1
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Abrams B, Pengo T, Wee TL, Deagle RC, Vuillemin N, Callahan LM, Smith MA, Kubow KE, Girard AM, Rappoport JZ, Bayles CJ, Cameron LA, Cole R, Brown CM. Tissue-Like 3D Standard and Protocols for Microscope Quality Management. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:616-634. [PMID: 37749742 PMCID: PMC10617369 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This article outlines a global study conducted by the Association of Biomedical Resource Facilities (ABRF) Light Microscopy Research Group (LMRG). The results present a novel 3D tissue-like biologically relevant standard sample that is affordable and straightforward to prepare. Detailed sample preparation, instrument-specific image acquisition protocols and image analysis methods are presented and made available to the community. The standard consists of sub-resolution and large well characterized relative intensity fluorescence microspheres embedded in a 120 µm thick 3D gel with a refractive index of 1.365. The standard allows the evaluation of several properties as a function of depth. These include the following: 1) microscope resolution with automated analysis of the point-spread function (PSF), 2) automated signal-to-noise ratio analysis, 3) calibration and correction of fluorescence intensity loss, and 4) quantitative relative intensity. Results demonstrate expected refractive index mismatch dependent losses in intensity and resolution with depth, but the relative intensities of different objects at similar depths are maintained. This is a robust standard showing reproducible results across laboratories, microscope manufacturers and objective lens types (e.g., magnification, immersion medium). Thus, these tools will be valuable for the global community to benchmark fluorescence microscopes and will contribute to improved scientific rigor and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Abrams
- Life Sciences Microscopy Center, 150 Sinsheimer Labs, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, RRID:SCR_021135
| | - Thomas Pengo
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55449, USA
| | - Tse-Luen Wee
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, 3649 Prom, Sir William Osler, Bellini Building, Room 137, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada, RRID:SCR_017697
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC
- Current affiliation: St. Giles Foundation Advanced Microscopy Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA, RRID:SCR_023023
| | - Rebecca C. Deagle
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, 3649 Prom, Sir William Osler, Bellini Building, Room 137, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada, RRID:SCR_017697
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - Nelly Vuillemin
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, 3649 Prom, Sir William Osler, Bellini Building, Room 137, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada, RRID:SCR_017697
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - Linda M. Callahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Univ. Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Megan A. Smith
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, 3649 Prom, Sir William Osler, Bellini Building, Room 137, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada, RRID:SCR_017697
| | - Kristopher E. Kubow
- Biology Department, James Madison University, Bioscience Building, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA, RRID:SCR_021904
| | - Anne-Marie Girard
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, 1500 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Current affiliation: Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol J. Bayles
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cameron
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Duke University, 4215 French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Richard Cole
- New York State Dept of Health/Wadsworth Center, Advanced Light Microscopy & Image Analysis Core Facility, 150 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA, RRID:SCR_021104
| | - Claire M. Brown
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, 3649 Prom, Sir William Osler, Bellini Building, Room 137, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada, RRID:SCR_017697
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC
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Rappoport JZ. 'Branded' microscopy core facilities - Mutually beneficial partnerships between academia and industry. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 36382994 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Core facilities are research laboratories staffed by professional scientists who can provide access, training, support, and maintenance for the utilisation of highly specialised instrumentation. Microscopy core facilities support researchers working in many areas with wide ranging imaging needs. The companies that manufacture, sell, and service advanced microscopy instrumentation often develop strong and mutually beneficial relationships with their customers, which sometimes lead to contractual agreements with academic research institutions, resulting in so-called 'branded' core facilities. These academic-industrial partnerships can have significant benefits for both parties and ultimately can serve to improve the scientific resources available to the core facility user base. The article will describe these types of arrangements and specifically highlight aspects of these agreements that can benefit each partner in addition to some specific challenges that can arise with 'branded' core facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Rappoport
- Office of the Vice Provost for Reserach, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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3
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Rappoport JZ, Larsen DD, Abrams B, Vinard A, Kigenyi J, Girard I, White AN, Porter DM, Mische SM. Reopening During the Unprecedented: The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Community Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Response. Part 2: Efforts to Effectively Ramp Up Core Facility Activities. J Biomol Tech 2021; 32. [DOI: 10.7171/3fc1f5fe.87a00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Office of the Vice Provost for Research, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - DeLaine D. Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin Abrams
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Andrew Vinard
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Justine Kigenyi
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Isabelle Girard
- Research Core Facilities Program, Office of Research, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | - A. Nicole White
- Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Desiree M. Porter
- Office of the Vice President for Research, Economic Development and Knowledge Enterprise, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Sheenah M. Mische
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
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4
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Adami V, Homer N, Utz N, Lippens S, Rappoport JZ, Fernandez-Rodriguez J. An international survey of Training Needs and Career Paths of Core Facility Staff. J Biomol Tech 2021; 32:1-9. [PMID: 33880077 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.21-3201-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Core facilities (CFs) provide a centralised access to costly equipment, scientific expertise, experimental design, day-to-day technical support and training of users. CFs have a tremendous impact on research outputs, skills and educational agendas, increasing the competencies of staff, researchers and students. However, the rapid development of new technologies and methodologies for the life sciences requires fast adaptation and development of existing core facilities and their technical and scientific staff. Given the scarcity of well-defined CF career paths, CF staff positions are typically filled by people having followed either academic or technical tracks. Each academic institution follows different policies and often fails to adequately recognize the merits of CF personnel and to support their training efficiently. Thus, the Core Technologies for Life Science association (CTLS), through the Training working group, has conducted an anonymous online survey to assess the training needs of CF personnel, as well as to identify common characteristics and challenges in this relatively new and dynamic career type. 275 individuals, including core managers and directors, technicians, technologists and administrators, participated in the survey. The survey was divided into 2 sections; the first, applied to all respondents, and the second, specifically targeted core management issues. Training needs in technological areas, financial and soft skills, management and administrative issues were surveyed as well. The lack of clarity and consistency regarding established career paths for CF professionals was evident from the second part of the survey, highlighting geographical or cultural differences. Gender balance was achieved and the distribution was always taken into account. The results of this survey highlight a need to develop better training resources for CF staff, to improve their recognition within academic institutions, and to establish a recognized career pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Adami
- Core Facilities Coordinator, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Natalie Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Manager, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Utz
- Managing Director, German BioImaging - Society for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Saskia Lippens
- Head of VIB BioImaging Core Ghent, UGent-VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Executive Director of Research Infrastructure, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Head of the Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Adami V, Homer N, Utz N, Lippens S, Rappoport JZ, Fernandez-Rodriguez J. An international survey of Training Needs and Career Paths of Core Facility Staff. J Biomol Tech 2020:jbt.2021-3201-002. [PMID: 33304201 PMCID: PMC7704034 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.2021-3201-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Core facilities (CFs) provide a centralised access to costly equipment, scientific expertise, experimental design, day-to-day technical support and training of users. CFs have a tremendous impact on research outputs, skills and educational agendas, increasing the competencies of staff, researchers and students. However, the rapid development of new technologies and methodologies for the life sciences requires fast adaptation and development of existing core facilities and their technical and scientific staff. Given the scarcity of well-defined CF career paths, CF staff positions are typically filled by people having followed either academic or technical tracks. Each academic institution follows different policies and often fails to adequately recognize the merits of CF personnel and to support their training efficiently. Thus, the Core Technologies for Life Science association (CTLS), through the Training working group, has conducted an anonymous online survey to assess the training needs of CF personnel, as well as to identify common characteristics and challenges in this relatively new and dynamic career type. 275 individuals, including core managers and directors, technicians, technologists and administrators, participated in the survey. The survey was divided into 2 sections; the first, applied to all respondents, and the second, specifically targeted core management issues. Training needs in technological areas, financial and soft skills, management and administrative issues were surveyed as well. The lack of clarity and consistency regarding established career paths for CF professionals was evident from the second part of the survey, highlighting geographical or cultural differences. Gender balance was achieved and the distribution was always taken into account. The results of this survey highlight a need to develop better training resources for CF staff, to improve their recognition within academic institutions, and to establish a recognized career pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Adami
