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Rutherford G, Hussain R, Tait K. Pattern of multimorbidity in middle-aged and older-aged people with mild intellectual disability in Australia. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2024; 37:e13215. [PMID: 38413378 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, now constitute a major proportion of ill-health across most adult and older populations including in people with intellectual disability. The current paper is a comparative analysis of prevalence of NCDs across mid-aged and older-aged people with mild intellectual disability. METHOD Comparative data comes from two cross-sectional surveys using similar methodology and timeframes. The analysis sample comprises mid-aged group (30-50 years, N = 291) and older-aged group (≥60 years, N = 391). RESULTS People with mild intellectual disability start developing NCDs in early to mid-adulthood and increases with age. The mean number of NCDs in mid-aged group was 0.86 (SD, 0.84) compared to 3.82 in older group (SD, 2.67). CONCLUSION There needs to be early identification and management of NCDs using relevant health promotion and preventative measures at optimal intervention points. The training of healthcare professionals needs improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Rutherford
- School of Medicine & Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rafat Hussain
- School of Medicine & Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kathleen Tait
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Tait K, Tucker M, Mavropoulou S. Prelinguistic Interventions. Curr Dev Disord Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-021-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tschauner O, Huang S, Greenberg E, Prakapenka VB, Ma C, Rossman GR, Shen AH, Zhang D, Newville M, Lanzirotti A, Tait K. Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle. Science 2018; 359:1136-1139. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Thompson CEL, Silburn B, Williams ME, Hull T, Sivyer D, Amoudry LO, Widdicombe S, Ingels J, Carnovale G, McNeill CL, Hale R, Marchais CL, Hicks N, Smith HEK, Klar JK, Hiddink JG, Kowalik J, Kitidis V, Reynolds S, Woodward EMS, Tait K, Homoky WB, Kröger S, Bolam S, Godbold JA, Aldridge J, Mayor DJ, Benoist NMA, Bett BJ, Morris KJ, Parker ER, Ruhl HA, Statham PJ, Solan M. An approach for the identification of exemplar sites for scaling up targeted field observations of benthic biogeochemistry in heterogeneous environments. Biogeochemistry 2017; 135:1-34. [PMID: 32009689 PMCID: PMC6961521 DOI: 10.1007/s10533-017-0366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Continental shelf sediments are globally important for biogeochemical activity. Quantification of shelf-scale stocks and fluxes of carbon and nutrients requires the extrapolation of observations made at limited points in space and time. The procedure for selecting exemplar sites to form the basis of this up-scaling is discussed in relation to a UK-funded research programme investigating biogeochemistry in shelf seas. A three-step selection process is proposed in which (1) a target area representative of UK shelf sediment heterogeneity is selected, (2) the target area is assessed for spatial heterogeneity in sediment and habitat type, bed and water column structure and hydrodynamic forcing, and (3) study sites are selected within this target area encompassing the range of spatial heterogeneity required to address key scientific questions regarding shelf scale biogeochemistry, and minimise confounding variables. This led to the selection of four sites within the Celtic Sea that are significantly different in terms of their sediment, bed structure, and macrofaunal, meiofaunal and microbial community structures and diversity, but have minimal variations in water depth, tidal and wave magnitudes and directions, temperature and salinity. They form the basis of a research cruise programme of observation, sampling and experimentation encompassing the spring bloom cycle. Typical variation in key biogeochemical, sediment, biological and hydrodynamic parameters over a pre to post bloom period are presented, with a discussion of anthropogenic influences in the region. This methodology ensures the best likelihood of site-specific work being useful for up-scaling activities, increasing our understanding of benthic biogeochemistry at the UK-shelf scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. L. Thompson
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - B. Silburn
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - M. E. Williams
- National Oceanography Centre, 6 Brownlow St, Liverpool, L3 5DA UK
| | - T. Hull
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - D. Sivyer
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - L. O. Amoudry
- National Oceanography Centre, 6 Brownlow St, Liverpool, L3 5DA UK
| | - S. Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - J. Ingels
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - G. Carnovale
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - C. L. McNeill
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - R. Hale
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - C. Laguionie Marchais
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - N. Hicks
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA UK
| | - H. E. K. Smith
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - J. K. Klar
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
- LEGOS, University of Toulouse, IRDm CNES, CNRS, UPS, 14 av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J. G. Hiddink
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB UK
| | - J. Kowalik
- Navama – Technology for Nature, Landshuter Allee 8, 80637 Munich, Germany
| | - V. Kitidis
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - S. Reynolds
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL UK
| | - E. M. S. Woodward
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - K. Tait
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - W. B. Homoky
