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Fischer B, Van Hulle CA, Langhough R, Norton D, Zuelsdorff M, Gooding DC, Wyman MF, Johnson A, Lambrou N, James T, Bouges S, Carter FP, Salazar H, Kirmess K, Holubasch M, Meyer M, Venkatesh V, West T, Verghese P, Yarasheski K, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Asthana S, Gleason CE. Plasma Aβ42/40 and cognitive variability are associated with cognitive function in Black Americans: Findings from the AA-FAIM cohort. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2023; 9:e12414. [PMID: 37752907 PMCID: PMC10519622 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction It is critical to develop more inclusive Alzheimer's disease (AD) research protocols to ensure that historically excluded groups are included in preclinical research and have access to timely diagnosis and treatment. If validated in racialized groups, plasma AD biomarkers and measures of subtle cognitive dysfunction could provide avenues to expand diversity in preclinical AD research. We sought to evaluate the utility of two easily obtained, low-burden disease markers, plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, and intra-individual cognitive variability (IICV), to predict concurrent and longitudinal cognitive performance in a sample of Black adults. Methods Two hundred fifty-seven Black participants enrolled in the African Americans Fighting Alzheimer's in Midlife (AA-FAIM) study underwent at least one cognitive assessment visit; a subset of n = 235 had plasma samples. Baseline IICV was calculated as the standard deviation across participants' z scores on five cognitive measures: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall, Trail Making Test Parts A and B (Trails A and B), and Boston Naming Test. Using mixed effects regression models, we compared concurrent and longitudinal models to baseline plasma Aβ42/40 or IICV by age interactions. PrecivityAD assays quantified baseline plasma Aβ42/40. Results IICV was associated with concurrent/baseline performance on several outcomes but did not modify associations between age and cognitive decline. In contrast, plasma Aβ42/40 was unrelated to baseline cognitive performance, but a pattern emerged in interactions with age in longitudinal models of Trails A and B and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test total learning trials. Although not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, low Aβ42/40 was associated with faster cognitive declines over time. Discussion Our results are promising as they extend existing findings to an Black American sample using low-cost, low-burden methods that can be implemented outside of a research center, thus supporting efforts for inclusive AD biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fischer
- Madison VA GRECCWilliam S. Middleton Memorial HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carol Ann Van Hulle
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Rebecca Langhough
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Derek Norton
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- School of NursingUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Diane Carol Gooding
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, WisconsinUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mary F. Wyman
- Madison VA GRECCWilliam S. Middleton Memorial HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Adrienne Johnson
- Center for Tobacco Research and InterventionSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Nickolas Lambrou
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Taryn James
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Shenikqua Bouges
- Madison VA GRECCWilliam S. Middleton Memorial HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Fabu Phillis Carter
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Hector Salazar
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tim West
- C2N DiagnosticsSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Cynthia M. Carlsson
- Madison VA GRECCWilliam S. Middleton Memorial HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Madison VA GRECCWilliam S. Middleton Memorial HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carey E. Gleason
- Madison VA GRECCWilliam S. Middleton Memorial HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Winston CN, Langford O, Levin N, Raman R, Yarasheski K, West T, Abdel-Latif S, Donohue M, Nakamura A, Toba K, Masters CL, Doecke J, Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Rissman RA. Evaluation of Blood-Based Plasma Biomarkers as Potential Markers of Amyloid Burden in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:95-107. [PMID: 36710683 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participant eligibility for the A4 Study was determined by amyloid PET imaging. Given the disadvantages of amyloid PET imaging in accessibility and cost, blood-based biomarkers may serve as a sufficient biomarker and more cost-effective screening tool for patient enrollment into preclinical AD trials. OBJECTIVE To determine if a blood-based screening test can adequately identify amyloid burden in participants screened into a preclinical AD trial. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 224 participants from the A4 Study received an amyloid PET scan (18Florbetapir) within 90 days of blood sample collection. Blood samples from all study participants were processed within 2 h after phlebotomy. Plasma amyloid measures were quantified by Shimazdu and C2 N Diagnostics using mass spectrometry-based platforms. A corresponding subset of blood samples (n = 100) was processed within 24 h after phlebotomy and analyzed by C2 N. RESULTS Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 demonstrated the highest association for Aβ accumulation in the brain with an AUC 0.76 (95%CI = 0.69, 0.82) at C2 N and 0.80 (95%CI = 0.75, 0.86) at Shimadzu. Blood samples processed to plasma within 2 h after phlebotomy provided a better prediction of amyloid PET status than blood samples processed within 24 h (AUC 0.80 versus 0.64; p < 0.001). Age, sex, and APOE ɛ4 carrier status did not the diagnostic performance of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 to predict amyloid PET positivity in A4 Study participants. CONCLUSION Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting elevated amyloid in the brain. Utilizing blood testing over PET imaging may improve screening efficiency into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charisse N Winston