- Core Facilities Coordinator, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Natalie Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Manager, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Utz
- Managing Director, German BioImaging - Society for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Saskia Lippens
- Head of VIB BioImaging Core Ghent, UGent-VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Executive Director of Research Infrastructure, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Head of the Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Kigenyi J, Mische SM, Porter DM, Rappoport JZ, Vinard A. Preparing for the Unprecedented: The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (ABRF) Community Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Response Part 1: Efforts to Sustainably Ramp Down Core Facility Activities. J Biomol Tech 2020; 31:119-124. [PMID: 32999636 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.20-3104-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has curtailed all but the most critical laboratory research in many institutions around the world. These unplanned and unprecedented operational changes have put considerable stress on every aspect of the research enterprise, from funding agencies to research institutes, individual and core laboratories, researchers, and research administrators, with drastic changes in demands and deliverables. The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Core Administrators Network Coordinating Committee initiated a forum-wide discussion followed by a global survey to gain information on how institutions and, specifically, shared resource core facilities were responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey aimed to identify shared resource core facility challenges and opportunities related to operational ramp downs, shutdowns, or research "pauses" during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as new practices and resources needed to ensure business continuity. Although a number of positive outcomes from remote work hold promise for improved core operations, the survey results revealed a surprising level of unfamiliarity with business continuity planning for cores and limited coordination within institutions. Recommendations for business continuity planning include key stakeholders working together to assess risk, prioritize work, and promote transparency across campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Kigenyi
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Sheenah M Mische
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Desiree M Porter
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | | | - Andrew Vinard
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), UMass Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Schürmann B, Bermingham DP, Kopeikina KJ, Myczek K, Yoon S, Horan KE, Kelly CJ, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, Forrest MP, Fawcett-Patel JM, Smith KR, Gao R, Bach A, Burette AC, Rappoport JZ, Weinberg RJ, Martina M, Penzes P. A novel role for the late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD)-associated protein Bin1 in regulating postsynaptic trafficking and glutamatergic signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2000-2016. [PMID: 30967682 PMCID: PMC6785379 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Postsynaptic trafficking plays a key role in regulating synapse structure and function. While spiny excitatory synapses can be stable throughout adult life, their morphology and function is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about how AD risk genes impact synaptic function. Here we used structured superresolution illumination microscopy (SIM) to study the late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk factor BIN1, and show that this protein is abundant in postsynaptic compartments, including spines. While postsynaptic Bin1 shows colocalization with clathrin, a major endocytic protein, it also colocalizes with the small GTPases Rab11 and Arf6, components of the exocytic pathway. Bin1 participates in protein complexes with Arf6 and GluA1, and manipulations of Bin1 lead to changes in spine morphology, AMPA receptor surface expression and trafficking, and AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. Our data provide new insights into the mesoscale architecture of postsynaptic trafficking compartments and their regulation by a major LOAD risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Schürmann
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Bermingham
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine J. Kopeikina
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristoffer Myczek
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine E. Horan
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Crystle J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marc P. Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Katharine R. Smith
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruoqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony Bach
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Mattioni A, Boldt K, Auciello G, Komada M, Rappoport JZ, Ueffing M, Castagnoli L, Cesareni G, Santonico E. Ring Finger Protein 11 acts on ligand-activated EGFR via the direct interaction with the UIM region of ANKRD13 protein family. FEBS J 2020; 287:3526-3550. [PMID: 31985874 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RING finger protein 11 (RNF11) is an evolutionary conserved Really Interesting New Gene E3 ligase that is overexpressed in several human tumours. Although several reports have highlighted its involvement in crucial cellular processes, the mechanistic details underlying its function are still poorly understood. Utilizing stable isotope labelling by amino acids in culture (SILAC)-based proteomics analysis, we identified 51 proteins that co-immunoprecipitate with wild-type RNF11 and/or with its catalytically inactive mutant. We focused our attention on the interaction of RNF11 with Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 13 (ANKRD13)s family. Members of the ANKRD13 family contain ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIM) that recognize the Lys-63-linked ubiquitin (Ub) chains appended to Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) soon after ligand binding. We show that ANKRD13A, ANKRD13B and ANKRD13D form a complex with RNF11 in vivo and that the UIMs are required for complex formation. However, at odds with the conventional UIM binding mode, Ub modification of RNF11 is not required for the interaction with ANKRD13 proteins. We also show that the interaction between ANKRD13A and RNF11 is modulated by the EGF stimulus and that a complex formed by ANKRD13A, RNF11 and activated EGFR is transiently assembled in the early phases of receptor endocytosis. Moreover, loss of function of the E3 ligases Itchy E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (ITCH) or RNF11, respectively, abrogates or increases the ubiquitination of endogenous ANKRD13A, affecting its ability to bind activated EGFR. We propose a model whereby the ANKRD13 proteins act as molecular scaffolds that promote the transient formation of a complex between the activated EGFR and the E3 ligases ITCH and RNF11. By regulating the ubiquitination status of ANKRD13A and consequently its endocytic adaptor function, RNF11 promotes sorting of the activated EGFR for lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mattioni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giulio Auciello
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM), Pomezia, Italy
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Santonico
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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9
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Khan AO, Di Maio A, Guggenheim EJ, Chetwynd AJ, Pencross D, Tang S, Belinga-Desaunay MFA, Thomas SG, Rappoport JZ, Lynch I. Surface Chemistry-Dependent Evolution of the Nanomaterial Corona on TiO 2 Nanomaterials Following Uptake and Sub-Cellular Localization. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10030401. [PMID: 32106393 PMCID: PMC7152854 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial (NM) surface chemistry has an established and significant effect on interactions at the nano-bio interface, with important toxicological consequences for manufactured NMs, as well as potent effects on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of nano-therapies. In this work, the effects of different surface modifications (PVP, Dispex AA4040, and Pluronic F127) on the uptake, cellular distribution, and degradation of titanium dioxide NMs (TiO2 NMs, ~10 nm core size) are assessed and correlated with the localization of fluorescently-labeled serum proteins forming their coronas. Imaging approaches with an increasing spatial resolution, including automated high throughput live cell imaging, correlative confocal fluorescence and reflectance microscopy, and dSTORM super-resolution microscopy, are used to explore the cellular fate of these NMs and their associated serum proteins. Uncoated TiO2 NMs demonstrate a rapid loss of corona proteins, while surface coating results in the retention of the corona signal after internalization for at least 24 h (varying with coating composition). Imaging with two-color super-resolution dSTORM revealed that the apparent TiO2 NM single agglomerates observed in diffraction-limited confocal microscopy are actually adjacent smaller agglomerates, and provides novel insights into the spatial arrangement of the initial and exchanged coronas adsorbed at the NM surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O. Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.O.K.); (D.P.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Alessandro Di Maio
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Emily J. Guggenheim
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
| | - Andrew J. Chetwynd
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
| | - Dan Pencross
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.O.K.); (D.P.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Selina Tang
- Promethean Particles Ltd., 1-3 Genesis Park, Midland Way, Nottingham NG7 3EF, UK;
| | - Marie-France A. Belinga-Desaunay
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.O.K.); (D.P.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Boston College, Higgins 644A, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Abstract
