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van Leeuwen F, Inbar Y, Petersen MB, Aarøe L, Barclay P, Barlow FK, de Barra M, Becker DV, Borovoi L, Choi J, Consedine NS, Conway JR, Conway P, Adoric VC, Demirci E, Fernández AM, Ferreira DCS, Ishii K, Jakšić I, Ji T, Jonaityte I, Lewis DMG, Li NP, McIntyre JC, Mukherjee S, Park JH, Pawlowski B, Pizarro D, Prokop P, Prodromitis G, Rantala MJ, Reynolds LM, Sandin B, Sevi B, Srinivasan N, Tewari S, Yong JC, Žeželj I, Tybur JM. Disgust sensitivity relates to attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women across 31 nations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211067151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has reported a relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice toward various social groups, including gay men and lesbian women. It is currently unknown whether this association is present across cultures, or specific to North America. Analyses of survey data from adult heterosexuals ( N = 11,200) from 31 countries showed a small relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity (an individual-difference measure of pathogen-avoidance motivations) and measures of antigay attitudes. Analyses also showed that pathogen disgust sensitivity relates not only to antipathy toward gay men and lesbians, but also to negativity toward other groups, in particular those associated with violations of traditional sexual norms (e.g., prostitutes). These results suggest that the association between pathogen-avoidance motivations and antigay attitudes is relatively stable across cultures and is a manifestation of a more general relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups associated with sexual norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah Borovoi
- National Institute for Testing and Evaluation, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M. G. Lewis
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, and Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavol Prokop
- Comenius University, Slovakia
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
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Kanazawa S, Li NP, Yong JC. When intelligence hurts and ignorance is bliss: Global pandemic as an evolutionarily novel threat to happiness. J Pers 2022; 90:971-987. [PMID: 35211981 PMCID: PMC9115175 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The savanna theory of happiness posits that it is not only the current consequences of a given situation that affect happiness but also its ancestral consequences, and that the effect of ancestral consequences on happiness is stronger among less intelligent individuals. But what about situations that did not exist in the ancestral environment and thus have no ancestral consequences? Global pandemic is one such situation that has no ancestral analog, and the theory predicts such evolutionarily novel threats to have a negative effect disproportionately on the life satisfaction of more intelligent individuals. Methods We analyzed prospectively longitudinal data from population samples from the National Child Development Study (Study 1) and the British Cohort Study (Study 2). Results Consistent with the theoretical prediction, while more intelligent individuals were generally more satisfied with their lives than less intelligent individuals were throughout adulthood (albeit not because they were more intelligent but because they earned more money, were more likely to be married, and healthier), more intelligent individuals were less satisfied with their lives during the COVID‐19 global pandemic because they were more intelligent. Conclusion Higher intelligence may have a downside in the modern world, by allowing life satisfaction to be more vulnerable from being better able to comprehend the severity of problems that did not exist in the ancestral world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
| | - Jose C Yong
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University
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Kanazawa S, Li NP, Yong JC. Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy. . . especially if I'm less intelligent: how sunlight and intelligence affect happiness in modern society. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:722-730. [PMID: 35189781 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2029358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The savanna theory of happiness proposes that, due to evolutionary constraints on the human brain, situations and circumstances that would have increased our ancestors' happiness may still increase our happiness today, and those that would have decreased their happiness then may still decrease ours today. It further proposes that, because general intelligence evolved to solve evolutionarily novel problems, this tendency may be stronger among less intelligent individuals. Because humans are a diurnal species that cannot see in the dark, darkness always represented danger to our ancestors and may still decrease our happiness today. Consistent with this prediction, the analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data shows that exposure to sunlight was associated with happiness but the association was significantly weaker among more intelligent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Van Doesum NJ, Murphy RO, Gallucci M, Aharonov-Majar E, Athenstaedt U, Au WT, Bai L, Böhm R, Bovina I, Buchan NR, Chen XP, Dumont KB, Engelmann JB, Eriksson K, Euh H, Fiedler S, Friesen J, Gächter S, Garcia C, González R, Graf S, Growiec K, Guimond S, Hřebíčková M, Immer-Bernold E, Joireman J, Karagonlar G, Kawakami K, Kiyonari T, Kou Y, Kyrtsis AA, Lay S, Leonardelli GJ, Li NP, Li Y, Maciejovsky B, Manesi Z, Mashuri A, Mok A, Moser KS, Moták L, Netedu A, Platow MJ, Raczka-Winkler K, Reinders Folmer CP, Reyna C, Romano A, Shalvi S, Simão C, Stivers AW, Strimling P, Tsirbas Y, Utz S, van der Meij L, Waldzus S, Wang Y, Weber B, Weisel O, Wildschut T, Winter F, Wu J, Yong JC, Van Lange PAM. Reply to Komatsu et al.: From local social mindfulness to global sustainability efforts? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119303118. [PMID: 35046048 PMCID: PMC8794841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119303118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Van Doesum
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Knowledge Centre for Psychology and Economic Behaviour, Leiden University 2312 HS Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan O Murphy
- Department of Economics, University of Zürich 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
- Morningstar Investment Management, Chicago, IL 60602
| | - Marcello Gallucci
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Efrat Aharonov-Majar
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ursula Athenstaedt
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wing Tung Au
