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Connor MP, Prathapa N, Frey NV, Gill SI, Hexner EO, Bruno XJ, Lai CE, Loren AW, Luger SM, Matthews AH, McCurdy SR, Perl AE, Porter DL, Zeringue A, Oved JH, Olson TS, Pratz KW, Babushok DV. Hypomethylating agents are associated with high rates of hematologic toxicity in patients with secondary myeloid neoplasms developing after acquired aplastic anemia. Haematologica 2024. [PMID: 38634143 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2024.285275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Connor
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.
| | - Neeharika Prathapa
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Saar I Gill
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ximena Jordan Bruno
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine E Lai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alison W Loren
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Selina M Luger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew H Matthews
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon R McCurdy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander E Perl
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - David L Porter
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Joseph H Oved
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY; Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Timothy S Olson
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Daria V Babushok
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
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2
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Pratz KW, Jonas BA, Pullarkat V, Thirman MJ, Garcia JS, Döhner H, Récher C, Fiedler W, Yamamoto K, Wang J, Yoon SS, Wolach O, Yeh SP, Leber B, Esteve J, Mayer J, Porkka K, Illés Á, Lemoli RM, Turgut M, Ku G, Miller C, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Chyla B, Potluri J, DiNardo CD. Long-term follow-up of VIALE-A: Venetoclax and azacitidine in chemotherapy-ineligible untreated acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:615-624. [PMID: 38343151 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Venetoclax-azacitidine is approved for treatment of patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ineligible for intensive chemotherapy based on the interim overall survival (OS) analysis of the VIALE-A study (NCT02993523). Here, long-term follow-up is presented to address survival benefit and long-term outcomes with venetoclax-azacitidine. Patients with newly diagnosed AML who were ineligible for intensive chemotherapy were randomized 2:1 to receive venetoclax-azacitidine or placebo-azacitidine. OS was the primary endpoint; complete remission with/without blood count recovery (CR/CRi) was a key secondary endpoint. This final analysis was conducted when 100% of the predefined 360 OS events occurred. In VIALE-A, 431 patients were enrolled to venetoclax-azacitidine (n = 286) or placebo-azacitidine (n = 145). At 43.2 months median follow-up, median OS was 14.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.1-18.7) with venetoclax-azacitidine, and 9.6 months (95% CI, 7.4-12.7) with placebo-azacitidine (hazard ratio, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.47-0.72], p < .001); the estimated 24-month OS rate was 37.5% and 16.9%, respectively. Median OS for patients with IDH1/2 mutations and those with measurable residual disease responses was reached in this final analysis. CR/CRi rate was similar to interim analysis. Any-grade hematologic and gastrointestinal adverse events were most common in venetoclax-azacitidine and placebo-azacitidine arms, including thrombocytopenia (47% and 42%) and neutropenia (43% and 29%). No new safety signals were identified. Long-term efficacy and safety confirm venetoclax-azacitidine is an improvement in standard-of-care for patients with AML who are not eligible for intensive chemotherapy because of advanced age or comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Malignant Hematology/Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Michael J Thirman
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Garcia
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Récher
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Fiedler
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jianxiang Wang
- Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ofir Wolach
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brian Leber
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordi Esteve
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kimmo Porkka
- Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Árpád Illés
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roberto M Lemoli
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS San Martino Hospital Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mehmet Turgut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Grace Ku
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ying Zhou
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sung AD, Koll T, Gier SH, Racioppi A, White G, Lew M, Free M, Agarwal P, Bohannon LM, Johnson EJ, Selvan B, Babushok DV, Frey NV, Gill SI, Hexner EO, Martin M, Perl AE, Pratz KW, Luger SM, Chao NJ, Fisher AL, Stadtmauer EA, Porter DL, Loren AW, Bhatt VR, Gimotty PA, McCurdy SR. Preconditioning Frailty Phenotype Influences Survival and Relapse for Older Allogeneic Transplantation Recipients. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:415.e1-415.e16. [PMID: 38242440 PMCID: PMC11009062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2024.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies disproportionately affect older adults. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is potentially curative, but poor overall survival (OS) has limited its use in older adults. Fried's frailty phenotype (FFP) is a geriatric assessment tool that combines objective and subjective performance measures: gait speed, grip strength, activity level, exhaustion, and weight loss. People meeting ≥3 criteria are classified as frail; 1 or 2 criteria, as pre-frail; and 0 criteria, as fit. To evaluate the association of pre-HCT FFP with post-HCT outcomes, we assessed FFP prior to conditioning for 280 HCT recipients age ≥60 years with acute leukemia or a myeloid neoplasm at 3 institutions. When analyzing survival by age group, patients age ≥70 years had inferior OS compared to patients age 60 to 69 years (P = .002), with corresponding OS estimates of 38.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.8% to 49.9%) and 59.3% (95% CI, 51.9% to 65.9%). Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) also was significantly higher in the older patients (P = .0005); the 2-year cumulative incidences of NRM were 38.5% (95% CI, 27.5% to 49.2%) and 17.2% (95% CI, 12.3% to 22.8%), for older and younger recipients, respectively. The cumulative incidences of relapse did not differ by age group (P = .3435). Roughly one-third (35.5%) of the patients were fit, 57.5% were pre-frail, and 7.5% were frail, with corresponding 2-year OS estimates of 68.4% (95% CI, 57.9% to 76.8%), 45.5% (95% CI, 37.4% to 53.2%), and 45.8% (95% CI, 23.4% to 65.8%) (P = .013). FFP was not significantly associated with NRM, but being frail or pre-frail was associated with a higher rate of disease-related deaths (33.3% and 27.3%, respectively, compared with 17.4% for fit patients; P = .043). In univariate modeling of restricted mean survival time with a 3-year horizon (RMST_3y), the factors that were significantly associated were FFP, age, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), Disease Risk Index (DRI), and HCT-specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI). Of those factors, only FFP (P = .006), age (P = .006), KPS (P = .004), and DRI (P = .005) were significantly associated in multivariate modeling of RMST_3y. Estimates of RMST_3y were computed and 5 risk-groups were created with survival ranging from 31.4 months for those who were age 60 to 69 years, fit, had KPS 90 to 100, and low/intermediate-risk DRI compared to 10.5 months for those who had high-risk features for all the evaluated factors. In univariate and multivariate analyses for restricted mean time to relapse with a 3-year horizon (RMRT_3y), FFP (pre-frail versus fit, P = .007; frail versus fit, P = .061) and DRI (P = .001) were the only significant factors. Predicted RMRT_3y was longest (30.6 months) for those who were fit and had low/intermediate-risk DRI scores and shortest (19.1 months) for those who were frail and had high-risk or very high-risk DRI scores. Both age and FFP impact survival after HCT. Incorporation of FFP into pre-HCT evaluations may improve decision-making and counseling regarding HCT risk for older adults. Our findings support future trials designed to reverse frailty, such as pre-HCT supervised exercise programs, and correlative analyses to unravel the connection of frailty and relapse to generate future targets for intervention. Finally, exploration of novel HCT platforms to reduce relapse in pre-frail and frail patients, as well as reduce NRM in adults age >70 years, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Sung
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thuy Koll
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Shannon H Gier
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alessandro Racioppi
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Griffin White
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meagan Lew
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marcia Free
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Priyal Agarwal
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Lauren M Bohannon
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ernaya J Johnson
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bharathi Selvan
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daria V Babushok
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saar I Gill
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - MaryEllen Martin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander E Perl
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Selina M Luger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nelson J Chao
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alfred L Fisher
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Edward A Stadtmauer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Porter
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison W Loren
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vijaya R Bhatt
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon R McCurdy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Pratz KW, Cherry M, Altman JK, Cooper BW, Podoltsev NA, Cruz JC, Lin TL, Schiller GJ, Jurcic JG, Asch A, Wu R, Hill JE, Gill SC, James AJ, Rich ES, Hasabou N, Perl AE, Levis MJ. Gilteritinib in Combination With Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy and as Maintenance Therapy: A Phase IB Study in Patients With Newly Diagnosed AML. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4236-4246. [PMID: 37379495 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gilteritinib is a type 1 FLT3 inhibitor active as monotherapy for relapsed or refractory FLT3-mutated AML. We investigated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of gilteritinib incorporated into intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy, and as maintenance therapy for adult patients with newly diagnosed, non-favorable-risk AML. METHODS In this phase IB study (2215-CL-0103; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02236013), 103 participants were screened and 80 were allocated to treatment. The study was divided into four parts: dose escalation, dose expansion, investigation of alternate anthracycline and gilteritinib schedule, and continuous gilteritinib during consolidation. RESULTS After dose escalation, 120 mg gilteritinib once daily was chosen for further study. There were 58 participants evaluable for response at this dose, 36 of whom harbored FLT3 mutations. For participants with FLT3-mutated AML, the composite complete response (CRc) rate was 89% (83% were conventional complete responses), all achieved after a single induction cycle. The median overall survival time was 46.1 months. Gilteritinib was well-tolerated in this context although the median time to count recovery during induction was approximately 40 days. Longer time-to-count recovery was associated with higher trough levels of gilteritinib, which, in turn, were associated with azole use. The recommended regimen is gilteritinib at a dose of 120 mg once daily from days 4 to 17 or 8 to 21 of a 7 + 3 induction with either idarubicin or daunorubicin and from day 1 continuously with high-dose cytarabine consolidation. Maintenance therapy with gilteritinib was well-tolerated. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the safety and tolerability of gilteritinib incorporated into an induction and consolidation chemotherapy regimen, and as single-agent maintenance therapy for patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutant AML. The data herein provide an important framework for the design of randomized trials comparing gilteritinib with other FLT3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mohamad Cherry
- Morristown Medical Center, Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Brenda W Cooper
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Tara L Lin
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Gary J Schiller
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Adam Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ruishan Wu
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL
| | - Jason E Hill
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander E Perl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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5
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Shallis RM, Daver N, Altman JK, Komrokji RS, Pollyea DA, Badar T, Bewersdorf JP, Bhatt VR, de Botton S, de la Fuente Burguera A, Carraway HE, Desai P, Dillon R, Duployez N, El Chaer F, Fathi AT, Freeman SD, Gojo I, Grunwald MR, Jonas BA, Konopleva M, Lin TL, Mannis GN, Mascarenhas J, Michaelis LC, Mims AS, Montesinos P, Pozdnyakova O, Pratz KW, Schuh AC, Sekeres MA, Smith CC, Stahl M, Subklewe M, Uy GL, Voso MT, Walter RB, Wang ES, Zeidner JF, Žučenka A, Zeidan AM. Standardising acute myeloid leukaemia classification systems: a perspective from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol 2023; 10:e767-e776. [PMID: 37572683 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The existence of two acute myeloid leukaemia classification systems-one put forth by WHO and one by the International Consensus Classification in 2022-is concerning. Although both systems appropriately move towards genomic disease definitions and reduced emphasis on blast enumeration, there are consequential disagreements between the two systems on what constitutes a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia. This fundamental problem threatens the ability of heath-care providers to diagnose acute myeloid leukaemia, communicate with patients and other health-care providers, and deliver appropriate and consistent management strategies for patients with the condition. Clinical trial eligibility, standardised response assessments, and eventual drug development and regulatory pathways might also be negatively affected by the discrepancies. In this Viewpoint, we review the merits and limitations of both classification systems and illustrate how the coexistence, as well as application of both systems is an undue challenge to patients, clinicians, hematopathologists, sponsors of research, and regulators. Lastly, we emphasise the urgency and propose a roadmap, by which the two divergent classification systems can be harmonised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Shallis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rami S Komrokji
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Talha Badar
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jan P Bewersdorf
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vijaya R Bhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Hetty E Carraway
- Leukemia Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Dillon
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Duployez
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
| | - Firas El Chaer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Amir T Fathi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvie D Freeman
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Grunwald
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Malignant Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tara L Lin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies & Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gabriel N Mannis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura C Michaelis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Froedtert Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alice S Mims
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Hospital Universitari I Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Pozdnyakova
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andre C Schuh
- Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikkael A Sekeres
