1
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Yilmaz B, Mooser C, Keller I, Li H, Zimmermann J, Bosshard L, Fuhrer T, Gomez de Agüero M, Trigo NF, Tschanz-Lischer H, Limenitakis JP, Hardt WD, McCoy KD, Stecher B, Excoffier L, Sauer U, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Macpherson AJ. Long-term evolution and short-term adaptation of microbiota strains and sub-strains in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:650-663.e9. [PMID: 33662276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isobiotic mice, with an identical stable microbiota composition, potentially allow models of host-microbial mutualism to be studied over time and between different laboratories. To understand microbiota evolution in these models, we carried out a 6-year experiment in mice colonized with 12 representative taxa. Increased non-synonymous to synonymous mutation rates indicate positive selection in multiple taxa, particularly for genes annotated for nutrient acquisition or replication. Microbial sub-strains that evolved within a single taxon can stably coexist, consistent with niche partitioning of ecotypes in the complex intestinal environment. Dietary shifts trigger rapid transcriptional adaptation to macronutrient and micronutrient changes in individual taxa and alterations in taxa biomass. The proportions of different sub-strains are also rapidly altered after dietary shift. This indicates that microbial taxa within a mouse colony adapt to changes in the intestinal environment by long-term genomic positive selection and short-term effects of transcriptional reprogramming and adjustments in sub-strain proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Mooser
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Bosshard
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; CMPG, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nerea Fernandez Trigo
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Tschanz-Lischer
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Laurent Excoffier
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; CMPG, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Pfister SP, Schären OP, Beldi L, Printz A, Notter MD, Mukherjee M, Li H, Limenitakis JP, Werren JP, Tandon D, Cuenca M, Hagemann S, Uster SS, Terrazos MA, de Agüero MG, Schürch CM, Coelho FM, Curtiss R, Slack E, Balmer ML, Hapfelmeier S. Author Correction: Uncoupling of invasive bacterial mucosal immunogenicity from pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:798. [PMID: 33514732 PMCID: PMC7846858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simona P Pfister
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier P Schären
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Beldi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Printz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matheus D Notter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohana Mukherjee
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel P Werren
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Disha Tandon
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguelangel Cuenca
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hagemann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie S Uster
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Terrazos
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fernanda M Coelho
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, D-HEST, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Balmer
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Grootjans J, Krupka N, Hosomi S, Matute JD, Hanley T, Saveljeva S, Gensollen T, Heijmans J, Li H, Limenitakis JP, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Suo S, Luoma AM, Shimodaira Y, Duan J, Shih DQ, Conner ME, Glickman JN, Fuhler GM, Palm NW, de Zoete MR, van der Woude CJ, Yuan GC, Wucherpfennig KW, Targan SR, Rosenstiel P, Flavell RA, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Kaser A, Blumberg RS. Epithelial endoplasmic reticulum stress orchestrates a protective IgA response. Science 2019; 363:993-998. [PMID: 30819965 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major secretory immunoglobulin isotype found at mucosal surfaces, where it regulates microbial commensalism and excludes luminal factors from contacting intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IgA is induced by both T cell-dependent and -independent (TI) pathways. However, little is known about TI regulation. We report that IEC endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces a polyreactive IgA response, which is protective against enteric inflammation. IEC ER stress causes TI and microbiota-independent expansion and activation of peritoneal B1b cells, which culminates in increased lamina propria and luminal IgA. Increased numbers of IgA-producing plasma cells were observed in healthy humans with defective autophagy, who are known to exhibit IEC ER stress. Upon ER stress, IECs communicate signals to the peritoneum that induce a barrier-protective TI IgA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Grootjans
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Tygat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niklas Krupka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shuhei Hosomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Juan D Matute
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Hanley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Gensollen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jarom Heijmans
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Tygat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yosuke Shimodaira
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jinzhi Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Q Shih
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Margaret E Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C Janneke van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephan R Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Abstract
IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin isotype produced in mammals, largely secreted across the intestinal mucosal surface. Although induction of IgA has been a hallmark feature of microbiota colonization following colonization in germ-free animals, until recently appreciation of the function of IgA in host-microbial mutualism has depended mainly on indirect evidence of alterations in microbiota composition or penetration of microbes in the absence of somatic mutations in IgA (or compensatory IgM). Highly parallel sequencing techniques that enable high-resolution analysis of either microbial consortia or IgA sequence diversity are now giving us new perspectives on selective targeting of microbial taxa and the trajectory of IgA diversification according to induction mechanisms, between different individuals and over time. The prospects are to link the range of diversified IgA clonotypes to specific antigenic functions in modulating the microbiota composition, position and metabolism to ensure host mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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5
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Abstract
IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin isotype produced in mammals, largely secreted across the intestinal mucosal surface. Although induction of IgA has been a hallmark feature of microbiota colonization following colonization in germ-free animals, until recently appreciation of the function of IgA in host-microbial mutualism has depended mainly on indirect evidence of alterations in microbiota composition or penetration of microbes in the absence of somatic mutations in IgA (or compensatory IgM). Highly parallel sequencing techniques that enable high-resolution analysis of either microbial consortia or IgA sequence diversity are now giving us new perspectives on selective targeting of microbial taxa and the trajectory of IgA diversification according to induction mechanisms, between different individuals and over time. The prospects are to link the range of diversified IgA clonotypes to specific antigenic functions in modulating the microbiota composition, position and metabolism to ensure host mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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6
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Li H, Limenitakis JP, Fuhrer T, Geuking MB, Lawson MA, Wyss M, Brugiroux S, Keller I, Macpherson JA, Rupp S, Stolp B, Stein JV, Stecher B, Sauer U, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ. The outer mucus layer hosts a distinct intestinal microbial niche. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8292. [PMID: 26392213 PMCID: PMC4595636 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall composition of the mammalian intestinal microbiota varies between individuals: within each individual there are differences along the length of the intestinal tract related to host nutrition, intestinal motility and secretions. Mucus is a highly regenerative protective lubricant glycoprotein sheet secreted by host intestinal goblet cells; the inner mucus layer is nearly sterile. Here we show that the outer mucus of the large intestine forms a unique microbial niche with distinct communities, including bacteria without specialized mucolytic capability. Bacterial species present in the mucus show differential proliferation and resource utilization compared with the same species in the intestinal lumen, with high recovery of bioavailable iron and consumption of epithelial-derived carbon sources according to their genome-encoded metabolic repertoire. Functional competition for existence in this intimate layer is likely to be a major determinant of microbiota composition and microbial molecular exchange with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien P. Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus B. Geuking
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A. Lawson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Madeleine Wyss
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Brugiroux
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, Partner site LMU Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Keller
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jamie A. Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rupp
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Theodor Kocher Institute, Freiestrasse 1, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, Freiestrasse 1, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, Partner site LMU Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C Ganal
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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