1
|
Sedaka R, Huang J, Yamaguchi S, Lovelady C, Hsu JS, Shinde S, Kasztan M, Crossman DK, Saigusa T. Accelerated cystogenesis by dietary protein load is dependent on, but not initiated by kidney macrophages. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1173674. [PMID: 37538309 PMCID: PMC10394241 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1173674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disease severity of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is influenced by diet. Dietary protein, a recognized cyst-accelerating factor, is catabolized into amino acids (AA) and delivered to the kidney leading to renal hypertrophy. Injury-induced hypertrophic signaling in ADPKD results in increased macrophage (MФ) activation and inflammation followed by cyst growth. We hypothesize that the cystogenesis-prompting effects of HP diet are caused by increased delivery of specific AA to the kidney, ultimately stimulating MФs to promote cyst progression. Methods Pkd1flox/flox mice with and without Cre (CAGG-ER) were given tamoxifen to induce global gene deletion (Pkd1KO). Pkd1KO mice were fed either a low (LP; 6%), normal (NP; 18%), or high (HP; 60%) protein diet for 1 week (early) or 6 weeks (chronic). Mice were then euthanized and tissues were used for histology, immunofluorescence and various biochemical assays. One week fed kidney tissue was cell sorted to isolate tubular epithelial cells for RNA sequencing. Results Chronic dietary protein load in Pkd1KO mice increased kidney weight, number of kidney infiltrating and resident MФs, chemokines, cytokines and cystic index compared to LP diet fed mice. Accelerated cyst growth induced by chronic HP were attenuated by liposomal clodronate-mediated MФ depletion. Early HP diet fed Pkd1KO mice had larger cystic kidneys compared to NP or LP fed counterparts, but without increases in the number of kidney MФs, cytokines, or markers of tubular injury. RNA sequencing of tubular epithelial cells in HP compared to NP or LP diet group revealed increased expression of sodium-glutamine transporter Snat3, chloride channel Clcnka, and gluconeogenesis marker Pepck1, accompanied by increased excretion of urinary ammonia, a byproduct of glutamine. Early glutamine supplementation in Pkd1KO mice lead to kidney hypertrophy. Conclusion Chronic dietary protein load-induced renal hypertrophy and accelerated cyst growth in Pkd1KO mice is dependent on both infiltrating and resident MФ recruitment and subsequent inflammatory response. Early cyst expansion by HP diet, however, is relient on increased delivery of glutamine to kidney epithelial cells, driving downstream metabolic changes prior to inflammatory provocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randee Sedaka
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jifeng Huang
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Caleb Lovelady
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jung-Shan Hsu
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sejal Shinde
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Takamitsu Saigusa
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muir RQ, Klocke BJ, Jennings MS, Molina PA, Hsu JS, Kellum CE, Alexander KL, Lee G, Foote JB, Lorenz RG, Pollock JS, Maynard CL. Early Life Stress in Mice Leads to Impaired Colonic Corticosterone Production and Prolonged Inflammation Following Induction of Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:960-972. [PMID: 36661889 PMCID: PMC10233396 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress (ELS) is an environmental trigger believed to promote increased risk of IBD. Our goal was to identify mechanisms whereby ELS in mice affects susceptibility to and/or severity of gut inflammation. METHODS We utilized 2 published animal models of ELS. In the first model, newborn mice were separated from the dam daily for 4 to 8 hours starting on postnatal day 2 and then weaned early on postnatal day 17. Control mice were left undisturbed with the dams until weaning on postnatal day 21. In the second model, dams were fed dexamethasone or vehicle ad libitum in drinking water on postpartum days 1 to 14. Plasma and colonic corticosterone were measured in juvenile and adult mice. Colitis was induced in 4-week-old mice via intraperitoneal injection of interleukin (IL)-10 receptor blocking antibody every 5 days for 15 days. Five or 15 days later, colitis scores and transcripts for Tnf, glucocorticoid receptors, and steroidogenic enzymes were measured. RESULTS Mice exposed to ELS displayed reduced plasma and colonic corticosterone. Control animals showed improvements in indices of inflammation following cessation of interleukin-10 receptor blockade, whereas ELS-exposed animals maintained high levels of Tnf and histological signs of colitis. In colitic animals, prior exposure to ELS was associated with significantly lower expression of genes associated with corticosterone synthesis and responsiveness. Finally, TNF stimulation of colonic crypt cells from ELS mice led to increased inhibition of corticosterone synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies impaired local glucocorticoid production and responsiveness as a potential mechanism whereby ELS predisposes to chronic colitis in susceptible hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Q Muir
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Barbara J Klocke
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Melissa S Jennings
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Patrick A Molina
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Jung-Shan Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Cailin E Kellum
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Katie L Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Goo Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robin G Lorenz
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, San Francisco, CAUSA
