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Abstract
CFTR modulators have dramatically changed the clinical course of CF in those fortunate enough to receive them. Inevitably, randomised controlled trials during the development of these drugs are too short to use mortality as an outcome. Evidence for their effect on life expectancy are best gained from real world registry studies specifically looking at mortality, but these are only available for ivacaftor to date. Therefore, indirect evidence must be obtained by looking at outcomes known to affect mortality and seeing the effect of these drugs on those outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Balfour-Lynn
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
| | - J A King
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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2
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Mudhish EA, Siddique AB, Ebrahim HY, Abdelwahed KS, King JA, El Sayed KA. The Tobacco β-Cembrenediol: A Prostate Cancer Recurrence Suppressor Lead and Prospective Scaffold via Modulation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tryptophan Dioxygenase. Nutrients 2022; 14:1505. [PMID: 35406118 PMCID: PMC9003379 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of death in men in the US. PC has a high recurrence rate, and limited therapeutic options are available to prevent disease recurrence. The tryptophan-degrading enzymes 2,3-indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO1) and tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO2) are upregulated in invasive PC. (1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (β-CBT) and its C-4 epimer α-CBT are the precursors to key flavor ingredients in tobacco leaves. Nearly 40-60% of β- and α-CBT are purposely degraded during commercial tobacco fermentation. Earlier, β-CBT inhibited invasion, reversed calcitonin-stimulated transepithelial resistance decrease, and induced tighter intercellular barriers in PC-3M cells. This study demonstrates the in vitro β-CBT anti-migratory (wound-healing assay) and anti-clonogenicity (colony-formation assay) activities against five diverse human PC cell lines, including the androgen-independent PC-3, PC-3M, and DU-145, the castration-recurrent CWR-R1ca, and the androgen-dependent CWR-22rv1. Meanwhile, β-CBT potently suppressed in vivo locoregional and distant recurrences after the primary tumor surgical excision of PC-3M-Luc cell tumor engrafted in male nude mice. β-CBT treatments suppressed organ and bone metastasis and lacked any major toxicity over the 60-day study course. β-CBT treatments significantly suppressed IDO1, TDO2, and their final metabolite kynurenine levels in PC-3M cells. β-CBT treatments significantly suppressed the tumor recurrence marker PSA and kynurenine levels in treated animals' plasma. β-CBT emerges as a promising PC recurrence suppressive lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethar A. Mudhish
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (E.A.M.); (A.B.S.); (H.Y.E.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (E.A.M.); (A.B.S.); (H.Y.E.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Hassan Y. Ebrahim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (E.A.M.); (A.B.S.); (H.Y.E.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Khaldoun S. Abdelwahed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (E.A.M.); (A.B.S.); (H.Y.E.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Judy Ann King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (E.A.M.); (A.B.S.); (H.Y.E.); (K.S.A.)
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3
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Abdelwahed KS, Siddique AB, Qusa MH, King JA, Souid S, Abd Elmageed ZY, El Sayed KA. PCSK9 Axis-Targeting Pseurotin A as a Novel Prostate Cancer Recurrence Suppressor Lead. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1771-1781. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoun S. Abdelwahed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Mohammed H. Qusa
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Judy Ann King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, United States
| | - Soumaya Souid
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71203, United States
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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Tajmim A, Cuevas-Ocampo AK, Siddique AB, Qusa MH, King JA, Abdelwahed KS, Sonju JJ, El Sayed KA. (-)-Oleocanthal Nutraceuticals for Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Pathology: Novel Oral Formulations, Therapeutic, and Molecular Insights in 5xFAD Transgenic Mice Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051702. [PMID: 34069842 PMCID: PMC8157389 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting humans mainly through the deposition of Aβ-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils and accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Currently available AD treatments only exhibit symptomatic relief but do not generally intervene with the amyloid and tau pathologies. The extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) monophenolic secoiridoid S-(–)-oleocanthal (OC) showed anti-inflammatory activity through COX system inhibition with potency comparable to the standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) like ibuprofen. OC also showed positive in vitro, in vivo, and clinical therapeutic effects against cardiovascular diseases, many malignancies, and AD. Due to its pungent, astringent, and irritant taste, OC should be formulated in acceptable dosage form before its oral use as a potential nutraceutical. The objective of this study is to develop new OC oral formulations, assess whether they maintained OC activity on the attenuation of β-amyloid pathology in a 5xFAD mouse model upon 4-month oral dosing use. Exploration of potential OC formulations underlying molecular mechanism is also within this study scope. OC powder formulation (OC-PF) and OC-solid dispersion formulation with erythritol (OC-SD) were prepared and characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (ScEM) analyses. Both formulations showed an improved OC dissolution profile. OC-PF and OC-SD improved memory deficits of 5xFAD mice in behavioral studies. OC-PF and OC-SD exhibited significant attenuation of the accumulation of Aβ plaques and tau phosphorylation in the brain of 5xFAD female mice. Both formulations markedly suppressed C3AR1 (complement component 3a receptor 1) activity by targeting the downstream marker STAT3. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential for the application of OC-PF as a prospective nutraceutical or dietary supplement to control the progression of amyloid pathogenesis associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Tajmim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (A.T.); (A.B.S.); (M.H.Q.); (K.S.A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Areli K. Cuevas-Ocampo
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.K.C.-O.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (A.T.); (A.B.S.); (M.H.Q.); (K.S.A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Mohammed H. Qusa
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (A.T.); (A.B.S.); (M.H.Q.); (K.S.A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Judy Ann King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.K.C.-O.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Khaldoun S. Abdelwahed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (A.T.); (A.B.S.); (M.H.Q.); (K.S.A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jafrin Jobayer Sonju
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (A.T.); (A.B.S.); (M.H.Q.); (K.S.A.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (A.T.); (A.B.S.); (M.H.Q.); (K.S.A.); (J.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-318-342-1725
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5
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Onder AM, Cuff CF, Liang X, Billings AA, Onder S, Yu JJ, King JA. Detecting the prevalence of bacterial colonization on tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters using quantitative PCR targeting 16S rRNA and scanning electron microscopy. J Vasc Access 2021; 23:743-753. [PMID: 33855873 DOI: 10.1177/11297298211009016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters (TCC) get colonized by microorganisms, increasing risk for catheter related bacteremia (CRB). Our objective was to detect the prevalence of bacterial colonization of TCC by using quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting 16S rRNA and by determining the intraluminal adherent biological material (ABM) coverage. METHODS A total of 45 TCC were investigated. The 16S rRNA qPCR technique was used to detect bacterial colonization after scraping the intraluminal ABM. Proximal, middle, and distal TCC were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the percentage (%) of intraluminal ABM coverage. All catheters were cultured following sonication. RESULTS A total of 45 TCC were removed: 7 due to CRB, 3 for suspected CRB and 35 were removed for non-infectious etiologies. Bacterial colonization was detected in 27 TCC by documenting 16S rRNA qPCR (+) results (60%). Seven of these 16S rRNA qPCR (+) catheters were removed due to CRB. There was no difference in demographic, clinical, or laboratory values between the 16S rRNA (+) versus (-) TCC. The 16S rRNA qPCR (-) outcome was highly associated with CRB-free status with negative predictive value of 100%. Bacterial colonization was documented in 10 TCC using catheter cultures (22%), which was significantly less compared to qPCR method (p = 0.0002). ABM were detected in all catheter pieces, with mean intraluminal surface coverage (ABMC) of 68.4 ± 26.1%. ABM was unlikely to be microbial biofilm in at least 36% of removed TCC as their 16S rRNA qPCR and catheter culture results were both negative. CONCLUSIONS Detecting bacterial colonization of TCC was significantly higher with 16S rRNA qPCR compared to catheter cultures. The 16S rRNA qPCR (-) cannot be predicted and was strongly associated with absence of CRB. Intraluminal ABM was not associated with microbial presence in about 1/3 of the TCC. These pieces of evidence may help to improve prophylactic strategies against CRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirza Onder
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Christopher F Cuff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiaobing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Songul Onder
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, School of Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Jie Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Judy Ann King
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Iannuzzi J, Leong JH, Quan J, King JA, Windsor JW, Tanyingoh D, Coward S, Forbes N, Heitman S, Buie M, Underwood F, Kaplan GG. A246 THE GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS IS INCREASING OVER TIME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab002.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Acute pancreatitis is a common disease with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Historically, acute pancreatitis has been considered a disease with multiple etiologies and risk factors but is driven by alcohol and biliary disease. Multiple studies have shown that the incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing globally among both adults and children.