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN UK
| | - S. Kröger
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - S. Bolam
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - J. A. Godbold
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - J. Aldridge
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - D. J. Mayor
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - N. M. A. Benoist
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - B. J. Bett
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - K. J. Morris
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - E. R. Parker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT UK
| | - H. A. Ruhl
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - P. J. Statham
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - M. Solan
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
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Chiu CH, Lozier M, Bayleyegn T, Tait K, Barreau T, Copan L, Roisman R, Jackson R, Smorodinsky S, Kreutzer R, Yip F, Wolkin A. Geothermal Gases--Community Experiences, Perceptions, and Exposures in Northern California. J Environ Health 2015; 78:14-21. [PMID: 26738314 PMCID: PMC6570403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lake County, California, is in a high geothermal-activity area. Over the past 30 years, the city of Clearlake has reported health effects and building evacuations related to geothermal venting. Previous investigations in Clearlake revealed hydrogen sulfide at levels known to cause health effects and methane at levels that can cause explosion risks. The authors conducted an investigation in multiple cities and towns in Lake County to understand better the risk of geothermal venting to the community. They conducted household surveys and outdoor air sampling of hydrogen sulfide and methane and found community members were aware of geothermal venting and some expressed concerns. The authors did not, however, find hydrogen sulfide above the California Environmental Protection Agency air quality standard of 30 parts per billion over one hour or methane above explosive thresholds. The authors recommend improving risk communication, continuing to monitor geothermal gas effects on the community, and using community reports and complaints to monitor and document geothermal venting incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy H. Chiu
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Health Studies Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - M. Lozier
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - T. Bayleyegn
- Health Studies Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - K. Tait
- Lake County Public Health Division
| | - T. Barreau
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control
| | - L. Copan
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control
| | - R. Roisman
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control
| | - R. Jackson
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control
| | - S. Smorodinsky
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control
| | - R. Kreutzer
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control
| | - F. Yip
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - A. Wolkin
- Health Studies Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Tait K, Fung F, Hu A, Sweller N, Wang W. Understanding Hong Kong Chinese Families’ Experiences of an Autism/ASD Diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 46:1164-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hussain R, Tait K. Parental perceptions of information needs and service provision for children with developmental disabilities in rural Australia. Disabil Rehabil 2014; 37:1609-16. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2014.972586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Laverock B, Tait K, Gilbert JA, Osborn AM, Widdicombe S. Impacts of bioturbation on temporal variation in bacterial and archaeal nitrogen-cycling gene abundance in coastal sediments. Environ Microbiol Rep 2014; 6:113-21. [PMID: 24596269 PMCID: PMC4208606 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In marine environments, macrofauna living in or on the sediment surface may alter the structure, diversity and function of benthic microbial communities. In particular, microbial nitrogen (N)-cycling processes may be enhanced by the activity of large bioturbating organisms. Here, we study the effect of the burrowing mud shrimp Upogebia deltaura upon temporal variation in the abundance of genes representing key N-cycling functional guilds. The abundance of bacterial genes representing different N-cycling guilds displayed different temporal patterns in burrow sediments in comparison with surface sediments, suggesting that the burrow provides a unique environment where bacterial gene abundances are influenced directly by macrofaunal activity. In contrast, the abundances of archaeal ammonia oxidizers varied temporally but were not affected by bioturbation, indicating differential responses between bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers to environmental physicochemical controls. This study highlights the importance of bioturbation as a control over the temporal variation in nitrogen-cycling microbial community dynamics within coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Laverock
- Plymouth Marine LaboratoryProspect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - K Tait
- Plymouth Marine LaboratoryProspect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - J A Gilbert
- Argonne National Laboratory, Institute of Genomic and Systems Biology9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - A M Osborn
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of HullHull, HU6 7RX, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford PoolLincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - S Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine LaboratoryProspect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