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Robert Böhm
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Inna Bovina
- Department of Clinical and Legal Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow 127051, Russia
| | - Nancy R Buchan
- Sonoco International Business Department, Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Management and Organization, Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kitty B Dumont
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of South Africa 0003 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam 1001 NJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioral and Experimental Economics, The Tinbergen Institute 1082 MS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hyun Euh
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Department of Strategy & Innovation, Institute of Cognition & Behavior, Vienna University of Economics and Business 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Justin Friesen
- Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3N 0G1, Canada
| | - Simon Gächter
- Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo Garcia
- Laboratory of Social Interaction, Psychology Department, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91095, Mexico
| | - Roberto González
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences 602 00 Brno, The Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Growiec
- Department of Social and Personality Psychology, Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities 03-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne (CNRS, LAPSCO), Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 , France
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences 602 00 Brno, The Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeff Joireman
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Carson College of Business, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4730
| | - Gokhan Karagonlar
- Department of Business, School of Business, Dokuz Eylül University 35390 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- School of Social Informatics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yu Kou
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Alexandros-Andreas Kyrtsis
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 10678 Athens, Greece
| | - Siugmin Lay
- Centro de Medición Mide UC, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 7820436 Santiago, Chile
| | - Geoffrey J Leonardelli
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore 178903
| | - Yang Li
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648610, Japan
| | | | - Zoi Manesi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1018 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Mashuri
- Department of Psychology, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aurelia Mok
- Department of Management, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karin S Moser
- Business School, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ladislav Moták
- Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Cognition, du Langage et de l'Emotion, Maison de la Recherche, Aix-Marseille Université 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Adrian Netedu
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi 700460 Iasi, Romania
| | - Michael J Platow
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karolina Raczka-Winkler
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher P Reinders Folmer
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Law and Behavior, Department of Jurisprudence, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Angelo Romano
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shaul Shalvi
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam 1001 NJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cláudia Simão
- Católica-Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam W Stivers
- Psychology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258
| | | | - Yannis Tsirbas
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 10678 Athens, Greece
| | - Sonja Utz
- Social Media Lab, Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander van der Meij
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Waldzus
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-026, Portugal
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Institute of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ori Weisel
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 6997801
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Winter
- Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Junhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jose C Yong
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1018 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yong JC, Tan YW, Li NP, Meltzer AL. Testing the Mate Preference Priority Model with the Profile-Based Experimental Paradigm: A Replication and Extension. J Pers 2021; 90:821-845. [PMID: 34967440 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the mate preference priority model (MPPM; Li et al., 2002) has advanced our understanding of mate preferences, tests of the MPPM have relied on methods using text labels and thus lack ecological validity. We address this gap by testing the MPPM using Townsend and colleagues' (1990a; 1990b; 1993) profile-based experimental paradigm, which utilizes profiles comprising photos of pre-rated models to manipulate physical attractiveness as well as costumes and descriptions to manipulate social status. METHOD Using Singaporean samples, we conducted two studies (Study 1 n = 431, Study 2 n = 964) where participants judged the short-term and long-term mating desirability of opposite-sex profiles varying systematically on physical attractiveness and social status. We also tested whether treating these attributes as ordinal or continuous variables would be more valid. RESULTS Results showed broad support for evolutionary predictions of mate preferences and priorities while revealing an increased premium placed on social status in our sample. We also found that continuous operationalizations produced less inflated results. CONCLUSIONS The current research provides the first non-label, profile-based test of the MPPM, a well-powered replication of the profile-based paradigm, and an opportunity to observe the robustness and variations of mate preferences in a non-Western culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Yong
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST
| | - Yi Wen Tan
- School of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences, Singapore University of Social Sciences, 463 Clementi Road, Singapore, 599494
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903
| | - Andrea L Meltzer