Aims
The purpose of this study was to assess temporal trends in incidence of acute pancreatitis globally.
Methods
We performed a systematic literature search to identify population-based studies reporting the annual incidence of acute pancreatitis. Abstracts were independently assessed in duplicate to identify applicable papers for full-text review and data extraction. Joinpoint temporal trend analyses were performed to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The AAPCs were pooled in a meta-analysis to capture the overall and regional trends in acute pancreatitis incidence over time. Temporal data were summarized in a static map and an interactive, web-based map to illustrate global differences.
Results
Forty-five studies reported the temporal incidence of acute pancreatitis (static map provided, online interactive map: https://kaplan-acute-pancreatitis-ucalgary.hub.arcgis.com/). The incidence of acute pancreatitis has increased from 1961 to 2016 (AAPC = 2.89%; 95% CI: 2.26, 3.52; n=41). Increasing incidence was observed in North America (AAPC = 2.71%; 95% CI: 1.93, 3.50; n=10) and Europe (AAPC = 2.79%; 95% CI: 1.95, 3.63; n=24). The incidence of acute pancreatitis was stable in Asia (AAPC = −0.28%; 95% CI: −5.03, 4.47; n=2).
Conclusions
This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the global incidence of acute pancreatitis over the last five decades and demonstrates a steadily rising incidence over time in most countries of the Western world. More studies are needed to better define the changing incidence of acute pancreatitis in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Funding Agencies
None
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iannuzzi
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J H Leong
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J W Windsor
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - S Coward
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N Forbes
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Heitman
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Buie
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - G G Kaplan
- Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Hartescu I, Morgan K, Stensel DJ, Thackray AE, King JA. 0539 Are Short Sleepers Uncoupled Sleepers? Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
While short sleep durations (<7h/night) are associated with increased diabetes risk, there is limited evidence that increasing the habitual sleep duration of short sleepers is either feasible, or will reliably improve metabolic health outcomes. Furthermore, in the absence of insomnia disorder, it remains unclear whether habitual short sleep mainly reflects a genetic predisposition or a lifestyle choice. In a randomized controlled study we delivered a sleep extension protocol based on CBTi principles to overweight ‘short sleepers’ at increased risk of Type II diabetes.
Methods
18 male short sleepers (Mage=41.4; MBMI=29.57; baseline mean TST=5.8 h/ night) with no complaints of insomnia were randomized to the sleep extension intervention or control condition (printed sleep hygiene advice). The 6-week intervention commenced with personalized sleep re-scheduling negotiated in a 60-minute 1-to-1 session, and supported by elements of sleep hygiene, stimulus control, relaxation and cognitive strategies. Outcomes included sleep duration (actigraphy), fasting insulin, Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions (MAGE) from continuous glucose monitoring, and blood pressure. Data were analyzed in linear fixed effects models including time, group and baselines values.
Results
Adherence to the 6-week protocol was high. Relative to controls (n=8), intervention participants (n = 10) showed a significant increase in TST (95%CI 46.91min, 101.64min, p<0.001; MDiff = 79.4min, p<0.001) and significant reductions in fasting insulin (95%CI -32.08 pmol/L, -.97.0 pmol/L; p=0.04; MDiff = -10.2 pmol/L, p=0.06); MAGE (95%CI -0.77, -0.08, p=0.02; MDiff -0.35, p=0.05) and diastolic (95%CI -22, -5, p=0.004; MDiff=-12, p=0.004); and systolic blood pressure (95%CI -20, -2, p=0.03; MDiff=-10, p=0.006).
Conclusion
CBTi-based sleep extension protocols offer feasible and effective lifestyle interventions in the management of metabolic health in overweight short sleepers who fit published categorization of non-complaining poor sleepers with an undeveloped insomnia identity whose subjective sleep experience and objective sleep characteristics are ‘uncoupled’.
Support
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hartescu
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - K Morgan
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - D J Stensel
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - A E Thackray
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - J A King
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Obayemi JD, Salifu AA, Eluu SC, Uzonwanne VO, Jusu SM, Nwazojie CC, Onyekanne CE, Ojelabi O, Payne L, Moore CM, King JA, Soboyejo WO. LHRH-Conjugated Drugs as Targeted Therapeutic Agents for the Specific Targeting and Localized Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8212. [PMID: 32427904 PMCID: PMC7237454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bulk chemotherapy and drug release strategies for cancer treatment have been associated with lack of specificity and high drug concentrations that often result in toxic side effects. This work presents the results of an experimental study of cancer drugs (prodigiosin or paclitaxel) conjugated to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) for the specific targeting and treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Injections of LHRH-conjugated drugs (LHRH-prodigiosin or LHRH-paclitaxel) into groups of 4-week-old athymic female nude mice (induced with subcutaneous triple negative xenograft breast tumors) were found to specifically target, eliminate or shrink tumors at early, mid and late stages without any apparent cytotoxicity, as revealed by in vivo toxicity and ex vivo histopathological tests. Our results show that overexpressed LHRH receptors serve as binding sites on the breast cancer cells/tumor and the LHRH-conjugated drugs inhibited the growth of breast cells/tumor in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The inhibitions are attributed to the respective adhesive interactions between LHRH molecular recognition units on the prodigiosin (PGS) and paclitaxel (PTX) drugs and overexpressed LHRH receptors on the breast cancer cells and tumors. The implications of the results are discussed for the development of ligand-conjugated drugs for the specific targeting and treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Obayemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higgins Lab, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gateway Park Life Sciences Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - A A Salifu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higgins Lab, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - S C Eluu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, 420110, Ifite Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - V O Uzonwanne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higgins Lab, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - S M Jusu
- Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - C C Nwazojie
- Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - C E Onyekanne
- Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - O Ojelabi
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - L Payne
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01604, USA
| | - C M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01604, USA
| | - J A King
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01604, USA.,Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Gateway Park Life Sciences Center, 60 Prescott Street (Gateway Park I), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - W O Soboyejo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higgins Lab, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01609, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gateway Park Life Sciences Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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9
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Windsor JW, Buie M, Coward S, Gearry R, Hansen T, King JA, Kotze P, Ma C, Ng S, Panaccione N, Panaccione R, Quan J, Seow C, Underwood F, Kaplan GG. A28 RELATIVE RATES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS TO CROHN’S DISEASE: PARALLEL EPIDEMIOLOGIES IN NEWLY VS. HIGHLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz047.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) first presents in a population as cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) followed by cases of Crohn’s disease (CD). Newly industrialized countries (NIC) show a prallel epidemiology of IBD to highly industrialized countries (HIC) in the previous century; one marker of this is the relative incidence/prevalence rates of UC to CD, which approximates 1 over time.
Aims
Provide evidence for the UC:CD ratio as a proxy for disease penatrance in a population.
Methods
Systematic review of MedLine and Embase for studies reporting incidence or prevalence of UC and CD. Log-linear regression (by region and NIC/HIC [2019 United Nations definitions]) was used to calculate average annual percent change (AAPC) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were plotted on an online, interactive map to show trends (link provided).
Results
We extracted data from 218 studies compising population-level data from 69 countries. We found negative AAPCs as the prevalence ratio of UC:CD significantly decreased over time in East Asia, West Asia, North Europe, and South Europe; 6/12 global regions displayed significantly decreasing incidence ratios. No AAPC was found to be significantly increasing (Table 1). When examing HIC/NIC, we found a significant effect of NIC on the UC:CD prevalence ratio after 2000 (AAPC:−3.83;95%CI:−6.28,−1.31) while HIC regions remained stable (AAPC:2.14;95%CI:−1.40,5.82). Looking at all available data, both HICs and NICs show significantly decreasing UC:CD prevalence ratios (HIC:AAPC:−3.72;95% CI:−4.46,−2.97; NIC:AAPC:−2.62;95%CI:−4.13,−1.08).
