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Mooney A, McCall K, Bastow S, Rose P. Changes in Environment and Management Practices Improve Foot Health in Zoo-Housed Flamingos. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2483. [PMID: 37570292 PMCID: PMC10417707 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot lesions are a highly prevalent phenomenon among zoo-housed flamingos, with up to 99.8% of birds affected. These lesions are a recognized welfare concern, increasing the likelihood of bacterial infections, and even septicemia. Although several risk factors have been linked to foot lesions in flamingos (including age, climate, and substrate), there have been few studies looking at changes in foot lesions over time. This study tracked changes in foot lesions for an individual flock of Chilean Flamingos (97 birds) at Dublin Zoo, Ireland, over an 18-month period in response to a mandatory indoor housing order imposed by the Irish Government as a seasonal precautionary measure to prevent the spread of avian influenza. Using a pre-defined scoring system for four common types of foot lesions (hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodular lesions, and papillomatous growths), we show that providing unrestricted access to outdoor habitats and natural substrates (both terrestrial and aquatic) can improve the health and wellbeing of zoo-housed flamingos. This longitudinal study highlights the importance of regular foot health monitoring in flamingos, and the importance of natural aquatic substrates when managing flamingos. As many zoo-housed birds have been spending more time indoors on artificial substrates over recent years due to avian influenza housing orders, it is critical that we assess the impact of such changes in management and habitat access on bird health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly McCall
- Dublin Zoo, Phoenix Park, D08 AC98 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Scott Bastow
- Dublin Zoo, Phoenix Park, D08 AC98 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Rose
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Ltd. (WWT), Slimbridge Wetland Centre, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK
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2
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Patton A, Thuma J, Goetz D, Schwartz F, McCall K. SUN-095 Attenuation of Inflammation by a Novel Small Molecule Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Endocr Soc 2019. [PMCID: PMC6553340 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-sun-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of both metabolic and inflammatory diseases, and it has become pervasive worldwide. Inflammation, including inflammation resulting from free fatty acid (FFA) activation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, has been suggested to be an essential component of the pathophysiology of both insulin resistance and NAFLD. High fat (HF) diets promote an increased uptake and storage of FFAs and triglycerides in hepatocytes, which initiates inflammation and steatosis that induces lipotoxicity and an exacerbation of inflammation. In previous studies, we have established the efficacy of phenylmethimazole, a TLR3/4 inhibitor, to prevent and reverse HF diet-induced NAFLD, inflammation, and insulin resistance. A new library of small molecule compounds, including COB-214, was generated to identify even more potent inhibitors of inflammation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of COB-214 to delay and/or prevent hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and insulin resistance in a HF diet-induced model of NAFLD. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a HF diet (60 % fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrate) and divided into 3 groups (N=8 for each group): sham injection (stress control), DMSO (vehicle control), COB-214. Each treatment was administered once daily at a dosage of 1mg/kg for 16 weeks. Histological examination of liver sections from these mice using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) revealed less hepatic lipid accumulation in mice treated with COB-214 when compared to mice in the sham- and DMSO-treated groups. Transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines was down-regulated in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue isolated from COB-214-treated mice when compared to sham- and DMSO-treated mice. Treatment with COB-214 prevented HF diet-induced insulin resistance measured by a 3-hour intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and 1.5-hour intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT). Future directions include determining the efficacy of COB-214 to reverse HF diet-induced NAFLD, inflammation, and insulin resistance. At the conclusion of this study, we hope to have established the role of a novel class of small molecule inhibitors of inflammation in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Patton
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Jean Thuma
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Doug Goetz
- Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Frank Schwartz
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Kelly McCall
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States
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3
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McLean M, McCall K, Smith IDM, Blyth M, Kitson SM, Crowe LAN, Leach WJ, Rooney BP, Spencer SJ, Mullen M, Campton JL, McInnes IB, Akbar M, Millar NL. Tranexamic acid toxicity in human periarticular tissues. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:11-18. [PMID: 30800295 PMCID: PMC6359888 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.81.bjr-2018-0181.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an anti-fibrinolytic medication commonly used to reduce perioperative bleeding. Increasingly, topical administration as an intra-articular injection or perioperative wash is being administered during surgery. Adult soft tissues have a poor regenerative capacity and therefore damage to these tissues can be harmful to the patient. This study investigated the effects of TXA on human periarticular tissues and primary cell cultures using clinically relevant concentrations. Methods Tendon, synovium, and cartilage obtained from routine orthopaedic surgeries were used for ex vivo and in vitro studies using various concentrations of TXA. The in vitro effect of TXA on primary cultured tenocytes, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and chondrocytes was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assays, fluorescent microscopy, and multi-protein apoptotic arrays for cell death. Results There was a significant (p < 0.01) increase in cell death within all tissue explants treated with 100 mg/ml TXA. MTT assays revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in cell viability in all tissues following treatment with 50 mg/ml or 100 mg/ml of TXA within four hours. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in cell apoptosis after one hour of exposure to TXA (100 mg/ml) in all tissues. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that TXA caused significant periarticular tissue toxicity ex vivo and in vitro at commonly used clinical concentrations. Cite this article: M. McLean, K. McCall, I. D. M. Smith, M. Blyth, S. M. Kitson, L. A. N. Crowe, W. J. Leach, B. P. Rooney, S. J. Spencer, M. Mullen, J. L. Campton, I. B. McInnes, M. Akbar, N. L. Millar. Tranexamic acid toxicity in human periarticular tissues. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:11–18. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.81.BJR-2018-0181.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McLean