Engineered Nanomaterials (NMs), such as Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), offer significant benefits in a wide range of applications, including cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, the use of NMs in biomedicine raises safety concerns due to lack of knowledge on possible biological interactions and effects. The initial basis for using SPIONs as biomedical MRI contrast enhancement agents was the idea that they are selectively taken up by macrophage cells, and not by the surrounding cancer cells. To investigate this claim, we analyzed the uptake of SPIONs into well-established cancer cell models and benchmarked this against a common macrophage cell model. In combination with fluorescent labeling of compartments and siRNA silencing of various proteins involved in common endocytic pathways, the mechanisms of internalization of SPIONs in these cell types has been ascertained utilizing reflectance confocal microscopy. Caveolar mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis are both implicated in SPION uptake into cancer cells, whereas in macrophage cells, a clathrin-dependant route appears to predominate. Colocalization studies confirmed the eventual fate of SPIONs as accumulation in the degradative lysosomes. Dissolution of the SPIONs within the lysosomal environment has also been determined, allowing a fuller understanding of the cellular interactions, uptake, trafficking and effects of SPIONs within a variety of cancer cells and macrophages. Overall, the behavior of SPIONS in non-phagocytotic cell lines is broadly similar to that in the specialist macrophage cells, although some differences in the uptake patterns are apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Guggenheim
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, and Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Core Technologies for Life Sciences, Boston College, MA, USA
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Guo C, Robertson S, Weber RJM, Buckley A, Warren J, Hodgson A, Rappoport JZ, Ignatyev K, Meldrum K, Römer I, Macchiarulo S, Chipman JK, Marczylo T, Leonard MO, Gant TW, Viant MR, Smith R. Pulmonary toxicity of inhaled nano-sized cerium oxide aerosols in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:733-750. [PMID: 30704321 PMCID: PMC6816500 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1554751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs), used in some diesel fuel additives to improve fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust filter operation, have been detected in ambient air and concerns have been raised about their potential human health impact. The majority of CeO2NP inhalation studies undertaken to date have used aerosol particles of larger sizes than the evidence suggests are emitted from vehicles using such fuel additives. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled CeO2NP aerosols of a more environmentally relevant size, utilizing a combination of methods, including untargeted multi-omics to enable the broadest possible survey of molecular responses and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy to investigate cerium speciation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by nose-only inhalation to aerosolized CeO2NPs (mass concentration 1.8 mg/m3, aerosol count median diameter 40 nm) for 3 h/d for 4 d/week, for 1 or 2 weeks and sacrificed at 3 and 7 d post-exposure. Markers of inflammation changed significantly in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which, combined with results from lung histopathology and gene expression analyses suggest an inflammatory response greater than that seen in studies using micron-sized ceria aerosols. Lipidomics of lung tissue revealed changes to minor lipid species, implying specific rather than general cellular effects. Cerium speciation analysis indicated a change in Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio within lung tissue. Collectively, these results in conjunction with earlier studies emphasize the importance of aerosol particle size on toxicity determination. Furthermore, the limited effect resolution within 7 d suggested the possibility of longer-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Sarah Robertson
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT , UK
| | - Alison Buckley
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - James Warren
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Alan Hodgson
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Konstantin Ignatyev
- d Diamond Light Source Ltd , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Isabella Römer
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Sameirah Macchiarulo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - James Kevin Chipman
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT , UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Mark R Viant
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT , UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
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12
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Kaplan N, Ventrella R, Peng H, Pal-Ghosh S, Arvanitis C, Rappoport JZ, Mitchell BJ, Stepp MA, Lavker RM, Getsios S. EphA2/Ephrin-A1 Mediate Corneal Epithelial Cell Compartmentalization via ADAM10 Regulation of EGFR Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:393-406. [PMID: 29351356 PMCID: PMC5774870 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Progenitor cells of the limbal epithelium reside in a discrete area peripheral to the more differentiated corneal epithelium and maintain tissue homeostasis. What regulates the limbal-corneal epithelial boundary is a major unanswered question. Ephrin-A1 ligand is enriched in the limbal epithelium, whereas EphA2 receptor is concentrated in the corneal epithelium. This reciprocal pattern led us to assess the role of ephrin-A1 and EphA2 in limbal-corneal epithelial boundary organization. Methods EphA2-expressing corneal epithelial cells engineered to express ephrin-A1 were used to study boundary formation in vitro in a manner that mimicked the relative abundance of these juxtamembrane signaling proteins in the limbal and corneal epithelium in vivo. Interaction of these two distinct cell populations following initial seeding into discrete culture compartments was assessed by live cell imaging. Immunofluoresence and immunoblotting was used to evaluate the contribution of downstream growth factor signaling and cell-cell adhesion systems to boundary formation at sites of heterotypic contact between ephrin-A1 and EphA2 expressing cells. Results Ephrin-A1-expressing cells impeded and reversed the migration of EphA2-expressing corneal epithelial cells upon heterotypic contact formation leading to coordinated migration of the two cell populations in the direction of an ephrin-A1-expressing leading front. Genetic silencing and pharmacologic inhibitor studies demonstrated that the ability of ephrin-A1 to direct migration of EphA2-expressing cells depended on an a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway that limited E-cadherin-mediated adhesion at heterotypic boundaries. Conclusions Ephrin-A1/EphA2 signaling complexes play a key role in limbal-corneal epithelial compartmentalization and the response of these tissues to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Constadina Arvanitis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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13
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Rappoport JZ. Molecular cell biology and advanced microscopy: an interview with Joshua Z. Rappoport. Biotechniques 2018; 64:194-196. [PMID: 29793359 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr Joshua Z Rappoport, PhD, speaks to Nawsheen Boodhun, Managing Editor. Rappoport completed his bachelor's degree in Biology at Brown University (RI, USA). He then went on to earn a PhD from the Program in Mechanisms of Disease and Therapeutics at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Graduate School of Biological Sciences of New York University (USA). Rappoport spent the early parts of his career working as a postdoctoral researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics based in The Rockefeller University (NY, USA). He was subsequently recruited as a tenured faculty member to work as part of the School of Biosciences at the University of Birmingham (UK). 2014 marked the return of Rappoport to the USA, where he is currently a Research Professor in Molecular Cell Biology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (IL, USA). He is also the Director of the Center for Advanced Microscopy (CAM) and Nikon Imaging Center (NIC), a large core facility consisting of eight members of staff that support around 200 different laboratories.
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14
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Pike JA, Styles IB, Rappoport JZ, Heath JK. Quantifying receptor trafficking and colocalization with confocal microscopy. Methods 2017; 115:42-54. [PMID: 28131869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Confocal microscopy is a powerful tool for the study of cellular receptor trafficking and endocytosis. Unbiased and robust image analysis workflows are required for the identification, and study, of aberrant trafficking. After a brief review of related strategies, identifying both good and bad practice, custom workflows for the analysis of live cell 3D time-lapse data are presented. Strategies for data pre-processing, including denoising and background subtraction are considered. We use a 3D level set protocol to accurately segment cells using only the signal from fluorescently labelled receptor. A protocol for the quantification of changes to subcellular receptor distribution over time is then presented. As an example, ligand stimulated trafficking of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is shown to be significantly reduced in both AG1478 and Dynasore treated cells. Protocols for the quantitative analysis of colocalization between receptor and endosomes are also introduced, including strategies for signal isolation and statistical testing. By calculating the Manders and Pearson coefficients, both co-occurrence and correlation can be assessed. A statistically significant decrease in the level of ligand induced co-occurrence between EGFR and rab5 positive endosomes is demonstrated for both the AG1478 and Dynasore treated cells relative to a control. Finally, a strategy for the visualisation of co-occurrence is presented, which provides an unbiased alternative to colour overlays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Pike
- PSIBS Doctoral Training Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Iain B Styles
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Center for Advanced Microscopy and the Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John K Heath
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Guggenheim EJ, Lynch I, Rappoport JZ. Imaging In focus: Reflected light imaging: Techniques and applications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 83:65-70. [PMID: 28013148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reflectance imaging is a broad term that describes the formation of images by the detection of illumination light that is back-scattered from reflective features within a sample. Reflectance imaging can be performed in a variety of different configurations, such as confocal, oblique angle illumination, structured illumination, interferometry and total internal reflectance, permitting a plethora of biomedical applications. Reflectance imaging has proven indispensable for critical investigations into the safety and understanding of biomedically and environmentally relevant nano-materials, an area of high priority and investment. The non-destructive in vivo imaging ability of reflectance techniques permits alternative diagnostic strategies that may eventually facilitate the eradication of some invasive biopsy procedures. Reflectance can also provide additional structural information and clarity necessary in fluorescent based in vivo studies. Near-coverslip interrogation techniques, such as reflectance interferometry and total internal reflection, have provided a label free means to investigate cell-surface contacts, cell motility and vesicle trafficking in vivo and in vitro. Other key advances include the ability to acquire superresolution reflectance images providing increased spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Guggenheim