Conclusions
In some HICs (eg. Canada), the UC:CD incidence ratio was <1 in the earliest available data (1966), explaining the stable AAPC in North America (AAPC:−0.24;95%CI:−1.12,0.65). However, in NICs (eg. Southern Asia), the AAPC is rapidly decreasing (AAPC:−24.68;95%CI:−37.85,−8.71) as areas like Sri Lanka rapidly fall from an incidence ratio of 7.5 (2007) to 2.8 (2012), mimicking trends in IBD epidimeology of HICs in the previous century.
Funding Agencies
None
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Windsor
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Buie
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Coward
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Gearry
- University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T Hansen
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Kotze
- Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - C Ma
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Ng
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - N Panaccione
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - J Quan
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Seow
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - F Underwood
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G G Kaplan
- Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Gallagher JM, Nephew BC, Poirier G, King JA, Bridges RS. Estrogen receptor-alpha knockouts and maternal memory in nulliparous rats. Horm Behav 2019; 110:40-45. [PMID: 30822411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the role of estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) in maternal memory in rats, comparing the induction and retention responses of Esr1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) nulliparous rats towards foster pups. Thirty days after completion of induction testing, subjects were tested for the retention of maternal care in their home cage and then for maternal behaviors in a novel cage. Both WT and Esr1 KO females displayed similar latencies to respond to foster young during the initial induction testing. Likewise, reinduction latencies to display full maternal responsiveness were similar in the Esr1 KO and WT groups during maternal memory testing in the home cage. However, in the novel cage testing WT subjects displayed modest modifications in maternal care. WT females had shorter latencies to first retrieve and mouth a test pup. These findings suggest that while Esr1 does not appear to affect the establishment of maternal care or the display of maternal memory, it may modulate aspects of pup-directed behaviors associated with the reinduction of maternal care in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gallagher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, United States of America
| | - B C Nephew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, United States of America
| | - G Poirier
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States of America
| | - J A King
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States of America
| | - R S Bridges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, United States of America.
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11
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Azhari H, King JA, Underwood F, Coward S, shah S, Ng S, Ho G, Chan C, Kaplan GG. A258 THE GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE AT THE TURN OF THE 21ST CENTURY: A STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD). J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Azhari
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - F Underwood
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Coward
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S shah
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - S Ng
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - G Ho
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - C Chan
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - G G Kaplan
- Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Quan J, Panaccione N, King JA, Underwood F, Windsor JW, Coward S, Gidrewicz D, Kaplan GG. A257 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CELIAC DISEASE AND AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - J W Windsor
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Coward
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - G G Kaplan
- Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Iannuzzi J, Leung J, Quan J, Underwood F, King JA, Windsor JW, Kaplan GG. A256 GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS THROUGH TIME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Iannuzzi
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Leung
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Quan
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J W Windsor
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G G Kaplan
- Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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King JA, Jeong J, Underwood F, Quan J, Panaccione N, Windsor JW, Coward S, deBruyn J, Ronksley P, Shaheen AM, Quan H, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Lebwohl B, Kaplan GG. A261 INCIDENCE OF CELIAC DISEASE IS INCREASING OVER TIME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Jeong
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - J Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - S Coward
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J deBruyn
- Paediatrics , University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Ronksley
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - H Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - B Lebwohl
- Columbia University, White Plains, NY
| | - G G Kaplan
- Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Windsor JW, Buie M, Coward S, King JA, Underwood F, Quan J, Panaccione R, Seow C, Kaplan GG. A31 GLOBAL BURDEN OF HOSPITALIZATION FOR PERSONS WITH IBD IN THE 21ST CENTURY: TIME TREND ANALYSES. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Buie
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Coward
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J A King
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - J Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - C Seow
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G G Kaplan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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16
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King JA, Opachich YP, Huffman EJ, Knight R, Heeter RF, Ahmed M, Liedahl DA, Schneider MB, Thompson NB, Johns HM, Dodd E, Flippo KA, Kline JL, Lopez FE, Archuleta TN, Perry TS. Implementation of a 1-2 keV point-projection x-ray spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F101. [PMID: 30399753 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A point-projection soft X-ray Opacity Spectrometer (OpSpec) has been implemented to measure X-ray spectra from ∼1 to 2 keV on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Measurement of such soft X-rays with open-aperture point-projection detectors is challenging because only very thin filters may be used to shield the detector from the hostile environment. OpSpec diffracts X-rays from 540 to 2100 eV off a potassium (or rubidium) acid phthalate (KAP or RbAP) crystal onto either image plates or, most recently, X-ray films. A "sacrificial front filter" strategy is used to prevent crystal damage, while 2 or 3 rear filters protect the data. Since May 2017, OpSpec has been recording X-ray transmission data for iron-magnesium plasmas on the NIF, at "Anchor 1" plasma conditions (temperature ∼150 eV, density ∼7 × 1021 e -/cm3). Upgrades improved OpSpec's performance on 6 NIF shots in August and December 2017, with reduced backgrounds and 100% data return using filter stacks as thin as 2.9 μm (total). Photometric noise is beginning to meet requirements, and further work will reduce systematic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A King
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E J Huffman
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Knight
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Thompson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H M Johns
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E Dodd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F E Lopez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T N Archuleta
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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17
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Sargeant JA, Gray LJ, Bodicoat DH, Willis SA, Stensel DJ, Nimmo MA, Aithal GP, King JA. The effect of exercise training on intrahepatic triglyceride and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1446-1459. [PMID: 30092609 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis determined the impact of structured exercise training, and the influence of associated weight loss, on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It also examined its effect on hepatic insulin sensitivity in individuals with or at increased risk of NAFLD. Analyses were restricted to studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy or liver biopsy for the measurement of IHTG and isotope-labelled glucose tracer for assessment of hepatic insulin sensitivity. Pooling data from 17 studies (373 exercising participants), exercise training for one to 24 weeks (mode: 12 weeks) elicits an absolute reduction in IHTG of 3.31% (95% CI: -4.41 to -2.22%). Exercise reduces IHTG independent of significant weight change (-2.16 [-2.87 to -1.44]%), but benefits are substantially greater when weight loss occurs (-4.87 [-6.64 to -3.11]%). Furthermore, meta-regression identified a positive association between percentage weight loss and absolute reduction in IHTG (β = 0.99 [0.62 to 1.36], P < 0.001). Pooling of six studies (94 participants) suggests that exercise training also improves basal hepatic insulin sensitivity (mean change in hepatic insulin sensitivity index: 0.13 [0.05 to 0.21] mg m-2 min-1 per μU mL-1 ), but available evidence is limited, and the impact of exercise on insulin-stimulated hepatic insulin sensitivity remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sargeant
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - L J Gray
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - D H Bodicoat
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S A Willis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - D J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - M A Nimmo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G P Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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18