- Division of Hematology, Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catherine C Smith
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian Stahl
- Leukemia Division, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey L Uy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Voso
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, and Neuro-Oncohematology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Roland B Walter
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eunice S Wang
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua F Zeidner
- University of North Carolina, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrius Žučenka
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Amer M Zeidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Matthews AH, Perl AE, Luger SM, Gill SI, Lai C, Porter DL, Skuli S, Bruno XJ, Carroll MP, Freyer CW, Carulli A, Babushok DV, Frey NV, Hexner EO, Martin ME, McCurdy SR, Stadtmauer EA, Loren AW, Paralkar VR, Maillard IP, Pratz KW. Real-world effectiveness of intensive chemotherapy with 7&3 versus venetoclax and hypomethylating agent in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:1254-1264. [PMID: 37334852 PMCID: PMC11057024 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Intensive chemotherapy with cytarabine and anthracycline (7&3) remains the standard therapy for patients medically fit for induction, but the assessment of fitness remains controversial. Venetoclax and hypomethylating agent (ven/HMA) combination therapy has improved outcomes in unfit patients but no prospective study has assessed ven/HMA versus 7&3 as initial therapy in older, fit patients. Given no studies and expectation of ven/HMA use in patients outside of trial criteria, we evaluated retrospective outcomes among newly diagnosed patients. A nationwide electronic health record (EHR)-derived database and the University of Pennsylvania EHR identified 312 patients receiving 7&3 and 488 receiving ven/HMA who were 60-75 years old without history of organ failure. Ven/HMA patients were older and more likely to have secondary AML, adverse cytogenetics, and adverse mutations. Median overall survival (OS) for patients receiving intensive chemotherapy was 22 versus 10 months for ven/HMA (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.40-0.60). Controlling for measured baseline characteristic imbalances reduced survival advantage by half (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.94). A sub-group of patients with equipoise, likelihood at least 30%-70% of receiving either treatment, had similar OS outcomes (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.75-1.6). Regarding safety outcomes, 60-day mortality was higher for ven/HMA (15% vs. 6% at 60 days) despite higher documented infections and febrile neutropenia for 7&3. In this multicenter real-word dataset, patients selected for intensive chemotherapy had superior OS but a large group had similar outcomes with ven/HMA. Prospective randomized studies, controlling for both measured and unmeasured confounders, must confirm this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Matthews
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander E. Perl
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Selina M. Luger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saar I. Gill
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine Lai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David L. Porter
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Skuli
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ximena Jordan Bruno
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin P. Carroll
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Craig W. Freyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison Carulli
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daria V. Babushok
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noelle V. Frey
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth O. Hexner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Martin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon R. McCurdy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward A. Stadtmauer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison W. Loren
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vikram R. Paralkar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivan P. Maillard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. While survival for younger patients over the last several decades has improved nearly sixfold with the optimization of intensive induction chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), this effect has been largely mitigated in older and less fit patients as well as those with adverse-risk disease characteristics. However, the last 10 years has been marked by major advances in the molecular profiling of AML characterized by a deeper understanding of disease pathobiology and therapeutic vulnerabilities. In this regard, the classification of AML subtypes has recently evolved from a morphologic to a molecular and genetic basis, reflected by recent updates from the World Health Organization and the new International Consensus Classification system. After years of stagnation in new drug approvals for AML, there has been a rapid expansion of the armamentarium against this disease since 2017. Low-intensity induction therapy with hypomethylating agents and venetoclax has substantially improved outcomes, including in those previously considered to have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, targeted oral therapies against driver mutations in AML have been added to the repertoire. But with an accelerated increase in treatment options, several questions arise such as how to best sequence therapy, how to combine therapies, and if there is a role for maintenance therapy in those who achieve remission and cannot undergo alloHSCT. Moreover, certain subtypes of AML, such as those with TP53 mutations, still have dismal outcomes despite these recent advances, underscoring an ongoing unmet need and opportunity for translational advances. In this review, we will discuss recent updates in the classification and risk stratification of AML, explore the literature regarding low-intensity and novel oral combination therapies, and briefly highlight investigative agents currently in early clinical development for high-risk disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Bhansali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Lai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Pratz KW, Kaplan J, Levy M, Bixby D, Burke PW, Erba H, Wise-Draper TM, Roboz GJ, Papadantonakis N, Rajkhowa T, Hernandez D, Dobler I, Gregory RC, Li C, Wang S, Stumpo K, Kannan K, Miao H, Levis M. A phase Ib trial of mivavotinib (TAK-659), a dual SYK/FLT3 inhibitor, in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2023; 108:705-716. [PMID: 36226495 PMCID: PMC9973464 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mivavotinib (TAK-659) is an investigational type 1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with dual activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). We conducted a phase Ib study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of mivavotinib in patients with refractory and/or relapsed (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Both daily (QD) and twice daily (BID) dosing regimens were evaluated. A total of 43 patients were enrolled, and there were 5 complete responses (4 with incomplete count recovery). In the QD dosing regimen, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached up to 160 mg QD per protocol; 140 mg QD was identified as the recommended phase II dose. In the BID dosing regimen, the MTD was 60 mg BID. Thirty patients (70%) experienced a bleeding event on study; the majority were grades 1 or 2, were resolved without mivavotinib modification, and were not considered related to study treatment. Eleven patients (26%) experienced grade ≥3 bleeding events, which were observed most frequently with the 80 mg BID dose. We conducted platelet aggregation studies to investigate the potential role of mivavotinib-mediated SYK inhibition on platelet function. The bleeding events observed may have been the result of several confounding factors, including AML disease status, associated thrombocytopenia, and high doses of mivavotinib. Overall, these findings indicate that the activity of mivavotinib in R/R AML is modest. Furthermore, any future clinical investigation of this agent should be undertaken with caution, particularly in thrombocytopenic patients, due to the potential bleeding risk of SYK inhibition. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02323113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason Kaplan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Moshe Levy
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dale Bixby
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Harry Erba
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - Trivikram Rajkhowa
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniela Hernandez
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Iwona Dobler
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Cheryl Li
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA
| | - Shining Wang
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA
| | - Kate Stumpo
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Harry Miao
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark Levis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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9
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Connor MP, Loren AW, Hexner EO, Martin ME, Gill SI, Luger SM, Mangan JK, Perl AE, McCurdy SR, Pratz KW, Timlin C, Freyer CW, Carulli A, Catania C, Smith J, Hollander L, Zebrowski AM, Stadtmauer EA, Porter DL, Frey NV. Clofarabine and Busulfan Myeloablative Conditioning in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Patients With Active Myeloid Malignancies. Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:113-118. [PMID: 36336258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Patients with refractory or relapsed and refractory myeloid malignancies have a poor prognosis. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with myeloablative conditioning (MAC) in patients with active, chemotherapy-refractory myeloid disease is historically associated with high rates of relapse and nonrelapse mortality (NRM). A MAC regimen combining clofarabine with busulfan (Clo/Bu4) has been reported to exhibit antileukemic activity with acceptable toxicity in patients age ≤70 years. Here we describe the clinical outcomes of a real-world population of patients with active myeloid malignancies undergoing allogeneic HCT with Clo/Bu4 MAC. In a single-center retrospective descriptive analysis, we identified patients who underwent HCT for myeloid malignancies not in remission using Clo/Bu4 MAC between 2012 and 2020. We report event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS), cumulative incidences of relapse and NRM, and the incidence and severity of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We identified 69 patients with a median age of 60 years (range, 22 to 70 years). Most patients had relapsed/refractory or primary refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML; n = 55) or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n = 12); 1 patient had chronic myelogenous leukemia, and 1 patient had a blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Fifty patients (72.5%) had complete remission at day 100 post-transplantation. Two-year EFS and OS were 30% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20% to 44%) and 40% (95% CI, 29% to 54%), respectively. Patients with AML had a 2-year EFS and OS of 28% (95% CI, 18% to 44%) and 38% (95% CI, 27% to 54%), respectively; those with MDS had a 2-year EFS and OS of 47% (95% CI, 25% to 88%) and 56% (95% CI, 33% to 94%), respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse at 2 years was 39% (95% CI, 27% to 51%) for all patients, including 45% (95% CI, 31% to 58%) in the patients with AML and 18% (95% CI, 2% to 45%) in those with MDS. NRM at 2 years was 31% (95% CI, 20% to 42%), including 27% (95% CI, 15% to 39%) in patients with AML and 35% (95% CI, 10% to 63%) in those with MDS. The total incidence of acute GVHD (aGVHD) of any severity was 80%, and the incidence of grade III-IV aGVHD was 22%. In patients who achieved remission, those who required systemic immunosuppression for aGVHD (58%) had poorer 2-year EFS (29% versus 54%; P = .05) and 2-year OS (39% versus 70%; P = .04) compared to those who did not. The 2-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 44% (95% CI, 28% to 58%). Clo/Bu4 MAC followed by allogeneic HCT for patients with active myeloid malignancies is an effective transplantation strategy for patients up to age 70, particularly those with advanced MDS. The high incidence of and poor outcomes associated with aGVHD highlight the importance of optimizing preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Connor
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Alison W Loren
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Ellen Martin
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saar I Gill
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Selina M Luger
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James K Mangan
- Moores Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alexander E Perl
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon R McCurdy
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Colleen Timlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig W Freyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison Carulli
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher Catania
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Hollander
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis M Zebrowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Edward A Stadtmauer
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Porter
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Pollyea DA, Pratz KW, Wei AH, Pullarkat V, Jonas BA, Recher C, Babu S, Schuh AC, Dail M, Sun Y, Potluri J, Chyla B, DiNardo CD. Outcomes in Patients with Poor-Risk Cytogenetics with or without TP53 Mutations Treated with Venetoclax and Azacitidine. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5272-5279. [PMID: 36007102 PMCID: PMC9751752 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate efficacy and safety of venetoclax + azacitidine in treatment-naïve patients with acute myeloid leukemia harboring poor-risk cytogenetics and TP53mut or TP53wt. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed data from a phase III study (NCT02993523) comparing venetoclax (400 mg orally days 1-28) + azacitidine (75 mg/m2 days 1-7) or placebo + azacitidine, and from a phase Ib study (NCT02203773) of venetoclax + azacitidine. Patients were ineligible for intensive therapy. TP53 status was analyzed centrally; cytogenetic studies were performed locally. RESULTS Patients (n = 127) with poor-risk cytogenetics receiving venetoclax + azacitidine (TP53wt = 50; TP53mut = 54) were compared with patients with poor-risk cytogenetics (n = 56) receiving azacitidine alone (TP53wt = 22; TP53mut = 18).For poor-risk cytogenetics + TP53wt patients, venetoclax + azacitidine versus azacitidine alone resulted in composite remission rates (CRc) of 70% versus 23%, median duration of remission (DoR) of 18.4 versus 8.5 months, and median overall survival (OS) of 23.4 versus 11.3 months, respectively. Outcomes with venetoclax + azacitidine were comparable with similarly treated patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics and TP53wt.For poor-risk cytogenetics + TP53mut patients, venetoclax + azacitidine versus azacitidine alone resulted in CRc of 41% versus 17%, median DoR of 6.5 versus 6.7 months, and median OS of 5.2 versus 4.9 months, respectively.For poor-risk cytogenetics + TP53mut patients, predominant grade ≥3 adverse events (AE) for venetoclax + azacitidine versus azacitidine were febrile neutropenia (55%/39%), thrombocytopenia (28%/28%), neutropenia (26%/17%), anemia (13%/6%), and pneumonia (28%/33%). AEs were comparable between TP53mut and TP53wt patients. CONCLUSIONS In poor-risk cytogenetics + TP53mut patients, venetoclax + azacitidine improved remission rates but not DoR or OS compared with azacitidine alone. However, in poor-risk cytogenetics + TP53wt patients, venetoclax + azacitidine resulted in higher remission rates and longer DoR and OS than azacitidine alone, with outcomes comparable with similarly treated patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics. Toxicities were similar in TP53mut and TP53wt patients. See related commentary by Green and Zeidner, p. 5235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Corresponding Author: Daniel A. Pollyea, University of Colorado, 1665 Aurora Court, Mail Stop F754, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail:
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew H. Wei
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Division of Blood Cells and Blood Cancer, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Brian A. Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Sunil Babu