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K McCall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I D M Smith
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Blyth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - S M Kitson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L A N Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W J Leach
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - B P Rooney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - S J Spencer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Mullen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - J L Campton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - I B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Akbar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N L Millar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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4
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Muccioli M, Nandigam H, Loftus T, Singh M, Venkatesh A, Wright J, Pate M, McCall K, Benencia F. Modulation of double-stranded RNA pattern recognition receptor signaling in ovarian cancer cells promotes inflammatory queues. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36666-36683. [PMID: 30613350 PMCID: PMC6291178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer are inter-related, and both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects are possible in different contexts, highlighting the importance of characterizing specific inflammatory pathways in distinct tumor types. Malignant cells and non-cancerous cells such as fibroblasts, infiltrating leukocytes (i.e., dendritic cells [DC], macrophages, or lymphocytes) and endothelial cells, in combination with the extracellular matrix, constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the last decades, the role of the TME in cancer progression has gained increased attention and efforts directed at abrogating its deleterious effects on anti-cancer therapies have been ongoing. In this context, we investigated the potential of mouse and human ovarian cancer cells to produce inflammatory factors in response to pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling, which might help to shape the biology of the TME. We determined that mouse ovarian tumors generate chemokines that are able to interact with receptors harbored by tumor-associated DCs. We also found that dsRNA triggers significant pro-inflammatory cytokine up-regulation in both human and mouse ovarian tumor cell lines, and that several PRR can simultaneously contribute to the stimulated inflammatory response displayed by these cells. Thus, dsRNA-activated PRRs may not only constitute potentially relevant drug targets for therapies aiming to prevent inflammation associated with leukocyte recruitment, or as co-adjuvants of therapeutic treatments, but also might have a role in development of nascent tumors, for example via activation of cancer cells by microbial molecules associated to pathogens, or with those appearing in circulation due to dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Harika Nandigam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Tiffany Loftus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Manindra Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Amritha Venkatesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Julia Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michelle Pate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Kelly McCall
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Bose RN, Moghaddas S, Belkacemi L, Tripathi S, Adams NR, Majmudar P, McCall K, Dezvareh H, Nislow C. Absence of Activation of DNA Repair Genes and Excellent Efficacy of Phosphaplatins against Human Ovarian Cancers: Implications To Treat Resistant Cancers. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8387-401. [PMID: 26455832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphaplatins, platinum(II) and platinum(IV) complexes coordinated to a pyrophosphate moiety, exhibit excellent antitumor activities against a variety of cancers. To determine whether phosphaplatins trigger resistance to treatment by engaging DNA damage repair genes, a yeast genome-wide fitness assay was used. Treatment of yeast cells with pyrodach-2 (D2) or pyrodach-4 (D4) revealed no particular sensitivity to nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination repair, or postreplication repair when compared with platin control compounds. Also, TNF receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS) protein was overexpressed in phosphaplatin-treated ovarian tumor cells, and platinum colocalized with FAS protein in lipid rafts. An overactivation of sphingomyelinase (ASMase) was noted in the treated cells, indicating participation of an extrinsic apoptotic mechanism due to increased ceramide release. Our results indicate that DNA is not the target of phosphaplatins and accordingly, that phosphaplatins might not cause resistance to treatment. Activation of ASMase and FAS along with the colocalization of platinum with FAS in lipid rafts support an extrinsic apoptotic signaling mechanism that is mediated by phosphaplatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathindra N Bose
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Shadi Moghaddas
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Swarnendu Tripathi
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Nyssa R Adams
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Pooja Majmudar
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Kelly McCall
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Homa Dezvareh
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Corey Nislow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ackers
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University HCOMAthensOhioUnited States
| | - Candice Szymanski
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University HCOMAthensOhioUnited States