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Boehm I, King JA, Bernardoni F, Geisler D, Seidel M, Ritschel F, Goschke T, Haynes JD, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. Subliminal and supraliminal processing of reward-related stimuli in anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2018; 48:790-800. [PMID: 28832300 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have highlighted the role of the brain reward and cognitive control systems in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). In an attempt to disentangle the relative contribution of these systems to the disorder, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate hemodynamic responses to reward-related stimuli presented both subliminally and supraliminally in acutely underweight AN patients and age-matched healthy controls (HC). METHODS fMRI data were collected from a total of 35 AN patients and 35 HC, while they passively viewed subliminally and supraliminally presented streams of food, positive social, and neutral stimuli. Activation patterns of the group × stimulation condition × stimulus type interaction were interrogated to investigate potential group differences in processing different stimulus types under the two stimulation conditions. Moreover, changes in functional connectivity were investigated using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis. RESULTS AN patients showed a generally increased response to supraliminally presented stimuli in the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), but no alterations within the reward system. Increased activation during supraliminal stimulation with food stimuli was observed in the AN group in visual regions including superior occipital gyrus and the fusiform gyrus/parahippocampal gyrus. No group difference was found with respect to the subliminal stimulation condition and functional connectivity. CONCLUSION Increased IFJ activation in AN during supraliminal stimulation may indicate hyperactive cognitive control, which resonates with clinical presentation of excessive self-control in AN patients. Increased activation to food stimuli in visual regions may be interpreted in light of an attentional food bias in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Boehm
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - J A King
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - F Bernardoni
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - D Geisler
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - M Seidel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - F Ritschel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - T Goschke
- Department of Psychology,Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - J-D Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité Universitäts-Medizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - V Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - S Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
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19
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Radue MS, Jensen BD, Gowtham S, Klimek-McDonald DR, King JA, Odegard GM. Comparing the Mechanical Response of Di-, Tri-, and Tetra-functional Resin Epoxies with Reactive Molecular Dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:255-264. [PMID: 31806922 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of monomer functionality on the mechanical properties of epoxies is studied using Molecular Dynamics (MD) with the Reax Force Field (ReaxFF). From deformation simulations, the Young's modulus, yield point, and Poisson's ratio are calculated and analyzed. The results demonstrate an increase in stiffness and yield strength with increasing resin functionality. Comparison between the network structures of distinct epoxies is further advanced by the Monomeric Degree Index (MDI). Experimental validation demonstrates the MD results correctly predict the relationship in Young's moduli. Therefore, ReaxFF is confirmed to be a useful tool for studying the mechanical behavior of epoxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Radue
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Benjamin D Jensen
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931.,NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666
| | - S Gowtham
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | | | - J A King
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - G M Odegard
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
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20
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Douglas JA, King JA, Clayton DJ, Jackson AP, Sargeant JA, Thackray AE, Davies MJ, Stensel DJ. Acute effects of exercise on appetite, ad libitum energy intake and appetite-regulatory hormones in lean and overweight/obese men and women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1737-1744. [PMID: 28769121 PMCID: PMC5729348 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise does not elicit compensatory changes in appetite parameters in lean individuals; however, less is known about responses in overweight individuals. This study compared the acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on appetite, energy intake and appetite-regulatory hormones in lean and overweight/obese individuals. METHODS Forty-seven healthy lean (n=22, 11 females; mean (s.d.) 37.5 (15.2) years; 22.4 (1.5) kg m-2) and overweight/obese (n=25, 11 females; 45.0 (12.4) years, 29.2 (2.9) kg m-2) individuals completed two, 8 h trials (exercise and control). In the exercise trial, participants completed 60 min treadmill exercise (59 (4)% peak oxygen uptake) at 0-1 h and rested thereafter while participants rested throughout the control trial. Appetite ratings and concentrations of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured at predetermined intervals. Standardised meals were consumed at 1.5 and 4 h and an ad libitum buffet meal was provided at 7 h. RESULTS Exercise suppressed appetite (95% confidence interval (CI) -3.1 to -0.5 mm, P=0.01), and elevated delta PYY (95% CI 10 to 17 pg ml-1, P<0.001) and GLP-1 (95% CI 7 to 10 pmol l-1, P<0.001) concentrations. Delta acylated ghrelin concentrations (95% CI -5 to 3 pg ml-1, P=0.76) and ad libitum energy intake (95% CI -391 to 346 kJ, P=0.90) were similar between trials. Subjective and hormonal appetite parameters and ad libitum energy intake were similar between lean and overweight/obese individuals (P⩾0.27). The exercise-induced elevation in delta GLP-1 was greater in overweight/obese individuals (trial-by-group interaction P=0.01), whereas lean individuals exhibited a greater exercise-induced increase in delta PYY (trial-by-group interaction P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Acute moderate-intensity exercise transiently suppressed appetite and increased PYY and GLP-1 in the hours after exercise without stimulating compensatory changes in appetite in lean or overweight/obese individuals. These findings underscore the ability of exercise to induce a short-term energy deficit without any compensatory effects on appetite regardless of weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Douglas
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - D J Clayton
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - A P Jackson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J A Sargeant
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - A E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - M J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - D J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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21
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Opachich YP, Heeter RF, Barrios MA, Garcia EM, Craxton RS, King JA, Liedahl DA, McKenty PW, Schneider MB, May MJ, Zhang R, Ross PW, Kline JL, Moore AS, Weaver JL, Flippo KA, Perry TS. Capsule implosions for continuum x-ray backlighting of opacity samples at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Plasmas 2017; 24:063301. [PMID: 29104422 PMCID: PMC5648568 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct drive implosions of plastic capsules have been performed at the National Ignition Facility to provide a broad-spectrum (500-2000 eV) X-ray continuum source for X-ray transmission spectroscopy. The source was developed for the high-temperature plasma opacity experimental platform. Initial experiments using 2.0 mm diameter polyalpha-methyl styrene capsules with ∼20 μm thickness have been performed. X-ray yields of up to ∼1 kJ/sr have been measured using the Dante multichannel diode array. The backlighter source size was measured to be ∼100 μm FWHM, with ∼350 ps pulse duration during the peak emission stage. Results are used to simulate transmission spectra for a hypothetical iron opacity sample at 150 eV, enabling the derivation of photometrics requirements for future opacity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Opachich
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A King
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P W Ross
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J L Weaver
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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22
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Ross PW, Heeter RF, Ahmed MF, Dodd E, Huffman EJ, Liedahl DA, King JA, Opachich YP, Schneider MB, Perry TS. Design of the opacity spectrometer for opacity measurements at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D623. [PMID: 27910379 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments at the Sandia National Laboratory Z facility have called into question models used in calculating opacity, of importance for modeling stellar interiors. An effort is being made to reproduce these results at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). These experiments require a new X-ray opacity spectrometer (OpSpec) spanning 540 eV-2100 eV with a resolving power E/ΔE > 700. The design of the OpSpec is presented. Photometric calculations based on expected opacity data are also presented. First use on NIF is expected in September 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Ross
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M F Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Dodd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E J Huffman
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A King
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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23
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Jelleyman C, Yates T, O'Donovan G, Gray LJ, King JA, Khunti K, Davies MJ. The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015; 16:942-61. [PMID: 26481101 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on markers of glucose regulation and insulin resistance compared with control conditions (CON) or continuous training (CT). Databases were searched for HIIT interventions based upon the inclusion criteria: training ≥2 weeks, adult participants and outcome measurements that included insulin resistance, fasting glucose, HbA1c or fasting insulin. Dual interventions and participants with type 1 diabetes were excluded. Fifty studies were included. There was a reduction in insulin resistance following HIIT compared with both CON and CT (HIIT vs. CON: standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.49, confidence intervals [CIs] -0.87 to -0.12, P = 0.009; CT: SMD = -0.35, -0.68 to -0.02, P = 0.036). Compared with CON, HbA1c decreased by 0.19% (-0.36 to -0.03, P = 0.021) and body weight decreased by 1.3 kg (-1.9 to -0.7, P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in other outcomes overall. However, participants at risk of or with type 2 diabetes experienced reductions in fasting glucose (-0.92 mmol L(-1), -1.22 to -0.62, P < 0.001) compared with CON. HIIT appears effective at improving metabolic health, particularly in those at risk of or with type 2 diabetes. Larger randomized controlled trials of longer duration than those included in this meta-analysis are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jelleyman