- Fort Wayne Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fort Wayne, Indiana
| | - Andre C. Schuh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yan Sun
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Courtney D. DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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11
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Matthews AH, Pratz KW, Carroll MP. Targeting Menin and CD47 to Address Unmet Needs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235906. [PMID: 36497385 PMCID: PMC9735817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
After forty years of essentially unchanged treatment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), innovation over the past five years has been rapid, with nine drug approvals from 2016 to 2021. Increased understanding of the molecular changes and genetic ontology of disease have led to targeting mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), B-cell lymphoma 2 and hedgehog pathways. Yet outcomes remain variable; especially in defined molecular and genetic subgroups such as NPM1 (Nucleophosmin 1) mutations, 11q23/KMT2A rearranged and TP53 mutations. Emerging therapies seek to address these unmet needs, and all three of these subgroups have promising new therapeutic approaches. Here, we will discuss the normal biological roles of menin in acute leukemia, notably in KMT2A translocations and NPM1 mutation, as well as current drug development. We will also explore how CD47 inhibition may move immunotherapy into front-line settings and unlock new treatment strategies in TP53 mutated disease. We will then consider how these new therapeutic advances may change the management of AML overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin P. Carroll
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 715 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Pratz KW, DiNardo CD, Selleslag D, Li J, Yamamoto K, Konopleva M, Stevens D, Kantarjian H, Traina F, Venditti A, Mayer J, Montez M, Jin H, Duan Y, Brackman D, Zha J, Potluri J, Werner M, Jonas BA. Postremission cytopenia management in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with venetoclax and azacitidine in VIALE-A. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:E416-E419. [PMID: 36054316 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Section, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Don Stevens
- Norton Cancer Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fabiola Traina
- Department of Medical Imaging, Haematology, and Oncology, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Venditti
- Hematology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Jiri Mayer
- University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Huan Jin
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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13
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Jonas BA, DiNardo C, Fracchiolla N, Pristupa A, Ishizawa K, Jin J, Konopleva M, Ofran Y, Montesinos P, Kovacsovics T, Jang JH, Kantarjian H, Duan Y, Potluri J, Werner M, Pratz KW. Use of CYP3Ai and impact on outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with venetoclax plus azacitidine in the VIALE-A study. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:E422-E425. [PMID: 36053878 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Jonas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Courtney DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicola Fracchiolla
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yishai Ofran
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tibor Kovacsovics
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jun-Ho Jang
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Section, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Pratz KW, Chai X, Xie J, Yin L, Nie X, Montez M, Iantuono E, Downs L, Ma E. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Venetoclax in Combination with Azacitidine Versus Azacitidine Monotherapy in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Who are Ineligible for Intensive Chemotherapy: From a US Third Party Payer Perspective. Pharmacoeconomics 2022; 40:777-790. [PMID: 35696071 PMCID: PMC9300490 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-022-01145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using individual patient-level data from the phase 3 VIALE-A trial, this study assessed the cost-effectiveness of venetoclax in combination with azacitidine compared with azacitidine monotherapy for patients newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy, from a United States (US) third-party payer perspective. METHODS A partitioned survival model with a 28-day cycle and three health states (event-free survival (EFS), progressive/relapsed disease, and death) was developed to estimate costs and effectiveness of venetoclax + azacitidine versus azacitidine over a lifetime (25-year) horizon. Efficacy inputs (overall survival (OS), EFS, and complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete marrow recovery (CRi) rate) were estimated using VIALE-A data. Best-fit parametric models per Akaike Information Criterion were used to extrapolate OS until reaching EFS and extrapolate EFS until Year 5. Within EFS, the time spent in CR/CRi was estimated by applying the CR/CRi rate to the EFS curve. Past Year 5, patients still in EFS were considered cured and to have the same mortality as the US general population. Mean time on treatment (ToT) for both regimens was based on the time observed in VIALE-A. Costs of drug acquisition, drug administration (initial and subsequent treatments), subsequent stem cell transplant procedures, adverse events (AEs), and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) associated with health states were obtained from the literature/public data and inflated to 2021 US dollars. Health state utilities were estimated using EuroQol-5 dimension-5 level data from VIALE-A; AE disutilities were obtained from the literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per life-year (LY) and quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained were estimated. Deterministic sensitivity analyses (DSA), scenario analyses, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were also performed. RESULTS Over a lifetime horizon, venetoclax + azacitidine versus azacitidine led to gains of 1.89 LYs (2.99 vs. 1.10, respectively) and 1.45 QALYs (2.30 vs. 0.84, respectively). Patients receiving venetoclax + azacitidine incurred higher total lifetime costs ($250,486 vs. $110,034 (azacitidine)). The ICERs for venetoclax + azacitidine versus azacitidine were estimated at $74,141 per LY and $96,579 per QALY gained. Results from the DSA and scenario analyses supported the base-case findings, with ICERs ranging from $60,718 to $138,554 per QALY gained. The results were most sensitive to varying the parameters for the venetoclax + azacitidine base-case EFS parametric function (Gompertz), followed by alternative approaches for ToT estimation, treatment costs of venetoclax + azacitidine, standard mortality rate value and ToT estimation, alternative sources to inform HRU, different cure modeling assumptions, and the parameters for the venetoclax + azacitidine base-case OS parametric function (log-normal). Results from the PSA showed that, compared with azacitidine, venetoclax + azacitidine was cost-effective in 99.9% of cases at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS This analysis suggests that venetoclax + azacitidine offers a cost-effective strategy in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed AML who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy from a US third-party payer perspective. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02993523. Date of registration: 15 December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | | | - Jipan Xie
- Analysis Group, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Analysis Group, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Nie
- Analysis Group, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Downs
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esprit Ma
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Konopleva M, Thirman MJ, Pratz KW, Garcia JS, Recher C, Pullarkat V, Kantarjian HM, DiNardo CD, Dail M, Duan Y, Chyla B, Potluri J, Miller CL, Wei AH. Impact of FLT3 Mutation on Outcomes after Venetoclax and Azacitidine for Patients with Treatment-Naïve Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2744-2752. [PMID: 35063965 PMCID: PMC9365380 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate efficacy and safety of venetoclax + azacitidine among treatment-naïve patients with FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were pooled from patients enrolled in a phase III study (NCT02993523) that compared patients treated with venetoclax + azacitidine or placebo + azacitidine and a prior phase Ib study (NCT02203773) where patients were treated with venetoclax + azacitidine. Enrolled patients were ineligible for intensive therapy due to age ≥75 years and/or comorbidities. Patients on venetoclax + azacitidine received venetoclax 400 mg orally (days 1-28) and azacitidine (75 mg/m2; days 1-7/28-day cycle). FLT3 mutation was analyzed centrally on pretreatment bone marrow aspirates. RESULTS In the biomarker evaluable population, FLT3 mutation was detected in 42 (15%) and 22 (19%) patients in the venetoclax + azacitidine and azacitidine groups. Composite complete remission [CRc; complete remission (CR) + CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi)] rates (venetoclax + azacitidine/azacitidine) for FLT3-mutant patients were 67%/36%, median duration of remission (DoR) was 17.3/5.0 months, and median OS was 12.5/8.6 months. The CRc rates among FLT3 wild-type patients were 67%/25%, median DoR 18.4/13.4 months, and median OS 14.7/10.1 months. In patients treated with venetoclax + azacitidine, CRc in patients with FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD was 63% and 77% and median OS was 9.9 and 19.2 months, and in comutated FLT3-ITD + NPM1 patients, CRc was 70%, median DoR was not reached, and median OS was 9.1 months. There were no unexpected toxicities in the venetoclax + azacitidine group. CONCLUSIONS When treated with venetoclax + azacitidine, patients with FLT3 mutations and FLT3 wild-type had similar outcomes. Future analyses in larger patient populations may further define the impact of venetoclax + azacitidine in patients harboring FLT3-ITD. See related commentary by Perl and Vyas, p. 2719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Corresponding Author: Marina Konopleva, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1628; E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Thirman
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacqueline S. Garcia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Hagop M. Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney D. DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew H. Wei
- Department of Hematology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Graveno ME, Carulli A, Freyer CW, Mangan BL, Nietupski R, Loren AW, Frey NV, Porter DL, Gill SI, Hexner EO, Luger SM, Martin ME, McCurdy SR, Perl AE, Babushok DV, Pratz KW. Venetoclax in combination with hypomethylating agents or low dose cytarabine for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1645-1650. [PMID: 35259056 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2042688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limited treatment options exist for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Venetoclax (VEN) in combination with a hypomethylating agent (HMA) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) has been recently approved for treatment-naïve patients unfit for intensive induction. Limited data are available to characterize the efficacy of VEN combinations in R/R AML. We retrospectively analyzed 77 patients with a median of 1 prior therapy (range 0-5) treated with VEN combinations for R/R AML or AML secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progressing after HMA monotherapy. The median overall survival (OS) was 13.1 months (95% CI 9.2-15.1). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12 months (95% CI 8.2-15.4) with a median duration of response of 8.9 months (95% CI 5.7-13.9). Overall response rate (ORR) was 68% with a composite complete response (CR) and CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate of 53%. VEN combination therapy is efficacious in R/R AML and further prospective studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Graveno
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison Carulli
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Craig W Freyer
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan L Mangan
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alison W Loren
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David L Porter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saar I Gill
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selina M Luger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon R McCurdy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander E Perl
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daria V Babushok
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Pratz KW, Panayiotidis P, Recher C, Wei X, Jonas BA, Montesinos P, Ivanov V, Schuh AC, DiNardo CD, Novak J, Pejsa V, Stevens D, Yeh SP, Kim I, Turgut M, Fracchiolla N, Yamamoto K, Ofran Y, Wei AH, Bui CN, Benjamin K, Kamalakar R, Potluri J, Mendes W, Devine J, Fiedler W. Venetoclax combinations delay the time to deterioration of HRQoL in unfit patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 35443742 PMCID: PMC9021259 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase 3 trials Viale-A and Viale-C evaluated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with AML unfit for intensive chemotherapy who received venetoclax (VEN) + (AZA) (Viale-A) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) (Viale-C) or placebo (PBO) + AZA or LDAC. Patient-reported outcomes included: EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status (GHS/QoL) and physical functioning (PF), PROMIS Cancer Fatigue Short Form 7a (Fatigue), and EQ-5D-5L health status visual analog scale (HS-VAS). Time to deterioration (TTD), defined as worsening from baseline in meaningful change thresholds (MCT) of ≥10, 5, or 7 points for GHS/QoL or PF, fatigue, and HS-VAS, respectively, was assessed; differences between groups were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and unadjusted log-rank analyses. VEN + AZA vs PBO + AZA patients had longer TTD in GHS/QoL (P = 0.066) and fatigue (P = 0.189), and significantly longer TTD in PF (P = 0.028) and HS-VAS (P < 0.001). VEN + LDAC vs PBO + LDAC patients had significantly longer TTD in GHS/QoL (P = 0.011), PF (P = 0.020), and fatigue (P = 0.004), and a trend in HS-VAS (P = 0.057). Approximately 43%, 35%, 32%, and 18% of patients treated with VEN + AZA, AZA + PBO, VEN + LDAC, or LDAC + PBO, respectively, saw improvements >MCT in GHS/QoL. Overall, VEN may positively impact HRQoL in patients with AML ineligible for intensive chemotherapy, leading to longer preservation of functioning and overall health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Panayiotis Panayiotidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christian Recher
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Xudong Wei
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Almazov National Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andre C Schuh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlatko Pejsa
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Don Stevens
- Norton Cancer Institute, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Inho Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mehmet Turgut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nicola Fracchiolla
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Kazuhito Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yishai Ofran
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew H Wei
