1
|
Mantova M, Johnson DM, Antebi J, Beery S, Blumstein M, Cohen R, Defavari F, Feng X, Feuer E, Gersony J, Hammond WM, John G, Marchin RM, Mau Y, Miller B, Nibbelink C, Ossola A, Paquette A, Rademacher T, Rissanen K, Shemesh-Mayer E, Skelton R, Wilkening JV, Preisler Y. Monitoring urban trees across the world. Report from the Urban Trees Ecophysiology Network (UTEN) inaugural workshop: The Urban Trees Ecophysiology Network inaugural workshop, Georgia Center at the University of Georgia, Athens, United States, March 2023. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38385799 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marylou Mantova
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Sara Beery
- MIT EECS Faculty of AI and Decision Making, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Meghan Blumstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ron Cohen
- TreeTube Ltd, 13 Hapalmach KA, Ramat-Gan, 5590500, Israel
| | - Felipe Defavari
- ICT International Pty Ltd, 211 Mann St., Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- St Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Erez Feuer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Jess Gersony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, 01060, USA
| | - William M Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Grace John
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Renée M Marchin
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Yair Mau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Bill Miller
- LI-COR Biosciences Inc., Lincoln, NE, 68504, USA
| | - Clara Nibbelink
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alessandro Ossola
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim Rademacher
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, J0V 1V0, Canada
- Centre ACER, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 0B8, Canada
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Kaisa Rissanen
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Einat Shemesh-Mayer
- Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center Hamakabim, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Robert Skelton
- SAEON Fynbos Node, Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Kirstenbosch Gardens, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Jean V Wilkening
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- St Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center Hamakabim, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rissanen K, Aalto J, Gessler A, Hölttä T, Rigling A, Schaub M, Bäck J. Drought effects on volatile organic compound emissions from Scots pine stems. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:23-40. [PMID: 34723383 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tree stems have been identified as sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play important roles in tree defence and atmospheric chemistry. Yet, we lack understanding on the magnitude and environmental drivers of stem VOC emissions in various forest ecosystems. Due to the increasing importance of extreme drought, we studied drought effects on the VOC emissions from mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stems. We measured monoterpenes, acetone, acetaldehyde and methanol emissions with custom-made stem chambers, online PTR-MS and adsorbent sampling in a drought-prone forest over the hot-dry summer of 2018 and compared the emission rates and dynamics between trees in naturally dry conditions and under long-term irrigation (drought release). The pine stems were significant monoterpene sources. The stem monoterpene emissions potentially originated from resin, based on their similar monoterpene spectra. The emission dynamics of all VOCs followed temperature at a daily scale, but monoterpene and acetaldehyde emission rates decreased nonlinearly with drought over the summer. Despite the dry conditions, large peaks of monoterpene, acetaldehyde and acetone emissions occurred in late summer potentially due to abiotic or biotic stressors. Our results highlight the potential importance of stem emissions in the ecosystem VOC budget, encouraging further studies in diverse environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rissanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paljakka T, Rissanen K, Vanhatalo A, Salmon Y, Jyske T, Prisle NL, Linnakoski R, Lin JJ, Laakso T, Kasanen R, Bäck J, Hölttä T. Is Decreased Xylem Sap Surface Tension Associated With Embolism and Loss of Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity in Pathogen-Infected Norway Spruce Saplings? Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1090. [PMID: 32765568 PMCID: PMC7378778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased abiotic stress along with increasing temperatures, dry periods and forest disturbances may favor biotic stressors such as simultaneous invasion of bark beetle and ophiostomatoid fungi. It is not fully understood how tree desiccation is associated with colonization of sapwood by fungi. A decrease in xylem sap surface tension (σxylem) as a result of infection has been hypothesized to cause xylem embolism by lowering the threshold for air-seeding at the pits between conduits and disruptions in tree water transport. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We investigated tree water relations by measuring the stem xylem hydraulic conductivity (Kstem), σxylem, stem relative water content (RWCstem), and water potential (Ψstem), and canopy conductance (gcanopy), as well as the compound composition in xylem sap in Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings. We conducted our measurements at the later stage of Endoconidiophora polonica infection when visible symptoms had occurred in xylem. Saplings of two clones (44 trees altogether) were allocated to treatments of inoculated, wounded control and intact control trees in a greenhouse. The saplings were destructively sampled every second week during summer 2016. σxylem, Kstem and RWCstem decreased following the inoculation, which may indicate that decreased σxylem resulted in increased embolism. gcanopy did not differ between treatments indicating that stomata responded to Ψstem rather than to embolism formation. Concentrations of quinic acid, myo-inositol, sucrose and alkylphenol increased in the xylem sap of inoculated trees. Myo-inositol concentrations also correlated negatively with σxylem and Kstem. Our study is a preliminary investigation of the role of σxylem in E. polonica infected trees based on previous hypotheses. The results suggest that E. polonica infection can lead to a simultaneous decrease in xylem sap surface tension and a decline in tree hydraulic conductivity, thus hampering tree water transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Paljakka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Rissanen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jack J. Lin
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tapio Laakso
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Risto Kasanen