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Langford
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Levin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rema Raman
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Tim West
- C2N Diagnostics, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sara Abdel-Latif
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Donohue
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Akinori Nakamura
- Department of Biomarker Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Toba
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James Doecke
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Paul S Aisen
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Paterson RW, Gabelle A, Lucey BP, Barthélemy NR, Leckey CA, Hirtz C, Lehmann S, Sato C, Patterson BW, West T, Yarasheski K, Rohrer JD, Wildburger NC, Schott JM, Karch CM, Wray S, Miller TM, Elbert DL, Zetterberg H, Fox NC, Bateman RJ. SILK studies - capturing the turnover of proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:419-427. [PMID: 31222062 PMCID: PMC6876864 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of several neurodegenerative diseases characterized by dysregulation, misfolding and accumulation of specific proteins in the CNS. The stable isotope labelling kinetics (SILK) technique is based on generating amino acids labelled with naturally occurring stable (that is, nonradioactive) isotopes of carbon and/or nitrogen. These labelled amino acids can then be incorporated into proteins, enabling rates of protein production and clearance to be determined in vivo and in vitro without the use of radioactive or chemical labels. Over the past decade, SILK studies have been used to determine the turnover of key pathogenic proteins amyloid-β (Aβ), tau and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy individuals, patients with AD and those with other neurodegenerative diseases. These studies led to the identification of several factors that alter the production and/or clearance of these proteins, including age, sleep and disease-causing genetic mutations. SILK studies have also been used to measure Aβ turnover in blood and within brain tissue. SILK studies offer the potential to elucidate the mechanisms underlying various neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, including neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction, and to demonstrate target engagement of novel disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Department of Neurology, Memory Research and Resources Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Campus Universitaire du Triolet, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1163, Institut de Médecine Régénérative, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Brendan P Lucey
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas R Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire A Leckey
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- Department of Neurology, Memory Research and Resources Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Campus Universitaire du Triolet, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1163, Institut de Médecine Régénérative, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Memory Research and Resources Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Campus Universitaire du Triolet, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1163, Institut de Médecine Régénérative, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tim West
- C2N Diagnostics, Center for Emerging Technologies, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- C2N Diagnostics, Center for Emerging Technologies, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donald L Elbert
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Baumann AA, Mutabazi V, Brown AL, Hooley C, Reeds D, Ingabire C, Ndahindwa V, Nishimwe A, Cade WT, de Las Fuentes L, Proctor EK, Karengera S, Schecthman KB, Goss CW, Yarasheski K, Newsome B, Mutimura E, Davila-Roman VG. Dissemination and Implementation Program in Hypertension in Rwanda: Report on Initial Training and Evaluation. Glob Heart 2019; 14:135-141. [PMID: 31324367 PMCID: PMC6816501 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and in low- and middle-income countries, and hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for CVD. Although effective evidence-based interventions for control of HTN in high-income countries exist, implementation of these in low- and middle-income countries has been challenging due to limited capacity and infrastructure for late-phase translational research. In Rwanda, the 2015 STEPS NCD (STEPwise Approach to Surveillance of Noncommunicable Diseases) risk survey reported an overall prevalence of HTN of 15% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.8 to 16.3) for those ages 15 to 64 years; prevalence increased with increasing age to 39% (95% CI: 35.7 to 43.1) for those