- Australian Center for Blood Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation With Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Pratz KW, Jonas BA, Pullarkat V, Recher C, Schuh AC, Thirman MJ, Garcia JS, DiNardo CD, Vorobyev V, Fracchiolla NS, Yeh SP, Jang JH, Ozcan M, Yamamoto K, Illes A, Zhou Y, Dail M, Chyla B, Potluri J, Döhner H. Measurable Residual Disease Response and Prognosis in Treatment-Naïve Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Venetoclax and Azacitidine. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:855-865. [PMID: 34910556 PMCID: PMC8906463 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is limited evidence on the clinical utility of monitoring measurable residual disease (MRD) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with lower-intensity therapy. Herein, we explored the outcomes of patients treated with venetoclax and azacitidine who achieved composite complete remission (CRc; complete remission + complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery) and MRD < 10-3 in the VIALE-A trial. METHODS The patients included in this report were treated with venetoclax and azacitidine. Bone marrow aspirate samples for multiparametric flow cytometry assessments were collected for central analysis at baseline, end of cycle 1, and every three cycles thereafter. MRD-negative response was defined as < 1 residual blast per 1,000 leukocytes (< 10-3 or 0.1%) with an estimated analytic sensitivity of 0.0037%-0.0027%. CRc, duration of remission (DoR), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. A multivariate Cox regression analysis identified prognostic factors associated with OS. RESULTS One hundred sixty-four of one hundred ninety (86%) patients with CRc were evaluable for MRD. MRD < 10-3 was achieved by 67 of 164 (41%), and 97 of 164 (59%) had MRD ≥ 10-3. The median DoR, EFS, and OS were not reached in patients with CRc and MRD < 10-3, and the 12-month estimates for DoR, EFS, and OS in this group were 81.2%, 83.2%, and 94.0%. Among patients with CRc and MRD ≥ 10-3, the median DoR, EFS, and OS were 9.7, 10.6, and 18.7 months. Multivariate analysis showed that CRc with MRD < 10-3 was a strong predictor of OS (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.285; 95% CI, 0.159 to 0.510; P < .001). CONCLUSION Patients who achieved CRc and MRD < 10-3 with venetoclax and azacitidine had longer DoR, EFS, and OS, than responding patients with MRD ≥ 10-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Christian Recher
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Andre C Schuh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Thirman
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jacqueline S Garcia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Vladimir Vorobyev
- Department of Hematology, S. P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicola S Fracchiolla
- UOC Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun Ho Jang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Muhit Ozcan
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kazuhito Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Arpad Illes
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Hatch RV, Freyer CW, Carulli A, Redline G, Babushok DV, Frey NV, Gill SI, Hexner EO, Luger SM, Martin ME, McCurdy SR, Perl AE, Porter DL, Pratz KW, Stadtmauer EA, Loren AW. Day 4 vs. day 12 G-CSF administration following reduced intensity peripheral blood allogeneic stem cell transplant. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2022; 28:892-897. [PMID: 35191732 DOI: 10.1177/10781552221080710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) hastens neutrophil engraftment and reduces infections after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (alloHCT), yet the optimal start date is unknown. Additionally, concurrent G-CSF and methotrexate for graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis may potentiate myelosuppression, and prolonged G-CSF is costly. Our institution changed from day + 4 to day + 12 G-CSF initiation following reduced intensity (RIC) alloHCT with methotrexate GVHD prophylaxis. METHODS We retrospectively compared day + 4 and day + 12 G-CSF initiation after RIC alloHCT from 2017-2021. The primary endpoint was the time to neutrophil engraftment. Secondary endpoints included length of stay (LOS) and the time to platelet engraftment as well as the incidence of infectious events, acute GVHD (aGVHD), and mucositis. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were included in each group with similar baseline characteristics. We observed faster neutrophil engraftment (median 12 vs. 15 days, p = 0.01) and platelet engraftment (median 13 vs. 15 days, p = 0.026) with day + 4 vs. day + 12 G-CSF initiation. Median LOS was 23 days (range, 19-32) with day + 4 initiation vs. 24 days (21-30) with day + 12 (p = 0.046). The incidence of culture-negative febrile neutropenia (p = 0.12), any grade aGVHD (p = 0.58), and grade 2-4 mucositis (p = 0.8) were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Compared to day + 4, day + 12 G-CSF initiation following RIC alloHCT had a longer time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment. Day + 12 initiation also resulted in longer LOS, which while statistically significant, was potentially of limited clinical significance. These findings are hypothesis generating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Hatch
- Department of Pharmacy, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Craig W Freyer
- Department of Pharmacy, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alison Carulli
- Department of Pharmacy, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gretchen Redline
- Department of Pharmacy, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daria V Babushok
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Saar I Gill
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Selina M Luger
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Martin
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shannon R McCurdy
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander E Perl
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David L Porter
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward A Stadtmauer
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alison W Loren
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Abramson Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, 21798Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Yamamoto K, Shinagawa A, DiNardo CD, Pratz KW, Ishizawa K, Miyamoto T, Komatsu N, Nakashima Y, Yoshida C, Fukuhara N, Usuki K, Yamauchi T, Asada N, Asou N, Choi I, Miyazaki Y, Honda H, Okubo S, Kurokawa M, Zhou Y, Zha J, Potluri J, Matsumura I. Venetoclax plus azacitidine in Japanese patients with untreated acute myeloid leukemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 52:29-38. [PMID: 34739075 PMCID: PMC9242001 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phase 3 VIALE-A trial (NCT02993523) reported that venetoclax-azacitidine significantly prolonged overall survival compared with placebo-azacitidine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Herein, efficacy and safety of venetoclax-azacitidine are analyzed in the Japanese subgroup of VIALE-A patients. Methods Eligible Japanese patients were randomized 2:1 to venetoclax-azacitidine (N = 24) or placebo-azacitidine (N = 13). Primary endpoints for Japan were overall survival and complete response (CR) + CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi). Venetoclax (target dose 400 mg) was given orally once daily. Azacitidine (75 mg/m2) was administered subcutaneously or intravenously on Days 1–7 of each 28-day cycle. Results Median follow-up was 16.3 months (range, 1.0–20.3). Median overall survival was not reached with venetoclax-azacitidine (hazard ratio 0.409 and 95% confidence interval: 0.151, 1.109); overall survival estimate was higher with venetoclax-azacitidine than placebo-azacitidine at 12 (67 and 46%) and 18 months (57 and 31%), respectively. CR and CRi rates were 67% with venetoclax-azacitidine and 15% with placebo-azacitidine. Most common any-grade adverse events were febrile neutropenia (79 and 39%), thrombocytopenia (54 and 77%), constipation (54 and 54%) and decreased appetite (54 and 38%) in the venetoclax-azacitidine and placebo-azacitidine arms, respectively. Only 1 patient in the venetoclax-azacitidine arm, and no patients in the placebo-azacitidine arm, had grade 4 febrile neutropenia that led to treatment discontinuation. Conclusions This Japanese subgroup analysis of VIALE-A demonstrates comparable safety and efficacy outcomes compared with the global study and supports venetoclax-azacitidine as first-line standard-of-care for Japanese treatment-naive patients with acute myeloid leukemia who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Leukemia Program, Division of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Third Internal Medicine, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikashi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization, Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Fukuhara
- Department of Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Usuki
- Department of Hematology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Noboru Asada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norio Asou
- Department of Hematology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ilseung Choi
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ying Zhou
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Carraway HE, Sawalha Y, Gojo I, Lee MJ, Lee S, Tomita Y, Yuno A, Greer J, Smith BD, Pratz KW, Levis MJ, Gore SD, Ghosh N, Dezern A, Blackford AL, Baer MR, Gore L, Piekarz R, Trepel JB, Karp JE. Phase 1 study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat plus clofarabine for poor-risk Philadelphia chromosome-negative (newly diagnosed older adults or adults with relapsed refractory disease) acute lymphoblastic leukemia or biphenotypic leukemia. Leuk Res 2021; 110:106707. [PMID: 34563945 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite advances in immunotherapies, the prognosis for adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative, newly diagnosed (ND) or relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia/acute biphenotypic leukemia (ALL/ABL) remains poor. The benzamide derivative entinostat inhibits histone deacetylase and induces histone hyperacetylation. The purine nucleoside analogue clofarabine is FDA-approved for R/R ALL in children 1-21 years of age. Low doses of clofarabine have been reported to induce DNA hypomethylation. We conducted a phase 1 study of low dose clofarabine with escalating doses of entinostat in adults with ND or R/R ALL/ABL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adults ≥60 years with ND ALL/ABL or ≥21 years with R/R ALL/ABL received repeated cycles every 3 weeks of entinostat (4 mg, 6 mg or 8 mg orally days 1 and 8) and clofarabine (10 mg/m2/day IV for 5 days, days 3-7) (Arm A). Adults aged 40-59 years with ND ALL/ABL or age ≥21 years in first relapse received entinostat and clofarabine prior to traditional chemotherapy on day 11 (Arm B). Changes in DNA damage, global protein lysine acetylation, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and monocytes were measured in PBMCs before and during therapy. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were treated at three entinostat dose levels with the maximum administered dose being entinostat 8 mg. The regimen was well tolerated with infectious and metabolic derangements more common in the older population versus the younger cohort. There was no severe hyperglycemia and no peripheral neuropathy in this small study. There were 2 deaths (1 sepsis, 1 intracranial bleed). Overall response rate was 32 %; it was 50 % for ND ALL/ABL. Entinostat increased global protein acetylation and inhibited immunosuppressive monocyte subpopulations, while clofarabine induced DNA damage in all cell subsets examined. CONCLUSION Entinostat plus clofarabine appears to be tolerable and active in older adults with ND ALL/ABL, but less active in R/R patients. Further evaluation of this regimen in ND ALL/ABL appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty E Carraway
- Hematology Oncology Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Yazeed Sawalha
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Akira Yuno
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jackie Greer
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Keith W Pratz
- The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark J Levis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven D Gore
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nilanjan Ghosh
- Atrium Health, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Amy Dezern
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria R Baer
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lia Gore
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Judith E Karp
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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22
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Cenin DA, Manjunath SH, Freyer CW, Timlin C, Hughes ME, Radcliff JA, Carulli A, Babushok DV, Frey NV, Gill SI, Hexner E, Loren AW, Luger SM, Maity A, Martin ME, Pratz KW, Perl AE, Porter DL, Stadtmauer EA, Plastaras JP, McCurdy SR. Characterizing the Incidence of Pneumonitis in Haploidentical Vs. HLA-Matched Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants Receiving Total Body Irradiation. Transplant Cell Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(21)00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Freyer CW, Carulli A, Gier SH, Ganetsky A, Timlin C, Schuster MG, Babushok DV, Frey NV, Gill SI, Hexner EO, Mangan JK, Martin ME, McCurdy SR, Perl AE, Pratz KW, Smith J, Luger SM, Stadtmauer EA, Porter DL, Loren AW. Letermovir Vs High Dose Valacyclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Following Haploidentical Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(21)00604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Sung A, Koll T, Gier SH, Lew M, Free MM, Bohannon L, Racioppi A, Babushok DV, Frey NV, Gill SI, Hexner EO, Martin ME, Perl AE, Pratz KW, Luger SM, Stadtmauer EA, Porter DL, Loren AW, Bhatt VR, Gimotty P, McCurdy SR. Fried’s Frailty Phenotype Predicts Overall Survival for Older Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Transplant Cell Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(21)00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Ding H, Vincelette ND, McGehee CD, Kohorst MA, Koh BD, Venkatachalam A, Meng XW, Schneider PA, Flatten KS, Peterson KL, Correia C, Lee SH, Patnaik M, Webster JA, Ghiaur G, Smith BD, Karp JE, Pratz KW, Li H, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH. CDK2-Mediated Upregulation of TNFα as a Mechanism of Selective Cytotoxicity in Acute Leukemia. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2666-2678. [PMID: 33414171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although inhibitors of the kinases CHK1, ATR, and WEE1 are undergoing clinical testing, it remains unclear how these three classes of agents kill susceptible cells and whether they utilize the same cytotoxic mechanism. Here we observed that CHK1 inhibition induces apoptosis in a subset of acute leukemia cell lines in vitro, including TP53-null acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and BCR/ABL-positive acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and inhibits leukemic colony formation in clinical AML samples ex vivo. In further studies, downregulation or inhibition of CHK1 triggered signaling in sensitive human acute leukemia cell lines that involved CDK2 activation followed by AP1-dependent TNF transactivation, TNFα production, and engagement of a TNFR1- and BID-dependent apoptotic pathway. AML lines that were intrinsically resistant to CHK1 inhibition exhibited high CHK1 expression and were sensitized by CHK1 downregulation. Signaling through this same CDK2-AP1-TNF cytotoxic pathway was also initiated by ATR or WEE1 inhibitors in vitro and during CHK1 inhibitor treatment of AML xenografts in vivo. Collectively, these observations not only identify new contributors to the antileukemic cell action of CHK1, ATR, and WEE1 inhibitors, but also delineate a previously undescribed pathway leading from aberrant CDK2 activation to death ligand-induced killing that can potentially be exploited for acute leukemia treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that replication checkpoint inhibitors can kill AML cells through a pathway involving AP1-mediated TNF gene activation and subsequent TP53-independent, TNFα-induced apoptosis, which can potentially be exploited clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheng Ding
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cordelia D McGehee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mira A Kohorst
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brian D Koh
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Annapoorna Venkatachalam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - X Wei Meng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Karen S Flatten
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin L Peterson
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mrinal Patnaik
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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26