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rissanen K, Vanhatalo A, Salmon Y, Bäck J, Hölttä T. Stem emissions of monoterpenes, acetaldehyde and methanol from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) affected by tree-water relations and cambial growth. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:1751-1765. [PMID: 32335919 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tree stems are an overlooked source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Their contribution to ecosystem processes and total VOC fluxes is not well studied, and assessing it requires better understanding of stem emission dynamics and their driving processes. To gain more mechanistic insight into stem emission patterns, we measured monoterpene, methanol and acetaldehyde emissions from the stems of mature Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a boreal forest over three summers. We analysed the effects of temperature, soil water content, tree water status, transpiration and growth on the VOC emissions and used generalized linear models to test their relative importance in explaining the emissions. We show that Scots pine stems are considerable sources of monoterpenes, methanol and acetaldehyde, and their emissions are strongly regulated by temperature. However, even small changes in water availability affected the emission potentials: increased soil water content increased the monoterpene emissions within a day, whereas acetaldehyde and methanol emissions responded within 2-4 days. This lag corresponded to their transport time in the xylem sap from the roots to the stem. Moreover, the emissions of monoterpenes, methanol and acetaldehyde were influenced by the cambial growth rate of the stem with 6-10-day lags.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rissanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anhäuser J, Puttreddy R, Lorenz Y, Schneider A, Engeser M, Rissanen K, Lützen A. Chiral self-sorting behaviour of [2.2]paracyclophane-based bis(pyridine) ligands. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00155g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[2.2]Paracyclophane-based bis(pyridine) ligands form dinuclear complexes upon coordination to palladium(ii) ions, however, with distinct differences concerning their chiral self-sorting ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - R. Puttreddy
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- 40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Y. Lorenz
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - A. Schneider
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - M. Engeser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - K. Rissanen
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- 40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - A. Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rissanen K, Hölttä T, Bäck J. Transpiration directly regulates the emissions of water-soluble short-chained OVOCs. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:2288-2298. [PMID: 29676016 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most plant-based emissions of volatile organic compounds are considered mainly temperature dependent. However, certain oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) have high water solubility; thus, also stomatal conductance could regulate their emissions from shoots. Due to their water solubility and sources in stem and roots, it has also been suggested that their emissions could be affected by transport in the xylem sap. Yet further understanding on the role of transport has been lacking until present. We used shoot-scale long-term dynamic flux data from Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) to analyse the effects of transpiration and transport in xylem sap flow on emissions of 3 water-soluble OVOCs: methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde. We found a direct effect of transpiration on the shoot emissions of the 3 OVOCs. The emissions were best explained by a regression model that combined linear transpiration and exponential temperature effects. In addition, a structural equation model indicated that stomatal conductance affects emissions mainly indirectly, by regulating transpiration. A part of the temperature's effect is also indirect. The tight coupling of shoot emissions to transpiration clearly evidences that these OVOCs are transported in the xylem sap from their sources in roots and stem to leaves and to ambient air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rissanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - T Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - J Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Struch N, Topić F, Rissanen K, Lützen A. Electron-deficient trifluoromethyl-substituted sub-components affect the properties of M4L4 tetrahedral cages. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10809-10813. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two supramolecular cages based on a trifluoromethyl-substituted pyridylimine ligand have been synthesised where the iron(ii) complex shows host–guest chemistry and complex-to-complex transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Struch
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - F. Topić
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- 40014 Jyväskyla
- Finland
| | - K. Rissanen
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- 40014 Jyväskyla
- Finland
| | - A. Lützen
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guski S, Albrecht M, Willms T, Albrecht M, Nabeshima T, Pan F, Puttreddy R, Rissanen K. Extended dipyrrin ligands: candidates for optical metal ion detection under competitive conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3213-3215. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extended acyl hydrazine based dipyrrine ligands lead to a specific colour response upon addition of metal ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Guski
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- RWTH Aachen
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - M. Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- RWTH Aachen
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - T. Willms
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- RWTH Aachen
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - M. Albrecht
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Organische Makromolekulare Chemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - T. Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS)
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - F. Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - R. Puttreddy
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center
- FI-40014
- Finland
| | - K. Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center
- FI-40014
- Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The synthesis and crystal structures with alkali halides of a ditopic benzo-15-crown-5 bis-urea receptor have been presented. In addition, the anion binding properties of and its alkali metal complexes in solution are presented. A comprehensive single-crystal X-ray crystallographic study of , all together 13 crystal structures, including the ion pair complexes with NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KF, KCl, KBr, KI, RbF, RbCl, and RbI, give a detailed view of how behaves in the solid-state with different alkali halides depending on the size of the cation and anion. In the solid-state forms a 1 : 1 complex with a sodium cation and the anion is complexed as a contact (NaCl) or a separate ion pair (NaBr, NaI). With larger potassium and rubidium cations assembles into a 2 : 1 complex and forms a separated ion pair complex with the anion. Reflecting the crystal structures the forms a 1 : 1 complex with Na(+) in solution, and a 2 : 1 complex with K(+), which were verified by Job's plot analysis in 4 : 1 CDCl3/dimethyl sulfoxide. The binding strength of the monomeric [·Na](+) and the dimeric [2·K](+) toward chloride, bromide and iodide anions was studied by (1)H NMR titrations in 4 : 1 CDCl3/DMSO, and a clear turn-on effect of the cation complexation compared to the neutral receptor alone (Ka with for Cl(-), Br(-) and I(-) being 832, 174 and 32 M(-1), respectively) was observed. The monomeric [·Na](+) binds chloride 9, bromide 8, and iodide 12 times stronger than , while for the dimeric [2K](+) the corresponding increase in binding is 51 (Cl(-)), 84 (Br(-)), and 22 (I(-)) times with the same stoichiometric ratios as observed for the ion pair complexes in the solid-state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mäkelä
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014. and University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - K Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014. and University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rissanen K, Hölttä T, Vanhatalo A, Aalto J, Nikinmaa E, Rita H, Bäck J. Diurnal patterns in Scots pine stem oleoresin pressure in a boreal forest. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:527-538. [PMID: 26385487 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coniferous tree stems contain large amounts of oleoresin under positive pressure in the resin ducts. Studies in North-American pines indicated that the stem oleoresin exudation pressure (OEP) correlates negatively with transpiration rate and soil water content. However, it is not known how the OEP changes affect the emissions of volatile vapours from the trees. We measured the OEP, xylem diameter changes indicating changes in xylem water potential and monoterpene emissions under field conditions in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees in southern Finland. Contrary to earlier reports, the diurnal OEP changes were positively correlated with temperature and transpiration rate. OEP was lowest at the top part of the stem, where water potentials were also more negative, and often closely linked to ambient temperature and stem monoterpene emissions. However, occasionally OEP was affected by sudden changes in vapour pressure deficit (VPD), indicating the importance of xylem water potential on OEP as well. We conclude that the oleoresin storage pools in tree stems are in a dynamic relationship with ambient temperature and xylem water potential, and that the canopy monoterpene emission rates may therefore be also regulated by whole tree processes and not only by the conditions prevailing in the upper canopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rissanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - T Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - J Aalto
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - E Nikinmaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - H Rita
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - J Bäck
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Anion–π interactions, intuitively repulsive forces, turned from controversial to a well-established non-covalent interaction over the past quarter of a century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Giese
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Duisburg Essen
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
| | - M. Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - K. Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- P.O. Box. 35
- FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prigorchenko E, Öeren M, Kaabel S, Fomitšenko M, Reile I, Järving I, Tamm T, Topić F, Rissanen K, Aav R. Template-controlled synthesis of chiral cyclohexylhemicucurbit[8]uril. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10921-4. [PMID: 26060852 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure cyclohexylhemicucurbit[8]uril (cycHC[8]), possessing a barrel-shaped cavity, has been prepared in high yield on a gram scale from either (R,R,N,N')-cyclohex-1,2-diylurea and formaldehyde or cycHC[6]. In either case, a dynamic covalent library is first generated from which the desired cycHC can be amplified using a suitable anion template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Prigorchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koskinen L, Hirva P, Kalenius E, Jääskeläinen S, Rissanen K, Haukka M. Halogen bonds with coordinative nature: halogen bonding in a S–I+–S iodonium complex. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01735h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A thorough characterization of unusually strong I+–S halogen bonds indicates that halogen bonding is not merely an electrostatic contact but also has a strong coordinative nature, thus expanding the scope of halogen bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - P. Hirva
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - E. Kalenius
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - S. Jääskeläinen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - K. Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M. Haukka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Beyeh NK, Valkonen A, Bhowmik S, Pan F, Rissanen K. N-Alkyl ammonium resorcinarene salts: multivalent halogen-bonded deep-cavity cavitands. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Alkyl ammonium resorcinarene halides together with 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene form a deep-cavity cavitand-like structure held together by moderate halogen bonds. Each resorcinarene salt⋯(IC6F4I)4 assembly acts as a pocket for the next assembly resulting in a polymeric herringbone and 3-D polymeric egg-crate-like network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry
- Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- 33101 Tampere
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beyeh NK, Pan F, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Encapsulation of secondary and tertiary ammonium salts by resorcinarenes and pyrogallarenes: the effect of size and charge concentration. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01927j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple weak interactions are manifested in the complexation of different categories of secondary and tertiary alkyl ammonium salts with resorcinarenes and pyrogallarene leading to open inclusion and dimeric capsular assemblies with varying binding affinities, and analyzed in solid, liquid and gas phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. K. Beyeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - F. Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - A. Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