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
| | - T Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
| | - G O'Donovan
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - L J Gray
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J A King
- NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care - East Midlands (NIHR CLAHRC - EM), Leicester, UK
| | - M J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
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24
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Ritschel F, King JA, Geisler D, Flohr L, Neidel F, Boehm I, Seidel M, Zwipp J, Ripke S, Smolka MN, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. Temporal delay discounting in acutely ill and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1229-1239. [PMID: 25579471 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are characterized by a very low body weight but readily give up immediate rewards (food) for long-term goals (slim figure), which might indicate an unusual level of self-control. This everyday clinical observation may be quantifiable in the framework of the anticipation-discounting dilemma. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design, this study compared the capacity to delay reward in 34 patients suffering from acute AN (acAN), 33 weight-recovered AN patients (recAN) and 54 healthy controls. We also used a longitudinal study to reassess 21 acAN patients after short-term weight restoration. A validated intertemporal choice task and a hyperbolic model were used to estimate temporal discounting rates. RESULTS Confirming the validity of the task used, decreased delay discounting was associated with age and low self-reported impulsivity. However, no group differences in key measures of temporal discounting of monetary rewards were found. CONCLUSIONS Increased cognitive control, which has been suggested as a key characteristic of AN, does not seem to extend the capacity to wait for delayed monetary rewards. Differences between our study and the only previous study reporting decreased delay discounting in adult AN patients may be explained by the different age range and chronicity of acute patients, but the fact that weight recovery was not associated with changes in discount rates suggests that discounting behavior is not a trait marker in AN. Future studies using paradigms with disorder-specific stimuli may help to clarify the role of delay discounting in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ritschel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - J A King
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - D Geisler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - L Flohr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - F Neidel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - I Boehm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - M Seidel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - J Zwipp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - S Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - V Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - S Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
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25
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Saini A, Faulkner SH, Moir H, Warwick P, King JA, Nimmo MA. Interleukin-6 in combination with the interleukin-6 receptor stimulates glucose uptake in resting human skeletal muscle independently of insulin action. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:931-6. [PMID: 24702712 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine if the physiological concentrations of both interleukin-6 (IL-6), in combination with IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), are able to stimulate glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle and to identify the associated signalling pathways. METHODS Skeletal muscle tissue (~60 mg) obtained from healthy female volunteers via muscle biopsy was subjected to incubation in the absence or presence of insulin (60 µU/ml), recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6) (4 ng/ml) or a combination of rhIL-6 (4 ng/ml) and rhIL-6R (100 ng/ml) for 30 min, with glucose transport measured for each incubation. Western blot analysis was conducted on key signalling proteins, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to gain an early insight into any differing transport mechanisms. RESULTS Human skeletal muscle exhibited increased glucose uptake with insulin (1.85-fold; p < 0.05) and stimulated phosphorylation of PKB/Akt and AMPK (0.98 ± 0.23 and 1.49 ± 0.13, respectively, phosphorylated: total; p < 0.05). IL-6/IL-6R increased phosphorylation of mTOR (fourfold, p < 0.05) compared to insulin, IL-6 alone and basal control. IL-6 did not stimulate glucose uptake but combined with IL-6R, induced 1.5-fold increase in glucose uptake (p < 0.05) and phosphorylation of AMPK (0.95 ± 0.19; phosphorylated: total, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-6 in combination with IL-6R and not IL-6 alone increased glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. IL-6/IL-6R-mediated glucose uptake occurred independently of PKB/Akt phosphorylation, showing that IL-6/IL-6R-induced glucose uptake is dependent on a divergent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saini
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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26
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Abstract
Being physically active and undertaking exercise on a regular basis are critical lifestyle behaviours which protect against the development of numerous chronic metabolic conditions. One of the key mechanisms by which physical activity exerts favourable health effects appears to be due to its capacity to reduce chronic low-grade inflammation. Single bouts of exercise have a potent anti-inflammatory influence with recent advances describing important effects of acute exercise on inflammatory mediators produced within skeletal muscle (myokines), adipose tissue (adipokines) and leucocytes. The accumulated effects of physical activity or exercise training on systemic inflammation have been studied widely within epidemiological research; however, information from intervention trials is still emerging. Current data suggest that the most marked improvements in the inflammatory profile are conferred with exercise performed at higher intensities, with combined aerobic and resistance exercise training potentially providing the greatest benefit. The purpose of this review is to describe recent advances in our understanding surrounding the acute and chronic effects of physical activity on key mediators of inflammation. Within this, particular attention is given to the interleukin-6 system owing to its apparent centrality in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nimmo
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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27
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Webb JK, King JA, Murphy MT, Flambaum VV, Carswell RF, Bainbridge MB. Indications of a spatial variation of the fine structure constant. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:191101. [PMID: 22181590 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.191101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported Keck telescope observations suggesting a smaller value of the fine structure constant α at high redshift. New Very Large Telescope (VLT) data, probing a different direction in the Universe, shows an inverse evolution; α increases at high redshift. Although the pattern could be due to as yet undetected systematic effects, with the systematics as presently understood the combined data set fits a spatial dipole, significant at the 4.2 σ level, in the direction right ascension 17.5 ± 0.9 h, declination -58 ± 9 deg. The independent VLT and Keck samples give consistent dipole directions and amplitudes, as do high and low redshift samples. A search for systematics, using observations duplicated at both telescopes, reveals none so far which emulate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Webb
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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28
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Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a common-but preventable-cause of death in elderly men; 4% of men at the age of 65 years have an aorta >3 cm in diameter. Continued expansion runs the risk of aneurysm rupture, a condition that is fatal in all but 15% of individuals. A national screening programme has commenced that aims to reduce the number of deaths from aneurysm rupture by 50%. The programme will detect a large number of men with a small aneurysm who are not in imminent danger of rupture, but who will join a regular ultrasound programme of surveillance. If the aneurysm expansion rate could be reduced, fewer men would be at risk of aneurysm rupture, and fewer would need elective aneurysm repair. A considerable amount is known about the pathophysiology of aneurysm growth. Exploring pharmacological means to delay or reduce aneurysm growth could make a considerable contribution to any screening programme. A number of case control studies have suggested that some antihypertensive drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and statins may reduce aneurysm growth rates. Data from controlled studies have provided less secure conclusions. Use of these medications, together with lifestyle modification such as stopping smoking, could become standard advice to men with a small aortic aneurysm. Further studies of novel agents and larger controlled trials of existing drugs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Cooper
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
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29
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Stanfliet JC, King JA, Pillay TS. Inadequacy of primary health care test request guidelines--lack of an evidence base. S Afr Med J 2009; 99:569-571. [PMID: 19908611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J C Stanfliet
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town and NHLS, Groote Schuur Hospital
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30