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Tait K, Mundia L. A Comparison of Brunei and Hong Kong - SAR Student Teachers’ Self-efficacy in Implementing Inclusive Education Practices: Implications for Teacher Education. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5539/ass.v10n1p51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Laverock B, Kitidis V, Tait K, Gilbert JA, Osborn AM, Widdicombe S. Bioturbation determines the response of benthic ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms to ocean acidification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120441. [PMID: 23980243 PMCID: PMC3758174 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), caused by the dissolution of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater, is projected to cause significant changes to marine ecology and biogeochemistry. Potential impacts on the microbially driven cycling of nitrogen are of particular concern. Specifically, under seawater pH levels approximating future OA scenarios, rates of ammonia oxidation (the rate-limiting first step of the nitrification pathway) have been shown to dramatically decrease in seawater, but not in underlying sediments. However, no prior study has considered the interactive effects of microbial ammonia oxidation and macrofaunal bioturbation activity, which can enhance nitrogen transformation rates. Using experimental mesocosms, we investigated the responses to OA of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms inhabiting surface sediments and sediments within burrow walls of the mud shrimp Upogebia deltaura. Seawater was acidified to one of four target pH values (pHT 7.90, 7.70, 7.35 and 6.80) in comparison with a control (pHT 8.10). At pHT 8.10, ammonia oxidation rates in burrow wall sediments were, on average, fivefold greater than in surface sediments. However, at all acidified pH values (pH ≤ 7.90), ammonia oxidation rates in burrow sediments were significantly inhibited (by 79-97%; p < 0.01), whereas rates in surface sediments were unaffected. Both bacterial and archaeal abundances increased significantly as pHT declined; by contrast, relative abundances of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidation (amoA) genes did not vary. This research suggests that OA could cause substantial reductions in total benthic ammonia oxidation rates in coastal bioturbated sediments, leading to corresponding changes in coupled nitrogen cycling between the benthic and pelagic realms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Laverock
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
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Cámara F, Sokolova E, Hawthorne FC, Rowe R, Grice J, Tait K. Veblenite: a new Ti-silicate related to HOH structures. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311083632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Tait K, Sigafoos J, Woodyatt G, O'Reilly M, Lancioni G. Evaluating parent use of functional communication training to replace and enhance prelinguistic behaviours in six children with developmental and physical disabilities. Disabil Rehabil 2005; 26:1241-54. [PMID: 15513722 DOI: 10.1080/09638280412331280253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate parent use of functional communication training (FCT) to replace and enhance prelinguistic behaviours in six young children with developmental and physical disabilities. METHOD Initially, the communicative functions of the children's prelinguistic behaviours were assessed by parent interviews. Three communication functions were identified for each child and intervention goals to replace or enhance the child's existing prelinguistic behaviours were developed in consultation with parents. After a baseline phase, parents received training on implementation of FCT. Intervention was staggered across the three communicative functions in a multiple-probe design. RESULTS Intervention was associated with increases in the replacement communication behaviour. Treatment gains were generally maintained at the monthly follow-ups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that parents can use FCT to enhance communication skills in children with developmental and physical disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Tait
- School of Development and Learning, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Sigafoos J, Drasgow E, Reichle J, O'Reilly M, Green VA, Tait K. Tutorial: teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2004; 13:31-42. [PMID: 15101812 DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2004/005)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Sigafoos
- Department of Special Education, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712-1290, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to investigate the antagonistic interactions between bacteriocin-producing enteric bacteria in dual species biofilms and the interspecies interactions correlated with sensitivity to biocides. METHODS AND RESULTS When compared with their single species counterparts, the dual species biofilms formed by bacteriocin-producing strains exhibited a decrease in biofilm size and an increase in sensitivity to the antimicrobial agents hypochlorite, triclosan and benzalkonium chloride. The five dual species biofilms studied all resulted in biofilms containing a mixture of the two strains. This was attributed to the spatial distribution of cells within the biofilm, with each strain forming its own microcolonies. The production of a bacteriocin also gave a strain a competitive advantage when interacting with a bacteriocin-sensitive strain within a biofilm, both in gaining a foothold in a new environment and in preventing the colonization of a potential competitor into a pre-established biofilm. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that bacteriocins might be used specifically for interacting with competing strains within a biofilm, as opposed to a planktonic, environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Unlike planktonically grown bacteriocin-producing populations, where one strain will always be out-competed, bacteriocin-producing and bacteriocin-sensitive strains can coexist in biofilm communities, clearly demonstrating major differences between biofilm and planktonic competition. This paper highlights the importance of bacteriocin production in the development of biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tait