| | - K Jordan Duckett
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University HCOMAthensOhioUnited States
| | - Kelly McCall
- Department of Specialty Medicine Ohio University HCOMUnited States
- Diabetes Institute Ohio UniversityUnited States
| | - Ramiro Malgor
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University HCOMAthensOhioUnited States
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Yip S, McCall K, Aristophanous M, Chen A, Aerts H, Berbeco R. MO-G-BRF-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (JOINT IMAGING-THERAPY) - Sensitivity of PET-Based Texture Features to Respiratory Motion in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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8
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriko Kantake
- Biomedical Sciences Ohio UniversityAthensOHUnited States
| | - Kelly McCall
- Specialty Medicine Ohio UniversityAthensOHUnited States
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio UniversityAthensOHUnited States
| | - Ramiro Malgor
- Biomedical Sciences Ohio UniversityAthensOHUnited States
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio UniversityAthensOHUnited States
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9
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Claybaugh T, Decker S, McCall K, Slyvka Y, Steimle J, Wood A, Schaefer M, Thuma J, Inman S. L-Arginine Supplementation in Type II Diabetic Rats Preserves Renal Function and Improves Insulin Sensitivity by Altering the Nitric Oxide Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:171546. [PMID: 24523733 PMCID: PMC3913451 DOI: 10.1155/2014/171546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat studies demonstrated that type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) decreases both the production and bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). L-arginine (LA) provides the precursor for the production of NO. We hypothesized that LA dietary supplementation will preserve NO production via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) causing renal microvascular vasodilation and increased glomerular blood flow and thus increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This would impede the formation of reactive oxygen species which contributes to cell damage and death. LA supplementation preserved GFR in the treated diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. We provide evidence that this effect may be due to increased levels of eNOS and urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which leads to renal microvascular vasodilation. Plasma nitrotyrosine was decreased in the LA treated rats; however, plasma nitrite levels remained unaffected as expected. Marked improvements in glucose tolerance were also observed in the LA treated diabetic rats. These results demonstrate that LA supplementation preserves NO activity and may delay the onset of insulin resistance and renal dysfunction during hyperglycemic stress. These results suggest the importance of the NO pathway in consequent renal dysfunction and in the development of insulin resistance in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Claybaugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sarah Decker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kelly McCall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Yuriy Slyvka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jerrod Steimle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Aaron Wood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Megan Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jean Thuma
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sharon Inman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, 228 Irvine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- *Sharon Inman:
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Li Z, Shao S, Li N, McCall K, Wang J, Zhang SX. Single crystalline nanostructures of topological crystalline insulator SnTe with distinct facets and morphologies. Nano Lett 2013; 13:5443-5448. [PMID: 24138562 DOI: 10.1021/nl4030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) are a new class of topological materials that possess unique metallic surface states protected by crystalline mirror symmetry. Their topological surface properties are expected to strongly depend on the surface orientation. By combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and synthesis experiments, we demonstrate the controlled growth of single crystalline nanostructures of the prototypical TCI SnTe with distinct facets and morphologies. Our calculations suggest that the excess energy of the {111} surfaces can be either higher or lower than that of the {100} surfaces, depending on the stoichiometry, while the {110} is always higher than the {100}. In our synthesis experiment, we qualitatively controlled the stoichiometry by tailoring the growth temperature and obtained two types of single crystalline nanowires: smooth nanowires dominated by {100} facets at high temperatures and zigzag nanowires composed of both {100} and {111} surfaces at low temperatures. Notably, there is no {110} facet in our nanostructures, strongly supporting the DFT calculations. Our device fabrication and electrical characterizations suggest that both types of nanowires are suitable for transport studies of topological surface states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Department of Physics, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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11
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McCall K, Schwartz F, Thuma J, Benencia F, James C, Malgor R, Courreges M. Toll-like receptor 3 involvement in Coxsackievirus B 4 acceleration of type 1 diabetes. (P6134). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.128.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Viruses are important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). A pancreatrophic strain of coxsackievirus, CVB4, which is associated with the development of T1DM in humans, accelerates the development of T1DM in NOD mice. Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) is activated by viral dsRNA and is broadly expressed by NOD mice and human pancreatic beta cells, suggesting that TLR3 signaling may be important in CVB4 acceleration of T1DM. We used NOD mice deficient in TLR3 (TLR3 KO) to test the hypothesis that TLR3 signaling is important in CVB4 acceleration of T1DM in NOD mice. We report that TLR3 KO NOD mice are markedly protected from CVB4 acceleration of T1DM compared to wild type (WT) NOD mice. Similarly, we have observed that phenylmethimazole (C10), which has recently been shown to inhibit dsRNA-triggered TLR3 signaling, also delays CVB4 acceleration of T1DM in NOD mice. In preliminary experiments to investigate the mechanism by which TLR3 deficiency provides protection from T1DM in this model, we observed marked differences in T regulatory cell populations between TLR3 KO and WT NOD mice, and a significant enhancement of viral clearance in C10-treated NOD mice. These results indicate the distinct importance of TLR3 signaling in environmental (i.e. viral) induction of T1DM and that C10 could potentially protect β cells from virus-induced insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly McCall