- Physical Science of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Centre (DTC), Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Park JK, Peng H, Katsnelson J, Yang W, Kaplan N, Dong Y, Rappoport JZ, He C, Lavker RM. MicroRNAs-103/107 coordinately regulate macropinocytosis and autophagy. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:667-685. [PMID: 27872138 PMCID: PMC5146999 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-103/107 family is preferentially expressed in the stem cell–enriched limbal epithelium and regulates multiple characteristics associated with stem cells. Park et al. show that miR-103/107 also contribute to limbal epithelial homeostasis by suppressing macropinocytosis and preserving end-stage autophagy. Macropinocytosis, by which cells ingest large amounts of fluid, and autophagy, the lysosome-based catabolic process, involve vesicular biogenesis (early stage) and turnover (end stage). Much is known about early-stage events; however, our understanding of how the end stages of these processes are governed is incomplete. Here we demonstrate that the microRNA-103/107(miR-103/107) family, which is preferentially expressed in the stem cell–enriched limbal epithelium, coordinately regulates aspects of both these activities. Loss of miR-103/107 causes dysregulation of macropinocytosis with the formation of large vacuoles, primarily through up-regulation of Src, Ras, and Ankfy1. Vacuole accumulation is not a malfunction of early-stage autophagy; rather, miR-103/107 ensure proper end-stage autophagy by regulating diacylglycerol/protein kinase C and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 signaling, which enables dynamin to function in vacuole clearance. Our findings unveil a key biological function for miR-103/107 in coordinately suppressing macropinocytosis and preserving end-stage autophagy, thereby contributing to maintenance of a stem cell–enriched epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | | | - Wending Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - CongCong He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Rappoport
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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18
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Guggenheim EJ, Khan A, Pike J, Chang L, Lynch I, Rappoport JZ. Comparison of Confocal and Super-Resolution Reflectance Imaging of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159980. [PMID: 27695038 PMCID: PMC5047631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for human exposure to manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in recent years, in part through the incorporation of engineered particles into a wide range of commercial goods and medical applications. NP are ideal candidates for use as therapeutic and diagnostic tools within biomedicine, however concern exists regarding their efficacy and safety. Thus, developing techniques for the investigation of NP uptake into cells is critically important. Current intracellular NP investigations rely on the use of either Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which provides ultrahigh resolution, but involves cumbersome sample preparation rendering the technique incompatible with live cell imaging, or fluorescent labelling, which suffers from photobleaching, poor bioconjugation and, often, alteration of NP surface properties. Reflected light imaging provides an alternative non-destructive label free technique well suited, but not limited to, the visualisation of NP uptake within model systems, such as cells. Confocal reflectance microscopy provides optical sectioning and live imaging capabilities, with little sample preparation. However confocal microscopy is diffraction limited, thus the X-Y resolution is restricted to ~250 nm, substantially larger than the <100 nm size of NPs. Techniques such as super-resolution light microscopy overcome this fundamental limitation, providing increased X-Y resolution. The use of Reflectance SIM (R-SIM) for NP imaging has previously only been demonstrated on custom built microscopes, restricting the widespread use and limiting NP investigations. This paper demonstrates the use of a commercial SIM microscope for the acquisition of super-resolution reflectance data with X-Y resolution of 115 nm, a greater than two-fold increase compared to that attainable with RCM. This increase in resolution is advantageous for visualising small closely spaced structures, such as NP clusters, previously unresolvable by RCM. This is advantageous when investigating the subcellular trafficking of NP within fluorescently labelled cellular compartments. NP signal can be observed using RCM, R-SIM and TEM and a direct comparison is presented. Each of these techniques has its own benefits and limitations; RCM and R-SIM provide novel complementary information while the combination of modalities provides a unique opportunity to gain additional information regarding NP uptake. The use of multiple imaging methods therefore greatly enhances the range of NPs that can be studied under label-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Guggenheim
- Physical Science of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Centre (DTC), Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Pike
- Physical Science of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Centre (DTC), Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Chang
- Nikon Instruments, Inc. Melville, New York, United States of America
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, and Nikon Imaging Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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19
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Zhao B, Mei Y, Schipma MJ, Roth EW, Bleher R, Rappoport JZ, Wickrema A, Yang J, Ji P. Nuclear Condensation during Mouse Erythropoiesis Requires Caspase-3-Mediated Nuclear Opening. Dev Cell 2016; 36:498-510. [PMID: 26954545 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian erythropoiesis involves chromatin condensation that is initiated in the early stage of terminal differentiation. The mechanisms of chromatin condensation during erythropoiesis are unclear. Here, we show that the mouse erythroblast forms large, transient, and recurrent nuclear openings that coincide with the condensation process. The opening lacks nuclear lamina, nuclear pore complexes, and nuclear membrane, but it is distinct from nuclear envelope changes that occur during apoptosis and mitosis. A fraction of the major histones are released from the nuclear opening and degraded in the cytoplasm. We demonstrate that caspase-3 is required for the nuclear opening formation throughout terminal erythropoiesis. Loss of caspase-3 or ectopic expression of a caspase-3 non-cleavable lamin B mutant blocks nuclear opening formation, histone release, chromatin condensation, and terminal erythroid differentiation. We conclude that caspase-3-mediated nuclear opening formation accompanied by histone release from the opening is a critical step toward chromatin condensation during erythropoiesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baobing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eric Wayne Roth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Reiner Bleher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Nikon Imaging Center at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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20
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Mazzolini J, Weber RJM, Chen HS, Khan A, Guggenheim E, Shaw RK, Chipman JK, Viant MR, Rappoport JZ. Protein Corona Modulates Uptake and Toxicity of Nanoceria via Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Biol Bull 2016; 231:40-60. [PMID: 27638694 DOI: 10.1086/689590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Particles present in diesel exhaust have been proposed as a significant contributor to the development of acute and chronic lung diseases, including respiratory infection and allergic asthma. Nanoceria (CeO2 nanoparticles) are used to increase fuel efficiency in internal combustion engines, are present in exhaust fumes, and could affect cells of the airway. Components from the environment such as biologically derived proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids can form a dynamic layer, commonly referred to as the "protein corona" which alters cellular nanoparticle interactions and internalization. Using confocal reflectance microscopy, we quantified nanoceria uptake by lung-derived cells in the presence and absence of a serum-derived protein corona. Employing mass spectrometry, we identified components of the protein corona, and demonstrated that the interaction between transferrin in the protein corona and the transferrin receptor is involved in mediating the cellular entry of nanoceria via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, under these conditions nanoceria does not affect cell growth, viability, or metabolism, even at high concentration. Alternatively, despite the antioxidant capacity of nanoceria, in serum-free conditions these nanoparticles induce plasma membrane disruption and cause changes in cellular metabolism. Thus, our results identify a specific receptor-mediated mechanism for nanoceria entry, and provide significant insight into the potential for nanoparticle-dependent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mazzolini
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Hsueh-Shih Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30, Taiwan
| | - Abdullah Khan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Guggenheim
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Shaw
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - James K Chipman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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21
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Cardo L, Thomas SG, Mazharian A, Pikramenou Z, Rappoport JZ, Hannon MJ, Watson SP. Accessible Synthetic Probes for Staining Actin inside Platelets and Megakaryocytes by Employing Lifeact Peptide. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1680-8. [PMID: 26062886 PMCID: PMC4524417 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lifeact is a 17-residue peptide that can be employed in cell microscopy as a probe for F-actin when fused to fluorescent proteins, but therefore is not suitable for all cell types. We have conjugated fluorescently labelled Lifeact to three different cell-penetrating systems (a myristoylated carrier (myr), the pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) and the cationic peptide TAT) as a strategy to deliver Lifeact into cells and developed new tools for actin staining with improved synthetic accessibility and low toxicity, focusing on their suitability in platelets and megakaryocytes. Using confocal microscopy, we characterised the cell distribution of the new hybrids in fixed cells, and found that both myr– and pHLIP–Lifeact conjugates provide efficient actin staining upon cleavage of Lifeact from the carriers, without affecting cell spreading. This new approach could facilitate the design of new tools for actin visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cardo
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK).,Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Steve G Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Alexandra Mazharian
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Michael J Hannon
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK).