| | - K. Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The analogy between hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds was used to synthesize the unstable [X⋯I–I⋯X]2− species by trapping I2 in the channels of macrocyclic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Pan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
| | - R. Puttreddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyvaskyla
- 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - K. Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyvaskyla
- 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - U. Englert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rasilainen TM, Rissanen K. Distribution of 137Cs in reindeer meat: A comparison of situations with high and low activity concentrations. Radiochemistry 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362214060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Turunen L, Beyeh NK, Pan F, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Tetraiodoethynyl resorcinarene cavitands as multivalent halogen bond donors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15920-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07771g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of iodoethynyl resorcinarene cavitands as rigid 3D halogen bond (XB) donor molecules are presented. These concave macrocycles form strong, RXB = 0.78–0.83, halogen bonds with dioxane oxygen, pyridine nitrogen and a bromide anion in tetraproropyl ammonium bromide resulting in deep cavity cavitand structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Turunen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyväskylä
- 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - N. K. Beyeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyväskylä
- 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - F. Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyväskylä
- 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A. Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyväskylä
- 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
| | - K. Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyväskylä
- 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Rissanen K. Porous molecular crystals based on halogen and hydrogen bonds. Acta Crystallogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731209856x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
22
|
Wittine K, Babić MS, Košutić M, Cetina M, Rissanen K, Pavelić SK, Paravić AT, Sedić M, Pavelić K, Mintas M. The new 5- or 6-azapyrimidine and cyanuric acid derivatives of l-ascorbic acid bearing the free C-5 hydroxy or C-4 amino group at the ethylenic spacer: CD-spectral absolute configuration determination and biological activity evaluations. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2770-85. [PMID: 21524828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of the novel types of cytosine and 5-azacytosine (1-9), uracil and 6-azauracil (13-18) and cyanuric acid (19-22) derivatives of l-ascorbic acid, and on their cytostatic activity evaluation in human malignant tumour cell lines vs. their cytotoxic effects on human normal fibroblasts (WI38). The CD spectra analysis revealed that cytosine (5 and 6), uracil (14-16), 6-azauracil (17) and cyanuric acid (21) derivatives of l-ascorbic acid bearing free amino group at ethylenic spacer existed as a racemic mixture of enantiomers, whereas L-ascorbic derivatives containing the C-5 substituted hydroxy group at the ethylenic spacer were obtained in (4R, 5S) enantiomeric form. The stereochemistry of 6-azauracil derivative of l-ascorbic acid (13) was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The molecules are self-assembled by one N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, two C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and two C-H⋯π interactions into three-dimensional framework. Cytostatic activity evaluation indicated that compounds did not show distinctive antiproliferative effects on tested cell line panel. However, the cytosine derivative of l-ascorbic acid (1) containing the C4-C5 double bond conjugated with the lactone moiety produced rather marked growth inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), metastatic breast epithelial carcinoma (MCF-7) and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines at micromolar concentrations, but also exerted strong cytostatic effect on WI38. 5-Azacytosine derivative of l-ascorbic acid (2) with a double bond at the C4-C5 conjugated with the lactone moiety displayed potent antitumour activity against tested tumour cell lines with meanIC(50) values ranging from 0.92 to 5.91 μM. However, this compound also exhibited pronounced cytotoxicity towards WI38. Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle revealed that compound 2 triggers S phase arrest, which clearly demonstrates its interference with DNA replication, a key event of cell proliferation. Marked anticancer efficacy of compound 2 supports further in vivo investigation into its possible clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Wittine
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ay S, Ziegert RE, Zhang H, Nieger M, Rissanen K, Fink K, Kubas A, Gschwind RM, Bräse S. NMR-spectroscopic and solid-state investigations of cometal-free asymmetric conjugate addition: a dinuclear paracyclophaneimine zinc methyl complex. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:12899-905. [PMID: 20806920 DOI: 10.1021/ja1032502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present herein the first indications for dimeric structures in cometal-free asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of dialkylzinc reagents with aldehydes. These are revealed by nonlinear effect (NLE) studies. A monomer-dimer equilibrium can be assumed which explains the increase of the ee value in the product over time. Also, DOSY NMR spectroscopic measurements indicate the existence of the catalyst as [LZnEt](n) complexes in solution. Additionally, the first X-ray structure of a zinc complex with a [2.2]paracyclophane ligand was determined. The structures of the zinc complexes are supported by DFT calculations of monomeric and dimeric species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ay
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Percec V, Wilson DA, Leowanawat P, Wilson CJ, Hughes AD, Kaucher MS, Hammer DA, Levine DH, Kim AJ, Bates FS, Davis KP, Lodge TP, Klein ML, DeVane RH, Aqad E, Rosen BM, Argintaru AO, Sienkowska MJ, Rissanen K, Nummelin S, Ropponen J. Self-Assembly of Janus Dendrimers into Uniform Dendrimersomes and Other Complex Architectures. Science 2010; 328:1009-14. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1185547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
25
|