- 1Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- 2Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Frank Schwartz
- 1Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- 2Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- 3Diabetes Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Jean Thuma
- 3Diabetes Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | | | - Calvin James
- 4Biomedical Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH
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McCall K, Jallow N, Bowen S, Deveau M, Forrest L, Jeraj R. WE-G-214-03: Investigating the Repeatability of Quantitative PET Imaging of Heterogeneous Tumors. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3613424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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Kissick M, Mo X, McCall K, Schubert L, Westerly D, Mackie T. SU-GG-T-108: Optimal Management of Respiratory Motion without Motion Management: A Tomotherapy Phantom Demonstration. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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14
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McCall K, Bowen S, Jaskowiak C, McNall M, Rice S, Jeraj R. SU-GG-J-139: Quantitative PET Imaging of Heterogeneous Tumors: The Dosimetric Effect of Patient Motion on Image-Based Dose Painting Plans. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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15
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Malgor R, Brockett C, Greco D, House D, McCall K. Expression of Wnt5a correlates with histopathological features of bladder urothelial carcinoma. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.lb451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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McCall K, Barbee D, Kissick M, Jeraj R. TH-D-304A-08: Quantitative PET Imaging of Heterogeneous Tumors: The Influence of Patient Position On Recovered Activity. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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17
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Jeraj R, Barbee D, McCall K. Uncertainties in PET Imaging Affecting Dose Painting Target Definition. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McCall K, Barbee D, Kissick M, Jeraj R. SU-GG-I-112: PET Imaging of Heterogeneous Tumors: An Investigation of the Influence of Motion On Recovered Activity. Med Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2961510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Jeraj R, Simoncic U, McCall K, Harari P, Mehta M, Nickles R, Perlman S. MO-E-AUD C-03: Use of FLT-PET Imaging to Assess Tumor and Normal Tissue Response to Radiotherapy. Med Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2962392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Kissick M, Flynn R, Westerly D, Hoban P, Mo X, Soisson E, McCall K, Mackie T, Jeraj R. SU-GG-T-115: The Impact of Longitudinal Breathing Randomness for Tomotherapy Delivery. Med Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2961867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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21
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Flynn R, Barbee D, Bowen S, McCall K, Bentzen S, Mackie T, Jeraj R. MO-D-M100J-01: Dose Painting With Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy and Intensity Modulated X-Ray Therapy: A Comparison. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2761242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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McCall K, George R, Keall P, Jeraj R. TU-C-M100J-09: Application of a PARMA Algorithm to Predict Intrafraction Respiratory Motion. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2761340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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23
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McCall K, Jeraj R. TU-FF-A3-01: Periodic Autoregressive Moving Average Model for the Prediction of Intrafraction Respiratory Motion. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2761443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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24
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Jeraj R, McCall K, Bentzen S, Harari P, Ritter M, Mehta M, Tome W. TH-E-M100J-05: Early Assessment of Radiotherapy Efficacy with FLT-PET Imaging. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2761758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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25
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Baum JS, Arama E, Steller H, McCall K. The Drosophila caspases Strica and Dronc function redundantly in programmed cell death during oogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1508-17. [PMID: 17464325 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in the Drosophila ovary occurs either during mid-oogenesis, resulting in degeneration of the entire egg chamber or during late oogenesis, to facilitate the development of the oocyte. PCD during oogenesis is regulated by mechanisms different from those that control cell death in other Drosophila tissues. We have analyzed the role of caspases in PCD of the female germline by examining caspase mutants and overexpressing caspase inhibitors. Imprecise P-element excision was used to generate mutants of the initiator caspase strica. While null mutants of strica or another initiator caspase, dronc, display no ovary phenotype, we find that strica exhibits redundancy with dronc, during both mid- and late oogenesis. Ovaries of double mutants contain defective mid-stage egg chambers similar to those reported previously in dcp-1 mutants, and mature egg chambers with persisting nurse cell nuclei. In addition, the effector caspases drice and dcp-1 also display redundant functions during late oogenesis, resulting in persisting nurse cell nuclei. These findings indicate that caspases are required for nurse cell death during mid-oogenesis, and participate in developmental nurse cell death during late oogenesis. This reveals a novel pathway of cell death in the ovary that utilizes strica, dronc, dcp-1 and drice, and importantly illustrates strong redundancy among the caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Baum