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DiNardo CD, Jonas BA, Pullarkat V, Thirman MJ, Garcia JS, Wei AH, Konopleva M, Döhner H, Letai A, Fenaux P, Koller E, Havelange V, Leber B, Esteve J, Wang J, Pejsa V, Hájek R, Porkka K, Illés Á, Lavie D, Lemoli RM, Yamamoto K, Yoon SS, Jang JH, Yeh SP, Turgut M, Hong WJ, Zhou Y, Potluri J, Pratz KW. Azacitidine and Venetoclax in Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:617-629. [PMID: 32786187 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2012971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1245] [Impact Index Per Article: 311.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a dismal prognosis, even after treatment with a hypomethylating agent. Azacitidine added to venetoclax had promising efficacy in a previous phase 1b study. METHODS We randomly assigned previously untreated patients with confirmed AML who were ineligible for standard induction therapy because of coexisting conditions, because they were 75 years of age or older, or both to azacitidine plus either venetoclax or placebo. All patients received a standard dose of azacitidine (75 mg per square meter of body-surface area subcutaneously or intravenously on days 1 through 7 every 28-day cycle); venetoclax (target dose, 400 mg) or matching placebo was administered orally, once daily, in 28-day cycles. The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS The intention-to-treat population included 431 patients (286 in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 145 in the azacitidine-placebo [control] group). The median age was 76 years in both groups (range, 49 to 91). At a median follow-up of 20.5 months, the median overall survival was 14.7 months in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 9.6 months in the control group (hazard ratio for death, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.85; P<0.001). The incidence of complete remission was higher with azacitidine-venetoclax than with the control regimen (36.7% vs. 17.9%; P<0.001), as was the composite complete remission (complete remission or complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery) (66.4% vs. 28.3%; P<0.001). Key adverse events included nausea of any grade (in 44% of the patients in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 35% of those in the control group) and grade 3 or higher thrombocytopenia (in 45% and 38%, respectively), neutropenia (in 42% and 28%), and febrile neutropenia (in 42% and 19%). Infections of any grade occurred in 85% of the patients in the azacitidine-venetoclax group and 67% of those in the control group, and serious adverse events occurred in 83% and 73%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In previously untreated patients who were ineligible for intensive chemotherapy, overall survival was longer and the incidence of remission was higher among patients who received azacitidine plus venetoclax than among those who received azacitidine alone. The incidence of febrile neutropenia was higher in the venetoclax-azacitidine group than in the control group. (Funded by AbbVie and Genentech; VIALE-A ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02993523.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D DiNardo
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Brian A Jonas
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Michael J Thirman
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Jacqueline S Garcia
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Andrew H Wei
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Marina Konopleva
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Anthony Letai
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Elizabeth Koller
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Violaine Havelange
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Brian Leber
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Jordi Esteve
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Vlatko Pejsa
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Roman Hájek
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Kimmo Porkka
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Árpád Illés
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - David Lavie
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Roberto M Lemoli
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Kazuhito Yamamoto
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Jun-Ho Jang
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Mehmet Turgut
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Wan-Jen Hong
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Ying Zhou
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Jalaja Potluri
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
| | - Keith W Pratz
- From the Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.D.D., M.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (B.A.J.), the Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (V. Pullarkat), and Genentech, South San Francisco (W.-J.H.) - all in California; the Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.J.T.), and AbbVie, North Chicago (Y.Z., J.P.) - both in Illinois; the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.S.G., A.L.); the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (A.H.W.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (H.D.); Hôpital St. Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, Paris (P.F.); the Third Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna (E.K.); the Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels (V.H.); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.); the Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona (J.E.); the Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (J.W.); the Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (V. Pejsa); the Department of Clinic Subjects, University Hospital Ostrava-Poruba, Ostrava, Czech Republic (R.H.); Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (K.P.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary (A.I.); Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (D.L.); the Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, and San Martino Hospital IRCCS - both in Genoa, Italy (R.M.L.); the Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (K.Y.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (S.-S.Y.), and the Department of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (J.-H.J.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; the Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-P.Y.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (M.T.); and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.W.P.)
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27
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Zeidan AM, Boddu PC, Patnaik MM, Bewersdorf JP, Stahl M, Rampal RK, Shallis R, Steensma DP, Savona MR, Sekeres MA, Roboz GJ, DeAngelo DJ, Schuh AC, Padron E, Zeidner JF, Walter RB, Onida F, Fathi A, DeZern A, Hobbs G, Stein EM, Vyas P, Wei AH, Bowen DT, Montesinos P, Griffiths EA, Verma AK, Keyzner A, Bar-Natan M, Navada SC, Kremyanskaya M, Goldberg AD, Al-Kali A, Heaney ML, Nazha A, Salman H, Luger S, Pratz KW, Konig H, Komrokji R, Deininger M, Cirici BX, Bhatt VR, Silverman LR, Erba HP, Fenaux P, Platzbecker U, Santini V, Wang ES, Tallman MS, Stone RM, Mascarenhas J. Special considerations in the management of adult patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms in the COVID-19 era: recommendations from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol 2020; 7:e601-e612. [PMID: 32563283 PMCID: PMC7302757 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a global public health crisis. Multiple observations indicate poorer post-infection outcomes for patients with cancer than for the general population. Herein, we highlight the challenges in caring for patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms amid the COVID-19 pandemic. We summarise key changes related to service allocation, clinical and supportive care, clinical trial participation, and ethical considerations regarding the use of lifesaving measures for these patients. We recognise that these recommendations might be more applicable to high-income countries and might not be generalisable because of regional differences in health-care infrastructure, individual circumstances, and a complex and highly fluid health-care environment. Despite these limitations, we aim to provide a general framework for the care of patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms during the COVID-19 pandemic on the basis of recommendations from international experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer M Zeidan
- Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Prajwal C Boddu
- Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jan Philipp Bewersdorf
- Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maximilian Stahl
- Department of Hematology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raajit K Rampal
- Department of Hematology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rory Shallis
- Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David P Steensma
- Department of Hematology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Savona
- Department of Hematology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mikkael A Sekeres
- Leukemia Program, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gail J Roboz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J DeAngelo
- Department of Hematology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andre C Schuh
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Padron
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joshua F Zeidner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Division of Hematology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Francesco Onida
- Department of Hematology, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Amir Fathi
- Department of Hematology, Centre for Leukemia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy DeZern
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela Hobbs
- Department of Hematology, Centre for Leukemia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eytan M Stein
- Department of Hematology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, BRC Oxford Department of Haematology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew H Wei
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David T Bowen
- Department of Haematology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto Carlos III, University of Valencia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amit K Verma
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alla Keyzner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michal Bar-Natan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shyamala C Navada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Kremyanskaya
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron D Goldberg
- Department of Hematology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aref Al-Kali
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark L Heaney
- Department of Hematology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Care Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aziz Nazha
- Department of Hematology, Cleveland Clinic-Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huda Salman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Selina Luger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heiko Konig
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rami Komrokji
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Deininger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Blanca Xicoy Cirici
- Clinical Haematology Department, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vijaya Raj Bhatt
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lewis R Silverman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harry P Erba
- Duke Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital St Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Haematology, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Hematology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valeria Santini
- Department of Medicine, University of Florence Medical School, Florence, Italy
| | - Eunice S Wang
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Department of Hematology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M Stone
- Department of Hematology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Pratz KW, Rudek MA, Smith BD, Karp J, Gojo I, Dezern A, Jones RJ, Greer J, Gocke C, Baer MR, Duong VH, Rosner G, Zahurak M, Wright JJ, Emadi A, Levis M. A Prospective Study of Peritransplant Sorafenib for Patients with FLT3-ITD Acute Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 26:300-306. [PMID: 31550496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
FLT3-ITD-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge. FLT3 inhibition in the setting of minimal residual disease and a new immune system via allogeneic transplantation offers a promise of improved survival for these patients. We performed a prospective study of patients with FLT3-ITD AML undergoing allogeneic transplant that was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and outcome of sorafenib administered peritransplant. Sorafenib dosing was individualized, starting at 200 mg twice a day (BID), and titrated based on tolerability or toxicities until a tolerable dose was identified. Forty-four patients, with a median age of 52 years, undergoing allogeneic transplant were started on sorafenib in the peritransplant period (21 pretransplant). The median duration of post-transplant follow-up was 27.6 months (range, 5.2 to 60.4). Overall survival was 76% at both 24 and 36 months. Event-free survival at 24 and 36 months was 74% and 64%, respectively. Ten patients died in the post-transplant period, with 6 deaths due to relapsed leukemia and 4 from transplant-associated toxicity. Tolerable doses ranged from 200 mg every other day to 400 mg BID with similar exposure. Correlative studies evaluating FLT3 inhibition via a plasma inhibitory activity assay showed consistent inhibition of FLT3 at all tolerability-determined dosing levels. Sorafenib is well tolerated in the peritransplant setting irrespective of the conditioning intensity or the donor source. Our findings indicate that sorafenib dosing can be individualized in the post-transplantation setting according to patient tolerability. This approach results in effective in vivo FLT3 inhibition and yields encouraging survival results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judith Karp
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Dezern
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard J Jones
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jackie Greer
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Gocke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vu H Duong
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary Rosner
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marianna Zahurak
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John J Wright
- IDB/CTEP/NCI, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ashkan Emadi
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Levis
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Vincelette ND, Ding H, Huehls AM, Flatten KS, Kelly RL, Kohorst MA, Webster J, Hess AD, Pratz KW, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH. Effect of CHK1 Inhibition on CPX-351 Cytotoxicity in vitro and ex vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3617. [PMID: 30837643 PMCID: PMC6400938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CPX-351 is a liposomally encapsulated 5:1 molar ratio of cytarabine and daunorubicin that recently received regulatory approval for the treatment of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or AML with myelodysplasia-related changes based on improved overall survival compared to standard cytarabine/daunorubicin therapy. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), which is activated by DNA damage and replication stress, diminishes sensitivity to cytarabine and anthracyclines as single agents, suggesting that CHK1 inhibitors might increase the effectiveness of CPX-351. The present studies show that CPX-351 activates CHK1 as well as the S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints. Conversely, CHK1 inhibition diminishes the cell cycle effects of CPX-351. Moreover, CHK1 knockdown or addition of a CHK1 inhibitor such as MK-8776, rabusertib or prexasertib enhances CPX-351-induced apoptosis in multiple TP53-null and TP53-wildtype AML cell lines. Likewise, CHK1 inhibition increases the antiproliferative effect of CPX-351 on primary AML specimens ex vivo, offering the possibility that CPX-351 may be well suited to combine with CHK1-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Husheng Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amelia M Huehls
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karen S Flatten
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca L Kelly
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mira A Kohorst
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan Webster
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allan D Hess
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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30