Ylipieti J, Rissanen K, Kostiainen E, Salminen R, Tomilina O, Täht K, Gilucis A, Gregorauskiene V. Chernobyl fallout in the uppermost (0-3 cm) humus layer of forest soil in Finland, North East Russia and the Baltic countries in 2000--2003. Sci Total Environ 2008; 407:315-323. [PMID: 18845315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The situation resulting from the Chernobyl fallout in 1987 was compared to that in 2000--2001 in Finland and NW Russia and that in 2003 in the Baltic countries. 786 humus (0-3 cm layer) samples were collected during 2000--2001 in the Barents Ecogeochemistry Project, and 177 samples in the Baltic countries in 2003. Nuclides emitting gamma-radiation in the 0-3 cm humus layer were measured by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority-STUK in Finland. In 1987 the project area was classified by the European Commission into four different fallout classes. 137Cs inventory Bg/m2 levels measured in 2000--2003 were compared to the EU's class ranges. Fitting over the whole project area was implemented by generalizing the results for samples from the Baltic countries, for which Bq/m2 inventories could be calculated. A rough estimation was made by comparing the mass of organic matter and humus with 137Cs concentrations in these two areas. Changes in 137Cs concentration levels are illustrated in both thematic maps and tables. Radionuclide 137Cs concentrations (Bq/kg d.w.) were detected in the humus layer at all the 988 sampling sites. 134Cs was still present in 198 sites 15 years after the nuclear accident in Chernobyl. No other anthropogenic nuclides emitting gamma-radiation were detected, but low levels of 60Co, 125Sb and 154Eu isotopes were found in 14 sites. Fifteen years after the Chernobyl accident, the radioactive nuclide 137Cs was and still is the most significant fallout radionuclide in the environment and in food chains. The results show that the fallout can still be detected in the uppermost humus layer in North East Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ylipieti
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Research and Environmental Surveillance, Louhikkotie 28, FIN-96500 Rovaniemi, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Metrangolo P, Carcenac Y, Lahtinen M, Pilati T, Resnati G, Rissanen K. Dynamic porous networks capable of diiodoperfluoroalkanes' mixtures separation. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308086522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
27
|
Csók Z, Gandum C, Rissanen K, Tuzi A, Rodrigues J. Syntheses and characterization of novel ruthenium complexes based on 1,3-dicyanobenzene. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
28
|
Csók Z, Gandum C, Rissanen K, Tuzi A, Rodrigues J. Syntheses and characterization of novel ruthenium complexes based on 1,3-dicyanobenzene. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Busi S, Lahtinen M, Valkonen J, Rissanen K. Crystal structures and thermal behavior of bis[dibenzyldimethylammonium]CuBr 4and bis[dibenzyldimethylammonium]CuCl 4crystallized from acetonitrile and dilute H Xsolutions. Acta Crystallogr A 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767306094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
30
|
|
31
|
Mäkinen M, Holopainen S, Rissanen K, Vainiotalo P. An electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric study of the gas-phase stabilities and fragmentation of N-alkylammonium resorcarenes. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:1082-6. [PMID: 16498602 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Five N-alkylated ammonium resorcarene derivatives, differing either in the nitrogen atom or in the lower rim alkyl chain, were studied using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The main purpose was to clarify the fragmentation and the relative stabilities of the protonated molecules by collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. The results indicate that fragmentation of the upper rim alkyl amino substituents at the 2-position occurs readily. Variation in the gas-phase stabilities of these molecules was also observed. In addition, the proposed fragmentation pathways are depicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mäkinen
- University of Joensuu, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chawla S, Arora M, Nättinen K, Rissanen K, Yakhmi J. Syntheses and crystal structures of three novel Cu(II) coordination polymers of different dimensionality constructed from Cu(II) carboxylates (carboxylate=malonate (mal), 2 acetate (ac), fumarate (fum)) and conformationally flexible 1,4-bis(imidazole-1-yl-methylene)benzene (IX). Polyhedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
33
|
Dingenouts N, Rosenfeldt S, Werner N, Vögtle F, Lindner P, Roulamo A, Rissanen K, Ballauff M. Segmental contrast of dendrimers: a small-angle neutron scattering study including contrast variation. J Appl Crystallogr 2003. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889803000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
34
|
Strand P, Howard BJ, Aarkrog A, Balonov M, Tsaturov Y, Bewers JM, Salo A, Sickel M, Bergman R, Rissanen K. Radioactive contamination in the Arctic--sources, dose assessment and potential risks. J Environ Radioact 2002; 60:5-21. [PMID: 11936613 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arctic residents, whose diets comprise a large proportion of traditional terrestrial and freshwater foodstuffs, have received the highest radiation exposures to artificial radionuclides in the Arctic. Doses to members of both the average population and selected indigenous population groups in the Arctic depend on the rates of consumption of locally-derived terrestrial and freshwater foodstuffs, including reindeer/caribou meat, freshwater fish, goat cheese, berries, mushrooms and lamb. The vulnerability of arctic populations, especially indigenous peoples, to radiocaesium deposition is much greater than for temperate populations due to the importance of terrestrial, semi-natural exposure pathways where there is high radiocaesium transfer and a long ecological half-life for this radionuclide. In contrast, arctic residents with diets largely comprising marine foodstuffs have received comparatively low radiation exposures because of the lower levels of contamination of marine organisms. Using arctic-specific information, the predicted collective dose is five times higher than that estimated by UNSCEAR for temperate areas. The greatest threats to human health and the environment posed by human and industrial activities in the Arctic are associated with the potential for accidents in the civilian and military nuclear sectors. Of most concern are the consequences of potential accidents in nuclear power plant reactors, during the handling and storage of nuclear weapons, in the decommissioning of nuclear submarines and in the disposal of spent nuclear fuel from vessels. It is important to foster a close association between risk assessment and practical programmes for the purposes of improving monitoring, formulating response strategies and implementing action plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Strand