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Craig L Maynard
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hsu JS, Yu TY, Wei DJ, Jane WN, Chang YT. Degradation of Decabromodiphenyl Ether in an Aerobic Clay Slurry Microcosm Using a Novel Immobilization Technique. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020402. [PMID: 35208857 PMCID: PMC8877889 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel chitosan immobilization technique that entraps photocatalyst and microbes was developed and applied to decompose decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in a clay slurry microcosm. The optimized conditions for immobilization were obtained by mixing 1.2% (w/v) chitosan dissolved in 1% (v/v) acetic acid with nano-TiO2 particles and the BDE-209-degrading bacterial mixed culture. This aqueous mixture was injected into 1% (w/v) water solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate to form spherical immobilized beads. The surface of the immobilized beads was reinforced by 0.25% (v/v) glutaraldehyde cross-linking. These beads had enough mechanical strength during BDE-209 degradation to maintain their shape in the system at a stirring rate of 200-rpm, while undergoing continuous 365 nm UVA irradiation. This novel TiO2-Yi-Li immobilized chitosan beads system allowed a successful simultaneous integration of photolysis, photocatalysis and biodegradation to remove BDE-209. The remaining percentage of BDE-209 was 41% after 70 days of degradation using this system. The dominant bacteria in the BDE-209-degrading bacterial mixed culture during remediation were Chitinophaga spp., Methyloversatilis spp., Terrimonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. These bacteria tolerated the long-term UVA irradiation and high-level free radicals present, while utilizing BDE-209 as their primary carbon resource. This new method has great potential for the treatment of a range of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Shan Hsu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, No.70 Linxi Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 11112, Taiwan; (J.-S.H.); (T.-Y.Y.); (D.-J.W.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, P210 West Pavilion 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233-7331, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, No.70 Linxi Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 11112, Taiwan; (J.-S.H.); (T.-Y.Y.); (D.-J.W.)
| | - Da-Jiun Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, No.70 Linxi Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 11112, Taiwan; (J.-S.H.); (T.-Y.Y.); (D.-J.W.)
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Tang Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, No.70 Linxi Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 11112, Taiwan; (J.-S.H.); (T.-Y.Y.); (D.-J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2881-9471 (ext. 6862)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang J, Hsu JS, Saigusa T. High protein diet increases kidney macrophages and accelerates polycystic kidney disease. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
5
|
Zimmerman KA, Huang J, He L, Revell DZ, Li Z, Hsu JS, Fitzgibbon WR, Hazard ES, Hardiman G, Mrug M, Bell PD, Yoder BK, Saigusa T. Interferon Regulatory Factor-5 in Resident Macrophage Promotes Polycystic Kidney Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:179-190. [PMID: 33490963 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001052019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by genetic mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Macrophages and their associated inflammatory cytokines promote cyst progression; however, transcription factors within macrophages that control cytokine production and cystic disease are unknown. Methods In these studies, we used conditional Pkd1 mice to test the hypothesis that macrophage-localized interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5), a transcription factor associated with production of cyst-promoting cytokines (TNFα, IL-6), is required for accelerated cyst progression in a unilateral nephrectomy (1K) model. Analyses of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow-cytometry data 3 weeks post nephrectomy, a time point before the onset of severe cystogenesis, indicate an accumulation of inflammatory infiltrating and resident macrophages in 1K Pkd1 mice compared with controls. qRT-PCR data from FACS cells at this time demonstrate that macrophages from 1K Pkd1 mice have increased expression of Irf5 compared with controls. To determine the importance of macrophage-localized Irf5 in cyst progression, we injected scrambled or IRF5 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in 1K Pkd1 mice and analyzed the effect on macrophage numbers, cytokine production, and renal cystogenesis 6 weeks post nephrectomy. Results Analyses of qRT-PCR and IRF5 ASO treatment significantly reduced macrophage numbers, Irf5 expression in resident-but not infiltrating-macrophages, and the severity of cystic disease. In addition, IRF5 ASO treatment in 1K Pkd1 mice reduced Il6 expression in resident macrophages, which was correlated with reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and downstream p-STAT3 target gene expression. Conclusions These data suggest that Irf5 promotes inflammatory cytokine production in resident macrophages resulting in accelerated cystogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jifeng Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lan He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dustin Z Revell
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jung-Shan Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wayne R Fitzgibbon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - E Starr Hazard
- Academic Affairs Faculty and Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Mrug