ages 55 to 64 years; CVD was the third most common cause of mortality (7%). Suboptimal infrastructure and capacity in Rwanda hinders research and community knowledge for HTN control. OBJECTIVES To address the issue of suboptimal capacity to implement evidence-based interventions in HTN, this project was designed with the following objectives: 1) to develop a regional needs assessment of infrastructure for dissemination and implementation (D & I) strategies for HTN-CVD control; 2) to develop HTN-CVD research capacity through creation of countrywide resources such as core research facilities and training in the fields of HTN-CVD, D & I, and biostatistics; and 3) to engage and train multiple stakeholders in D & I and HTN-CVD evidence-based interventions. METHODS A weeklong training program in HTN-CVD, biostatistics, and D & I was conducted in Rwanda in August 2018, and pre- and post-D & I training competency questionnaires were administered. RESULTS Questionnaire results show a statistically significant increase in D & I knowledge and skills as a result of training (full scale pre- to post-test scores: 2.12 ± 0.78 vs. 3.94 ± 0.42; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Using principles of community engagement and train-the-trainer methods, we will continue to adapt guidelines and treatments for HTN-CVD developed in high-income countries to the context of Rwanda with the goal of establishing a sustainable platform to address the burden of disease from HTN-CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baumann
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Angela L Brown
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cole Hooley
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dominic Reeds
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cecile Ingabire
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Vedaste Ndahindwa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Aurore Nishimwe
- School of Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - W Todd Cade
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lisa de Las Fuentes
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Divisions of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Enola K Proctor
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Karengera
- Regional Alliance for Sustainable Development, Kigali, Rwanda; EAC RCE-VIHSCM, College of Medicine and Heath Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kenneth B Schecthman
- Divisions of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles W Goss
- Divisions of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Brad Newsome
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugene Mutimura
- Regional Alliance for Sustainable Development, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Victor G Davila-Roman
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Mapira HT, Tumusiime DK, Yarasheski K, Rujeni N, Cade TW, Mutimura E. Strategy to improve the burden of gestational diabetes in African women: Rwandan perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4314/rj.v4i1.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Patterson BW, Elbert DL, Mawuenyega KG, Kasten T, Ovod V, Ma S, Xiong C, Chott R, Yarasheski K, Sigurdson W, Zhang L, Goate A, Benzinger T, Morris JC, Holtzman D, Bateman RJ. Age and amyloid effects on human central nervous system amyloid-beta kinetics. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:439-53. [PMID: 26040676 PMCID: PMC4546566 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age is the single greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the incidence doubling every 5 years after age 65. However, our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between increasing age and the risk for AD is currently limited. We therefore sought to determine the relationship between age, amyloidosis, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) kinetics in the central nervous system (CNS) of humans. METHODS Aβ kinetics were analyzed in 112 participants and compared to the ages of participants and the amount of amyloid deposition. RESULTS We found a highly significant correlation between increasing age and slowed Aβ turnover rates (2.5-fold longer half-life over five decades of age). In addition, we found independent effects on Aβ42 kinetics specifically in participants with amyloid deposition. Amyloidosis was associated with a higher (>50%) irreversible loss of soluble Aβ42 and a 10-fold higher Aβ42 reversible exchange rate. INTERPRETATION These findings reveal a mechanistic link between human aging and the risk of amyloidosis, which may be owing to a dramatic slowing of Aβ turnover, increasing the likelihood of protein misfolding that leads to deposition. Alterations in Aβ kinetics associated with aging and amyloidosis suggest opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. More generally, this study provides an example of how changes in protein turnover kinetics can be used to detect physiological and pathophysiological changes and may be applicable to other proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Donald L Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tom Kasten
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shengmei Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert Chott
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lily Zhang
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Sheline YI, West T, Yarasheski K, Jasielec MS, Hettinger JC, Tripoli DL, Xiong C, Frederiksen C, Grzelak MV, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Lee JM, Cirrito JR. Reply to comment on "An antidepressant decreases CSF Aβ production in healthy individuals and in transgenic AD mice". Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:268lr4. [PMID: 25540323 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette I Sheline
- Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tim West
- C2N Diagnostics LLC, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mateusz S Jasielec
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jane C Hettinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Danielle L Tripoli
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Monica V Grzelak
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sheline YI, West T, Yarasheski K, Swarm R, Jasielec MS, Fisher JR, Ficker WD, Yan P, Xiong C, Frederiksen C, Grzelak MV, Chott R, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Mintun MA, Lee JM, Cirrito JR. An antidepressant decreases CSF Aβ production in healthy individuals and in transgenic AD mice. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:236re4. [PMID: 24828079 PMCID: PMC4269372 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin signaling suppresses generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in vitro and in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We show that in an aged transgenic AD mouse model (APP/PS1 plaque-bearing mice), the antidepressant citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, decreased Aβ in brain interstitial fluid in a dose-dependent manner. Growth of individual amyloid plaques was assessed in plaque-bearing mice that were chronically administered citalopram. Citalopram arrested the growth of preexisting plaques and reduced the appearance of new plaques by 78%. In healthy human volunteers, citalopram's effects on Aβ production and Aβ concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured prospectively using stable isotope labeling kinetics, with CSF sampling during acute dosing of citalopram. Aβ production in CSF was slowed by 37% in the citalopram group compared to placebo. This change was associated with a 38% decrease in total CSF Aβ concentrations in the drug-treated group. The ability to safely decrease Aβ concentrations is potentially important as a preventive strategy for AD. This study demonstrates key target engagement for future AD prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette I Sheline
- Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia , PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tim West
- C2N Diagnostics LLC, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Swarm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mateusz S Jasielec
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan R Fisher
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Whitney D Ficker
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Monica V Grzelak
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Chott
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark A Mintun
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Dobrowolska J, Michener M, Wu G, Patterson B, Chott R, Ovod V, Pyatkivskyy Y, Wildsmith K, Kasten T, Mathers P, Dancho M, Lennox C, Smith B, Gilberto D, McLoughlin D, Holder D, Stamford A, Yarasheski K, Kennedy M, Savage M, Bateman R. O1–11–02: Kinetics of CNS APP metabolites in the presence of a BACE1 inhibitor in a non‐human primate model. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Michener
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Bruce Patterson
- Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri United States
| | - Robert Chott
- Washington University, St. Louis St. Louis Missouri United States
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- Washington University, St. Louis St. Louis Missouri United States
| | | | | | - Tom Kasten
- Washington University, St. Louis St. Louis Missouri United States
| | - Parker Mathers
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Mandy Dancho
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Christina Lennox
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Brad Smith
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - David Gilberto
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Debra McLoughlin
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Dan Holder
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Andrew Stamford
- Merck Research Laboratories Kenilworth New Jersey United States
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Washington University, St. Louis St. Louis Missouri United States
| | - Matthew Kennedy
- Merck Research Laboratories Kenilworth New Jersey United States
| | - Mary Savage
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point Pennsylvania United States
| | - Randall Bateman
- Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri United States
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10
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Sheline Y, West T, Yarasheski K, Regina K, Swarm R, Kharasch E, Cirrito J, Frederiksen C, Chott R. P4–067: Citalopram decreases acute CSF beta‐amyloid concentration in young, healthy study participants. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Sheline
- Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri United States
| | - Tim West
- C2N Diagnostics Saint Louis Missouri United States
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri United States
| | - Karen Regina
- Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri United States
| | - Robert Swarm
- Washington University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri United States
| | - Evan Kharasch
- Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri United States
| | - John Cirrito
- Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri United States
| | | | - Robert Chott
- Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri United States