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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Hartanto A, Lua VY, Quek FY, Yong JC, Ng MH. A critical review on the moderating role of contextual factors in the associations between video gaming and well-being. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lee STH, Choy BKC, Yong JC. A bubble of protection: examining dispositional optimism as a psychological buffer of the deleterious association between negative work-family spillover and psychological health. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2021.1896494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. H. Lee
- James Cook University, School of Social and Health Sciences, Singapore
| | - Bryan K. C. Choy
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose C. Yong
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Yong JC, Choy BKC. Noncompliance With Safety Guidelines as a Free-Riding Strategy: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Approach to Cooperation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:646892. [PMID: 33796057 PMCID: PMC8008110 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary game theory and public goods games offer an important framework to understand cooperation during pandemics. From this perspective, the COVID-19 situation can be conceptualized as a dilemma where people who neglect safety precautions act as free riders, because they get to enjoy the benefits of decreased health risk from others' compliance with policies despite not contributing to or even undermining public safety themselves. At the same time, humans appear to carry a suite of evolved psychological mechanisms aimed at curbing free riding in order to ensure the continued provision of public goods, which can be leveraged to develop more effective measures to promote compliance with regulations. We also highlight factors beyond free riding that reduce compliance rates, such as the emergence of conspiratorial thinking, which seriously undermine the effectiveness of measures to suppress free riding. Together, the current paper outlines the social dynamics that occur in public goods dilemmas involving the spread of infectious disease, highlights the utility and limits of evolutionary game-theoretic approaches for COVID-19 management, and suggests novel directions based on emerging challenges to cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C. Yong
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan K. C. Choy
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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Yong JC, Jia L, Ismail I, Lee P. Conditional Love: Threat and Attitudinal Perceptions of Immigrants Depend on Their Instrumentality to Locals' Basic Psychological Needs. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2021; 47:1686-1704. [PMID: 33522448 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220984648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although threat perceptions are commonly used to explain attitudes toward immigrants, the psychological factors underlying threat are surprisingly understudied. Drawing from goal pursuit and self-determination theory, we examined the perceived instrumentality of immigrants as an antecedent of locals' threat and attitudinal perceptions. Through four studies (N = 1,372) with different configurations of local population segments and target immigrant groups, we investigated the impact of immigrants' instrumentality in terms of hindrances to locals' autonomy, belonging, and competence needs. Including hindrances to our proposed model of threats and attitudes led to an improvement in the overall fit with the data, allowed for a better specification of the threats-to-attitudes pathways, and elucidated the complexity and downstream consequences (endorsement of pro-immigration policies) of attitudes. The present findings underscore the utility of goal-driven approaches to studying intergroup conflicts, and implications for understanding and improving locals' attitudes toward immigrants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Yong
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Lile Jia
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peiwei Lee
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Hartanto A, Quek FYX, Tng GYQ, Yong JC. Does Social Media Use Increase Depressive Symptoms? A Reverse Causation Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:641934. [PMID: 33833700 PMCID: PMC8021694 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jose C Yong
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Yong JC, Li NP, Kanazawa S. Not so much rational but rationalizing: Humans evolved as coherence-seeking, fiction-making animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 76:781-793. [PMID: 33151700 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for biased perceptions and judgments in humans coupled with evidence for ecological rationality in nonhuman animals suggest that the claim that humans are the rational animal may be overstated. We instead propose that discussions of human psychology may benefit from viewing ourselves not so much as rational animals but rather as the rationalizing animal. The current article provides evidence that rationalization is unique to humans and argues that rationalization processes (e.g., cognitive dissonance reduction, post hoc justification of choices, confabulation of reasons for moral positions) are aimed at creating the fictions we prefer to believe and maintaining the impression that we are psychologically coherent and rational. Coherence appears to be prioritized at the expense of veridicality, suggesting that distorted perceptions and appraisals can be adaptive for humans-under certain circumstances, we are better off understanding ourselves and reality not so accurately. Rationalization also underlies the various shared beliefs, religions, norms, and ideologies that have enabled humans to organize and coordinate their actions on a grand scale, for better or worse. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this unique human psychological trait. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on subjective social status (SSS) and inflammation risk suffers from a lack of cross-cultural data as well as inconsistent findings between SSS and the biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP). The current study addressed these issues by examining possible cultural differences in the SSS-CRP link with anger control as an underlying mechanism while controlling for potential confounds such as wealth, education, and health factors. METHOD Participants comprised 1,435 adults from the Biomarker Project of the MIDUS (American) and MIDJA (Japanese) studies. Participants' SSS and tendency to control anger were assessed through surveys, and their CRP levels were measured through fasting blood samples. RESULTS Results showed that for Americans, CRP levels increased as SSS decreased, but for the Japanese, there was no relationship between SSS and CRP. Furthermore, this moderating effect of culture was mediated by anger control such that Americans controlled their anger less as SSS decreased, which then predicted higher levels of CRP, whereas the Japanese controlled their anger less as SSS increased, but this relationship did not predict CRP levels. These findings were specific to anger control (and not other varieties of anger) and robust to adjustment for a variety of potential confounds. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that culture exerts a moderating effect on the relationship between SSS and CRP, and this effect occurs through cultural differences in how SSS relates to anger control. The current study also highlights the need to consider cultural factors and psychosocial processes in further research on SSS and health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Li NP, Yong JC, Tsai MH, Lai MHC, Lim AJY, Ackerman JM. Confidence is sexy and it can be trained: Examining male social confidence in initial, opposite-sex interactions. J Pers 2020; 88:1235-1251. [PMID: 32512622 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether men's social confidence in an initial, opposite-sex chatting context can be improved through a video tutorial and the extent to which being perceived as socially confident results in being seen as more romantically desirable and worthy of future contact. METHOD Women chatted with men who had received or not received a tutorial on how to handle speed-dating chats (Study 1: N = 129; Study 2: N = 60) or with male targets selected for having high versus moderate confidence in handling initial, opposite-sex encounters (Study 3: N = 46). RESULTS Tutorial-trained men felt more confident going into the chats and they, as well as male targets selected for their confidence, were perceived by female chat partners to be higher in social confidence, status, and dominance. However, only perceptions of social confidence were further associated with being perceived as more romantically desirable (as a short-term mate) and worthy of future contact. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that social confidence is trainable and that other-perceived social confidence can impact the outcomes of social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark H C Lai
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Y Lim
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua M Ackerman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hartanto A, Yong JC, Toh WX, Lee ST, Tng GY, Tov W. Cognitive, social, emotional, and subjective health benefits of computer use in adults: A 9-year longitudinal study from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). Computers in Human Behavior 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Hartanto A, Yong JC, Lee STH, Ng WQ, Tong EMW. Putting adversity in perspective: purpose in life moderates the link between childhood emotional abuse and neglect and adulthood depressive symptoms. J Ment Health 2020; 29:473-482. [PMID: 31983245 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1714005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Childhood emotional abuse and neglect is linked with a host of adverse outcomes later in life, including depression. However, potential psychological resources that may mitigate the adverse outcomes of childhood emotional abuse and neglect are not well-understood.Aims: Drawing from the insight that having a sense of purpose can help individuals deal with setbacks and difficulties better, we propose that purpose in life can also help sufferers of childhood maltreatment cope more effectively and reduce the onset of depressive symptoms.Methods: Participants were drawn from two large, nationally representative studies comprising a total of 3664 respondents. Purpose in life, childhood emotional abuse and neglect, and depressive symptoms were measured with validated scales.Results: We found convergent evidence that purpose in life attenuates the effect of childhood emotional abuse and neglect on subsequent depressive symptoms across a range of measures of mood and depression.Conclusions: The current study highlights the important role played by purpose in life in building resilience, coping against adverse life events, and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- School of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean T H Lee
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Wee Qin Ng
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- School of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Hartanto A, Yee-Man Lau I, Yong JC. Culture moderates the link between perceived obligation and biological health risk: Evidence of culturally distinct pathways for positive health outcomes. Soc Sci Med 2020; 244:112644. [PMID: 31689563 PMCID: PMC9773403 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although perceived obligations to meet the expectations of family, friends, and society can be detrimental to physical health, much research in this area has thus far been conducted exclusively on Western samples. Cross-cultural research importantly suggests that positive health can be dependent on whether one engages in modes of being that are sanctioned by one's culture. Specifically, studies show that better health is predicted when people from cultures that value independence are able to exercise their personal autonomy and when people from cultures that value interdependence are able to maintain relational harmony (Kitayama et al., 2010). OBJECTIVE Based on these lines of research, as the fulfillment of perceived obligations can facilitate relational harmony but infringe on personal autonomy, we posit that culture will moderate the impact of perceived obligations on health outcomes. To gain further insight, we additionally examined people's goal disengagement tendency as an individual difference that may influence their likelihood of shunning perceived obligations in order to avoid associated stressors. METHOD Drawing from the parallel biomarker projects of Midlife in the United States and Midlife in Japan, we examined the interaction between perceived obligations and goal disengagement tendency on health among American and Japanese middle-aged adults. Health outcomes were indexed by biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels) and cardiovascular risk (systolic blood pressure and total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). RESULTS We found that a higher tendency to disengage from stressful social obligations is associated with better health for Americans. In contrast, we found poorer health outcomes amongst Japanese participants who tend to disengage from their perceived obligations. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of examining how perceived obligations influence physical health from a cultural perspective. The current study supports the hypothesis that culturally distinct pathways underlie health outcomes.