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - P Darwin Bell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Takamitsu Saigusa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liao JF, Hsu CC, Chou GT, Hsu JS, Liong MT, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 reduced early-life stress abnormalities in maternal separation mouse model. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:425-436. [PMID: 30882243 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) has been developed as a model for inducing stress and depression in studies using rodents. The concept of the gut-brain axis suggests that gut health is essential for brain health. Here, we present the effects of administration of a probiotic, Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 (PS23), to MS mice against psychological traits including anxiety and depression. The administration of live and heat-killed PS23 cells showed positive behavioural effects on MS animals, where exploratory tendencies and mobility were increased in behavioural tests, indicating reduced anxiety and depression compared to the negative control mice (P<0.05). Mice administered with both live and heat-killed PS23 cells also showed lower serum corticosterone levels accompanied by higher serum anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels, compared to MS separated mice (P<0.05), indicating a stress-elicited response affiliated with increased immunomodulatory properties. Assessment of neurotransmitters in the brain hippocampal region revealed that PS23 affected the concentrations of dopaminergic metabolites differently than the control, suggesting that PS23 may have improved MS-induced stress levels via neurotransmitter pathways, such as dopamine or other mechanisms not addressed in the current study. Our study illustrates the potential of a probiotic in reversing abnormalities induced by early life stress and could be an alternative for brain health along the gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Liao
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| | - C C Hsu
- 2 Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei 10448, Taiwan ROC
| | - G T Chou
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| | - J S Hsu
- 2 Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei 10448, Taiwan ROC
| | - M T Liong
- 3 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y C Tsai
- 4 Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chao KS, Hsu JS, Xu J, Ezekiel UR, Eves E, Rosner M, Hsu CY. Differential effect of cycloheximide on neuronal and glioma cells treated with chemotherapy and radiation. J Neurooncol 2000; 45:19-26. [PMID: 10728906 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006342006836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dividing cells and non-dividing cells are distinct in their cell cycle kinetics, and react differently when facing cytotoxic stimuli. A protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), has recently been found to protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress. We investigated whether CHX exerts differential effects on dividing and non-dividing cells in the brain under cytotoxic stimuli. Mitotic C6 rat glioma cells and postmitotic neuronal cells were studied with a cytotoxic regimen combining gamma-irradiation (RT) and 1,3-bis,2-chloroethyl-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Cells were exposed to BCNU (1 g/ml) for 15 h before gamma-irradiation and incubated with CHX (1 g/ml) from 30 min before and until 5 h after irradiation. Clonogenic assay was used to assess cytotoxic effects on C6 glioma cells. LDH assay was used for the viability of H19-7 postmitotic neuronal cells. A 2.27-3.75 fold enhancement of cytotoxicity was noticed with the addition of CHX to BCNU and 2-10 Gy of radiation. Our data demonstrated that CHX enhanced cytotoxicity of RT plus BCNU, while no additional toxicity was incurred to the postmitotic neuronal cells when CHX was added. We further studied whether the inhibition of DNA repair, assayed by single-cell DNA electrophoresis (comet assay), is a contributing factor for the enhanced cytotoxicity on C6 glioma cells. Interestingly, the initial DNA damage after RT plus BCNU was equivalent; whereas DNA repair was significantly less at 5 h after radiation in CHX-treated C6 glioma cells. Protecting non-dividing neuronal cells to avoid excessive functional deficit is an integral part of a successful brain tumor treatment regimen. Taking advantage of the differential effect of CHX on glioma and neuronal cells may improve tumor control without excessive neural toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Chao
- Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The injury-related mortality rate for Native American children between the ages of 1 and 4 years is nearly three times that of the same age group in the general population. To assess injury prevention awareness in urban Native American families, we administered 39 age-appropriate questions from the Framingham Safety Survey to 50 Native American families and 100 other families and developed an answer scoring system to analyze and compare survey responses. Survey responses revealed that Native American families are less likely to keep small objects, household products, and medicines out of the reach of their children and to possess and understand the use of ipecac. Although urban Native-American families appear to be less aware of ingestion prevention practices than other urban families, these and other deficiencies in injury prevention awareness are more likely the result of factors related to their low-income status than to culturally based practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Hsu