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Theobald W, Stoeckl C, Jaanimagi PA, Nilson PM, Storm M, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, Hey D, MacKinnon AJ, Park HS, Patel PK, Shepherd R, Snavely RA, Key MH, King JA, Zhang B, Stephens RB, Akli KU, Highbarger K, Daskalova RL, Van Woerkom L, Freeman RR, Green JS, Gregori G, Lancaster K, Norreys PA. A dual-channel, curved-crystal spectrograph for petawatt laser, x-ray backlighter source studies. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:083501. [PMID: 19725649 DOI: 10.1063/1.3193716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A dual-channel, curved-crystal spectrograph was designed to measure time-integrated x-ray spectra in the approximately 1.5 to 2 keV range (6.2-8.2 A wavelength) from small-mass, thin-foil targets irradiated by the VULCAN petawatt laser focused up to 4x10(20) W/cm(2). The spectrograph consists of two cylindrically curved potassium-acid-phthalate crystals bent in the meridional plane to increase the spectral range by a factor of approximately 10 compared to a flat crystal. The device acquires single-shot x-ray spectra with good signal-to-background ratios in the hard x-ray background environment of petawatt laser-plasma interactions. The peak spectral energies of the aluminum He(alpha) and Ly(alpha) resonance lines were approximately 1.8 and approximately 1.0 mJ/eV sr (approximately 0.4 and 0.25 J/A sr), respectively, for 220 J, 10 ps laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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31
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Abstract
The inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele was examined in 39 parent-offspring combinations. For 26 of the cases the allele inherited by the offspring from the heterozygous parent could be determined. The proportion of individuals that inherited the F3 variant compared to the alternative allele was exactly 1:1. In five cases the parental phenotype was identical to that of the offspring. For the remaining eight cases the parent was homozygous for the F3 allele and all offspring had the F3 allele. The results were consistent with Mendelian inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Cothran
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0076
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32
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MacPhee AG, Akli KU, Beg FN, Chen CD, Chen H, Clarke R, Hey DS, Freeman RR, Kemp AJ, Key MH, King JA, Le Pape S, Link A, Ma TY, Nakamura H, Offermann DT, Ovchinnikov VM, Patel PK, Phillips TW, Stephens RB, Town R, Tsui YY, Wei MS, Van Woerkom LD, Mackinnon AJ. Diagnostics for fast ignition science (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10F302. [PMID: 19044615 DOI: 10.1063/1.2978199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ignition concept for electron fast ignition inertial confinement fusion requires sufficient energy be transferred from an approximately 20 ps laser pulse to the compressed fuel via approximately MeV electrons. We have assembled a suite of diagnostics to characterize such transfer, simultaneously fielding absolutely calibrated extreme ultraviolet multilayer imagers at 68 and 256 eV; spherically bent crystal imagers at 4.5 and 8 keV; multi-keV crystal spectrometers; MeV x-ray bremmstrahlung, electron and proton spectrometers (along the same line of sight), and a picosecond optical probe interferometer. These diagnostics allow careful measurement of energy transport and deposition during and following the laser-plasma interactions at extremely high intensities in both planar and conical targets. Together with accurate on-shot laser focal spot and prepulse characterization, these measurements are yielding new insights into energy coupling and are providing critical data for validating numerical particle-in-cell (PIC) and hybrid PIC simulation codes in an area crucial for fast ignition and other applications. Novel aspects of these diagnostics and how they are combined to extract quantitative data on ultrahigh intensity laser-plasma interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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33
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Chen CD, King JA, Key MH, Akli KU, Beg FN, Chen H, Freeman RR, Link A, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, Patel PK, Porkolab M, Stephens RB, Van Woerkom LD. A Bremsstrahlung spectrometer using k-edge and differential filters with image plate dosimeters. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10E305. [PMID: 19044467 DOI: 10.1063/1.2964231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A Bremsstrahlung spectrometer using k-edge and differential filtering has been used with image plate dosimeters to measure the x-ray fluence from short-pulse laser/target interactions. An electron spectrometer in front of the Bremsstrahlung spectrometer deflects electrons from the x-ray line of sight and simultaneously measures the electron spectrum. The response functions were modeled with the Monte Carlo code INTEGRATED TIGER SERIES 3.0 and the dosimeters calibrated with radioactive sources. An electron distribution with a slope temperature of 1.3 MeV is inferred from the Bremsstrahlung spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Chen
- Plasma Science Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Ma T, MacPhee AG, Key MH, Hatchett SP, Akli KU, Barbee TW, Chen CD, Freeman RR, King JA, Link A, Mackinnon AJ, Offermann DT, Ovchinnikov V, Patel PK, Stephens RB, Van Woerkom LD, Zhang B, Beg FN. Determination of electron-heated temperatures of petawatt laser-irradiated foil targets with 256 and 68 eV extreme ultraviolet imaging. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:093507. [PMID: 19044413 DOI: 10.1063/1.2987683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of plasma temperature at the rear surface of foil targets due to heating by hot electrons, which were produced in short pulse high intensity laser matter interactions using the 150 J, 0.5 ps Titan laser, are reported. Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) imaging at 256 and 68 eV energies is used to determine spatially resolved target rear surface temperature patterns by comparing absolute intensities to radiation hydrodynamic modeling. XUV mirrors at these two energies were absolutely calibrated at the Advanced Light Source at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Temperatures deduced from both imagers are validated against each other within the range of 75-225 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ma
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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35
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Green JS, Ovchinnikov VM, Evans RG, Akli KU, Azechi H, Beg FN, Bellei C, Freeman RR, Habara H, Heathcote R, Key MH, King JA, Lancaster KL, Lopes NC, Ma T, MacKinnon AJ, Markey K, McPhee A, Najmudin Z, Nilson P, Onofrei R, Stephens R, Takeda K, Tanaka KA, Theobald W, Tanimoto T, Waugh J, Van Woerkom L, Woolsey NC, Zepf M, Davies JR, Norreys PA. Effect of laser intensity on fast-electron-beam divergence in solid-density plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:015003. [PMID: 18232779 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal foil targets were irradiated with 1 mum wavelength (lambda) laser pulses of 5 ps duration and focused intensities (I) of up to 4x10;{19} W cm;{-2}, giving values of both Ilambda;{2} and pulse duration comparable to those required for fast ignition inertial fusion. The divergence of the electrons accelerated into the target was determined from spatially resolved measurements of x-ray K_{alpha} emission and from transverse probing of the plasma formed on the back of the foils. Comparison of the divergence with other published data shows that it increases with Ilambda;{2} and is independent of pulse duration. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reproduce these results, indicating that it is a fundamental property of the laser-plasma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Green
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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36
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Troyanovsky B, Alvarez DF, King JA, Schaphorst KL. Thrombin enhances the barrier function of rat microvascular endothelium in a PAR-1-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L266-75. [PMID: 18083763 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00107.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional coagulation protease with pro- and anti-inflammatory vascular effects. We questioned whether thrombin may have segmentally differentiated effects on pulmonary endothelium. In cultured rat endothelial cells, rat thrombin (10 U/ml) recapitulated the previously reported decrease in transmonolayer electrical resistance (TER), F-actin stress fiber formation, paracellular gap formation, and increased permeability. In contrast, in rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC), isolated on the basis of Griffonia simplicifolia lectin recognition, thrombin increased TER, induced fewer stress fibers, and decreased permeability. To assess for differential proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) expression as a basis for the different responses, PAR family expression was analyzed. Both pulmonary artery endothelial cells and PMVEC expressed PAR-1 and PAR-2; however, only PMVEC expressed PAR-3, as shown by both RT-PCR and Western analysis. PAR-1 activating peptides (PAR-APs: SFLLRN-NH(2) and TFLLRN-NH(2)) were used to confirm a role for the PAR-1 receptor. PAR-APs (25-250 muM) also increased TER, formed fewer stress fibers, and did not induce paracellular gaps in PMVEC in contrast to that shown in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. These results were confirmed in isolated perfused rat lung preparations. PAR-APs (100 mug/ml) induced a 60% increase in the filtration coefficient over baseline. However, by transmission electron microscopy, perivascular fluid cuffs were seen only along conduit veins and arteries without evidence of intra-alveolar edema. We conclude that thrombin exerts a segmentally differentiated effect on endothelial barrier function in vitro, which corresponds to a pattern of predominant perivascular fluid cuff formation in situ. This may indicate a distinct role for thrombin in the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Troyanovsky
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 307 North University Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA
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37