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Lee STH, Hartanto A, Yong JC, Koh B, Leung AK. Examining the cross‐cultural validity of the positive affect and negative affect schedule between an Asian (Singaporean) sample and a Western (American) sample. Asian J Soc Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. H. Lee
- School of Social Sciences Singapore Management UniversitySingapore
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences Singapore Management UniversitySingapore
| | | | - Brandon Koh
- Singapore University of Social Sciences Singapore
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18
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Yong JC, Li NP, Jonason PK, Tan YW. East Asian low marriage and birth rates: The role of life history strategy, culture, and social status affordance. Personality and Individual Differences 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Hartanto A, Lee STH, Yong JC. Dispositional Gratitude Moderates the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Interleukin-6. Sci Rep 2019; 9:802. [PMID: 30692578 PMCID: PMC6349864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic disparities in health are prevalent and growing in importance as a concern among academics, policymakers, and the general public. However, psychological resources that can narrow such disparities have not been well-examined. The current study examined the moderating role of dispositional gratitude in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and inflammation risk as an index of health. Participants consisted of 1,054 midlife adults from the biomarker project of the Midlife in the United States. Inflammation risk was measured by interleukin-6 biomarker and SES was operationalized by education attainment and income. We found that dispositional gratitude significantly moderated the relationships between SES and interleukin-6. Among individuals with low dispositional gratitude, higher SES was significantly associated with lower levels of interleukin-6. However, the association between SES and interleukin-6 was not significant among individuals with high dispositional gratitude. More importantly, the findings remained robust after controlling for demographic characteristics, health status, health behaviours, and personality traits. Our findings suggest that gratitude may serve as an important psychological resource in attenuating health-related risk from socioeconomic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean T H Lee
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Hartanto A, Yong JC. Measurement matters: higher waist-to-hip ratio but not body mass index is associated with deficits in executive functions and episodic memory. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5624. [PMID: 30210946 PMCID: PMC6130234 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current study aimed to reconcile the inconsistent findings between obesity, executive functions, and episodic memory by addressing major limitations of previous studies, including overreliance on body mass index (BMI), small sample sizes, and failure to control for confounds. Methods Participants consisted of 3,712 midlife adults from the Cognitive Project of the National Survey of Midlife Development. Executive functions and episodic memory were measured by a battery of cognitive function tests. Results We found that higher waist-to-hip ratio was associated with deficits in both executive functions and episodic memory, above and beyond the influence of demographics, comorbid health issues, health behaviors, personality traits, and self-perceived obesity. However, higher BMI was not associated with deficits in executive functions and episodic memory. More importantly, these differential associations were robust and stable across adulthood. Discussion Our findings confirm the association between obesity and episodic memory while highlighting the need for better measures of obesity when examining its associations with individual differences in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Bryant GA, Fessler DMT, Fusaroli R, Clint E, Amir D, Chávez B, Denton KK, Díaz C, Duran LT, Fanćovićová J, Fux M, Ginting EF, Hasan Y, Hu A, Kamble SV, Kameda T, Kuroda K, Li NP, Luberti FR, Peyravi R, Prokop P, Quintelier KJP, Shin HJ, Stieger S, Sugiyama LS, van den Hende EA, Viciana-Asensio H, Yildizhan SE, Yong JC, Yuditha T, Zhou Y. The Perception of Spontaneous and Volitional Laughter Across 21 Societies. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1515-1525. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797618778235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laughter is a nonverbal vocalization occurring in every known culture, ubiquitous across all forms of human social interaction. Here, we examined whether listeners around the world, irrespective of their own native language and culture, can distinguish between spontaneous laughter and volitional laughter—laugh types likely generated by different vocal-production systems. Using a set of 36 recorded laughs produced by female English speakers in tests involving 884 participants from 21 societies across six regions of the world, we asked listeners to determine whether each laugh was real or fake, and listeners differentiated between the two laugh types with an accuracy of 56% to 69%. Acoustic analysis revealed that sound features associated with arousal in vocal production predicted listeners’ judgments fairly uniformly across societies. These results demonstrate high consistency across cultures in laughter judgments, underscoring the potential importance of nonverbal vocal communicative phenomena in human affiliation and cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Bryant