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
In many organisms, programmed cell death of germ cells is required for normal development. This often occurs through highly conserved events including the transfer of vital cellular material to the growing gametes following death of neighboring cells. Germline cell death also plays a role in such diverse processes as removal of abnormal or superfluous cells at certain checkpoints, establishment of caste differentiation, and individualization of gametes. This review focuses on the cell death events that occur during gametogenesis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. It also examines the signals and machinery that initiate and carry out these germ cell deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Baum
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Harii N, Lewis CJ, Vasko V, McCall K, Benavides-Peralta U, Sun X, Ringel MD, Saji M, Giuliani C, Napolitano G, Goetz DJ, Kohn LD. Thyrocytes express a functional toll-like receptor 3: overexpression can be induced by viral infection and reversed by phenylmethimazole and is associated with Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1231-50. [PMID: 15661832 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate an innate immune response. TLR3 on dendritic cells recognize double-stranded (ds) RNA and then signal increases in cytokines and recognition molecules important for immune cell interactions. In this report, we demonstrate TLR3 mRNA and protein are expressed on Fisher rat thyroid cell line-5 (FRTL-5) thyroid cells and are functional because incubating cells with polyinosine-polycytidylic acid causes 1) transcriptional activation of both the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)/Elk1 and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-3/IFN-beta signal paths, 2) posttranscriptional activation of NF-kappaB and ERK1/2, and 3) increased IFN-beta mRNA. TLR3 can be overexpressed, along with dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, major histocompatibility complex-I or II, and IFN regulatory factor-1, by transfecting dsRNA into the cells, infection with Influenza A virus, or incubation with IFN-beta, but not by incubation with dsRNA or IFNgamma, or by dsDNA transfection. A methimazole (MMI) derivative, phenylmethimazole, to a significantly greater degree than MMI, prevents overexpression by inhibiting increased transcriptional activation of IRF-3 and of IFN-stimulated response elements, phosphorylation of signal transducers and activation of transcription (STAT-1), but not NF-kappaB activation. TLR3 can be functionally overexpressed in cultured human thyrocytes by dsRNA transfection or IFN-beta treatment. Immunohistochemical studies show that TLR3 protein is overexpressed in human thyrocytes surrounded by immune cells in 100% of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis examined, but not in normal or Graves' thyrocytes. We conclude that functional TLR3 are present on thyrocytes; TLR3 downstream signals can be overexpressed by pathogen-related stimuli; overexpression can be reversed by phenylmethimazole to a significantly greater extent than MMI by inhibiting only the IFN regulatory factor-3/IFN-beta/signal transducers and activation of transcription arm of the TLR3 signal system; and TLR3 overexpression can induce an innate immune response in thyrocytes, which may be important in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in the immune cell infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Harii
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Abstract
In Drosophila oogenesis, the programmed cell death of germline cells occurs predominantly at three distinct stages. These cell deaths are subject to distinct regulatory controls, as cell death during early and midoogenesis is stress-induced, whereas the cell death of nurse cells in late oogenesis is developmentally regulated. In this report, we show that the effector caspase Drice is activated during cell death in both mid- and late oogenesis, but that the level and localization of activity differ depending on the stage. Active Drice formed localized aggregates during nurse cell death in late oogenesis; however, active Drice was found more ubiquitously and at a higher level during germline cell death in midoogenesis. Because Drice activity was limited in late oogenesis, we examined whether another effector caspase, Dcp-1, could drive the unique morphological events that occur normally in late oogenesis. We found that premature activation of the effector caspase, Dcp-1, resulted in a disappearance of filamentous actin, rather than the formation of actin bundles, suggesting that Dcp-1 activity must also be restrained in late oogenesis. Overexpression of the caspase inhibitor DIAP1 suppressed cell death induced by Dcp-1 but had no effect on cell death during late oogenesis. This limited caspase activation in dying nurse cells may prevent destruction of the nurse cell cytoskeleton and the connected oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Peterson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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McCall K. CHI services: MLA's new consumer health credential program. Natl Netw 2001; 25:16. [PMID: 11372167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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31
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McCall K. CHI services--serving the Net-savvy client. Natl Netw 2000; 25:14. [PMID: 11184332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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32
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McKenna J, Gutierrez K, McCall K. Strategies for an effective youth counter-marketing program: recommendations from commercial marketing experts. J Public Health Manag Pract 2000; 6:7-13. [PMID: 10848486 DOI: 10.1097/00124784-200006030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intensive and sustained efforts to "counter-market" tobacco among teenagers are necessary to negate the "friendly familiarity" created by tobacco advertising and to communicate the true health and social costs of tobacco use. Counter-marketing campaigns should: highlight a tobacco-free lifestyle as the majority lifestyle of diverse and interesting individuals; explain the dangers of tobacco in a personal, emotional way; offer youth empowerment and control; use multiple voices, strategies, and executions; offer constructive alternatives to tobacco use; and portray smoking as unacceptable and undesirable for everyone. Counter-marketing activities should work in concert with other interventions to alter social norms regarding tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McKenna
- Health Communications Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA.