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Mackinnon AJ, Patel PK, Borghesi M, Clarke RC, Freeman RR, Habara H, Hatchett SP, Hey D, Hicks DG, Kar S, Key MH, King JA, Lancaster K, Neely D, Nikkro A, Norreys PA, Notley MM, Phillips TW, Romagnani L, Snavely RA, Stephens RB, Town RPJ. Proton radiography of a laser-driven implosion. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:045001. [PMID: 16907580 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Protons accelerated by a picosecond laser pulse have been used to radiograph a 500 microm diameter capsule, imploded with 300 J of laser light in 6 symmetrically incident beams of wavelength 1.054 microm and pulse length 1 ns. Point projection proton backlighting was used to characterize the density gradients at discrete times through the implosion. Asymmetries were diagnosed both during the early and stagnation stages of the implosion. Comparison with analytic scattering theory and simple Monte Carlo simulations were consistent with a 3+/-1 g/cm3 core with diameter 85+/-10 microm. Scaling simulations show that protons>50 MeV are required to diagnose asymmetry in ignition scale conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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38
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Ferris CF, Febo M, Luo F, Schmidt K, Brevard M, Harder JA, Kulkarni P, Messenger T, King JA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in conscious animals: a new tool in behavioural neuroscience research. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:307-18. [PMID: 16629829 PMCID: PMC1448699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C F Ferris
- Center for Comparative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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39
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Martinolli E, Koenig M, Baton SD, Santos JJ, Amiranoff F, Batani D, Perelli-Cippo E, Scianitti F, Gremillet L, Mélizzi R, Decoster A, Rousseaux C, Hall TA, Key MH, Snavely R, MacKinnon AJ, Freeman RR, King JA, Stephens R, Neely D, Clarke RJ. Fast-electron transport and heating of solid targets in high-intensity laser interactions measured by K alpha fluorescence. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2006; 73:046402. [PMID: 16711934 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.046402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results on fast-electron energy deposition into solid targets in ultrahigh intensity laser-matter interaction. X-ray K alpha emission spectroscopy with absolute photon counting served to diagnose fast-electron propagation in multilayered targets. Target heating was measured from ionization-shifted K alpha emission. Data show a 200 microm fast-electron range in solid Al. The relative intensities of spectrally shifted Al K alpha lines imply a mean temperature of a few tens of eV up to a 100 microm depth. Experimental results suggest refluxing of the electron beam at target rear side. They were compared with the predictions of both a collisional Monte Carlo and a collisional-electromagnetic, particle-fluid transport code. The validity of the code modeling of heating in such highly transient conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martinolli
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR7605, CNRS-CEA-Université Paris VI-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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40
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Smail DA, Bain N, Bruno DW, King JA, Thompson F, Pendrey DJ, Morrice S, Cunningham CO. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts in the Shetland Isles, Scotland: virus identification, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and genetic comparison with Scottish mainland isolates. J Fish Dis 2006; 29:31-41. [PMID: 16351696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During mid-June 1999 peak mortalities of 11% of the total stock per week were seen at a sea cage site of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts in the Shetland Isles, Scotland. Virus was isolated on chinook salmon embryo (CHSE) cells in a standard diagnostic test and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IPNV was confirmed as serogroup A by a cell immunofluorescent antibody test using the cross-reactive monoclonal antibody AS-1. Four weeks after the main outbreak, virus titres in surviving moribund fish were assayed at >10(10) TCID50 g(-1) kidney. Histopathology of moribund fish was characterized by pancreatic acinar cell necrosis and a marked catarrhal enteritis of the intestinal mucosa. In the liver, necrosis, leucocytic infiltration and a generalized cell vacuolation were noted. IPNV-specific immunostaining was demonstrated in pancreas, liver, heart, gill and kidney tissue. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of segment A was determined from the Shetland isolate. A 1180 bp fragment of the VP2 gene of this isolate was compared with a 1979 reference isolate from mainland Scottish Atlantic salmon, La/79 and another more recent mainland isolate, 432/00. Both A2 isolates were derived from carrier fish without signs of IPN and serotyped by a plaque neutralization test. The Shetland isolate shows a different nucleotide and amino acid sequence compared with the two isolates from carrier fish. These latter isolates showed identical amino acid sequences in the fragment examined, despite the 21 years separating the isolations. Sequence comparisons with other A2 (Sp) isolates on the database confirm all three Scottish isolates are A2 (Sp).
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Smail
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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41
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Snow M, King JA, Garden A, Raynard RS. Experimental susceptibility of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (L.), and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. J Fish Dis 2005; 28:737-42. [PMID: 16336475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a well-characterized disease of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, which has also caused economic losses in marine turbot farms in the British Isles. We have previously demonstrated that turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, are susceptible to isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) that are endemic in the marine environment, highlighting a potential risk to marine aquaculture. Given the increasing interest in the intensive rearing of additional aquaculture species such as Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, this study aimed at investigating the susceptibility of these species to VHSV. Both species were found to be largely resistant to VHS following immersion challenge with a selection of 18 isolates, representing the known marine VHSV genotypes. Only one and two VHSV-associated mortalities occurred out of a total of 1710 and 1254 halibut and cod, respectively. These findings suggest that there is a low direct risk to the development of commercial cod and halibut aquaculture from the existing endemic reservoir of VHSV. This study, coupled to field observations has, however, highlighted the fact that both species can become infected with VHSV. The known adaptability of RNA viruses, together with the selection pressures associated with intensive aquaculture would thus advocate a cautious approach to VHSV surveillance within these emerging industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Fisheries Research Services (FRS) Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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Snow M, King JA, Garden A, Shanks AM, Raynard RS. Comparative susceptibility of turbot Scophthalmus maximus to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 67:31-8. [PMID: 16385805 DOI: 10.3354/dao067031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) disease has exerted a significant impact on the development of turbot aquaculture in the British Isles. The source of such outbreaks is believed to be naturally occurring marine isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which are endemic in the marine environment of Northern Europe. Genetic studies have classified these marine VHSV isolates into genotypes based on their geographic rather than host-species origin. This study set out to explore the hypothesis that susceptibility of turbot to VHSV might be genotype specific. Immersion infection of turbot with a range of isolates, selected according to genotype, identified significant differences between susceptibility and genotype. Viruses belonging to Genotypes Ib (Baltic marine isolates) and III (North Sea/E. Atlantic marine isolates) caused significantly higher mortality than isolates from Genotypes Ia (isolates associated with rainbow trout aquaculture) and II (Baltic marine isolates). This study serves to highlight the importance of thoroughly investigating the susceptibility of any given species to the range of pathogens to which they might be exposed prior to considering them resistant to any disease. Furthermore, it highlights different risk factors that might be associated with turbot aquaculture undertaken in different environments. Finally, an increased knowledge of the relative virulence of different isolates in turbot will assist in understanding virulence determinants, which could lead to advances in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
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King JA, Hartley T, Spiers HJ, Maguire EA, Burgess N. Anterior prefrontal involvement in episodic retrieval reflects contextual interference. Neuroimage 2005; 28:256-67. [PMID: 16027012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Different patterns of prefrontal activation are commonly found in studies of episodic and source memory (typically anterior and lateral) compared to those found in studies of autobiographical memory (typically ventromedial). We investigated a proposal that the former pattern reflects contextual interference when retrieving events that occurred in similar contexts. We used virtual reality to simulate contextually varied life-like events, in which subjects received distinct objects from a number of people in a number of locations. We compared fMRI data from two experiments in which the number of events per context varied. The first experiment (Burgess, N., Maguire, E.A., Spiers, H.J., and O'Keefe, J. 2001. A temporoparietal and prefrontal network for retrieving the spatial context of lifelike events. Neuroimage 14, 439-453) involved 16 objects received from one of two people in one of two locations. The second experiment involved 20 objects, each received from a different person in a different location. The first experiment showed extensive bilateral activation of anterior and lateral prefrontal cortex, as well as a medial temporal and parietal network characteristic of both autobiographical and episodic memory. In the second study, the prefrontal activations were largely absent, while the medial parietal and temporal activations remained, and a ventromedial prefrontal area was additionally activated. Direct comparisons revealed large areas of significantly reduced activation in BA10, with lesser reductions in lateral prefrontal regions. We suggest that involvement of these prefrontal regains in episodic and source memory reflects the use of paradigms involving many events and few sources rather than any fundamental processing requirement of contextual retrieval in the absence of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A King
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.