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Daniel M. T. Fessler
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Riccardo Fusaroli
- Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University
- Department of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University
| | - Edward Clint
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Dorsa Amir
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University
| | - Brenda Chávez
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru
| | - Kaleda K. Denton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Cinthya Díaz
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru
| | | | | | - Michal Fux
- Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies, University of South Africa
| | - Erni Farida Ginting
- Jakarta Field Station, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Literature, Al Azhar Indonesia University
| | | | - Anning Hu
- Department of Sociology, Fudan University
| | | | | | - Kiri Kuroda
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Tokyo
| | - Norman P. Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
| | | | - Raha Peyravi
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Biology, University of Trnava
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | | | | | - Stefan Stieger
- School of Psychology, University of Vienna
- Department of Psychology, Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Saliha Elif Yildizhan
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University
| | - Jose C. Yong
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
| | - Tessa Yuditha
- Jakarta Field Station, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Education, Atma Jaya Catholic University
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Sociology, Fudan University
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Chan KYG, Tan SL, Hew KFT, Koh BG, Lim LS, Yong JC. Knowledge for games, games for knowledge: designing a digital roll-and-move board game for a law of torts class. Res Pract Technol Enhanc Learn 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 30613256 PMCID: PMC6302868 DOI: 10.1186/s41039-016-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Game-based constructivist learning has gained considerable attention as educational institutions aim to move from traditional instructional teaching to interactive and collaborative methods. The question is less asked of whether games should be used in teaching but rather how games should be used to create deep learning in students. In light of this movement, the Grade Inflation Game, or GIGAME, was developed. This case study tackles the research question of how games may be designed to harness the benefits of constructivist learning. It first documents the conceptualization of GIGAME and next proposes theoretical frameworks that can be used to guide the development and evaluation of constructivist learning games. Through trial runs on two undergraduate law of torts classes, feedback was gathered from students and the instructor of these classes regarding their perceptions of GIGAME, including learning effectiveness and satisfaction. The feedback suggests that GIGAME can serve as a form of game-based constructivist learning as most students indicated that the game helped consolidate their course knowledge while having fun. These qualitative findings are useful for guiding the development of other games that similarly aim to promote socially interactive and constructivist learning environments. This case study recommends the use of GIGAME in classes, although refinements can still be made to its gameplay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Siong Lim
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose C. Yong
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Leung AKY, Liou S, Qiu L, Kwan LYY, Chiu CY, Yong JC. The role of instrumental emotion regulation in the emotions-creativity link: how worries render individuals with high neuroticism more creative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 14:846-56. [PMID: 24866525 DOI: 10.1037/a0036965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Based on the instrumental account of emotion regulation (Tamir, 2005), the current research seeks to offer a novel perspective to the emotions-creativity debate by investigating the instrumental value of trait-consistent emotions in creativity. We hypothesize that emotions such as worry (vs. happy) are trait-consistent experiences for individuals higher on trait neuroticism and experiencing these emotions can facilitate performance in a creativity task. In 3 studies, we found support for our hypothesis. First, individuals higher in neuroticism had a greater preference for recalling worrisome (vs. happy) events in anticipation of performing a creativity task (Study 1). Moreover, when induced to recall a worrisome (vs. happy) event, individuals higher in neuroticism came up with more creative design (Study 2) and more flexible uses of a brick (Study 3) when the task was a cognitively demanding one. Further, Study 3 offers preliminary support that increased intrinsic task enjoyment and motivation mediates the relationship between trait-consistent emotion regulation and creative performance. These findings offer a new perspective to the controversy concerning the emotions-creativity relationship and further demonstrate the role of instrumental emotion regulation in the domain of creative performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyhnan Liou