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McCall K, Gray A, Pfannenstiel B. CHI services. When children are your primary clients. Natl Netw 2000; 24:21, 29. [PMID: 11973913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Goyal L, McCall K, Agapite J, Hartwieg E, Steller H. Induction of apoptosis by Drosophila reaper, hid and grim through inhibition of IAP function. EMBO J 2000; 19:589-97. [PMID: 10675328 PMCID: PMC305597 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.4.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1999] [Revised: 12/13/1999] [Accepted: 12/13/1999] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis in Drosophila requires the activity of three closely linked genes, reaper, hid and grim. Here we show that the proteins encoded by reaper, hid and grim activate cell death by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic activity of the Drosophila IAP1 (diap1) protein. In a genetic modifier screen, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function alleles in the endogenous diap1 gene were obtained, and the mutant proteins were functionally and biochemically characterized. Gain-of-function mutations in diap1 strongly suppressed reaper-, hid- and grim-induced apoptosis. Sequence analysis of these alleles revealed that they were caused by single amino acid changes in the baculovirus IAP repeat domains of diap1, a domain implicated in binding REAPER, HID and GRIM. Significantly, the corresponding mutant DIAP1 proteins displayed greatly reduced binding of REAPER, HID and GRIM, indicating that REAPER, HID and GRIM kill by forming a complex with DIAP1. These data provide strong in vivo evidence for a previously published model of cell death regulation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goyal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Departments of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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35
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Thompson RB, Maliwal BP, Feliccia VL, Fierke CA, McCall K. Determination of picomolar concentrations of metal ions using fluorescence anisotropy: biosensing with a "reagentless" enzyme transducer. Anal Chem 1998; 70:4717-23. [PMID: 9844569 DOI: 10.1021/ac980864r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of their high affinity and selectivity, metalloproteins can be used as transducers in novel sensors, i.e., biosensors, for the determination of trace levels of metal ions in solution. Here, we exploit carbonic anhydrase to determine picomolar to nanomolar concentrations of free transition metal ions by fluorescence anisotropy (polarization) in a reagentless format. Carbonic anhydrase variants engineered with a cysteine replacing a residue chosen near the active site (F131C and H64C) were covalently labeled with derivatives of benzoxadiazole sulfonamide. These labeled variants exhibited changes in anisotropy up to 0.07 upon binding free Cu(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) with apparent Kd's close to the values observed with wild-type apocarbonic anhydrase. The covalent attachment of the label has significant advantages over noncovalent labels we have described previously. Furthermore, the metal ion-dependent anisotropy changes were predictable using simple theory. The results demonstrate that free transition metal ions can be determined at trace levels in aqueous solution using inexpensive instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Extracellular growth factors are required for the survival of most animal cells. They often signal through the activation of the Ras pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Ras signaling inhibits the intrinsic cell death machinery are not well understood. Here, we present evidence that in Drosophila, activation of the Ras pathway specifically inhibits the proapoptotic activity of the gene head involution defective (hid). By using transgenic animals and cultured cells, we show that MAPK phosphorylation sites in Hid are critical for this response. These findings define a novel mechanism by which growth factor signaling directly inactivates a critical component of the intrinsic cell death machinery. These studies provide further insights into the function of ras as an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bergmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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37
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Dinulescu DM, Fan W, Boston BA, McCall K, Lamoreux ML, Moore KJ, Montagno J, Cone RD. Mahogany (mg) stimulates feeding and increases basal metabolic rate independent of its suppression of agouti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12707-12. [PMID: 9770550 PMCID: PMC22895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mahogany (mg) locus originally was identified as a recessive suppressor of agouti, a locus encoding a skin peptide that modifies coat color by antagonizing the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor or MC1-R. Certain dominant alleles of agouti cause an obesity syndrome when ectopic expression of the peptide aberrantly antagonizes the MC4-R, a related melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor expressed in hypothalamic circuitry and involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and metabolism. Recent work has demonstrated that mg, when homozygous, blocks not only the ability of agouti to induce a yellow coat color when expressed in the skin of the lethal yellow mouse (AY), but also the obesity resulting from ectopic expression of agouti in the brain. Detailed analysis of mg/mg AY/a animals, presented here, demonstrates that mg/mg blocks the obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and increased linear growth induced by ectopic expression of the agouti peptide. Remarkably, however, mg/mg did not reduce hyperphagia in the AY/a mouse. Furthermore, mg/mg induced hyperphagia and an increase in basal metabolic rate in the C57BL/6J mouse in the absence of AY. Consequently, although mahogany is broadly required for agouti peptide action, it also appears to be involved in the control of metabolic rate and feeding behavior independent of its suppression of agouti.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Dinulescu