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Brudeseth BE, Raynard RS, King JA, Evensen O. Sequential pathology after experimental infection with marine viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus isolates of low and high virulence in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L). Vet Pathol 2005; 42:9-18. [PMID: 15657267 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three marine viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus isolates were used to bath challenge turbot with the purpose of studying mortality and the pathology and antigen distribution over time. Two high-virulence isolates, 860/94, 4p168 and a low-virulence isolate 1p3 from a Baltic Sea herring were used. Organ samples were collected sequentially at 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 45 days postinfection. Specimens were processed for virology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Organs during the early stages of infection (from 2 to 7 days) had virus isolation from all three groups only on day 7. Virus titer in kidney and heart sampled at day 25 was higher for the two virulent isolates compared with the low-virulence isolate. The viral distribution in situ of the two more virulent isolates from turbot (860/94) and herring (4p168) resembled viral hemorrhagic septicemia in rainbow trout with regard to the target organs. Early infection of endothelial cells in both kidney and heart was observed. Accumulated mean mortality was 41.5% for the turbot isolate 860/94, 48% for the herring isolate 4p168, and 3.5% for the herring isolate 1p3. This study revealed that the isolates from turbot (860/94) and herring (4p168) induced significantly higher mortality compared with the virus-free control and the herring isolate (1p3). The onset of mortality is markedly later in turbot compared with what is seen in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Brudeseth
- National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Yoshikawa S, King JA, Lausch RN, Penton AM, Eyal FG, Parker JC. Acute ventilator-induced vascular permeability and cytokine responses in isolated and in situ mouse lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:2190-9. [PMID: 15531572 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00324.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the influence of experimental model and strain differences on the relationship of vascular permeability to inflammatory cytokine production after high peak inflation pressure (PIP) ventilation, we used isolated perfused mouse lung and intact mouse preparations of Balb/c and B6/129 mice ventilated at high and low PIP. Filtration coefficients in isolated lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) albumin in intact mice increased within 20–30 min after initiation of high PIP in isolated Balb/c lungs and intact Balb/c, B6/129 wild-type, and p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) dual-receptor null mice. In contrast, the cytokine response was delayed and variable compared with the permeability response. In isolated Balb/c lungs ventilated with 25–27 cmH2O PIP, TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, and IL-6 concentrations in perfusate were markedly increased in perfusate at 2 and 4 h, but only MIP-2 was detectable in intact Balb/c mice using the same PIP. In intact wild-type and TNF dual-receptor null mice with ventilation at 45 cmH2O PIP, the MIP-2 and IL-6 levels in BAL were significantly increased after 2 h in both groups, but there were no differences between groups in the BAL albumin and cytokine concentrations or in lung wet-to-dry weight ratios. TNF-α was not be detected in BAL fluids in any group of intact mice. These results suggest that the alveolar hyperpermeability induced by high PIP ventilation occurs very rapidly and is initially independent of TNF-α participation and unlikely to depend on MIP-2 or IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshikawa
- Dept. of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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Snow M, Bain N, Black J, Taupin V, Cunningham CO, King JA, Skall HF, Raynard RS. Genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 61:11-21. [PMID: 15584406 DOI: 10.3354/dao061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of a specific region of the nucleoprotein gene were compared in order to investigate the genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Analysis of the sequence from 128 isolates of diverse geographic and host origin renders this the most comprehensive molecular epidemiological study of marine VHSV conducted to date. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences confirmed the existence of the 4 major genotypes previously identified based on N- and subsequent G-gene based analyses. The range of Genotype I included subgroups of isolates associated with rainbow trout aquaculture (Genotype Ia) and those from the Baltic marine environment (Genotype Ib) to emphasise the relatively close genetic relationship between these isolates. The existence of an additional genotype circulating within the Baltic Sea (Genotype II) was also confirmed. Genotype III included marine isolates from around the British Isles in addition to those associated with turbot mariculture, highlighting a continued risk to the development of this industry. Genotype IV consisted of isolates from the marine environment in North America. Taken together, these findings suggest a marine origin of VHSV in rainbow trout aquaculture. The implications of these findings with respect to the future control of VHSV are discussed. The capacity for molecular phylogenetic analysis to resolve complex epidemiological problems is also demonstrated and its likely future importance to disease management issues highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK.
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Habara H, Lancaster KL, Karsch S, Murphy CD, Norreys PA, Evans RG, Borghesi M, Romagnani L, Zepf M, Norimatsu T, Toyama Y, Kodama R, King JA, Snavely R, Akli K, Zhang B, Freeman R, Hatchett S, MacKinnon AJ, Patel P, Key MH, Stoeckl C, Stephens RB, Fonseca RA, Silva LO. Ion acceleration from the shock front induced by hole boring in ultraintense laser-plasma interactions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 70:046414. [PMID: 15600537 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.046414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ion-acceleration processes have been studied in ultraintense laser plasma interactions for normal incidence irradiation of solid deuterated targets via neutron spectroscopy. The experimental neutron spectra strongly suggest that the ions are preferentially accelerated radially, rather than into the bulk of the material from three-dimensional Monte Carlo fitting of the neutron spectra. Although the laser system has a 10(-7) contrast ratio, a two-dimensional magnetic hydrodynamics simulation shows that the laser pedestal generates a 10 mum scale length in the coronal plasma with a 3 mum scale-length plasma near the critical density. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, incorporating this realistic density profile, indicate that the acceleration of the ions is caused by a collisionless shock formation. This has implications for modeling energy transport in solid density plasmas as well as cone-focused fast ignition using the next generation PW lasers currently under construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Habara
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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48
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Molteno AJ, Kalló I, Bennett NC, King JA, Coen CW. A neuroanatomical and neuroendocrinological study into the relationship between social status and the GnRH system in cooperatively breeding female Damaraland mole-rats, Cryptomys damarensis. Reproduction 2004; 127:13-21. [PMID: 15056766 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system in female Damaraland mole-rats, Cryptomys damarensis, has been investigated to map the distribution of GnRH-immunoreactive (GnRH-IR) structures in the brain of this species and to assess whether changes in this system may mediate the inhibitory effect of social cues on fertility. The distribution of GnRH-IR cell bodies and fibres was similar to that of other mammals, forming a loose continuum along a septo-preoptico-infundibular pathway. GnRH-IR cell bodies were more abundant in the vicinity of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis than in the medial basal hypothalamus. GnRH-IR cells and fibres were also found in the subfornical organ. The cell bodies were typically unipolar or bipolar. No differences were found in the morphology or size of the cell bodies or in the number of cells between non-reproductive females and reproductive females living together in a colony. However, GnRH concentrations, measured in the brain by radioimmunoassay, were significantly higher in non-reproductive females than in reproductive females; this finding was complemented by the reduced immunoreactivity for GnRH in the median eminence and proximal pituitary stalk of reproductive females. In contrast, the concentrations of GnRH measured by radioimmunoassay in non-reproductive and reproductive males did not differ. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that GnRH release is inhibited in the non-reproductive females but not in the non-reproductive males of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Molteno
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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49
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Stephens RB, Snavely RA, Aglitskiy Y, Amiranoff F, Andersen C, Batani D, Baton SD, Cowan T, Freeman RR, Hall T, Hatchett SP, Hill JM, Key MH, King JA, Koch JA, Koenig M, MacKinnon AJ, Lancaster KL, Martinolli E, Norreys P, Perelli-Cippo E, Rabec Le Gloahec M, Rousseaux C, Santos JJ, Scianitti F. K(alpha) fluorescence measurement of relativistic electron transport in the context of fast ignition. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 69:066414. [PMID: 15244752 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.066414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport within solid targets, irradiated by a high-intensity short-pulse laser, has been measured by imaging K(alpha) radiation from high- Z layers (Cu, Ti) buried in low- Z (CH, Al) foils. Although the laser spot is approximately 10 microm [full width at half maximum (FWHM)], the electron beam spreads to > or =70 microm FWHM within <20 microm of penetration into an Al target then, at depths >100 microm, diverges with a 40 degree spreading angle. Monte Carlo and analytic models are compared to our data. We find that a Monte Carlo model with a heuristic model for the electron injection gives a reasonable fit with our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Stephens
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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50
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Abstract
Most functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in animals are conducted under anesthesia to minimize motion artifacts. However, methods and techniques have been developed recently for imaging fully conscious rats. Functional MRI studies on conscious animals report enhanced BOLD signal changes as compared to the anesthetized condition. In this study, rats were exposed to different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) while conscious and anesthetized to test whether cerebrovascular reactivity may be contributing to these enhanced BOLD signal changes. Hypercapnia produced significantly greater increases in MRI signal intensity in fully conscious animals (6.7-13.3% changes) as when anesthetized with 1% isoflurane (3.2-4.9% changes). In addition, the response to hypercapnia was more immediate in the conscious condition (< 30s) with signal risetimes twice as fast as in the anesthetized state (60s). Both cortical and subcortical brain regions showed a robust, dose- dependent increase in MRI signal intensity with hypercapnic challenge while the animals were conscious but little or no change when anesthetized. Baseline variations in MRI signal were higher while animals were conscious but this was off set by greater signal intensity changes leading to a greater contrast-to-noise ratio, 13.1 in conscious animals, as compared to 8.0 in the anesthetized condition. In summary, cerebral vasculature appears to be more sensitive to hypercapnic challenge in the conscious condition resulting in enhanced T2* MRI signal intensity and the potential for better BOLD signal changes during functional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Brevard
- Center for Comparative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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