| | - Stephen P Watson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
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Poulter NS, Pollitt AY, Davies A, Malinova D, Nash GB, Hannon MJ, Pikramenou Z, Rappoport JZ, Hartwig JH, Owen DM, Thrasher AJ, Watson SP, Thomas SG. Platelet actin nodules are podosome-like structures dependent on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and ARP2/3 complex. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7254. [PMID: 26028144 PMCID: PMC4458878 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin nodule is a novel F-actin structure present in platelets during early spreading. However, only limited detail is known regarding nodule organization and function. Here we use electron microscopy, SIM and dSTORM super-resolution, and live-cell TIRF microscopy to characterize the structural organization and signalling pathways associated with nodule formation. Nodules are composed of up to four actin-rich structures linked together by actin bundles. They are enriched in the adhesion-related proteins talin and vinculin, have a central core of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and are depleted of integrins at the plasma membrane. Nodule formation is dependent on Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) and the ARP2/3 complex. WASp−/− mouse blood displays impaired platelet aggregate formation at arteriolar shear rates. We propose actin nodules are platelet podosome-related structures required for platelet–platelet interaction and their absence contributes to the bleeding diathesis of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. During early platelet spreading a novel F-actin structure forms, called the actin nodule. Here Poulter et al. demonstrate that actin nodule formation depends on WASp and the Arp2/3 complex, and using super-resolution microscopy they show that nodules bear a structural resemblance to podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Poulter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice Y Pollitt
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- PSIBS doctoral training centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mike J Hannon
- PSIBS doctoral training centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- The Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Morton 2-681, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John H Hartwig
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Stephen P Watson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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23
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Hookway C, Ding L, Davidson MW, Rappoport JZ, Danuser G, Gelfand VI. Microtubule-dependent transport and dynamics of vimentin intermediate filaments. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1675-86. [PMID: 25717187 PMCID: PMC4436779 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied two aspects of vimentin intermediate filament dynamics-transport of filaments and subunit exchange. We observed transport of long filaments in the periphery of cells using live-cell structured illumination microscopy. We studied filament transport elsewhere in cells using a photoconvertible-vimentin probe and total internal reflection microscopy. We found that filaments were rapidly transported along linear tracks in both anterograde and retrograde directions. Filament transport was microtubule dependent but independent of microtubule polymerization and/or an interaction with the plus end-binding protein APC. We also studied subunit exchange in filaments by long-term imaging after photoconversion. We found that converted vimentin remained in small clusters along the length of filaments rather than redistributing uniformly throughout the network, even in cells that divided after photoconversion. These data show that vimentin filaments do not depolymerize into individual subunits; they recompose by severing and reannealing. Together these results show that vimentin filaments are very dynamic and that their transport is required for network maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hookway
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Liya Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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24
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Fletcher SJ, Iqbal M, Jabbari S, Stekel D, Rappoport JZ. Analysis of occludin trafficking, demonstrating continuous endocytosis, degradation, recycling and biosynthetic secretory trafficking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111176. [PMID: 25422932 PMCID: PMC4244031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) link adjacent cells and are critical for maintenance of apical-basolateral polarity in epithelial monolayers. The TJ protein occludin functions in disparate processes, including wound healing and Hepatitis C Virus infection. Little is known about steady-state occludin trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane. Therefore, we determined the mechanisms responsible for occludin turnover in confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial monolayers. Using various biotin-based trafficking assays we observed continuous and rapid endocytosis of plasma membrane localised occludin (the majority internalised within 30 minutes). By 120 minutes a significant reduction in internalised occludin was observed. Inhibition of lysosomal function attenuated the reduction in occludin signal post-endocytosis and promoted co-localisation with the late endocytic system. Using a similar method we demonstrated that ∼20% of internalised occludin was transported back to the cell surface. Consistent with these findings, significant co-localisation between internalised occludin and recycling endosomal compartments was observed. We then quantified the extent to which occludin synthesis and transport to the plasma membrane contributes to plasma membrane occludin homeostasis, identifying inhibition of protein synthesis led to decreased plasma membrane localised occludin. Significant co-localisation between occludin and the biosynthetic secretory pathway was demonstrated. Thus, under steady-state conditions occludin undergoes turnover via a continuous cycle of endocytosis, recycling and degradation, with degradation compensated for by biosynthetic exocytic trafficking. We developed a mathematical model to describe the endocytosis, recycling and degradation of occludin, utilising experimental data to provide quantitative estimates for the rates of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Fletcher
- The Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Jabbari
- School of Mathematics and Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dov Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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25
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Jaworski J, de la Vega M, Fletcher SJ, McFarlane C, Greene MK, Smyth AW, Van Schaeybroeck S, Johnston JA, Scott CJ, Rappoport JZ, Burrows JF. USP17 is required for clathrin mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncotarget 2014; 5:6964-75. [PMID: 25026282 PMCID: PMC4196176 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that expression of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP17 is required for cell proliferation and motility. More recently we reported that USP17 deubiquitinates RCE1 isoform 2 and thus regulates the processing of 'CaaX' motif proteins. Here we now show that USP17 expression is induced by epidermal growth factor and that USP17 expression is required for clathrin mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor. In addition, we show that USP17 is required for the endocytosis of transferrin, an archetypal substrate for clathrin mediated endocytosis, and that USP17 depletion impedes plasma membrane recruitment of the machinery required for clathrin mediated endocytosis. Thus, our data reveal that USP17 is necessary for epidermal growth factor receptor and transferrin endocytosis via clathrin coated pits, indicate this is mediated via the regulation of the recruitment of the components of the endocytosis machinery and suggest USP17 may play a general role in receptor endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jaworski
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Michelle de la Vega
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Health Sciences Building, Belfast, UK
| | - Sarah J. Fletcher
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cheryl McFarlane
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Health Sciences Building, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - James A. Johnston
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Health Sciences Building, Belfast, UK
- Current address, Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
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26
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Wilson E, Leszczynska K, Poulter NS, Edelmann F, Salisbury VA, Noy PJ, Bacon A, Rappoport JZ, Heath JK, Bicknell R, Heath VL. RhoJ interacts with the GIT-PIX complex and regulates focal adhesion disassembly. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3039-51. [PMID: 24928894 PMCID: PMC4106786 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoJ is a Rho GTPase expressed in endothelial cells and tumour cells, which regulates cell motility, invasion, endothelial tube formation and focal adhesion numbers. This study aimed to further delineate the molecular function of RhoJ. Using timelapse microscopy RhoJ was found to regulate focal adhesion disassembly; small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of RhoJ increased focal adhesion disassembly time, whereas expression of an active mutant (daRhoJ) decreased it. Furthermore, daRhoJ co-precipitated with the GIT–PIX complex, a regulator of focal adhesion disassembly. An interaction between daRhoJ and GIT1 was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid experiments, and this depended on the Spa homology domain of GIT1. GIT1, GIT2, β-PIX (also known as ARHGEF7) and RhoJ all colocalised in focal adhesions and depended on each other for their recruitment to focal adhesions. Functionally, the GIT–PIX complex regulated endothelial tube formation, with knockdown of both GIT1 and GIT2, or β-PIX phenocopying RhoJ knockdown. RhoJ-knockout mice showed reduced tumour growth and diminished tumour vessel density, identifying a role for RhoJ in mediating tumour angiogenesis. These studies give new insight into the molecular function of RhoJ in regulating cell motility and tumour vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Wilson
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Leszczynska
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francesca Edelmann
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Victoria A Salisbury
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J Noy
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - John K Heath
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Bicknell
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Victoria L Heath