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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38
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Abstract
Caspases, a class of cysteine proteases, are an essential component of the apoptotic cell death program. During Drosophila oogenesis, nurse cells transfer their cytoplasmic contents to developing oocytes and then die. Loss of function for the dcp-1 gene, which encodes a caspase, caused female sterility by inhibiting this transfer. dcp-1- nurse cells were defective in the cytoskeletal reorganization and nuclear breakdown that normally accompany this process. The dcp-1- phenotype suggests that the cytoskeletal and nuclear events in the nurse cells make use of the machinery normally associated with apoptosis and that apoptosis of the nurse cells is a necessary event for oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, 31 Ames Street, 68-430, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Abstract
Apoptosis, a gene-directed form of cell death, occurs normally during development and plays a major role in many diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular genetic studies in Drosophila have revealed the existence of three novel apoptotic activators, reaper, head involution defective and grim. Additionally, Drosophila homologs of evolutionarily conserved IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) and CED-3/ICE-like proteases have been identified and characterized. Through the combined use of genetic, molecular, biochemical and cell biological techniques in Drosophila it should now be possible to elucidate the precise mechanism by which apoptosis occurs, and how the death program is activated in response to many distinct death-inducing signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of cellular suicide, involves the activation of CED-3-related cysteine proteases (caspases). The regulation of caspases by apoptotic signals and the precise mechanism by which they kill the cell remain unknown. In Drosophila, different death-inducing stimuli induce the expression of the apoptotic activator reaper. Cell killing by reaper and two genetically linked apoptotic activators, hid and grim, requires caspase activity. A Drosophila caspase, named Drosophila caspase-1 (DCP-1), was identified and found to be structurally and biochemically similar to Caenorhabditis elegans CED-3. Loss of zygotic DCP-1 function in Drosophila caused larval lethality and melanotic tumors, showing that this gene is essential for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Song
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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41
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McCall K, Bender W. Probes of chromatin accessibility in the Drosophila bithorax complex respond differently to Polycomb-mediated repression. EMBO J 1996; 15:569-80. [PMID: 8599940 PMCID: PMC449975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) of genes are required for maintenance of the repressed state of the homeotic genes in Drosophila. There are similarities between the PcG repression and mating-type silencing in yeast or heterochromatic position effect in Drosophila, which suggest that PcG repression may involve a highly compacted chromatin structure. To test for such a structure, heterologous DNA- binding proteins were used as probes for DNA accessibility in Drosophila embryos. Binding sites for the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 and for bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase were inserted into the bithorax (bx) regulatory region of the endogenous Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene, which is regulated by the PcG. Ubiquitously expressed GAL4 protein directs transcription through its binding sites only in the posterior segments where the bx region is active. The block to GAL4 activation in the more anterior segments is dependent on Polycomb (Pc) function. In contrast, T7 RNA polymerase can transcribe from its target promoter in all segments of the embryo. Thus, Pc-mediated repression blocks activated polymerase II transcription, but does not simply exclude all proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Eight P elements carrying a beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter have been mapped to sites within the Drosophila bithorax complex. The bithorax complex contains three homeotic genes, and at least nine regulatory regions which control their expression in successive parasegments of the fly. The enhancer traps inserted at the promoter of one of the genes, Ultrabithorax, express lacZ in patterns which mimic the Ultrabithorax protein pattern. Enhancer traps in the regulatory regions do not mimic the endogenous genes, but express lacZ globally in the relevant parasegments. Some P elements carry large DNA fragments upstream of the lacZ promoter but internal to the P element. In cases where these internal sequences specify a lacZ pattern, that pattern is generally suppressed when the element is inserted in the bithorax complex. In embryos mutant for genes of the Polycomb group, the lacZ expression from the enhancer traps spreads to all segments. Thus, the enhancer traps reveal parasegmental domains that are maintained by Polycomb-mediated repression. Such domains may be realized by parasegmental differences in chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To identify physician referral patterns and factors involved in the patient referral process. DESIGN A telephone survey conducted on a systematic sample of physicians who referred at least one patient a month to a tertiary care center. SETTING A major southeastern tertiary care academic medical center. TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS Self-identified emergency physicians, family physicians, general surgeons, internists, obstetrician-gynecologists, and pediatricians. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Emergency physicians comprised 6% of the surveyed sample. Emergency physicians referred the largest number of patients each month to a tertiary care center (40 patients per month) compared with the other target specialists, who referred an average of 16 patients per month (P < .05). Specialty services most often requested by emergency physicians were internal medicine, trauma, and cardiology. CONCLUSION Emergency physicians refer more patients to academic medical centers than any other specialty. Academic medical centers should target emergency physicians if they wish to increase their patient referral base.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Tintinalli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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45
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Abstract
To generate cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the reporter gene lacZ in Drosophila, we have generated and characterized 1,426 independent insertion strains using four different P-element constructs. These four transposons carry a lacZ gene driven either by the weak promoter of the P-element transposase gene or by partial promoters from the even-skipped, fushi-tarazu, or engrailed genes. The tissue-specific patterns of beta-galactosidase expression that we are able to generate depend on the promoter utilized. We describe in detail 13 strains that can be used to follow specific cell lineages and demonstrate their utility in analyzing the phenotypes of developmental mutants. Insertion strains generated with P-elements that carry various sequences upstream of the lacZ gene exhibit an increased variety of expression patterns that can be used to study Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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McCall K, Duncan CJ. Priming the damage system in mammalian skeletal muscle. Biochem Soc Trans 1990; 18:607-8. [PMID: 2276462 DOI: 10.1042/bst0180607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K McCall
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, U.K
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McCall K. Can one nurse influence a nurses' convention? J Christ Nurs 1990; 7:8-10; discussion 10-6. [PMID: 2319455 DOI: 10.1097/00005217-199007020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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48
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Bier E, Vaessin H, Shepherd S, Lee K, McCall K, Barbel S, Ackerman L, Carretto R, Uemura T, Grell E. Searching for pattern and mutation in the Drosophila genome with a P-lacZ vector. Genes Dev 1989; 3:1273-87. [PMID: 2558049 DOI: 10.1101/gad.3.9.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A P-element vector has been constructed and used to generate lines of flies with single autosomal P-element insertions. The lines were analyzed in two ways: (1) the identification of cis-acting patterning information within the Drosophila genome, as revealed by a lacZ reporter gene within the P element, and (2) the isolation of lethal mutations. We examined 3768 independent lines for the expression of lacZ in embryos and looked among these lines for lethal mutations affecting embryonic neurogenesis. This type of screen appears to be an effective way to find new loci that may play a role in the development of the Drosophila nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, California
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49
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Magilavy DB, Cassidy JT, Tubergen DG, Petty RE, Chrisholm R, McCall K. Intravenous gamma globulin in the management of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978; 61:378-83. [PMID: 77867 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of plasmin-treated gamma globulin (PG-GG), an intravenous preparation with low anticomplementary activity, was assessed as an antibody replacement therapy in 14 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Seven were studied in 2 treatment periods of 6 and 15 mo on PT-GG with an intervening control period of intramuscular gamma globulin (IM-ISG). Frequency of infusions ranged from 2 to 4 wk to maintain a serum IgG concentration of less than 2.5 mg/ml. Three patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease were removed from the study because of lack of clinical improvement and were placed on single-donor plasma. The remaining 11 patients had a decrease in the number of hospitalizations or severe infections. Five patients had one or more systemic reactions (21/240 infusions). Symptoms abated rapidly with temporary interruption of the infusion. From these results, we conclude that PT-GG represents a relatively safe, efficacious mode of replacement therapy which has had uniformly high acceptance in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.
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