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Poh W, Dilley RL, Moliterno AR, Maciejewski JP, Pratz KW, McDevitt MA, Herman JG. BRCA1 Promoter Methylation Is Linked to Defective Homologous Recombination Repair and Elevated miR-155 to Disrupt Myeloid Differentiation in Myeloid Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2513-2522. [PMID: 30692098 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Defective homologous recombination (HR) has been reported in multiple myeloid disorders, suggesting a shared dysregulated pathway in these diverse malignancies. Because targeting HR-defective cancers with PARP inhibition (PARPi) has yielded clinical benefit, improved understanding of HR defects is needed to implement this treatment modality. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used an ex vivo irradiation-based assay to evaluate HR repair, HR gene promoter methylation, and mRNA expression in primary myeloid neoplastic cells. In vitro BRCA1 gene silencing was achieved to determine the consequences on HR repair, sensitivity to PARPi, and expression of miR-155, an oncogenic miRNA. RESULTS Impaired HR repair was frequently detected in myeloid neoplasm samples (9/21, 43%) and was linked to promoter methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of BRCA1, which was not observed for other members of the HR pathway (BRCA2, ATM, ATR, FANC-A). In vitro BRCA1 knockdown increased sensitivity to PARP inhibition, and BRCA1 expression is inversely correlated with miR-155 expression, a finding reproduced in vitro with BRCA1 knockdown. Increased miR-155 was associated with PU.1 and SHIP1 repression, known myeloid differentiation factors that are frequently downregulated during leukemic transformation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates frequent defective HR, associated with BRCA1 epigenetic silencing, in a broad range of myeloid neoplasms. The increased prevalence of BRCA1 promoter methylation, resulting in repressed BRCA1, may have an additional role in leukemogenesis by increasing miR-155 expression, which then inhibits transcription factors associated with normal myeloid differentiation. Further study of HR defects may facilitate the identification of HR-defective myeloid neoplasms sensitive to PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Poh
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert L Dilley
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison R Moliterno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic/Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A McDevitt
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Herman
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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31
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Litzow MR, Wang XV, Carroll MP, Karp JE, Ketterling RP, Zhang Y, Kaufmann SH, Lazarus HM, Luger SM, Paietta EM, Pratz KW, Tun HW, Altman JK, Broun ER, Rybka WB, Rowe JM, Tallman MS. A randomized trial of three novel regimens for recurrent acute myeloid leukemia demonstrates the continuing challenge of treating this difficult disease. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:111-117. [PMID: 30370956 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To improve the outcome of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a randomized phase II trial of three novel regimens was conducted. Ninety patients were enrolled and were in first relapse or were refractory to induction/re-induction chemotherapy. They were randomized to the following regimens: carboplatin-topotecan (CT), each by continuous infusion for 5 days; alvocidib (formerly flavopiridol), cytarabine, and mitoxantrone (FLAM) in a timed sequential regimen; or sirolimus combined with mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine (S-MEC). The primary objective was attainment of a complete remission (CR). A Simon two-stage design was used for each of the three arms. The median age of the patients in the FLAM arm was older at 62 years compared with 55 years for the CT arm and the S-MEC arm. The overall response was 14% in the CT arm (5/35, 90% CI 7%-35%), 28% in the FLAM arm (10/36, 90% CI, 16%-43%), and 16% in the S-MEC arm (3/19, 90% CI, 4%-36%). There were nine treatment-related deaths, seven of which occurred in the FLAM arm with four of these in elderly patients. We conclude that the FLAM regimen had an encouraging response rate and should be considered for further clinical development but should be used with caution in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Litzow
- Departments of Hematology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Xin V. Wang
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Martin P. Carroll
- Oncology; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Judith E. Karp
- Hematology/Medical Oncology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Rhett P. Ketterling
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Departments of Pathology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York New York
| | | | - Hillard M. Lazarus
- Seidman Cancer Center; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Selina M. Luger
- Oncology; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elisabeth M. Paietta
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- Hematology/Medical Oncology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Han Win Tun
- Hematology/Oncology; Mayo Clinic; Jacksonville Florida
| | - Jessica K. Altman
- Hematology/Medical Oncology; Northwestern University School of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
| | - Edward R. Broun
- Hematology/Oncology; Oncology Hematology Care, Inc, Jewish Hospital; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Witold B. Rybka
- Medicine and Pathology; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Jacob M. Rowe
- Department of Hematology; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Martin S. Tallman
- Hematology/Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York New York
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Liu T, Ivaturi V, Sabato P, Gobburu JVS, Greer JM, Wright JJ, Smith BD, Pratz KW, Rudek MA. Sorafenib Dose Recommendation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Based on Exposure-FLT3 Relationship. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:435-443. [PMID: 29702736 PMCID: PMC6039208 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib administered at the approved dose continuously is not tolerated long-term in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The purpose of this study was to optimize the dosing regimen by characterizing the sorafenib exposure-response relationship in patients with AML. A one-compartment model with a transit absorption compartment and enterohepatic recirculation described the exposure. The relationship between sorafenib exposure and target modulation of kinase targets (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-ITD and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) were described by an inhibitory maximum effect (Emax ) model. Sorafenib could inhibit FLT3-ITD activity by 100% with an IC50 of 69.3 ng/mL and ERK activity by 84% with an IC50 of 85.7 ng/mL (both adjusted for metabolite potency). Different dosing regimens utilizing 200 or 400 mg at varying frequencies were simulated based on the exposure-response relationship. Simulations demonstrate that a 200 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) dosing regimen showed similar FLT3-ITD and ERK inhibitory activity compared with 400 mg b.i.d. and is recommended in further clinical trials in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Center for Translational MedicineUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Vijay Ivaturi
- Center for Translational MedicineUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Philip Sabato
- Center for Translational MedicineUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Jacqueline M. Greer
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns HopkinsBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - John J. Wright
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - B. Douglas Smith
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns HopkinsBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns HopkinsBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michelle A. Rudek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns HopkinsBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical PharmacologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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33
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Elmariah H, Pratz KW. Role of Alternative Donor Allogeneic Transplants in the Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2018; 15:959-966. [PMID: 28687582 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2017.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is often associated with a poor prognosis, with allogeneic transplantation representing the greatest chance of cure for eligible patients. Historically, the preferred donor source is a human leukocyte antigen-matched blood relative, although only approximately 30% of patients have access to such a donor. Alternative donor sources, including matched unrelated donors, umbilical cord blood, and haploidentical related donors, are available for almost every patient and are increasingly being used for patients without a matched related donor. Survival outcomes with these alternative donor sources now approximate those of matched related donor transplants. Given the safety and success of alternative donor transplants, comparative trials are needed to reassess the optimal donor source for patients with AML. This review summarizes the available data on these alternative donor transplants. Further investigation is needed to contemporize donor selection algorithms, but, in the current era, donor availability should no longer preclude a patient's eligibility for an allogeneic blood or marrow transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Elmariah
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
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Altman JK, Foran JM, Pratz KW, Trone D, Cortes JE, Tallman MS. Phase 1 study of quizartinib in combination with induction and consolidation chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:213-221. [PMID: 29139135 PMCID: PMC6586071 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies have potential to improve outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harboring FLT3‐ITD mutations that have high risk of relapse and poor survival following standard of care (SOC) cytarabine/anthracycline‐based induction/consolidation chemotherapy. Quizartinib is a selective and highly potent FLT3 inhibitor that has shown strong single‐agent activity in relapsed or refractory (R/R) AML. This phase 1, open‐label, sequential group dose‐escalation trial (NCT 01390337) is the first evaluating safety and tolerability of quizartinib in combination with SOC chemotherapy in newly diagnosed AML (ndAML). Nineteen patients unselected for FLT3 mutational status received one of three quizartinib dihydrochloride dose levels (DL): 60 mg/d for 7 days (DL1; n = 6), 60 mg/d for 14 days (DL2; n = 7), and 40 mg/d for 14 days (DL‐1; n = 6); administered orally starting on day 4 of chemotherapy. Median age was 43.8 years. Ten patients completed induction and consolidation. Three patients experienced dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs): 2 at DL2 (1 pericardial effusion; 1 febrile neutropenia, decreased platelet count, and QT prolongation); 1 at DL‐1 (pericarditis). Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was identified as DL‐1. Most common grade 3/4 adverse events were febrile neutropenia (47%), neutropenia (42%), thrombocytopenia (32%), and anemia (26%). There were no apparent additional toxicities with addition of quizartinib to chemotherapy although grade ≤1 QT prolongation was observed at MTD. Sixteen patients (84%) achieved a response; 14 (74%) composite complete response; 2 (11%) morphologic leukemia‐free state. The phase 3 QuANTUM‐First trial (NCT02668653) is further evaluating the effect of quizartinib plus SOC chemotherapy in ndAML FLT3‐ITD mutated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Altman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois
| | - James M. Foran
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Mayo Clinic Florida; Jacksonville Florida
| | - Keith W. Pratz
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | | | - Jorge E. Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Martin S. Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New York
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapies are rapidly evolving with novel targeted therapies showing high-level responses in a notoriously difficult to treat group of patients - the elderly and unfit. This review will examine the outcomes of older AML patients (>60 years old) with conventional induction strategies, and published literature on risks of pursuit of induction. Low-intensity combination therapy response rates appear to be approaching that of induction regimens, and with lower toxicity, low-intensity therapy likely represents the future standard approach in this age group. Lastly, allogeneic transplant appears to have a role in increasing durable remissions regardless of age and should be considered in patients with limited comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Webster
- a Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- a Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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36
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DiNardo CD, Pratz KW, Letai A, Jonas BA, Wei AH, Thirman M, Arellano M, Frattini MG, Kantarjian H, Popovic R, Chyla B, Xu T, Dunbar M, Agarwal SK, Humerickhouse R, Mabry M, Potluri J, Konopleva M, Pollyea DA. Safety and preliminary efficacy of venetoclax with decitabine or azacitidine in elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia: a non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b study. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:216-228. [PMID: 29339097 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly patients (aged ≥65 years) with acute myeloid leukaemia have poor outcomes and no effective standard-of-care therapy exists. Treatment with hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine and decitabine is common, but responses are modest and typically short-lived. The oral anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein inhibitor, venetoclax, has shown promising single-agent activity in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia and preclinical data suggested synergy between hypomethylating agents and venetoclax, which led to this combination phase 1b study. METHODS Previously untreated patients aged 65 years and over with acute myeloid leukaemia who were ineligible for standard induction therapy were enrolled into this non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b study. Patients were required to have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2 and either intermediate-risk or poor-risk cytogenetics. Patients were enrolled into one of three groups for the dose-escalation phase of this study: group A (venetoclax and intravenous decitabine 20 mg/m2 [days 1-5 of each 28-day cycle]), group B (venetoclax and subcutaneous or intravenous azacitidine 75 mg/m2 [days 1-7 of each 28-day cycle]), and group C (a venetoclax and decitabine substudy with the oral CYP3A inhibitor posaconazole, 300 mg twice on cycle 1, day 21, and 300 mg once daily from cycle 1, days 22-28, to assess its effect on venetoclax pharmacokinetics). Dose escalation followed a standard 3 + 3 design with at least three evaluable patients enrolled per cohort; daily target doses of venetoclax for groups A and B were 400 mg (cohort 1), 800 mg (cohorts 2 and 3), and 1200 mg (cohort 4), and 400 mg for group C. The primary endpoints were the safety and pharmacokinetics of venetoclax plus decitabine or azacitidine, and to determine the maximum tolerated dose and recommended phase 2 dose. Secondary endpoints included the preliminary anti-leukaemic activity of venetoclax with decitabine or azacitidine through the analysis of overall response, duration of response, and overall survival. We analysed safety, pharmacokinetics, and anti-leukaemic activity in all patients who received one or more venetoclax doses. The expansion phase of the study is ongoing but is closed to accrual. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02203773. FINDINGS 57 patients were enrolled in the study. 23 patients in group A and 22 patients in group B were enrolled between Nov 19, 2014, and Dec 15, 2015, and 12 patients in group C were enrolled between June 14, 2015, and Jan 16, 2016. As of data cutoff on June 15, 2016, the most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events were thrombocytopenia (27 [47%] of 57 patients; nine in group A, 13 in group B, and five in group C), febrile neutropenia (24 [42%] of 57; 11 in group A, ten in group B, and three in group C), and neutropenia (23 [40%] of 57; 12 in group A, eight in group B, and three in group C). The most common serious treatment-emergent adverse event in groups A and B was febrile neutropenia (seven [30%] of 23 patients vs seven [32%] of 22), whereas in group C it was lung infection (four [33%] of 12 patients). 49 (86%) of 57 patients had treatment-related adverse events; the most common in groups A and B included nausea (12 [52%] patients vs seven [32%] patients), fatigue (six [26%] patients vs seven [32%]), and decreased neutrophil count (six [26%] patients vs six [27%]), whereas in group C the most common were nausea (seven [58%] of 12 patients), leucopenia (six [50%]), vomiting (five [42%]), and decreased platelet count (five [42%]). The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The recommended phase 2 dose was 400 mg once a day or 800 mg with an interrupted dosing schedule (safety expansion). In total, four (7%) of 57 patients had died within 30 days of the first venetoclax dose caused by sepsis (group B), bacteraemia (group A), lung infection (group C), and respiratory failure (group A). Tumour lysis syndrome was not observed. Decitabine and azacitidine did not substantially affect venetoclax exposures. Overall, 35 (61%; 95% CI 47·6-74·0) of 57 patients achieved complete remission or complete remission with incomplete marrow recovery. In groups A and B, 27 (60%; 95% CI 44·3-74·3) of 45 patients had complete remission or complete remission with incomplete marrow recovery. INTERPRETATION Venetoclax plus hypomethylating agent therapy seems to be a novel, well-tolerated regimen with promising activity in this underserved patient population. Evaluation of expansion cohorts is ongoing at 400 mg and 800 mg doses using both hypomethylating agent combinations. FUNDING AbbVie and Genentech.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian A Jonas
