Nobuta H, Zhu A, Friessen M, Gerona R, von Büdingen HC, Henry RG, Hauser SL, Chan JR. Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet 2017; 390:2481-2489. [PMID: 29029896 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS characterised by immune-mediated destruction of myelin and progressive neuroaxonal loss. Myelin in the CNS is a specialised extension of the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane and clemastine fumarate can stimulate differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro, in animal models, and in human cells. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of clemastine fumarate as a treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS We did this single-centre, 150-day, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (ReBUILD) in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis with chronic demyelinating optic neuropathy on stable immunomodulatory therapy. Patients who fulfilled international panel criteria for diagnosis with disease duration of less than 15 years were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via block randomisation using a random number generator to receive either clemastine fumarate (5·36 mg orally twice daily) for 90 days followed by placebo for 60 days (group 1), or placebo for 90 days followed by clemastine fumarate (5·36 mg orally twice daily) for 60 days (group 2). The primary outcome was shortening of P100 latency delay on full-field, pattern-reversal, visual-evoked potentials. We analysed by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02040298. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 2014, and April 11, 2015, we randomly assigned 50 patients to group 1 (n=25) or group 2 (n=25). All patients completed the study. The primary efficacy endpoint was met with clemastine fumarate treatment, which reduced the latency delay by 1·7 ms/eye (95% CI 0·5-2·9; p=0·0048) when analysing the trial as a crossover. Clemastine fumarate treatment was associated with fatigue, but no serious adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION To our knowledge, this is the first randomised controlled trial to document efficacy of a remyelinating drug for the treatment of chronic demyelinating injury in multiple sclerosis. Our findings suggest that myelin repair can be achieved even following prolonged damage. FUNDING University of California, San Francisco and the Rachleff Family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce A Cree
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Bevan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W John Boscardin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin Inman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sam Arnow
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Devereux
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aya Abounasr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery and Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Zhu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matt Friessen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roy Gerona
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Roland G Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, and San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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Pan S, Chan JR. Regulation and dysregulation of axon infrastructure by myelinating glia. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3903-3916. [PMID: 29114067 PMCID: PMC5716274 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pan and Chan discuss the role of myelinating glia in axonal development and the impact of demyelination on axon degeneration. Axon loss and neurodegeneration constitute clinically debilitating sequelae in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms of secondary degeneration are not well understood. Myelinating glia play a fundamental role in promoting the maturation of the axon cytoskeleton, regulating axon trafficking parameters, and imposing architectural rearrangements such as the nodes of Ranvier and their associated molecular domains. In the setting of demyelination, these changes may be reversed or persist as maladaptive features, leading to axon degeneration. In this review, we consider recent insights into axon–glial interactions during development and disease to propose that disruption of the cytoskeleton, nodal architecture, and other components of axon infrastructure is a potential mediator of pathophysiological damage after demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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32
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Petersen MA, Ryu JK, Chang KJ, Etxeberria A, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, Kamau-Devers W, Fancy SPJ, Thor A, Bushong EA, Baeza-Raja B, Syme CA, Wu MD, Rios Coronado PE, Meyer-Franke A, Yahn S, Pous L, Lee JK, Schachtrup C, Lassmann H, Huang EJ, Han MH, Absinta M, Reich DS, Ellisman MH, Rowitch DH, Chan JR, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen Activates BMP Signaling in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Inhibits Remyelination after Vascular Damage. Neuron 2017; 96:1003-1012.e7. [PMID: 29103804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption alters the composition of the brain microenvironment by allowing blood proteins into the CNS. However, whether blood-derived molecules serve as extrinsic inhibitors of remyelination is unknown. Here we show that the coagulation factor fibrinogen activates the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and suppresses remyelination. Fibrinogen induces phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and inhibits OPC differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) while promoting an astrocytic fate in vitro. Fibrinogen effects are rescued by BMP type I receptor inhibition using dorsomorphin homolog 1 (DMH1) or CRISPR/Cas9 activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) knockout in OPCs. Fibrinogen and the BMP target Id2 are increased in demyelinated multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Therapeutic depletion of fibrinogen decreases BMP signaling and enhances remyelination in vivo. Targeting fibrinogen may be an upstream therapeutic strategy to promote the regenerative potential of CNS progenitors in diseases with remyelination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kae-Jiun Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ainhoa Etxeberria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Wanjiru Kamau-Devers
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Berkeley City College, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Thor