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11
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Asombang AW, Kayamba V, Mwanza-Lisulo M, Colditz G, Mudenda V, Yarasheski K, Chott R, Rubin DC, Gyawali CP, Sinkala E, Mwanamakondo S, Anderson-Spearie C, Kelly P. Gastric cancer in Zambian adults: a prospective case-control study that assessed dietary intake and antioxidant status by using urinary isoprostane excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1029-35. [PMID: 23535107 PMCID: PMC3628375 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is increasingly recognized in Zambia. Although nutritional factors contribute to gastric cancer risk, their effect in Zambia is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the association between intake of dietary antioxidants, urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-iso PGF2α) as a marker of oxidative stress, and gastric cancer. DESIGN This was a case-control study at the University Teaching Hospital in Zambia. Gastric cancer cases were compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Urine 8-iso PGF2α was measured primarily by ELISA, and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a subset, expressed as a ratio to creatinine. Blood was collected for Helicobacter pylori, HIV serology, gastrin-17, and pepsinogen 1 and 2 concentrations. Clinical and dietary data were collected by using questionnaires. Food items were broadly classified into 7 major categories (fruit, vegetables, fish, meat, insects, cereals, and starches). RESULTS Fifty cases with gastric cancer (mean age: 61 y; n = 31 males) and 90 controls (mean age: 54 y; n = 41 males) were enrolled. Median urinary 8-iso PGF2α excretion was higher in cases (0.014; IQR: 0.008-0.021) than in controls (0.011; IQR: 0.006-0.018; P = 0.039). On univariate analysis, habitual fruit intake was lower in cases than in controls during the dry season (P = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, smoking (OR: 7.22; IQR: 1.38-37.9) and gastric atrophy (OR: 2.43; IQR: 1.12-5.13) were independently associated with cancer, and higher fruit intake was protective (OR: 0.44; IQR: 0.20-0.95). Isoprostane excretion was inversely correlated with total fruit intake (ρ = -0.23; n = 140; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Urinary 8-iso PGF2α excretion was associated with the risk of gastric cancer, as were smoking and gastric atrophy, but increased fruit intake conferred protection. This trial was registered at www.pactr.org as ISRCTN52971746.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akwi W Asombang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zambia School of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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12
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Louis E, Campbell W, Krishnan R, Yarasheski K, Evans W, Kirwan J. Impaired Leucine Oxidation During Hyperglycemia After Eccentric Exercise in Older Men. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1064.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Louis
- PathobiologyCleveland Clinic Lerner Research InstituteClevelandOH
- Department of NutritionCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | - Wayne Campbell
- Department of Food and NutritionPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - Raj Krishnan
- Department of KinesiologyPennsylvania State University Noll LaboratoryUniversity ParkPA
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Department of MedicineWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO
| | - William Evans
- Muscle MetabolismGlaxoSmithKlineResearch Triangle ParkNC
| | - John Kirwan
- PathobiologyCleveland Clinic Lerner Research InstituteClevelandOH
- Department of NutritionCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
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13
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Sattler F, Bhasin S, He J, Chou CP, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Yarasheski K, Binder E, Schroeder ET, Kawakubo M, Zhang A, Roubenoff R, Azen S. Testosterone threshold levels and lean tissue mass targets needed to enhance skeletal muscle strength and function: the HORMA trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 66:122-9. [PMID: 21059836 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the HORMA (Hormonal Regulators of Muscle and Metabolism in Aging) Trial, supplemental testosterone and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) enhanced lean body mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, muscle performance, and physical function, but there was substantial interindividual variability in outcomes. METHODS One hundred and twelve men aged 65-90 years received testosterone gel (5 g/d vs 10 g/d via Leydig cell clamp) and rhGH (0 vs 3 vs 5 μg/kg/d) in a double-masked 2 × 3 factorial design for 16 weeks. Outcomes included lean tissue mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, one-repetition maximum strength, Margaria stair power, and activity questionnaires. We used pathway analysis to determine the relationship between changes in hormone levels, muscle mass, strength, and function. RESULTS Increases in total testosterone of 1046 ng/dL (95% confidence interval = 1040-1051) and 898 ng/dL (95% confidence interval = 892-904) were necessary to achieve median increases in lean body mass of 1.5 kg and appendicular skeletal muscle mass of 0.8 kg, respectively, which were required to significantly enhance one-repetition maximum strength (≥ 30%). Co-treatment with rhGH lowered the testosterone levels (quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) necessary to reach these lean mass thresholds. Changes in one-repetition maximum