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Andrew H Wei
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Martha Arellano
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tu Xu
- AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Mehrotra S, Gopalakrishnan M, Gobburu J, Ji J, Greer JM, Piekarz R, Karp JE, Pratz KW, Rudek MA. Exposure-Response of Veliparib to Inform Phase II Trial Design in Refractory or Relapsed Patients with Hematological Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6421-6429. [PMID: 28751440 PMCID: PMC5837045 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: A phase I trial of veliparib in combination with topotecan plus carboplatin (T+C) demonstrated a 33% objective response rate in patients with hematological malignancies. The objective is to perform exposure-response analysis to inform the phase II trial design.Experimental Design: Pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety data from 95 patients, who were administered 10 to 100 mg b.i.d. doses of veliparib for either 8, 14, or 21 days with T+C, were utilized for exposure-efficacy (objective response and overall survival) and exposure-safety (≥grade 3 mucositis) analysis. Multivariate cox proportional hazards and logistic regression analyses were conducted. The covariates evaluated were disease status, duration of treatment, and number of prior therapies.Results: The odds of having objective response were 1.08-fold with 1,000 ng/hr/mL increase in AUC, 1.8-fold with >8 days treatment, 2.8-fold in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and 0.5-fold with ≥2 prior therapies. Based on analysis of overall survival, hazard of death decreased by 1.5% for 1,000 ng/hr/mL increase in AUC, 39% with >8 days treatment, 44% in patients with MPN, while increased by 19% with ≥2 prior therapies. The odds of having ≥grade 3 mucositis increased by 29% with 1,000 ng.h/mL increase in AUC.Conclusions: Despite shallow exposure-efficacy relationship, doses lower than 80 mg do not exceed veliparib single agent preclinical IC50 Shallow exposure-mucositis relationship also supports the 80-mg dose. Based on benefit/risk assessment, veliparib at a dose of 80 mg b.i.d. for at least 14 days in combination with T+C is recommended to be studied in MPN patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6421-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailly Mehrotra
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jogarao Gobburu
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Ji
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jacqueline M Greer
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith W Pratz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Pratz KW. Blinatumomab Induced Response of Multiply Refractory Multiple Myeloma in the Context of Secondary Pre-B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.26420/annhematoloncol.2017.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bruner JK, Ma HS, Li L, Qin ACR, Rudek MA, Jones RJ, Levis MJ, Pratz KW, Pratilas CA, Small D. Adaptation to TKI Treatment Reactivates ERK Signaling in Tyrosine Kinase-Driven Leukemias and Other Malignancies. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5554-5563. [PMID: 28923853 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have been tested extensively to limited benefit in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We hypothesized that FLT3/internal tandem duplication (ITD) leukemia cells exhibit mechanisms of intrinsic signaling adaptation to TKI treatment that are associated with an incomplete response. Here, we identified reactivation of ERK signaling within hours following treatment of FLT3/ITD AML cells with selective inhibitors of FLT3. When these cells were treated with inhibitors of both FLT3 and MEK in combination, ERK reactivation was abrogated and anti-leukemia effects were more pronounced compared with either drug alone. ERK reactivation was also observed following inhibition of other tyrosine kinase-driven cancer cells, including EGFR-mutant lung cancer, HER2-amplified breast cancer, and BCR-ABL leukemia. These studies reveal an adaptive feedback mechanism in tyrosine kinase-driven cancers associated with reactivation of ERK signaling in response to targeted inhibition. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5554-63. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kyle Bruner
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hayley S Ma
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice Can Ran Qin
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard J Jones
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine A Pratilas
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Donald Small
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cheng MJ, Smith BD, Hourigan CS, Gojo I, Pratz KW, Blackford AL, Mehta AK, Smith TJ. A Single Center Survey of Health-Related Quality of Life among Acute Myeloid Leukemia Survivors in First Complete Remission. J Palliat Med 2017; 20:1267-1273. [PMID: 28537498 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults, but there is limited information on survivors' quality of life (QOL) after remission. OBJECTIVE We piloted a survey exploring patient-reported outcomes for people with AML in first complete remission (CR1) to determine whether patients felt the survey is relevant to their well-being and to summarize patient characteristics. DESIGN/MEASUREMENTS Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of AML patients in CR1 assessing QOL and functioning (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] QLQ-C30 v 3.0), well-being (QOL-cancer survivor [QOL-CS]), fatigue (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue [FACIT-Fatigue]), and anxiety and depression (hospital anxiety and depression scale [HADS]). The survey contained five open-ended questions. RESULTS Eighteen patients completed the survey. Most felt it was completely or mostly relevant (88.8%) in describing their QOL. Participants scored well on the EORTC QLQ-C30, fatigue being the most common symptom (83%).The FACIT-Fatigue mean score was 28.7 and median score was 33.5 (normal ≥30). Two scored in the abnormal range for anxiety and one for depression on the HADS. On the QOL-CS, participants scored more than 6 out of 10 in most domains, except the subscales of distress and fear. CONCLUSIONS The survey content and length were appropriate. Patients reported ongoing fatigue, fears of future test results, getting a second cancer, and recurrence of cancer. Survivors experience ongoing symptoms, highlighting the importance of providers performing ongoing symptom and needs assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jennifer Cheng
- 1 Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- 2 Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher S Hourigan
- 3 Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivana Gojo
- 2 Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith W Pratz
- 2 Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- 4 Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ambereen K Mehta
- 1 Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas J Smith
- 5 Program in Palliative Medicine and Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore, Maryland
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Rebechi MT, Pratz KW. Genomic instability is a principle pathologic feature of FLT3 ITD kinase activity in acute myeloid leukemia leading to clonal evolution and disease progression. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:1-11. [PMID: 28278729 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1283031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with FLT3 ITD mutations are associated with a poor prognosis characterized by a higher relapse rate, shorter relapse free survival, and decreased likelihood of response to therapy at relapse. FLT3 ITD signaling drives cell proliferation and survival. FLT3 ITD AML disease progression is associated with cytogenetic evolution and acquired tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance suggesting a potential role of genomic instability. There is growing evidence demonstrating a relationship between FLT3 signaling and increased DNA damage, specifically through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in double-strand breaks (DSB), as well as impaired DNA repair, involving deficiencies in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), alternative non-homologous end joining (ALT NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways. The role of genomic instability in the pathogenesis of FLT3 ITD AML warrants further examination as it offers potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie T Rebechi
- a Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- a Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Gojo I, Beumer JH, Pratz KW, McDevitt MA, Baer MR, Blackford AL, Smith BD, Gore SD, Carraway HE, Showel MM, Levis MJ, Dezern AE, Gladstone DE, Ji JJ, Wang L, Kinders RJ, Pouquet M, Ali-Walbi I, Rudek MA, Poh W, Herman JG, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH, Chen A, Karp JE. A Phase 1 Study of the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib in Combination with Temozolomide in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:697-706. [PMID: 27503200 PMCID: PMC5290001 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In preclinical studies, the PARP inhibitor veliparib enhanced the antileukemic action of temozolomide through potentiation of DNA damage. Accordingly, we conducted a phase 1 study of temozolomide with escalating doses of veliparib in patients with relapsed, refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or AML arising from aggressive myeloid malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received veliparib [20-200 mg once a day on day 1 and twice daily on days 4-12 in cycle 1 (days 1-8 in cycle ≥2)] and temozolomide [150-200 mg/m2 daily on days 3-9 in cycle 1 (days 1-5 in cycle ≥2)] every 28 to 56 days. Veliparib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [ability to inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR) formation and induce H2AX phosphorylation] were assessed. Pretreatment levels of MGMT and PARP1 protein, methylation of the MGMT promoter, and integrity of the Fanconi anemia pathway were also examined. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were treated at seven dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities were oral mucositis and esophagitis lasting >7 days. The MTD was veliparib 150 mg twice daily with temozolomide 200 mg/m2 daily. The complete response (CR) rate was 17% (8/48 patients). Veliparib exposure as well as inhibition of PAR polymer formation increased dose proportionately. A veliparib-induced increase in H2AX phosphorylation in CD34+ cells was observed in responders. Three of 4 patients with MGMT promoter methylation achieved CR. CONCLUSIONS Veliparib plus temozolomide is well tolerated, with activity in advanced AML. Further evaluation of this regimen and of treatment-induced phosphorylation of H2AX and MGMT methylation as potential response predictors appears warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 697-706. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gojo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A McDevitt
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- Department of Statistics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven D Gore
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hetty E Carraway
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M Showel
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy E Dezern
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Gladstone
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Jay Ji
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lihua Wang
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marie Pouquet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ismail Ali-Walbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Weijie Poh
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Herman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alice Chen
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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McCurdy SR, Kasamon YL, Kanakry CG, Bolaños-Meade J, Tsai HL, Showel MM, Kanakry JA, Symons HJ, Gojo I, Smith BD, Bettinotti MP, Matsui WH, Dezern AE, Huff CA, Borrello I, Pratz KW, Gladstone DE, Swinnen LJ, Brodsky RA, Levis MJ, Ambinder RF, Fuchs EJ, Rosner GL, Jones RJ, Luznik L. Comparable composite endpoints after HLA-matched and HLA-haploidentical transplantation with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. Haematologica 2016; 102:391-400. [PMID: 27846611 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.144139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite endpoints that not only encompass mortality and relapse, but other critical post-transplant events such as graft-versus-host disease, are being increasingly utilized to quantify survival without significant morbidity after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. High-dose, post-transplantation cyclophosphamide reduces severe graft-versus-host disease with allogeneic marrow transplantation, making composite endpoints after this management particularly interesting. We retrospectively analyzed 684 adults with hematologic malignancies who received T-cell-replete bone marrow grafts and cyclophosphamide after myeloablative HLA-matched related (n=192) or unrelated (n=120), or non-myeloablative HLA-haploidentical (n=372) donor transplantation. The median follow up was 4 (range, 0.02-11.4) years. Graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival was defined as the time after transplantation without grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease, chronic graft-versus-host disease requiring systemic treatment, relapse, or death. Chronic graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival was defined as the time after transplantation without moderate or severe chronic graft-versus-host disease, relapse, or death. One-year graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival and chronic graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival estimates were, respectively, 47% (95% CI: 41-55%) and 53% (95% CI: 46-61%) after myeloablative HLA-matched related, 42% (95% CI: 34-52%) and 52% (95% CI: 44-62%) after myeloablative HLA-matched unrelated, and 45% (95% CI: 40-50%) and 50% (95% CI: 45-55%) after non-myeloablative HLA-haploidentical donor transplantation. In multivariable models, there were no differences in graft-versus-host disease-free, or chronic graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival after either myeloablative HLA-matched unrelated or non-myeloablative HLA-haploidentical, compared with myeloablative HLA-matched related donor transplantation. Although limited by inclusion of dissimilar cohorts, we found that post-transplantation cyclophosphamide-based platforms yield comparable composite endpoints across conditioning intensity, donor type, and HLA match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R McCurdy
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yvette L Kasamon
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher G Kanakry
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Javier Bolaños-Meade
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret M Showel
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kanakry
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather J Symons
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria P Bettinotti
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William H Matsui
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy E Dezern
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas E Gladstone
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lode J Swinnen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark J Levis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ephraim J Fuchs
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary L Rosner
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Jones
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leo Luznik