- Institute of Creative Industries Design, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Lin Qiu
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University
| | | | - Chi-Yue Chiu
- Division of Strategy, Management, and Organization, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Jose C Yong
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
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24
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Marcinkowska UM, Kozlov MV, Cai H, Contreras-Garduño J, Dixson BJ, Oana GA, Kaminski G, Li NP, Lyons MT, Onyishi IE, Prasai K, Pazhoohi F, Prokop P, Rosales Cardozo SL, Sydney N, Yong JC, Rantala MJ. Cross-cultural variation in men's preference for sexual dimorphism in women's faces. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20130850. [PMID: 24789138 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both attractiveness judgements and mate preferences vary considerably cross-culturally. We investigated whether men's preference for femininity in women's faces varies between 28 countries with diverse health conditions by analysing responses of 1972 heterosexual participants. Although men in all countries preferred feminized over masculinized female faces, we found substantial differences between countries in the magnitude of men's preferences. Using an average femininity preference for each country, we found men's facial femininity preferences correlated positively with the health of the nation, which explained 50.4% of the variation among countries. The weakest preferences for femininity were found in Nepal and strongest in Japan. As high femininity in women is associated with lower success in competition for resources and lower dominance, it is possible that in harsher environments, men prefer cues to resource holding potential over high fecundity.
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25
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Li NP, Yong JC, Tov W, Sng O, Fletcher GJO, Valentine KA, Jiang YF, Balliet D. Mate preferences do predict attraction and choices in the early stages of mate selection. J Pers Soc Psychol 2013; 105:757-76. [PMID: 23915041 DOI: 10.1037/a0033777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although mate preference research has firmly established that men value physical attractiveness more than women do and women value social status more than men do, recent speed-dating studies have indicated mixed evidence (at best) for whether people's sex-differentiated mate preferences predict actual mate choices. According to an evolutionary, mate preference priority model (Li, Bailey, Kenrick, & Linsenmeier, 2002; Li & Kenrick, 2006; Li, Valentine, & Patel, 2011), the sexes are largely similar in what they ideally like, but for long-term mates, they should differ on what they most want to avoid in early selection contexts. Following this model, we conducted experiments using online messaging and modified speed-dating platforms. Results indicate that when a mating pool includes people at the low end of social status and physical attractiveness, mate choice criteria are sex-differentiated: Men, more than women, chose mates based on physical attractiveness, whereas women, more than men, chose mates based on social status. In addition, individuals who more greatly valued social status or physical attractiveness on paper valued these traits more in their actual choices. In particular, mate choices were sex-differentiated when considering long-term relationships but not short-term ones, where both sexes shunned partners with low physical attractiveness. The findings validate a large body of mate preferences research and an evolutionary perspective on mating, and they have implications for research using speed-dating and other interactive contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
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26
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Yong JC, Yun SH, Lee ML, Kim BY. Frequency-division-multiplexed polarimetric fiber laser current-sensor array. Opt Lett 1999; 24:1097-1099. [PMID: 18073951 DOI: 10.1364/ol.24.001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel frequency-domain-multiplexing technique for implementing polarimetric fiber laser current sensors. Each sensor operates at a different polarization-mode beat frequency that is modulated in response to applied electric current. A bank of bandpass filters can be used to separate signals from different sensors. A simple frequency-demodulation technique based on a phase-locked loop is used for signal processing.
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27
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Perl SI, Yong JC, Higgins SG. Tumor crescents from intraglomerular metastases. Clin Nephrol 1987; 27:260-2. [PMID: 3594940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient who died of bronchopneumonia complicating metastatic carcinoma of the larynx was found to have crescentic glomerulonephritis at autopsy. Further examination revealed the crescents to be tumor deposits in Bowman's space of most glomeruli, while no tumor was found elsewhere in the kidneys. The relevance of this observation to the possible mechanism of crescent formation is discussed.
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