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Wu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lauriane Pous
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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33
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Domingues HS, Cruz A, Chan JR, Relvas JB, Rubinstein B, Pinto IM. Mechanical plasticity during oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Glia 2017; 66:5-14. [PMID: 28940651 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, oligodendrocyte precursor cells are exclusive in their potential to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells migrate within the parenchyma and extend cell membrane protrusions that ultimately evolve into myelinating sheaths able to wrap neuronal axons and significantly increase their electrical conductivity. The subcellular force generating mechanisms driving morphological and functional transformations during oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination remain elusive. In this review, we highlight the mechanical processes governing oligodendrocyte plasticity in a dynamic interaction with the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Cruz
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - I3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Boris Rubinstein
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, Braga, Portugal
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34
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Dombrowski Y, O'Hagan T, Dittmer M, Penalva R, Mayoral SR, Bankhead P, Fleville S, Eleftheriadis G, Zhao C, Naughton M, Hassan R, Moffat J, Falconer J, Boyd A, Hamilton P, Allen IV, Kissenpfennig A, Moynagh PN, Evergren E, Perbal B, Williams AC, Ingram RJ, Chan JR, Franklin RJM, Fitzgerald DC. Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:674-680. [PMID: 28288125 PMCID: PMC5409501 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of CNS myelin involves differentiation of oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In multiple sclerosis, remyelination can fail despite abundant oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation. T cells infiltrate the CNS in multiple sclerosis, yet little is known about T cell functions in remyelination. We report that regulatory T cells (Treg) promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Treg-deficient mice exhibited substantially impaired remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was rescued by adoptive transfer of Treg. In brain slice cultures, Treg accelerated developmental myelination and remyelination, even in the absence of overt inflammation. Treg directly promoted oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination in vitro. We identified CCN3 as a Treg-derived mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vitro. These findings reveal a new regenerative function of Treg in the CNS, distinct from immunomodulation. Although the cells were originally named 'Treg' to reflect immunoregulatory roles, this also captures emerging, regenerative Treg functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dombrowski
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Thomas O'Hagan
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie Dittmer
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rosana Penalva
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sonia R Mayoral
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Bankhead
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Samara Fleville
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - George Eleftheriadis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Naughton
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rachel Hassan
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jill Moffat
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John Falconer
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amanda Boyd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Hamilton
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ingrid V Allen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Emma Evergren
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Bernard Perbal
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, Nice, France.,International CCN Society, Paris, France
| | - Anna C Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca J Ingram
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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35
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Mei F, Lehmann-Horn K, Shen YAA, Rankin KA, Stebbins KJ, Lorrain DS, Pekarek K, A Sagan S, Xiao L, Teuscher C, von Büdingen HC, Wess J, Lawrence JJ, Green AJ, Fancy SP, Zamvil SS, Chan JR. Accelerated remyelination during inflammatory demyelination prevents axonal loss and improves functional recovery. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27671734 PMCID: PMC5039026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Demyelination in MS disrupts nerve signals and contributes to axon degeneration. While remyelination promises to restore lost function, it remains unclear whether remyelination will prevent axonal loss. Inflammatory demyelination is accompanied by significant neuronal loss in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model and evidence for remyelination in this model is complicated by ongoing inflammation, degeneration and possible remyelination. Demonstrating the functional significance of remyelination necessitates selectively altering the timing of remyelination relative to inflammation and degeneration. We demonstrate accelerated remyelination after EAE induction by direct lineage analysis and hypothesize that newly formed myelin remains stable at the height of inflammation due in part to the absence of MOG expression in immature myelin. Oligodendroglial-specific genetic ablation of the M1 muscarinic receptor, a potent negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, results in accelerated remyelination, preventing axonal loss and improving functional recovery. Together our findings demonstrate that accelerated remyelination supports axonal integrity and neuronal function after inflammatory demyelination. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18246.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Mei
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yun-An A Shen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kelsey A Rankin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | - Kara Pekarek
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sharon A Sagan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - J Josh Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock, United States
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stephen Pj Fancy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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36