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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27
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Jones S, Rappoport JZ. Interdependent epidermal growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:23-8. [PMID: 24681003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signalling regulates diverse cellular functions, promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell growth and survival. EGFR signalling is critical during embryogenesis, in particular in epithelial development, and disruption of the EGFR gene results in epithelial immaturity and perinatal death. EGFR signalling also functions during wound healing responses through accelerating wound re-epithelialisation, inducing cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Upregulation of EGFR signalling is often observed in carcinomas and has been shown to promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore aberrant EGFR signalling is a common target for anticancer therapies. Various reports indicate that EGFR signalling primarily occurs at the plasma membrane and EGFR degradation following endocytosis greatly attenuates signalling. Other studies argue that EGFR internalisation is essential for complete activation of downstream signalling cascades and that endosomes can serve as signalling platforms. The aim of this review is to discuss current understanding of intersection between EGFR signalling and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jones
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Nikon Imaging Center at Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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28
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Jones S, Cunningham DL, Rappoport JZ, Heath JK. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Ack1 regulates the fate of activated EGFR by inducing trafficking to the p62/NBR1 pre-autophagosome. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:994-1006. [PMID: 24413169 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.136895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor signalling regulates multiple cellular functions and its misregulation has been linked to the development and progression of cancer. Ack1 (activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1, also known as TNK2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in trafficking and degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), yet its precise functions remain elusive. In this report, we investigate the role of Ack1 in EGFR trafficking and show that Ack1 partially colocalises to Atg16L-positive structures upon stimulation with EGF. These structures are proposed to be the isolation membranes that arise during formation of autophagosomes. In addition, we find that Ack1 colocalises and interacts with sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1), a receptor for selective autophagy, through a ubiquitin-associated domain, and this interaction decreases upon treatment with EGF, thus suggesting that Ack1 moves away from p62/SQSTM1 compartments. Furthermore, Ack1 interacts and colocalises with NBR1, another autophagic receptor, and this colocalisation is enhanced in the presence of ectopically expressed p62/SQSTM1. Finally, knockdown of Ack1 results in accelerated localisation of EGFR to lysosomes upon treatment with EGF. Structure-function analyses of a panel of Ack1 deletion mutants revealed key mechanistic aspects of these relationships. The Mig6-homology domain and clathrin-binding domain both contribute to colocalisation with EGFR, whereas the UBA domain is essential for colocalisation with p62/SQSTM1, but not NBR1. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a novel role for Ack1 in diverting activated EGFR into a non-canonical degradative pathway, marked by association with p62/SQSTM1, NBR1 and Atg16L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jones
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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29
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Williams RL, Hadley MJ, Jiang PJ, Rowson NA, Mendes PM, Rappoport JZ, Grover LM. Thiol modification of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite nanocrystals facilitates fluorescent labelling and visualisation of cellular internalisation. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4370-4378. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Auciello G, Cunningham DL, Tatar T, Heath JK, Rappoport JZ. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking by Src and Eps8. J Cell Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203811 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.116228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) mediate a wide spectrum of cellular responses that are crucial for development and wound healing. However, aberrant FGFR activity leads to cancer. Activated growth factor receptors undergo stimulated endocytosis, but can continue to signal along the endocytic pathway. Endocytic trafficking controls the duration and intensity of signalling, and growth factor receptor signalling can lead to modifications of trafficking pathways. We have developed live-cell imaging methods for studying FGFR dynamics to investigate mechanisms that coordinate the interplay between receptor trafficking and signal transduction. Activated FGFR enters the cell following recruitment to pre-formed clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, FGFR activation stimulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis; FGF treatment increases the number of CCPs, including those undergoing endocytosis, and this effect is mediated by Src and its phosphorylation target Eps8. Eps8 interacts with the clathrin-mediated endocytosis machinery and depletion of Eps8 inhibits FGFR trafficking and immediate Erk signalling. Once internalized, FGFR passes through peripheral early endosomes en route to recycling and degredative compartments, through an Src- and Eps8-dependent mechanism. Thus Eps8 functions as a key coordinator in the interplay between FGFR signalling and trafficking. This work provides the first detailed mechanistic analysis of growth factor receptor clustering at the cell surface through signal transduction and endocytic trafficking. As we have characterised the Src target Eps8 as a key regulator of FGFR signalling and trafficking, and identified the early endocytic system as the site of Eps8-mediated effects, this work provides novel mechanistic insight into the reciprocal regulation of growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Auciello
- CRUK Growth Factor Group, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Smith PJ, Giroud M, Wiggins HL, Gower F, Thorley JA, Stolpe B, Mazzolini J, Dyson RJ, Rappoport JZ. Cellular entry of nanoparticles via serum sensitive clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and plasma membrane permeabilization. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2045-55. [PMID: 22619541 PMCID: PMC3356167 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing production and application of nanomaterials raises significant questions regarding the potential for cellular entry and toxicity of nanoparticles. It was observed that the presence of serum reduces the cellular association of 20 nm carboxylate-modified fluorescent polystyrene beads up to 20-fold, relative to cells incubated in serum-free media. Analysis by confocal microscopy demonstrated that the presence of serum greatly reduces the cell surface association of nanoparticles, as well as the potential for internalization. However, both in the presence and absence of serum, nanoparticle entry depends upon clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Finally, experiments performed with cells cooled to 4°C suggest that a proportion of the accumulation of nanoparticles in cells was likely due to direct permeabilization of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Smith
- Physical Sciences of Imaging for the Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Center, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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32
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Kaplan OI, Doroquez DB, Cevik S, Bowie RV, Clarke L, Sanders AAWM, Kida K, Rappoport JZ, Sengupta P, Blacque OE. Endocytosis genes facilitate protein and membrane transport in C. elegans sensory cilia. Curr Biol 2012; 22:451-60. [PMID: 22342749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple intracellular transport pathways drive the formation, maintenance, and function of cilia, a compartmentalized organelle associated with motility, chemo-/mechano-/photosensation, and developmental signaling. These pathways include cilium-based intraflagellar transport (IFT) and poorly understood membrane trafficking events. Defects in ciliary transport contribute to the etiology of human ciliary disease such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). In this study, we employ the genetically tractable nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate whether endocytosis genes function in cilium formation and/or the transport of ciliary membrane or ciliary proteins. RESULTS Here we show that localization of the clathrin light chain, AP-2 clathrin adaptor, dynamin, and RAB-5 endocytic proteins overlaps with a morphologically discrete periciliary membrane compartment associated with sensory cilia. In addition, ciliary transmembrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors concentrate at periciliary membranes. Disruption of endocytic gene function causes expansion of ciliary and/or periciliary membranes as well as defects in the ciliary targeting and/or transport dynamics of ciliary transmembrane and IFT proteins. Finally, genetic analyses reveal that the ciliary membrane expansions in dynamin and AP-2 mutants require bbs-8 and rab-8 function and that sensory signaling and endocytic genes may function in a common pathway to regulate ciliary membrane volume. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate C. elegans endocytosis proteins localized at the ciliary base in regulating ciliary and periciliary membrane volume and suggest that membrane retrieval from these compartments is counterbalanced by BBS-8 and RAB-8-mediated membrane delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay I Kaplan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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33