strength were associated with increases in stair climbing power (r = .26, p = .01). Pathway analysis supported the model that changes in testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are related to changes in lean body mass needed to enhance muscle performance and physical function. Testosterone's effects on physical activity were mediated through a different pathway because testosterone directly affected Physical Activity Score of the Elderly. CONCLUSIONS To enhance muscle strength and physical function, threshold improvements in lean body mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass are necessary and these can be achieved by targeting changes in testosterone levels. rhGH augments the effects of testosterone. To maximize functional improvements, the doses of anabolic hormones should be titrated to achieve target blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Sattler
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2020 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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14
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Bhasin S, He EJ, Kawakubo M, Schroeder ET, Yarasheski K, Opiteck GJ, Reicin A, Chen F, Lam R, Tsou JA, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, Azen SP, Sattler FR. N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen as a biomarker of anabolic response to recombinant human GH and testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4224-33. [PMID: 19837911 PMCID: PMC2775648 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biomarkers that predict musculoskeletal response to anabolic therapies should expedite drug development. During collagen synthesis in soft lean tissue, N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (P3NP) is released into circulation. We investigated P3NP as a biomarker of lean body mass (LBM) and muscle strength gains in response to testosterone and GH. DESIGN Community-dwelling older men received GnRH agonist plus 5 or 10 g testosterone gel plus 0, 3, or 5 microg recombinant human GH daily. P3NP levels were measured at baseline and wk 4, 8, 12, and 16. LBM and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS One hundred twelve men completed treatment; 106 underwent serum P3NP measurements. P3NP levels were higher at wk 4 than baseline (6.61 +/- 2.14 vs. 4.51 +/- 1.05, P < 0.0001) and reached plateau by wk 4 in men receiving testosterone alone. However, wk 8 P3NP levels were higher than wk 4 levels in men receiving testosterone plus recombinant human GH. Increases in P3NP from baseline to wk 4 and 16 were significantly associated with gains in LBM (r = 0.26, P = 0.007; r = 0.53, P < 0.001) and ASM (r = 0.17, P = 0.07; r = 0.40, P < 0.0001). Importantly, for participants receiving only testosterone, P3NP increases at wk 4 and 16 were related to muscle strength gains (r = 0.20, P = 0.056 and r = 0.36, P = 0.04). In stepwise regression, change in P3NP explained 28 and 30% of the change in ASM and LBM, respectively, whereas change in testosterone but not IGF-I and age provided only small improvements in the models. CONCLUSION Early changes in serum P3NP levels are associated with subsequent changes in LBM and ASM during testosterone and GH administration. Serum P3NP may be a useful early predictive biomarker of anabolic response to GH and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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15
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Tebas P, Zhang J, Hafner R, Tashima K, Shevitz A, Yarasheski K, Berzins B, Owens S, Forand J, Evans S, Murphy R. Peripheral and visceral fat changes following a treatment switch to a non-thymidine analogue or a nucleoside-sparing regimen in HIV-infected subjects with peripheral lipoatrophy: results of ACTG A5110. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:998-1005. [PMID: 19299471 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Switching a thymidine analogue to a non-thymidine analogue or changing to a nucleoside-sparing regimen has been shown to partially reverse peripheral lipoatrophy. The current study evaluated both approaches. METHODS Subjects at 15 AIDS Clinical Trial Group sites receiving thymidine analogue stavudine- or zidovudine-containing regimens with plasma HIV RNA < or =500 copies/mL and lipoatrophy were prospectively randomized to: (i) switch the thymidine analogue to abacavir; (ii) discontinue all antiretrovirals and switch to lopinavir/ritonavir plus nevirapine (LPV/r+NVP); or (iii) delay switching for 24 weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00028314). Single-slice computer tomography of mid-thigh and abdominal fat and metabolic and virological/immunological parameters were measured at baseline and weeks 24 and 48. RESULTS Among the 101 patients enrolled, there were significant subcutaneous thigh fat and subcutaneous abdominal tissue (SAT) increases over time and decreases in visceral adipose tissue to total adipose tissue (VAT:TAT) ratios for both interventions, and a decrease in VAT for abacavir. CD4 increased in the LPV/r+NVP arm. LPV/r+NVP had a significantly shorter time to grade 3 or higher toxicity (P = 0.007), but discontinuation rates were similar. Glucose levels did not change, but insulin decreased in the LPV/r+NVP arm. Lipids tended to increase in the LPV/r+NVP arm. CONCLUSIONS Switching stavudine or zidovudine to a non-thymidine analogue or changing to a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-sparing regimen is associated with qualitatively similar improvements in thigh fat, SAT and VAT:TAT ratio at 48 weeks. Abacavir also resulted in VAT reductions and LPV/r+NVP resulted in CD4 count increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tebas