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
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Callstrom MR, Johnson CD, Fletcher JG, Reed JE, Ahlquist DA, Harmsen WS, Tait K, Wilson LA, Corcoran KE. CT colonography without cathartic preparation: feasibility study. Radiology 2001; 219:693-8. [PMID: 11376256 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn22693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate methods for contrast material labeling of stool in the unprepared colon for computed tomographic (CT) colonography and to determine their sensitivity for polyp detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six patients with suspected or known polyps were assigned to five groups. Two to seven doses of 225 mL of dilute contrast material were orally administered during 24 or 48 hours. Transverse CT images were assessed for effectiveness of stool labeling. Colonoscopy was performed in all patients and was the standard. Two radiologists blinded to prior imaging and colonoscopic results assessed polyp detection. RESULTS For each group, average stool labeling scores and ranges were as follows: 24 hour two dose, 16% and 8%-21%; 24 hour five dose, 53% and 27%-66%; 48 hour four dose, 38% and 22%-48%; 48 hour six dose, 68% and 54%-77%; and 48 hour seven dose, 88% and 75%-98%. Sensitivity for the two radiologists for the identification of patients with polyps 1 cm or larger for each group was as follows: 24 hour two dose, 50% and 67%; 24 hour five dose, 100% and 100%; 48 hour four dose, 58% and 75%; 48 hour six dose, 56% and 67%; and 48 hour seven dose, 100% and 80%. CONCLUSION Ingestion of contrast material adequately labels stool for lesion identification; a 48-hour lead time and multiple doses of contrast material are required. Sensitivity for polyp detection in patients with adequate stool labeling approaches the sensitivity for polyp detection in prepared colons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Callstrom
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
This is a report of a study of the representations and strategies for addition, used by a sample of 55 children in years 1, 2 and 3 in three schools in Brisbane. Children were presented with operations represented in symbols and asked to choose how to solve the task and explain their procedures as they worked. The teachers were interviewed to determine the representations that they were introducing. The results show a general developmental sequence from use of objects, to use of counting, to mental calculations using knowledge of number facts and place value. The results are discussed from the perspective of the demand that the procedures might make on children's information processing capacity. We suggest that some of the difficulties occur because teachers introduce procedures that are recommended in curriculum documents without being aware of the cognitive load that they impose.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Boulton-Lewis
- School of Learning and Development, Faculty of Education, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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Abstract
The fundamental principles of industrial hygiene are based upon the recognition, evaluation, and control of workplace hazards. Occupational safety and health professionals (e.g., industrial hygienists) perform this task by assessing numerous complex factors. In many situations industrial hygienists are not available; therefore, an expert system has been developed to assist the performance of workplace exposure assessments (WEAs). The Workplace Exposure Assessment Expert System (WORKSPERT) evaluates various hazardous substances, workplace conditions, and worker exposures for designated homogeneous exposure groups (HEGs). The three major components of WORKSPERT (i.e., substance, workplace, and exposure factors) are described by 27 multiple attribute variables. An air monitoring program (AMP) may be recommended for each HEG based upon the WEA. The AMP provides recommendations for an appropriate sampling strategy, sampling duration, multiple substance exposures, and number of samples to be obtained in the future. The use of WORKSPERT or other expert systems should never supersede the judgment of occupational safety and health professionals. However, WORKSPERT can be a valuable tool when used by knowledgeable, qualified technical professionals (e.g., safety and health specialists, chemists, engineers, and toxicologists) who understand the specific substance, workplace, and exposure factors for designated HEGs. WORKSPERT allows these people to benefit from the expertise of an industrial hygienist by performing systematic evaluations and obtaining recommendations for corrective actions or an AMP. The use of WORKSPERT to perform WEAs promotes the protection of workers from hazardous substances and assists compliance with occupational safety and health regulations. It also facilitates the communication of substance hazards, workplace controls, and worker exposures in a succinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tait
- Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10017
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Davidson RC, Lewis E, Daehler D, Tait K. Perinephric abscess and chronic low back pain. J Fam Pract 1982; 15:1059-1070. [PMID: 6216300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
A low density barium sulfate mixture has been specially formulated and routinely used in over 800 abdominal computer assisted tomography scans over the past 3 years.
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Tait K, Winslow G. Beyond consent--the ethics of decision-making in emergency medicine. West J Med 1977; 126:156-9. [PMID: 847978 PMCID: PMC1237490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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