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Pitkeathly WTE, Poulter NS, Claridge E, Rappoport JZ. Auto-align - multi-modality fluorescence microscopy image co-registration. Traffic 2012; 13:204-17. [PMID: 22044432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multi-modality microscopes incorporate multiple microscopy techniques into one module, imaging through a common objective lens. Simultaneous or consecutive image acquisition of a single specimen, using multiple techniques, increases the amount of measurable information available. In order to benefit from each modality, it is necessary to accurately co-register data sets. Intrinsic differences in the image formation process employed by each modality result in images which possess different characteristics. In addition, as a result of using different measurement devices, images often differ in size and can suffer relative geometrical deformations including rotation, scale and translation, making registration a complex problem. Current methods generally rely on manual input and are therefore subject to human error. Here, we present an automated image registration tool for fluorescence microscopy. We show that it successfully registers images obtained via total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), or epi-fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we provide several other applications including channel merging following image acquisition through an emission beam splitter, and lateral stage drift correction. We also discuss areas of membrane trafficking which could benefit from application of Auto-Align. Auto-Align is an essential item in the advanced microscopist's toolbox which can create a synergy of single or multi-modality image data.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T E Pitkeathly
- Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences doctoral training centre, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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34
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Qureshi OS, Kaur S, Hou TZ, Jeffery LE, Poulter NS, Briggs Z, Kenefeck R, Willox AK, Royle SJ, Rappoport JZ, Sansom DM. Constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytosis of CTLA-4 persists during T cell activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9429-40. [PMID: 22262842 PMCID: PMC3308817 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is one of the most important negative regulators of the T cell immune response. However, the subcellular distribution of CTLA-4 is unusual for a receptor that interacts with cell surface transmembrane ligands in that CTLA-4 is rapidly internalized from the plasma membrane. It has been proposed that T cell activation can lead to stabilization of CTLA-4 expression at the cell surface. Here we have analyzed in detail the internalization, recycling, and degradation of CTLA-4. We demonstrate that CTLA-4 is rapidly internalized from the plasma membrane in a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent manner driven by the well characterized YVKM trafficking motif. Furthermore, we show that once internalized, CTLA-4 co-localizes with markers of recycling endosomes and is recycled to the plasma membrane. Although we observed limited co-localization of CTLA-4 with lysosomal markers, CTLA-4 was nonetheless degraded in a manner inhibited by lysosomal blockade. T cell activation stimulated mobilization of CTLA-4, as judged by an increase in cell surface expression; however, this pool of CTLA-4 continued to endocytose and was not stably retained at the cell surface. These data support a model of trafficking whereby CTLA-4 is constitutively internalized in a ligand-independent manner undergoing both recycling and degradation. Stimulation of T cells increases CTLA-4 turnover at the plasma membrane; however, CTLA-4 endocytosis continues and is not stabilized during activation of human T cells. These findings emphasize the importance of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in regulating CTLA-4 trafficking throughout T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Qureshi
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Fletcher SJ, Poulter NS, Haining EJ, Rappoport JZ. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis regulates occludin, and not focal adhesion, distribution during epithelial wound healing. Biol Cell 2012; 104:238-56. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Vinader V, Al-Saraireh Y, Wiggins HL, Rappoport JZ, Shnyder SD, Patterson LH, Afarinkia K. An agarose spot chemotaxis assay for chemokine receptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:213-6. [PMID: 21292017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemokines are important players in directing the migration of cancer cells as part of the metastatic process. The aim of this study is to develop an easy-to-perform, reliable, and inexpensive assay for rapid analysis of anti-chemotactic activity of chemokine antagonists under a number of experimental conditions. METHODS An agarose spot containing the chemokine chemoattractant is applied to a glass petri dish. Live cells in a media, both with and without a chemokine antagonist, are added to the dish and, following cell adhesion, the migration under the agarose spot is observed and analysed by microscopy. RESULTS In the absence of CXCL12 in the agarose, no migration under the agarose spot is detected. In the presence of CXCL12, significant migration under the agarose spot is observed which can be retarded if a neutralising monoclonal antibody or a small molecule antagonist is added to the media. DISCUSSION This experimental configuration is a reliable, inexpensive and easy-to-perform chemotaxis assay, which enables assessment of the activity of CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vinader
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
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Abstract
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy can be used in a wide range of cell biological applications, and is particularly well suited to analysis of the localization and dynamics of molecules and events near the plasma membrane. The TIRF excitation field decreases exponentially with distance from the cover slip on which cells are grown. This means that fluorophores close to the cover slip (e.g. within ~100 nm) are selectively illuminated, highlighting events that occur within this region. The advantages of using TIRF include the ability to obtain high-contrast images of fluorophores near the plasma membrane, very low background from the bulk of the cell, reduced cellular photodamage and rapid exposure times. In this Commentary, we discuss the applications of TIRF to the study of cell biology, the physical basis of TIRF, experimental setup and troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa L Mattheyses
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Fletcher SJ, Rappoport JZ. Corrigendum: Moving forward: polarised trafficking in cell migration [Trends in Cell Biology 20 (2010), 71-78]. Trends Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cullinane AR, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Zaucker A, Wakabayashi Y, Bruce CK, Luo G, Rahman F, Gürakan F, Utine E, Ozkan TB, Denecke J, Vukovic J, Di Rocco M, Mandel H, Cangul H, Matthews RP, Thomas SG, Rappoport JZ, Arias IM, Wolburg H, Knisely AS, Kelly DA, Müller F, Maher ER, Gissen P. Mutations in VIPAR cause an arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome phenotype with defects in epithelial polarization. Nat Genet 2010; 42:303-12. [PMID: 20190753 PMCID: PMC5308204 DOI: 10.1038/ng.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome (ARC) is a multisystem disorder associated with abnormalities in polarized liver and kidney cells. Mutations in VPS33B account for most cases of ARC. We identified mutations in VIPAR (also called C14ORF133) in individuals with ARC without VPS33B defects. We show that VIPAR forms a functional complex with VPS33B that interacts with RAB11A. Knockdown of vipar in zebrafish resulted in biliary excretion and E-cadherin defects similar to those in individuals with ARC. Vipar- and Vps33b-deficient mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMDC-3) cells expressed membrane proteins abnormally and had structural and functional tight junction defects. Abnormal Ceacam5 expression was due to mis-sorting toward lysosomal degradation, but reduced E-cadherin levels were associated with transcriptional downregulation. The VPS33B-VIPAR complex thus has diverse functions in the pathways regulating apical-basolateral polarity in the liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Cullinane
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Poulter NS, Staiger CJ, Rappoport JZ, Franklin-Tong VE. Actin-binding proteins implicated in the formation of the punctate actin foci stimulated by the self-incompatibility response in Papaver. Plant Physiol 2010; 152:1274-83. [PMID: 20081043 PMCID: PMC2832276 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.152066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a key target for signaling networks and plays a central role in translating signals into cellular responses in eukaryotic cells. Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important mechanism responsible for preventing self-fertilization. The SI system of Papaver rhoeas pollen involves a Ca(2+)-dependent signaling network, including massive actin depolymerization as one of the earliest cellular responses, followed by the formation of large actin foci. However, no analysis of these structures, which appear to be aggregates of filamentous (F-)actin based on phalloidin staining, has been carried out to date. Here, we characterize and quantify the formation of F-actin foci in incompatible Papaver pollen tubes over time. The F-actin foci increase in size over time, and we provide evidence that their formation requires actin polymerization. Once formed, these SI-induced structures are unusually stable, being resistant to treatments with latrunculin B. Furthermore, their formation is associated with changes in the intracellular localization of two actin-binding proteins, cyclase-associated protein and actin-depolymerizing factor. Two other regulators of actin dynamics, profilin and fimbrin, do not associate with the F-actin foci. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first insights into the actin-binding proteins and mechanisms involved in the formation of these intriguing structures, which appear to be actively formed during the SI response.
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Fletcher SJ, Rappoport JZ. Moving forward: polarised trafficking in cell migration. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:71-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
The removal of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from the cell surface by endocytosis is triggered by receptor activation, but many facets of EGFR trafficking remain unresolved. We employed total internal fluorescence microscopy to elucidate the dynamics of activated EGFR at the cell surface through live-cell imaging. The results of these studies demonstrate that: (1) EGFR does not localize to caveolae in live cells either before or after activation; (2) EGFR does localize to clathrin-coated pits, but only after activation; (3) activation does not result in the formation of new clathrin-coated pits; (4) activated EGFR clusters at sites of preformed clathrin lattices; (5) The AP-2 complex is involved in the internalization of activated EGFR. Using imaging techniques to show the endocytic sorting of activated EGFR for the first time in live cells, these studies suggest a refinement of the model for EGFR entry.