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, 0sterås.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Aminomethylation of resorcarenes at the wider rim with bulky diisopropylamine and formaline leads to trisubstituted derivatives. Analogous reaction with C(2v)-symmetrical resorcarene tetratosylate gives the monoaminomethylated compound. Further reactions of remaining unsubstituted resorcinol rings result in new resorcarene derivatives. [reaction: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luostarinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sah AK, Rao CP, Wegelius EK, Kolehmainen E, Rissanen K. Synthesis, characterization and the first crystal structure of the Zn(II) complex of 4,6-O-ethylidine-N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine. Carbohydr Res 2001; 336:249-55. [PMID: 11728393 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
4,6-O-Ethylidine-N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (H(3)L(1)) and N-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene-4,6-O-ethylidine-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (H(3)L(2)) molecules possessing a single bond C-1 single bond N double bond C(H) single bond moiety for metal-ion binding were synthesized by condensing the 4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine with salicylaldehyde or 5-bromosalicylaldehyde. Complexes of these ligands with Zn(II) were isolated and characterized using elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-Vis absorption, NMR spectroscopic and FAB mass spectrometric techniques. The structure of the Zn(II) complex derived from H(3)L(1) was established for the first time by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The anomeric nature of the saccharide moiety was established based on (1)H NMR studies and was confirmed by the crystal structure. Further, the structure and binding aspects of the ligand, and the coordination features of this in its Zn(II) complex were derived from the corresponding crystal structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Sah
- Bioinorganic laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rao PV, Rao CP, Kolehmainen E, Wegelius EK, Rissanen K. Lower Rim 1,3-Disubstituted Derivatives of Calix[4]arene Amides Having Amino Acid Ester and Amines as Pendants. CHEM LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2001.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
38
|
Sah AK, Rao CP, Saarenketo PK, Kolehmainen E, Rissanen K. Synthesis, characterisation and crystal structures of Schiff bases from the reaction of 4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine with substituted salicylaldehydes. Carbohydr Res 2001; 335:33-43. [PMID: 11553352 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple chemical modifications were carried out on D-glucose to result in the corresponding Schiff bases. Such modifications performed on D-glucose not only helped in increasing the solubility of the products in nonaqueous solvents, but also restricted the anomerisation of the saccharide moiety in solution. NMR study of the products revealed the presence of the beta-anomeric form of the saccharide moiety in Me(2)SO solution. All the compounds were characterised by analytical and spectral methods. The literature is devoid of any crystal structures of saccharide-Schiff base combinations of the type reported in this paper. The crystal structures of these molecules exhibited a tridentate, ONO binding core. These studies further revealed that the compounds in the solid state were in the beta-D-pyranose form with the (4)C(1) chair conformation. The compounds exhibited interesting lattice structures assisted through weak interactions of the type O-H...O and C-H...O. The lattice structure of one of these compounds exhibited channels filled with chloroform molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Sah
- Bioinorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Funeriu DP, Rissanen K, Lehn JM. Dominant/recessive behavior in the expression of molecular information: self-assembly of inorganic macrocyclic architectures containing coordinatively unsaturated ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10546-51. [PMID: 11535827 PMCID: PMC58502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191362998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The polytopic ligand 1 contains three different metal ion binding subunits forming two substructures that code for the self-assembly of two different coordination structures (helicate and grid type) under metal ion complexation. Reaction with Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions generates the coordinatively unsaturated architectures 8 and 9 resulting from the formation of two double helicate arrangements. Their crystal structure has been determined by x-ray diffraction. These results show that the double helical motif is expressed at the expense of the grid type one, indicating the dominant/recessive behavior of the system. Together with earlier studies on the linear combination and crossover processing schemes, the dominant/recessive generation of 8 and 9 completes the demonstration of principle of the modes of multiple expression of molecular information in a multicode programmed chemical system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Funeriu
- ISIS-Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fochi F, Jacopozzi P, Wegelius E, Rissanen K, Cozzini P, Marastoni E, Fisicaro E, Manini P, Fokkens R, Dalcanale E. Self-assembly and anion encapsulation properties of cavitand-based coordination cages. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7539-52. [PMID: 11480974 DOI: 10.1021/ja0103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel classes of cavitand-based coordination cages 7a--j and 8a--d have been synthesized via self-assembly procedures. The main factors controlling cage self-assembly (CSA) have been identified in (i) a P--M--P angle close to 90 degrees between the chelating ligand and the metal precursor, (ii) Pd and Pt as metal centers, (iii) a weakly coordinated counterion, and (iv) preorganization of the tetradentate cavitand ligand. Calorimetric measurements and dynamic (1)H and (19)F NMR experiments indicated that CSA is entropy driven. The temperature range of the equilibrium cage-oligomers is determined by the level of preorganization of the cavitand component. The crystal structure of cage 7d revealed the presence of a single triflate anion encapsulated. Guest competition experiments revealed that the encapsulation preference of cages 7b,d follows the order BF(4)(-) > CF(3)SO(3)(-) >> PF(6)(-) at 300 K. ES-MS experiments coupled to molecular modeling provided a rationale for the observed encapsulation selectivities. The basic selectivity pattern, which follows the solvation enthalpy of the guests, is altered by size and shape of the cavity, allowing the entrance of an ancillary solvent molecule only in the case of BF(4)(-).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Fochi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nuutinen JM, Ratilainen J, Rissanen K, Vainiotalo P. Mass spectrometric studies on small open-chain piperazine-containing ligands and their transition metal complexes. J Mass Spectrom 2001; 36:902-910. [PMID: 11523089 DOI: 10.1002/jms.