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Redmond SA, Mei F, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Osso LA, Leshkowitz D, Shen YAA, Kay JN, Aurrand-Lions M, Lyons DA, Peles E, Chan JR. Somatodendritic Expression of JAM2 Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Myelination. Neuron 2016; 91:824-836. [PMID: 27499083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelination occurs selectively around neuronal axons to increase the efficiency and velocity of action potentials. While oligodendrocytes are capable of myelinating permissive structures in the absence of molecular cues, structurally permissive neuronal somata and dendrites remain unmyelinated. Utilizing a purified spinal cord neuron-oligodendrocyte myelinating co-culture system, we demonstrate that disruption of dynamic neuron-oligodendrocyte signaling by chemical cross-linking results in aberrant myelination of the somatodendritic compartment of neurons. We hypothesize that an inhibitory somatodendritic cue is necessary to prevent non-axonal myelination. Using next-generation sequencing and candidate profiling, we identify neuronal junction adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) as an inhibitory myelin-guidance molecule. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the somatodendritic compartment directly inhibits myelination and suggest a model in which broadly indiscriminate myelination is tailored by inhibitory signaling to meet local myelination requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lindsay A Osso
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yun-An A Shen
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeremy N Kay
- Departments of Neurobiology and Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR1068, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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37
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Etxeberria A, Hokanson KC, Dao DQ, Mayoral SR, Mei F, Redmond SA, Ullian EM, Chan JR. Dynamic Modulation of Myelination in Response to Visual Stimuli Alters Optic Nerve Conduction Velocity. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6937-48. [PMID: 27358452 PMCID: PMC4926240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0908-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Myelin controls the time required for an action potential to travel from the neuronal soma to the axon terminal, defining the temporal manner in which information is processed within the CNS. The presence of myelin, the internodal length, and the thickness of the myelin sheath are powerful structural factors that control the velocity and fidelity of action potential transmission. Emerging evidence indicates that myelination is sensitive to environmental experience and neuronal activity. Activity-dependent modulation of myelination can dynamically alter action potential conduction properties but direct functional in vivo evidence and characterization of the underlying myelin changes is lacking. We demonstrate that in mice long-term monocular deprivation increases oligodendrogenesis in the retinogeniculate pathway but shortens myelin internode lengths without affecting other structural properties of myelinated fibers. We also demonstrate that genetically attenuating synaptic glutamate neurotransmission from retinal ganglion cells phenocopies the changes observed after monocular deprivation, suggesting that glutamate may constitute a signal for myelin length regulation. Importantly, we demonstrate that visual deprivation and shortened internodes are associated with a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity in the optic nerve. Our results reveal the importance of sensory input in the building of myelinated fibers and suggest that this activity-dependent alteration of myelination is important for modifying the conductive properties of brain circuits in response to environmental experience. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oligodendrocyte precursor cells differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and are capable of ensheathing axons with myelin without molecular cues from neurons. However, this default myelination process can be modulated by changes in neuronal activity. Here, we show, for the first time, that experience-dependent activity modifies the length of myelin internodes along axons altering action potential conduction velocity. Such a mechanism would allow for variations in conduction velocities that provide a degree of plasticity in accordance to environmental needs. It will be important in future work to investigate how these changes in myelination and conduction velocity contribute to signal integration in postsynaptic neurons and circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Etxeberria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Kenton C Hokanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Dang Q Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and
| | - Sonia R Mayoral
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
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38
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Lee S, Shang Y, Redmond SA, Urisman A, Tang AA, Li KH, Burlingame AL, Pak RA, Jovičić A, Gitler AD, Wang J, Gray NS, Seeley WW, Siddique T, Bigio EH, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Chan JR, Huang EJ. Activation of HIPK2 Promotes ER Stress-Mediated Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neuron 2016; 91:41-55. [PMID: 27321923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent accumulation of misfolded proteins causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a prominent feature in many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we report the identification of homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) as the essential link that promotes ER-stress-induced cell death via the IRE1α-ASK1-JNK pathway. ER stress, induced by tunicamycin or SOD1(G93A), activates HIPK2 by phosphorylating highly conserved serine and threonine residues (S359/T360) within the activation loop of the HIPK2 kinase domain. In SOD1(G93A) mice, loss of HIPK2 delays disease onset, reduces cell death in spinal motor neurons, mitigates glial pathology, and improves survival. Remarkably, HIPK2 activation positively correlates with TDP-43 proteinopathy in NEFH-tTA/tetO-hTDP-43ΔNLS mice, sporadic ALS and C9ORF72 ALS, and blocking HIPK2 kinase activity protects motor neurons from TDP-43 cytotoxicity. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of HIPK2 activation in ER-stress-mediated neurodegeneration and its potential role as a biomarker and therapeutic target for ALS. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebum Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yulei Shang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amy A Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ryan A Pak