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lin MT, Tseng LH, Dudley JC, Riel S, Tsai H, Zheng G, Pratz KW, Levis MJ, Gocke CD. A Novel Tandem Duplication Assay to Detect Minimal Residual Disease in FLT3/ITD AML. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 19:409-17. [PMID: 26446915 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene is associated with a poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with a normal karyotype. The current standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for FLT3/ITD detection is not sufficiently sensitive to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD). Clone-specific assays may have sufficient sensitivity but are not practical to implement, since each clone-specific primer/probe requires clinical validation. OBJECTIVE To develop an assay for clinical molecular diagnostics laboratories to monitor MRD in FLT3/ITD AMLs. METHODS We designed a simple novel assay, tandem duplication PCR (TD-PCR), and tested its sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility in FLT3/ITD AML patients. RESULTS TD-PCR was capable of detecting a single ITD molecule and was applicable to 75 % of ITD mutants tested. TD-PCR detected MRD in bone marrow prior to patient relapse. TD-PCR also identified low-level ITD mutants not only in FLT3/ITD AMLs but also in initial diagnostic specimens that were reportedly negative by the standard assay in patients who progressed with the same ITDs detected by the TD-PCR assay. CONCLUSION Detection of MRD by TD-PCR may guide patient selection for early clinical intervention. In contrast to clone-specific approaches, the TD-PCR assay can be more easily validated for MRD detection in clinical laboratories because it uses standardized primers and a universal positive control. In addition, our findings on multi-clonality and low-level ITDs suggest that further studies are warranted to elucidate their clinical/biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tseh Lin
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Li-Hui Tseng
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan C Dudley
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacey Riel
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Harrison Tsai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Gang Zheng
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Park SB202, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Norsworthy KJ, Cho E, Arora J, Kowalski J, Tsai HL, Warlick E, Showel M, Pratz KW, Sutherland LA, Gore SD, Ferguson A, Sakoian S, Greer J, Espinoza-Delgado I, Jones RJ, Matsui WH, Smith BD. Differentiation therapy in poor risk myeloid malignancies: Results of companion phase II studies. Leuk Res 2016; 49:90-7. [PMID: 27619199 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical data in non-M3 AML supports the use of differentiation therapy, but clinical activity has been limited. Myeloid growth factors can enhance anti-leukemic activity of differentiating agents in vitro. We conducted companion phase II trials investigating sargramostim (GM-CSF) 125μg/m(2)/day plus 1) bexarotene (BEX) 300mg/m(2)/day or 2) entinostat (ENT) 4-8mg/m(2)/week in patients with MDS or relapsed/refractory AML. Primary endpoints were response after at least two treatment cycles and toxicity. 26 patients enrolled on the BEX trial had a median of 2 prior treatments and 24 enrolled on the ENT trial had a median of 1. Of 13 response-evaluable patients treated with BEX, the best response noted was hematologic improvement in neutrophils (HI-N) seen in 4 (31%) patients; none achieved complete (CR) or partial remission (PR). Of 10 treated with ENT, there was 1 (10%) partial remission (PR) and 2 (20%) with HI-N. The secondary endpoint responses of HI-N with each combination were accompanied by a numerical increase in ANC (BEX: 524 to 931 cells/mm(3), p=0.096; ENT: 578 to 1 137 cells/mm(3), p=0.15) without increasing marrow blasts. Shared grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxicities included febrile neutropenia, bone pain, fatigue, and dyspnea. GM-CSF plus either BEX or ENT are well tolerated in resistant and refractory MDS and AML and showed modest clinical and biologic activity, most commonly HI-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Norsworthy
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eunpi Cho
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jyoti Arora
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeanne Kowalski
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erica Warlick
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Margaret Showel
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lesley A Sutherland
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven D Gore
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anna Ferguson
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Sakoian
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jackie Greer
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Igor Espinoza-Delgado
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Richard J Jones
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William H Matsui
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Pratz KW, Rudek MA, Gojo I, Litzow MR, McDevitt MA, Ji J, Karnitz LM, Herman JG, Kinders RJ, Smith BD, Gore SD, Carraway HE, Showel MM, Gladstone DE, Levis MJ, Tsai HL, Rosner G, Chen A, Kaufmann SH, Karp JE. A Phase I Study of Topotecan, Carboplatin and the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib in Acute Leukemias, Aggressive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, and Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:899-907. [PMID: 27551000 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The PARP inhibitor veliparib delays DNA repair and potentiates cytotoxicity of multiple classes of chemotherapy drugs, including topoisomerase I inhibitors and platinating agents. This study evaluated veliparib incorporation into leukemia induction therapy using a previously described topotecan/carboplatin backbone.Experimental Design: Employing a 3+3 trial design, we administered escalating doses of veliparib combined with topotecan + carboplatin in relapsed or refractory acute leukemias, aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML).Results: A total of 99 patients received veliparib 10-100 mg orally twice daily on days 1-8, 1-14, or 1-21 along with continuous infusion topotecan 1.0-1.2 mg/m2/d + carboplatin 120-150 mg/m2/d on days 3-7. The MTD was veliparib 80 mg twice daily for up to 21 days with topotecan 1.2 mg/m2/d + carboplatin 150 mg/m2/d. Mucositis was dose limiting and correlated with high veliparib concentrations. The response rate was 33% overall (33/99: 14 CR, 11 CRi, 8 PR) but was 64% (14/22) for patients with antecedent or associated aggressive MPNs or CMML. Leukemias with baseline DNA repair defects, as evidenced by impaired DNA damage-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination, had improved survival [HR = 0.56 (95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.92)]. A single 80-mg dose of veliparib, as well as veliparib in combination with topotecan + carboplatin, induced DNA damage as manifested by histone H2AX phosphorylation in CD34+ leukemia cells, with greater phosphorylation in cells from responders.Conclusions: The veliparib/topotecan/carboplatin combination warrants further investigation, particularly in patients with aggressive MPNs, CMML, and MPN- or CMML-related acute leukemias. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 899-907. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Michael A McDevitt
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Ji
- National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - James G Herman
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven D Gore
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hetty E Carraway
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M Showel
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Gladstone
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark J Levis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary Rosner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice Chen
- IDB/CTEP/NCI, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Judith E Karp
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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47
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Pratz KW, Koh BD, Patel AG, Flatten KS, Poh W, Herman JG, Dilley R, Harrell MI, Smith BD, Karp JE, Swisher EM, McDevitt MA, Kaufmann SH. Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Hypersensitivity in Aggressive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3894-902. [PMID: 26979391 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA repair defects have been previously reported in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Inhibitors of PARP have shown activity in solid tumors with defects in homologous recombination (HR). This study was performed to assess MPN sensitivity to PARP inhibitors ex vivo EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HR pathway integrity in circulating myeloid cells was evaluated by assessing the formation of RAD51 foci after treatment with ionizing radiation or PARP inhibitors. Sensitivity of MPN erythroid and myeloid progenitors to PARP inhibitors was evaluated using colony formation assays. RESULTS Six of 14 MPN primary samples had reduced formation of RAD51 foci after exposure to ionizing radiation, suggesting impaired HR. This phenotype was not associated with a specific MPN subtype, JAK2 mutation status, or karyotype. MPN samples showed increased sensitivity to the PARP inhibitors veliparib and olaparib compared with normal myeloid progenitors. This hypersensitivity, which was most pronounced in samples deficient in DNA damage-induced RAD51 foci, was observed predominantly in samples from patients with diagnoses of chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, or unspecified myelodysplastic/MPN overlap syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Like other neoplasms with HR defects, MPNs exhibit PARP inhibitor hypersensitivity compared with normal marrow. These results suggest that further preclinical and possibly clinical study of PARP inhibitors in MPNs is warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3894-902. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Brian D Koh
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anand G Patel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Weijie Poh
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Herman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Dilley
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria I Harrell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael A McDevitt
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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48
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Li R, Sobreira N, Witmer PD, Pratz KW, Braunstein EM. Two novel germline DDX41 mutations in a family with inherited myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2016; 101:e228-31. [PMID: 26944477 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Li
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Hematology/Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nara Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Dane Witmer
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Braunstein
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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49
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Kasamon YL, Bolaños-Meade J, Prince GT, Tsai HL, McCurdy SR, Kanakry JA, Rosner GL, Brodsky RA, Perica K, Smith BD, Gladstone DE, Swinnen LJ, Showel MM, Matsui WH, Huff CA, Borrello I, Pratz KW, McDevitt MA, Gojo I, Dezern AE, Shanbhag S, Levis MJ, Luznik L, Ambinder RF, Fuchs EJ, Jones RJ. Outcomes of Nonmyeloablative HLA-Haploidentical Blood or Marrow Transplantation With High-Dose Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide in Older Adults. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3152-61. [PMID: 26261255 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.60.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent advances in nonmyeloablative (NMA), related HLA-haploidentical blood or marrow transplantation (haplo-BMT) have expanded the donor pool. This study evaluated the effect of age on NMA haplo-BMT outcomes in patients age 50 to 75 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of 271 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies, age 50 to 75 years, who received NMA, T-cell-replete haplo-BMT with high-dose post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. RESULTS The median age was 61 years, with 115 patients (42%) age 50 to 59, 129 (48%) age 60 to 69, and 27 (10%) age 70 to 75 years. Overall, 84% of patients had intermediate- or high-/very high-risk disease. The 6-month probabilities of grade 3 or 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) were 3% and 8%, respectively. Patients in their 50s, 60s, and 70s had 6-month NRM probabilities of 8%, 9%, and 7%, respectively (P=.20). With a median follow-up of 4 years, corresponding 3-year progression-free survival probabilities were 39%, 35%, and 33% (P=.65), and corresponding 3-year overall survival probabilities were 48%, 45%, and 44% (P=.66). Three-year progression-free survival probabilities were 40% in acute myeloid leukemia (n=65), 39% in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n=83), and 37% in indolent or mantle-cell lymphoma (n=65). Older patient age was associated with a significantly higher risk of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD but not grade 3 to 4 acute or chronic GVHD. No statistically significant associations were found between older age (relative to age 50 to 59 years or as a continuous variable) and NRM, relapse, or survival. CONCLUSION NMA haplo-BMT with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide has encouraging safety and survival outcomes in patients age 50 to 75 years. In patients otherwise fit for BMT, the results support consideration of this approach despite advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Gary L Rosner
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Karlo Perica
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Borrello
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keith W Pratz
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Ivana Gojo
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy E Dezern
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mark J Levis
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leo Luznik
- All authors: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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50
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Kanakry CG, Tsai HL, Bolaños-Meade J, Smith BD, Gojo I, Kanakry JA, Kasamon YL, Gladstone DE, Matsui W, Borrello I, Huff CA, Swinnen LJ, Powell JD, Pratz KW, DeZern AE, Showel MM, McDevitt MA, Brodsky RA, Levis MJ, Ambinder RF, Fuchs EJ, Rosner GL, Jones RJ, Luznik L. Single-agent GVHD prophylaxis with posttransplantation cyclophosphamide after myeloablative, HLA-matched BMT for AML, ALL, and MDS. Blood 2014; 124:3817-27. [PMID: 25316679 PMCID: PMC4263989 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-587477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) reduces severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT), but the impact of PTCy on long-term, disease-specific outcomes is unclear. We conducted a retrospective study of 209 consecutive adult patients transplanted for acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n = 138), myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 28), or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 43) using PTCy as sole GVHD prophylaxis after myeloablative conditioning and HLA-matched-related or -unrelated T-cell-replete allografting. At alloBMT, 30% of patients were not in morphologic complete remission. The cumulative incidences of grades II to IV and III to IV acute GVHD at 100 days and chronic GVHD at 2 years were 45%, 11%, and 13%, respectively. Forty-three percent of patients did not require immunosuppression for any reason beyond PTCy. At 3 years, relapse cumulative incidence was 36%, disease-free survival was 46%, survival free of disease and chronic GVHD was 39%, and overall survival was 58%. Lack of remission at alloBMT, adverse cytogenetics, and low allograft nucleated cell dose were associated with inferior survival for AML patients. Minimal residual disease but not t(9;22) was associated with inferior outcomes for ALL patients. The ability to limit posttransplantation immunosuppression makes PTCy a promising transplantation platform for the integration of postgrafting strategies to prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Kanakry
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Javier Bolaños-Meade
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer A Kanakry
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yvette L Kasamon
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Douglas E Gladstone
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William Matsui
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lode J Swinnen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy E DeZern
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Margaret M Showel
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael A McDevitt
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark J Levis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ephraim J Fuchs
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gary L Rosner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard J Jones
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leo Luznik
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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