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Abstract
Background Members of the dynamin super-family of GTPases are involved in disparate cellular pathways. Dynamin1 and dynamin2 have been implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. While some models suggest that dynamin functions specifically at the point of vesicle fission, evidence also exists for a role prior to fission during vesicle formation and it is unknown if there is a role for dynamin after vesicle fission. Although dynamin2 is ubiquitously expressed, dynamin1 is restricted to the nervous system. These two structurally similar endocytic accessory proteins have not been studied in cells that endogenously express both. Methodology/Principal Findings The present study quantitatively assesses the dynamics of dynamin1 and dynamin2 during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in PC12 cells, which endogenously express both proteins. Both dynamin isoforms co-localized with clathrin and showed sharp increases in fluorescence intensity immediately prior to internalization of the nascent clathrin-coated vesicle. The fluorescence intensity of both proteins then decreased with two time constants. The slower time constant closely matched the time constant for the decrease of clathrin intensity and likely represents vesicle movement away from the membrane. The faster rate may reflect release of dynamin at the neck of nascent vesicle following GTP hydrolysis. Conclusions/Significance This study analyses the role of dynamin in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a model for cellular neuroscience and these results may provide direct evidence for the existence of two populations of dynamin associated with nascent clathrin-coated vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Heyman
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shahrnaz Kemal
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanford M. Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The ability to localize proteins of interest in live cells through imaging inherently fluorescent protein tags has provided an unprecedented level of information on cellular organization. However, there are numerous cases where fluorescent tags alter the localization and/or function of the proteins to which they are appended. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis from the plasma membrane is a physiologically important process evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. Some proteins that are associated with the machinery of clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been tagged with fluorescent proteins. However, it has not yet been possible to study this process through a protein marker that is specific to this step and still fully functional when linked to a fluorescent protein. In this study, we present the first demonstration that one of these proteins, in this case a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion to alpha-adaptin, a marker of the adaptor protein-2 complex, functionally complements knockdown of endogenous protein through small interfering RNA silencing. GFP-alpha-adaptin, as well as the techniques used to test the fusion protein, represents an important contribution to the cell biologist's toolbox, which will permit a greater understanding of vesicle trafficking in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Rappoport
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Burtey A, Schmid EM, Ford MGJ, Rappoport JZ, Scott MGH, Marullo S, Simon SM, McMahon HT, Benmerah A. The conserved isoleucine-valine-phenylalanine motif couples activation state and endocytic functions of beta-arrestins. Traffic 2007; 8:914-31. [PMID: 17547696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beta-arrestins (betaarrs) play a central role in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Their binding to phosphorylated activated GPCRs induces a conformational transition to an active state resulting in the release of their flexible C-terminal tail. Binding sites for clathrin and the adaptor protein (AP)-2 clathrin adaptor complex are then unmasked, which drive the recruitment of betaarrs-GPCR complexes into clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). A conserved isoleucine-valine-phenylalanine (IVF) motif of the C-terminal tail controls betaarr activation through intramolecular interactions. Here, we provide structural, biochemical and functional evidence in living cells that the IVF motif also controls binding to AP-2. While the F residue is directly involved in AP-2 binding, substitutions of I and V residues, markedly enhanced affinity for AP-2 resulting in active betaarr mutants, which are constitutively targeted to CCPs in the absence of any GPCR activation. Conformational change and endocytic functions of betaarrs thus appear to be coordinated via the complex molecular interactions established by the IVF motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burtey
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
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Abstract
The endocytic adaptor complex AP-2 colocalizes with the majority of clathrin-positive spots at the cell surface. However, we previously observed that AP-2 is excluded from internalizing clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). The present studies quantitatively demonstrate that AP-2 disengages from sites of endocytosis seconds before internalization of the nascent CCV. In contrast, epsin, an alternate adaptor for clathrin at the plasma membrane, disappeared, along with clathrin. This suggests that epsin remains an integral part of the CCV throughout endocytosis. Clathrin spots at the cell surface represent a heterogeneous population: a majority (70%) of the spots disappeared with a time course of 4 min, whereas a minority (22%) remained static for > or =30 min. The static clathrin spots undergo constant subunit exchange, suggesting that although they are static structures, these spots comprise functional clathrin molecules, rather than dead-end aggregates. These results support a model where AP-2 serves a cargo-sorting function before endocytosis, whereas alternate adaptors, such as epsin, actually link cargo to the clathrin coat surrounding nascent endocytic vesicles. These data also support a role for static clathrin, providing a nucleation site for endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Rappoport
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Burtey A, Rappoport JZ, Bouchet J, Basmaciogullari S, Guatelli J, Simon SM, Benichou S, Benmerah A. Dynamic Interaction of HIV-1 Nef with the Clathrin-Mediated Endocytic Pathway at the Plasma Membrane. Traffic 2006; 8:61-76. [PMID: 17140399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef protein perturbs the trafficking of membrane proteins such as CD4 by interacting with clathrin-adaptor complexes. We previously reported that Nef alters early/recycling endosomes, but its role at the plasma membrane is poorly documented. Here, we used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, which restricts the analysis to a approximately 100 nm region of the adherent surface of the cells, to focus on the dynamic of Nef at the plasma membrane relative to that of clathrin. Nef colocalized both with clathrin spots (CS) that remained static at the cell surface, corresponding to clathrin-coated pits (CCPs), and with approximately 50% of CS that disappeared from the cell surface, corresponding to forming clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). The colocalization of Nef with clathrin required the di-leucine motif essential for Nef binding to AP complexes and was independent of CD4 expression. Furthermore, analysis of Nef mutants showed that the capacity of Nef to induce internalization and downregulation of CD4 in T lymphocytes correlated with its localization into CCPs. In conclusion, this analysis shows that Nef is recruited into CCPs and into forming CCVs at the plasma membrane, in agreement with a model in which Nef uses the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway to induce internalization of some membrane proteins from the surface of HIV-1-infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burtey
- Institut Cochin, Département Maladies Infectieuses, Paris F-75014, France
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Abstract
Previously, we reported that the hetero-tetrameric adaptor complex AP-2 co-localizes with the static population of clathrin spots, whereas it is excluded from clathrin spots that disappear from the plasma membrane (forming clathrin-coated vesicles). More recently however, another group provided evidence that AP-2 markers could be observed coincident with disappearing clathrin spots. Thus, we tested several possible explanations for the apparent discrepancies in these two studies. We evaluated the potential contribution of nonred emission of clathrin-dsRed (used in both studies) in the simultaneous measurement of AP-2 and clathrin at various times. Additionally, we directly compared two different green fluorescent protein-tagged AP-2 constructs (similar to those used in the previous reports). These studies demonstrated that the duration of expression time greatly influences the subcellular localization of the AP-2 markers. Furthermore, we quantitatively evaluated the AP-2 fluorescence at the sites of numerous static and disappearing clathrin spots (at least 80 per group) and confirmed our initial observation that while AP-2 is present in nearly all static clathrin spots, it is excluded from the disappearing population of clathrin spots. Finally, in order to verify that clathrin spot disappearance represents clathrin-coated vesicle internalization, we simultaneously imaged clathrin and the cargo molecule transferrin at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z. Rappoport
- The Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, PO Box 304, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institut Cochin (INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris 5), 27 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Sanford M. Simon
- The Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, PO Box 304, New York, NY 10021, USA
- *Corresponding author: Sanford M. Simon,
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Fix M, Melia TJ, Jaiswal JK, Rappoport JZ, You D, Söllner TH, Rothman JE, Simon SM. Imaging single membrane fusion events mediated by SNARE proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7311-6. [PMID: 15123811 PMCID: PMC409915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401779101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we have developed an assay to monitor individual fusion events between proteoliposomes containing vesicle soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and a supported planar bilayer containing cognate target SNAREs. Approach, docking, and fusion of individual vesicles to the target membrane were quantified by delivery and subsequent lateral spread of fluorescent phospholipids from the vesicle membrane into the target bilayer. Fusion probability was increased by raising divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+). Fusion of individual vesicles initiated in <100 ms after the rise of Ca2+ and membrane mixing was complete in 300 ms. Removal of the N-terminal H(abc) domain of syntaxin 1A increased fusion probability >30-fold compared to the full-length protein, but even in the absence of the H(abc) domain, vesicle fusion was still enhanced in response to Ca2+ increase. Our observations establish that the SNARE core complex is sufficient to fuse two opposing membrane bilayers at a speed commensurate with most membrane fusion processes in cells. This real-time analysis of single vesicle fusion opens the door to mechanistic studies of how SNARE and accessory proteins regulate fusion processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fix
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 304, New York, NY 10021, USA
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