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ana Jovičić
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School & Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School & Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Teepu Siddique
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine and Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Pathology Service 113B, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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39
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Chang KJ, Redmond SA, Chan JR. Remodeling myelination: implications for mechanisms of neural plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:190-7. [PMID: 26814588 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant paradigm shifts in membrane remodeling is the emerging view that membrane transformation is not exclusively controlled by cytoskeletal rearrangement, but also by biophysical constraints, adhesive forces, membrane curvature and compaction. One of the most exquisite examples of membrane remodeling is myelination. The advent of myelin was instrumental in advancing the nervous system during vertebrate evolution. With more rapid and efficient communication between neurons, faster and more complex computations could be performed in a given time and space. Our knowledge of how myelin-forming oligodendrocytes select and wrap axons has been limited by insufficient spatial and temporal resolution. By virtue of recent technological advances, progress has clarified longstanding controversies in the field. Here we review insights into myelination, from target selection to axon wrapping and membrane compaction, and discuss how understanding these processes has unexpectedly opened new avenues of insight into myelination-centered mechanisms of neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae-Jiun Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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40
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Mayoral SR, Chan JR. The environment rules: spatiotemporal regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:47-52. [PMID: 27128881 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During development oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) rapidly proliferate and migrate throughout the central nervous system. The mobilization of OPCs is followed by terminal differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes and the subsequent myelination of axons. Differentiation of OPCs is CNS-wide and robust, and yet spatially and temporally restricted. What factors control this precise and coordinated differentiation effort? We discuss evidence for both intrinsic and extrinsic cues in regulating OPC differentiation and gather that extrinsic cues play the leading role in regulating the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Mayoral
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is being increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of cognitive impairments in various neurological conditions. Habbas et al. demonstrate that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha signals through astrocytes to alter synaptic transmission and impair cognition in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Osso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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42
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Tsai HH, Niu J, Munji R, Davalos D, Chang J, Zhang H, Tien AC, Kuo CJ, Chan JR, Daneman R, Fancy SPJ. Oligodendrocyte precursors migrate along vasculature in the developing nervous system. Science 2016; 351:379-84. [PMID: 26798014 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the central nervous system and develop from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that must first migrate extensively during brain and spinal cord development. We show that OPCs require the vasculature as a physical substrate for migration. We observed that OPCs of the embryonic mouse brain and spinal cord, as well as the human cortex, emerge from progenitor domains and associate with the abluminal endothelial surface of nearby blood vessels. Migrating OPCs crawl along and jump between vessels. OPC migration in vivo was disrupted in mice with defective vascular architecture but was normal in mice lacking pericytes. Thus, physical interactions with the vascular endothelium are required for OPC migration. We identify Wnt-Cxcr4 (chemokine receptor 4) signaling in regulation of OPC-endothelial interactions and propose that this signaling coordinates OPC migration with differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Roeben Munji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Junlei Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA. Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - An-Chi Tien
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Division of Neonatology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Newborn Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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43
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von Büdingen HC, Mei F, Greenfield A, Jahn S, Shen YAA, Reid HH, McKemy DD, Chan JR. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein directly binds nerve growth factor to modulate central axon circuitry. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:891-8. [PMID: 26347141 PMCID: PMC4576870 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201504106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, expressed on the outermost lamellae of the
myelin sheath, is a novel and specific binding partner for NGF that may modulate
local concentrations of the neurotrophin in the spinal cord microenvironment. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a central nervous system myelin-specific
molecule expressed on the outer lamellae of myelin. To date, the exact function of
MOG has remained unknown, with MOG knockout mice displaying normal myelin
ultrastructure and no apparent specific phenotype. In this paper, we identify nerve
growth factor (NGF) as a binding partner for MOG and demonstrate that this
interaction is capable of sequestering NGF from TrkA-expressing neurons to modulate
axon growth and survival. Deletion of MOG results in aberrant sprouting of
nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord. Binding of NGF to MOG may offer widespread
implications into mechanisms that underlie pain pathways.