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng CF, Bensadoun A, Bersot T, Hsu JS, Melford KH. Purification and characterization of human lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase. Reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to hepatic triglyceride lipase. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:10720-7. [PMID: 4030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were purified to homogeneity from post-heparin plasma. These enzymes were purified 250,000- and 100,000-fold with yields of 27 +/- 15 and 19 +/- 6%, respectively. Molecular weight determination by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and reducing agents yielded Mr of 60,500 +/- 1,800 and 65,200 +/- 400, respectively, for lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase. These lipase preparations were shown to be free of detectable antithrombin by measuring its activity and by probing of Western blots of lipases with a monospecific antibody against antithrombin. In additions, probing of Western blots with concanavalin A revealed no glycoproteins corresponding to the molecular weight of antithrombin. Four stable hybridoma-producing distinct monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to hepatic triglyceride lipase were isolated. The specificity of one mAb, HL3-5, was established by its ability to immunoprecipitate hepatic triglyceride lipase catalytic activity. Interaction of HL3-5 with this lipase did not inhibit catalytic activity. The three other mAb interacted with hepatic triglyceride lipase only after denaturation of the enzyme with detergents. The relatedness of these two enzymes was examined by comparing under the same conditions the thermal inactivation, the sensitivity to sulfhydryl and reducing agents, amino acid composition, and the mobility of peptide fragments generated by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The results of these studies strongly support the view that the two enzymes are different proteins. Immunological studies confirm this conclusion. Four mAb to hepatic triglyceride lipase did not interact with lipoprotein lipase in Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation experiments. These immunological studies demonstrate that several epitopes of the hepatic triglyceride lipase protein moiety are not present in the lipoprotein lipase molecule.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng CF, Bensadoun A, Bersot T, Hsu JS, Melford KH. Purification and characterization of human lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase. Reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to hepatic triglyceride lipase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
11
|
Holtzman D, Hsu JS, Desautel M. Absence of effects of lead feedings and growth-retardation on mitochondrial and microsomal cytochromes in the developing brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981; 58:48-56. [PMID: 7233438 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(81)90114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
12
|
Hsu JS, Herman MM, Hsu HJ, Mortell P. The pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy. Effects of lead carbonate feedings on morphology, lead content, and mitochondrial respiration in brains of immature and adult rats. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 1980; 387:147-64. [PMID: 7456307 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Abstract
Inorganic lead, added to the diet of suckling rat in high doses, produces an encephalopathy similar to that seen in the immature human. Pathologic changes of edema and hemorrhage are seen earliest and are most prominent in the cerebellum. In this study, we measured respiration in cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar mitochondria isolated from led-fed and age-matched normal rat pups. Lactating mothers were begun on ad libitum feedins containing 4% lead carbonate when their pups were 2 weeks old. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. Oxygen consumption was measured polarographically, NAD-linked respiration was measured with oxidation of the substrate pair, glutamate and malate. Cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome c oxidase, EC. 1.9.3.1) activity was measured in the presence of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (TMPD) and ascorbate. Within 2 days of starting lead feedings, rat pups showed a significant loss in body weight (P less than 0.02) and, after 1 week, a significant loss in cerebral hemisphere wet weight (P less than 0.01) compared with controls. Overt encephalopathy appeared in pups from two of nine litters receiving lead feedings for 1 week and in half of the litters after 2 weeks of feedings. None of the lead-fed mothers developed encephalopathic signs. With oxidation of the NAD-linked substrate pair, there was a progressive decrease, relative to controls, in ADP/O ratios in both cerebellar and cerebral mitochondria from lead-fed animals. After 2 weeks these differences were significant in mitochondria from both regions (cerebellum, P less than 0.02; cerebrum, P less than 0.005). Respiratory control ratios were significantly lower in cerebellar mitochondria from lead-fed rats within 2 days of beginning feedings (P less than 0.02) and in mitochondria from both regions after 2 weeks of lead feedings (cerebellum, P less than 0.01; cerebrum, P less than 0.05). The decrease in control ratios in cerebellar mitochondria from animals receivint lead feedings for 1 week or less was due to a small decrease in state 3 respiration and a large, but inconsistent, increase in state 4 respiration. The decrease in control ratios in both cerebellar and cerebral hemisphere mitochondria after 2 weeks of lead feedings was due to a marked inhibition of state 3 respiration, relative to controls (cerebellum, P less than 0.01; cerebral hemisphers, P less than 0.05). In cerebellar mitochondria from lead-fed animals, cytochrome oxidase activity showed similar changes compared with controls: a highly significant (P less than 0.001) increase within 2 days of beginning feedings and a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease after 2 weeks of feedings.
Collapse
|
15
|
|