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was used to characterize the complexes formed between open-chain piperazine-containing ligands and transition metal salts (Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium as chlorides, nitrates, and acetates). Only single-charged complexes were observed, formed of one ligand (L) and mainly one metal ion (M). Since the net charge of the complexes was one, a counterion (X) was attached to some of the complexes, with formation of [L + M + X]+ complexes, and a proton was lost from others, as in [L - H + M]+ complexes. In most cases the composition of the complexes was more dependent on the ligand than the metal salt. Collision-induced dissociation measurements showed that complexes with related composition often differed in structure, or that interactions between the ligand and the metal ion were not alike. The metal ion influenced considerably the fragmentation pathways of the ligands, so that the fragmentation products could be used to deduce the binding sites of the metal. The variations observed in fragmentation behavior of complexes possessing the same ligand but different metal ions can mostly be explained by the ionic radius and electronic configuration of the metal ion. The results indicated a preference of the piperazine ring of the coordinated ligand for the boat conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Nuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shivanyuk A, Paulus EF, Rissanen K, Kolehmainen E, Böhmer V. Resorcarenes in the boat conformation as building blocks for hydrogen-bonded assemblies including two ammonium cations. Chemistry 2001; 7:1944-51. [PMID: 11405473 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010504)7:9<1944::aid-chem1944>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures are reported for various co-crystals of rccc-resorcarenes with triethylammonium chloride. Usually, two molecules of a C2v-symmetric tetraester 2 in the boat conformation are linked through four hydrogen-bonded chloride anions to give dimeric assemblies. Two of the chloride anions may be replaced by four hydrogen-bonded ethanol molecules in an otherwise similar structure. These assemblies, which consist of six or eight components, posses voluminous, negatively charged chambers in which two triethylammionium cations, 3+, are included as guests by strong electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions. The host-guest N-H...Cl hydrogen bonds were clearly detected at 173 K. These are the first examples of hydrogen-bonded, solid-state capsules trapping two ions of the same charge in close proximity. In the 1:2 complex with 3+ Cl-, the molecule of the parent resorcarene 1 also adopts a boat conformation whose cavity is considerably extended by four hydrogen-bonded chloride anions. The pocket formed in this way again includes two 3+ ions as a result of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding host-guest interactions. All these structures show that the boat conformers of resorcarenes can be used as a novel motif for the construction of hydrogen-bonded assemblies capable of molecular inclusion and encapsulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Shivanyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pöllänen R, Klemola S, Ikäheimonen TK, Rissanen K, Juhanoja J, Paavolainen S, Likonen J. Analysis of radioactive particles from the Kola Bay area. Analyst 2001; 126:724-30. [PMID: 11394323 DOI: 10.1039/b101099i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of radioactive particle were identified in marine sediment and lichen samples collected from the Kola Bay, NW Russia. The particles were identified by means of gamma-ray spectrometry and autoradiography, separated and subjected to various analysis techniques. Several complementary techniques are needed to characterise particle properties thoroughly. 137Cs was present in the sediment matrix in large (approximately 100 microns) greenish particles that were most probably pieces of paint. Although their element composition was heterogeneous, 137Cs was found to be evenly distributed. 60Co in the lichen matrix was present in small (approximately 1 micron) particles. No U or transuranium elements were detected in either type of particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pöllänen
- STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nuutinen JM, Purmonen M, Ratilainen J, Rissanen K, Vainiotalo P. Mass spectrometric studies on pyridine-piperazine-containing ligands and their complexes with transition metals formed in solution. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001; 15:1374-1381. [PMID: 11466798 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) methods were used to study open-chain piperazine-containing ligands (L) and their complexes formed with transition-metal salts. ESI and MALDI measurements were performed with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) and a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, respectively. Only singly charged complexes, between one ligand and one or several metal ions, were formed in the ESI measurements. Because the net charge was always one, one or several counterions were attached to the complex. Under ESI conditions, the complexes formed between the ligands and metal (Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd) salts were [L + M + X](+), [L + H + M + X(2)](+) and [L + M(2) + X(3)](+) (M = metal ion, X = counterion). In collision induced dissociation reactions the [L + H + M + X(2)](+) complexes easily eliminated one proton and one counterion. Fragmentation pathways were more dependent on the metal ion than the ligand, and elimination of the second counterion occurred with one proton from copper and nickel complexes and with one proton and one hydrogen from cobalt complexes. Differences in the fragmentation of the complexes could be due to electronic configuration of the metal ion. In the MALDI measurements the ratio between the [L + H](+) and [L - H](+) ions varied with the matrix. Fragmentation of the ligands through elimination of 2-methylpyridine end groups occurred with the aromatic matrices containing carboxylic acid and hydroxyl substituents. Ionization of the complexes was not successful with MALDI as the matrix molecules were also attached to the complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Nuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Puhakainen M, Riekkinen I, Heikkinen T, Jaakkola T, Steinnes E, Rissanen K, Suomela M, Thørring H. Effect of chemical pollution on forms of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu in arctic soil studied by sequential extraction. J Environ Radioact 2001; 52:17-29. [PMID: 11202683 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(00)00103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the forms of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu occurring in different soil horizons using sequential extraction of samples taken from four sites located along a pollution gradient from the copper-nickel smelter at Monchegorsk in the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and from a reference site in Finnish Lapland in 1997. A selective sequential-leaching procedure was employed using a modification of the method of Tessier, Cambell and Bisson ((1979). Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844-851). For 137Cs the organic (O) and uppermost mineral (E1) layer were studied, for 90Sr and 239,240Pu only the uppermost organic layer (Of). The fraction of 137Cs occurring in readily exchangeable form in the organic layer was about 50% at the reference site and decreased as a function of pollution, being 15% at the most polluted site in the Kola Peninsula. There was a clear positive correlation in the O layer between the distance from the smelter and the percentage of 137Cs extracted in the readily exchangeable fraction (Spearman correlation rsp = 0.7805, p = 0.0001), whereas in the E1 layer no correlation was evident. The distribution of 90Sr in the Of layer was similar at all sites, with the highest amounts occurring in exchangeable form and bound to organic matter, whereas stable Sr showed a somewhat different distribution with the highest amount in the oxide fraction. Most of the 239,240Pu was bound to organic matter. Chemical pollution affected the exchangeable fraction of 239,240Pu, which was about 1% at the most polluted site and 4-6% at the other sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Puhakainen
- STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O. Box 14, FIN-0088 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bunzl K, Puhakainen M, Riekkinnen I, Karhu P, Schimmack W, Heikinnen T, Jaakkola T, Nikonov V, Pavlov V, Rahola T, Rissanen K, Suomela M, Tillander M, Äyräs M. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2001; 247:15-24. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1006738325403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
Ziener U, Breuning E, Lehn JM, Wegelius E, Rissanen K, Baum G, Fenske D, Vaughan G. Recognition-directed supramolecular assemblies of metal complexes of terpyridine derived ligands with self-complementary hydrogen bonding sites. Chemistry 2000; 6:4132-9. [PMID: 11128276 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20001117)6:22<4132::aid-chem4132>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and X-ray structures of three metal complexes with terpyridine-derived ligands that contain amino-pyrimidine and amino-pyrazine moieties are presented. They have been designed in view of directing their self-assembly into specific supramolecular arrays through molecular recognition interactions. The solid-state structures indeed reveal extensive hydrogen-bonded networks. The Co complex 4a with PF6- counterions builds a two-dimensional infinite interwoven grid through strong double hydrogen bonds (d(N-H-N) =2.918-3.018 A) between the amino groups and the N atoms of the rings, with all H-bonding sites saturated. Changing the anions to BF4- in 4b leads to a similar infinite but partially broken grid with a quarter of the H-bonding sites unsaturated (d(N-H-N)=2.984-3.206 A). In the case of the Zn complex 12 with triflate anions, half of the hydrogen bonds are formed. Only one of the two orthogonal ligands has hydrogen bonds (d(N-H-N) = 3.082, 3.096 A) to the neighbouring complexes and thus builds linear, supramolecular, polymeric chains. These structural differences are mainly attributed to crystal-packing effects caused by the different anions. The data presented here may also be regarded as a prototype for the generation of organised arrays through sequential self-assembly processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Ziener
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, ISIS Université Louis Pasteur, Stransborg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Synthesis of novel water-soluble cavitands 1 and 2 and their complexes--the caviplexes--is described. The solubility in water derives from four primary ammonium groups on the lower rim and eight secondary amide groups on the upper rim. Cavitands 1 and 2 exist as D2d velcraplex dimers in aqueous solution but the addition of lipophilic guests 15-24 induces conformational changes to the vase-like structures. The internal cavity dimensions are 8 x 10 A, and the exchange rates of guests in the caviplexes are slow on the NMR time-scale (room temperature and 600 MHz). The direct observation of bound species and the stoichiometry of the complexes is reported. The association constants (Ka) between 0.4 x 10(-1) (-deltaG295= 0.7 kcalmol(-1)) and 1.4 x 10(2)M(-1) (-deltaG295=2.9 kcalmol(-1)) in D2O and 1.4 x 10(1)(-deltaG295= 1.7 kcalmol(-1)) and 2.8 x 10(4)M(-1)(-deltaG295=6.0 kcalmol(-1)) in [D4]methanol for aliphatic guests 16-24 were determined. Guest exchange rates of the new hosts 1 and 2 are considerably slower than rates observed for typical open-ended cavities in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Haino
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and The Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of self-assembling calix[4]arene based capsules 1a.1a and 1b.1b are described. These compounds feature four urea substituents at the upper rims and four secondary amide fragments at the lower rims that can participate in inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in apolar solution. Communication between the calixarene rims in 1a, b influences the self-assembled cavity's size and shape. Specifically. dimerization results in a perfect cone conformation of the calixarene skeleton in 1a, b and stabilizes a seam of intramolecular amide C=O...H-N hydrogen bonds at the lower rim. This seam is cycloenantiomeric, with either clockwise or counterclockwise arrangements of the head-to-tail amides. Complexation of Na+-cation breaks hydrogen bonds at the lower rim but maintains the capsular assembly. Encapsulation properties of 1a.1a and 1b.1b were studied in nonpolar solvents and their binary mixtures as well as through heterodimerization experiments. The presence of amide groups at the lower rim causes notable differences in the capsule's binding affinities when compared to the corresponding tetraester capsules 1c.1c and 1d.1d. In the monomeric state calixarenes 1a, b are in a pinched cone conformation. The solid state X-ray crystallographic studies with monomeric 1a reveal only two intramolecular C=O...H-N hydrogen bonds between the adjacent amides at the lower rim, and an extensive network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between urea groups at the upper rim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YL Cho
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and The Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shivanyuk A, Spaniol TP, Rissanen K, Kolehmainen E, Böhmer V. Hydrogen-Bonded Analogues of Cavitands We are grateful to Mr. R. Kauppinen for his assistance with NMR measurements. This work was supported by the Finnish Academy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:3497-3500. [PMID: 11091401 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001002)39:19<3497::aid-anie3497>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Shivanyuk
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35, 40351, Jyväskylä (Finland)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|