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44
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Burns ML, Malott TM, Metcalf KJ, Puguh A, Chan JR, Shusta EV. Pro-region engineering for improved yeast display and secretion of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:425-36. [PMID: 26580314 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a promising therapeutic candidate for a variety of neurological diseases. However, it is difficult to produce as a recombinant protein. In its native mammalian context, BDNF is first produced as a pro-protein with subsequent proteolytic removal of the pro-region to yield mature BDNF protein. Therefore, in an attempt to improve yeast as a host for heterologous BDNF production, the BDNF pro-region was first evaluated for its effects on BDNF surface display and secretion. Addition of the wild-type pro-region to yeast BDNF production constructs improved BDNF folding both as a surface-displayed and secreted protein in terms of binding its natural receptors TrkB and p75, but titers remained low. Looking to further enhance the chaperone-like functions provided by the pro-region, two rounds of directed evolution were performed, yielding mutated pro-regions that further improved the display and secretion properties of BDNF. Subsequent optimization of the protease recognition site was used to control whether the produced protein was in pro- or mature BDNF forms. Taken together, we have demonstrated an effective strategy for improving BDNF compatibility with yeast protein engineering and secretion platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Burns
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas M Malott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin J Metcalf
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arthya Puguh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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45
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von Büdingen HC, Mei F, Greenfield AL, Jahn S, Shen YA, Reid H, McKemy D, Chan JR. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein directly binds nerve growth factor to modulate central axon circuitry. J Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.21210oia76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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46
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Shen YAA, Chen Y, Dao DQ, Mayoral SR, Wu L, Meijer D, Ullian EM, Chan JR, Lu QR. Phosphorylation of LKB1/Par-4 establishes Schwann cell polarity to initiate and control myelin extent. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4991. [PMID: 25255972 PMCID: PMC4334370 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schwann cell (SC)-axon interface represents a membrane specialization that integrates axonal signals to coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics resulting in myelination. Here we show that LKB1/Par-4 is asymmetrically localized to the SC-axon interface and colocalizes with the polarity protein Par-3. Using purified SCs and myelinating cocultures, we demonstrate that localization is dependent on the phosphorylation of LKB1 at serine-431. SC-specific deletion of LKB1 significantly attenuates developmental myelination, delaying the initiation and altering the myelin extent into adulthood, resulting in a 30% reduction in the conduction velocity along adult sciatic nerves. Phosphorylation of LKB1 by protein kinase A is essential to establish the asymmetric localization of LKB1 and Par-3 and rescues the delay in myelination observed in the SC-specific knockout of LKB1. Our findings suggest that SC polarity may coordinate multiple signaling complexes that couple SC-axon contact to the redistribution of specific membrane components necessary to initiate and control myelin extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-An A Shen
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Brain Cancer Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 [2] Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 61004, China
| | - Dang Q Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Physiology and Programs in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sonia R Mayoral
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Laiman Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Cancer Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Dies Meijer
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Physiology and Programs in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Cancer Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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47
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Mei F, Fancy SPJ, Shen YAA, Niu J, Zhao C, Presley B, Miao E, Lee S, Mayoral SR, Redmond SA, Etxeberria A, Xiao L, Franklin RJM, Green A, Hauser SL, Chan JR. Micropillar arrays as a high-throughput screening platform for therapeutics in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 2014; 20:954-960. [PMID: 24997607 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional screening for compounds that promote remyelination represents a major hurdle in the development of rational therapeutics for multiple sclerosis. Screening for remyelination is problematic, as myelination requires the presence of axons. Standard methods do not resolve cell-autonomous effects and are not suited for high-throughput formats. Here we describe a binary indicant for myelination using micropillar arrays (BIMA). Engineered with conical dimensions, micropillars permit resolution of the extent and length of membrane wrapping from a single two-dimensional image. Confocal imaging acquired from the base to the tip of the pillars allows for detection of concentric wrapping observed as 'rings' of myelin. The platform is formatted in 96-well plates, amenable to semiautomated random acquisition and automated detection and quantification. Upon screening 1,000 bioactive molecules, we identified a cluster of antimuscarinic compounds that enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. Our findings demonstrate a new high-throughput screening platform for potential regenerative therapeutics in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Mei
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yun-An A Shen
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Edna Miao
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seonok Lee
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sonia R Mayoral
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ainhoa Etxeberria
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ari Green
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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48
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Abstract
We have entered a golden era in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. Two decades ago, our understanding of the disease was largely descriptive and there were no approved therapies to modify the natural history of MS. Today, delineation of immune pathways relevant to MS have been clarified; a comprehensive map of genes that influence risk compiled; clues to environmental triggers identified; noninvasive in vivo monitoring of the MS disease process has been revolutionized by high-field MRI; and many effective therapies for the early, relapsing, component of MS now exist. However, major challenges remain. We still have no useful treatment for progressive MS (the holy grail of MS research), no means to repair injured axons or protect neurons, and extremely limited evidence to guide treatment decisions. Recent advances have set in place a foundation for development of increasingly selective immunotherapy for patients; application of genetic and genomic discoveries to improve therapeutic options; development of remyelination or neuroprotection therapies for progressive MS; and integrating clinical, imaging and genomic data for personalized medicine. MS has now advanced from the backwaters of autoimmune disease research to the front-line, and definitive answers, including cures, are now realistic goals for the next decade. Many of the breakthrough discoveries in MS have also resulted from meaningful interactions across disciplines, and especially from translational and basic scientists working closely with clinicians, highlighting that the clinical value of discoveries are most often revealed when ideas developed in the laboratory are tested at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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49
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Lee S, Chong SYC, Tuck SJ, Corey JM, Chan JR. A rapid and reproducible assay for modeling myelination by oligodendrocytes using engineered nanofibers. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:771-82. [PMID: 23589937 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for studying oligodendrocyte myelination using primary neurons are limited by the time, cost and reproducibility of myelination in vitro. Nanofibers with diameters of >0.4 μm fabricated from electrospinning of liquid polystyrene are suitable scaffolds for concentric membrane wrapping by oligodendrocytes. With the advent of aligned electrospinning technology, nanofibers can be rapidly fabricated, standardized, and configured into various densities and patterns as desired. Notably, the minimally permissive culture environment of fibers provides investigators with an opportunity to explore the autonomous oligodendrocyte cellular processes underlying differentiation and myelination. The simplicity of the system is conducive to monitoring oligodendrocyte proliferation, migration, differentiation and membrane wrapping in the absence of neuronal signals. Here we describe protocols for the fabrication and preparation of nanofibers aligned on glass coverslips for the study of membrane wrapping by rodent oligodendrocytes. The entire protocol can be completed within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonok Lee
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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50
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Yu Y, Chen Y, Kim B, Wang H, Zhao C, He X, Liu L, Liu W, Wu LMN, Mao M, Chan JR, Wu J, Lu QR. Olig2 targets chromatin remodelers to enhancers to initiate oligodendrocyte differentiation. Cell 2013; 152:248-61. [PMID: 23332759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of oligodendrocyte identity is crucial for subsequent events of myelination in the CNS. Here, we demonstrate that activation of ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling enzyme Smarca4/Brg1 at the differentiation onset is necessary and sufficient to initiate and promote oligodendrocyte lineage progression and maturation. Genome-wide multistage studies by ChIP-seq reveal that oligodendrocyte-lineage determination factor Olig2 functions as a prepatterning factor to direct Smarca4/Brg1 to oligodendrocyte-specific enhancers. Recruitment of Smarca4/Brg1 to distinct subsets of myelination regulatory genes is developmentally regulated. Functional analyses of Smarca4/Brg1 and Olig2 co-occupancy relative to chromatin epigenetic marking uncover stage-specific cis-regulatory elements that predict sets of transcriptional regulators controlling oligodendrocyte differentiation. Together, our results demonstrate that regulation of the functional specificity and activity of a Smarca4/Brg1-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex by Olig2, coupled with transcriptionally linked chromatin modifications, is critical to precisely initiate and establish the transcriptional program that promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and subsequent myelination of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, West China Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 61004, People's Republic of China
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