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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16
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Flint OP, Noor MA, Hruz PW, Hylemon PB, Yarasheski K, Kotler DP, Parker RA, Bellamine A. The role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:65-77. [PMID: 19171928 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308327119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic complications associated with HIV infection and treatment frequently present as a relative lack of peripheral adipose tissue associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In this review we explain the connection between abnormalities of intermediary metabolism, observed either in vitro or in vivo, and this group of metabolic effects. We review molecular mechanisms by which the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) class of drugs may affect the normal stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose and fat storage. We then propose that both chronic inflammation from HIV infection and treatment with some drugs in this class trigger cellular homeostatic stress responses with adverse effects on intermediary metabolism. The physiologic outcome is such that total adipocyte storage capacity is decreased, and the remaining adipocytes resist further fat storage. The excess circulating and dietary lipid metabolites, normally "absorbed" by adipose tissue, are deposited ectopically in lean (muscle and liver) tissue, where they impair insulin action. This process leads to a pathologic cycle of lipotoxicity and lipoatrophy and a clinical phenotype of body fat distribution with elevated waist-to-hip ratio similar to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Flint
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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17
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Dieli-Conwright CM, Schroeder ET, Wang Y, Binder E, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Yarasheski K, Bhasin S, Azen SP, Sattler FR. Muscle Quality Following Testosterone And/or Growth Hormone Administration in Older Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322993.96606.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Schroeder ET, Castaneda‐Sceppa C, Binder E, Wang Y, Kawakubo M, Yarasheski K, Bhasin S, Azen SP, Sattler FR. Hormonal Regulators of Muscle and Metabolism in Aging (HORMA) study: body composition and performance outcomes. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1188.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Tebas P, Zhang J, Yarasheski K, Evans S, Fischl MA, Shevitz A, Feinberg J, Collier AC, Shikuma C, Brizz B, Sattler F. Switching to a protease inhibitor-containing, nucleoside-sparing regimen (lopinavir/ritonavir plus efavirenz) increases limb fat but raises serum lipid levels: results of a prospective randomized trial (AIDS clinical trial group 5125s). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:193-200. [PMID: 17527093 PMCID: PMC4441526 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318042e204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous limb fat loss continues to be one the most troubling side effects of long-term antiretroviral regimens. Nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors (PIs) have been linked to the development of this complication. METHODS We evaluated the effects of nucleoside-sparing and PI-sparing regimens on fat distribution, bone mineral density, and metabolic parameters in 62 subjects, who were not selected for lipoatrophy, with advanced HIV (nadir CD4 count <or=200 cells/mm or HIV RNA level >or=80,000 copies/mL) and an undetectable HIV viral load. Participants were randomized to switch their initial successful antiretroviral regimen to open-label lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) at a dose of 533/133 mg twice a day and efavirenz (EFV) at a dose of 600 mg/d (the nucleoside-sparing arm) versus EFV and 2 nucleoside analogues (the PI-sparing arm). FINDINGS At week 48, the median change in limb fat in the nucleoside-sparing arm was 562 g (6%, interquartile range [IQR]: -218-1186 g) versus a loss of -242 g (-4%, IQR: -539-452 g) in the nucleoside-containing PI-sparing arm (P = 0.086). At the time of last observation (median = 102 weeks, IQR: 73-152 weeks), a median gain of 782 g (10%, IQR: -380-1168 g) of limb fat was noted in the nonnucleoside arm (n = 22) versus a loss of 850 g (-15%, IQR: -1270 to -526 g) in the nucleoside-containing arm (n = 25; P = 0.002). INTERPRETATION The switch to a nucleoside-sparing combination antiretroviral regimen (LPV/r + EFV) was associated with significant improvement in limb fat. These results provide additional evidence that nucleoside analogues are important in the progressive limb fat loss that characterizes antiretroviral treatment and that switching medications can significantly improve this complication. This option has to be carefully balanced with the potential to increase serum lipid levels and the trend to increase virologic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tebas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Mondy K, Overton ET, Grubb J, Tong S, Seyfried W, Powderly W, Yarasheski K. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients from an urban, midwestern US outpatient population. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:726-34. [PMID: 17278068 PMCID: PMC3170426 DOI: 10.1086/511679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease remains unclear. METHODS We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study of the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease among patients from an urban outpatient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic. Evaluation included laboratory data that were obtained after an overnight fast and a health survey that assessed traditional risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, HIV-related factors, and comorbidities. Data collected were compared with data files from a cohort from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2001-2002) of persons who were seronegative for HIV infection who were matched for age, sex, race, and tobacco use. RESULTS Four hundred seventy-one HIV-infected subjects provided complete data. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar between the group HIV-infected patients and the group of persons who were seronegative for HIV infection (25.5% vs. 26.5%, respectively), although the HIV-infected patients had a significantly smaller waist circumference, lower body mass index, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, higher triglyceride levels, and lower glucose levels, compared with the subjects from the NHANES cohort. Framingham 10-year risk scores were also similar between the 2 groups. HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome were more likely to be diabetic, older, and white and have a high CD4 cell count and body mass index, compared with patients without metabolic syndrome (P<.05 for all). The type or duration of antiretroviral therapy was not an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high among HIV-infected persons, but not higher than the prevalence among HIV-uninfected persons. Traditional risk factors play a more significant role in the development of metabolic syndrome than do HIV treatment-associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Mondy
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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21
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Bateman RJ, Munsell L, Morris JC, Yarasheski K, Holtzman DM. P2–143: Quantitation of in vivo amyloid–beta synthesis and clearance rates in humans using stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Guo Z, Yarasheski K, Jensen MD. High-precision isotopic analysis of palmitoylcarnitine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:3361-6. [PMID: 17044121 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Single quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been widely used for isotopic analysis in metabolic investigations using stable isotopes as tracers. However, its inherent shortcomings prohibit it from broader use, including low isotopic precision and the need for chemical derivatization of the analyte. In order to improve isotopic detection power, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-itMS2) has been evaluated for its isotopic precision and chemical sensitivity for the analysis of [13C]palmitoylcarnitine. Over the enrichment range of 0.4-10 MPE (molar % excess), the isotopic response of LC/ESI-itMS2 to [13C]palmitoylcarnitine was linear (r = 1.00) and the average isotopic precision (standard deviation, SD) was 0.11 MPE with an average coefficient of variation (CV) of 5.6%. At the lower end of isotopic enrichments (0.4-0.9 MPE), the isotopic precision was 0.05 MPE (CV = 8%). Routine analysis of rat skeletal muscle [13C4]palmitoylcarnitine demonstrated an isotopic precision of 0.03 MPE for gastrocnemius (n = 16) and of 0.02 MPE for tibialis anterior (n = 16). The high precision enabled the detection of a small (0.08 MPE) but significant (P = 0.01) difference in [13C4]palmitoylcarnitine enrichments between the two muscles, 0.51 MPE (CV = 5.8%) and 0.43 MPE (CV = 4.6%), respectively. Therefore, the system demonstrated an isotopic lower detection limit (LDL) of < or =0.1 MPE (2 x SD) that has been impossible previously with other organic mass spectrometry instruments. LC/ESI-itMS2 systems have the potential to advance metabolic investigations using stable isotopes to a new level by significantly increasing the isotopic solving power.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZengKui Guo
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Tebas P, Yarasheski K, Henry K, Claxton S, Kane E, Bordenave B, Klebert M, Powderly WG. Evaluation of the virological and metabolic effects of switching protease inhibitor combination antiretroviral therapy to nevirapine-based therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:589-94. [PMID: 15242534 DOI: 10.1089/0889222041217374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of indisputable benefits, the use of antiretroviral therapy is associated with multiple metabolic complications. Switching to simpler regimens might maintain viral suppression, improve metabolic side effects, and provide insight into the pathogenesis of these complications. Our objective was to carefully characterize the virological and metabolic effects of switching from a successful protease inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral regimen to a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen with nevirapine (NVP). Forty patients, taking their first successful (less than 40 HIV RNA copies/ml) PI-based regimen, switched their PI to NVP. If patients did not tolerate NVP, substitution with efavirenz was allowed. The duration of the study was 48 weeks. At 12 weeks intervals subjects had multiple virological and metabolic parameters including glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, proinsulin, blood lipids, and lipoproteins. A subgroup of 18 patients also had body composition evaluations with DEXA scans and MRIs of the abdomen and the thighs as well as insulin tolerance tests. Ninety-five percent of the patients maintained viral suppression (95% CI 88-100%); only one patient failed and another developed hepatitis. There were improvements in glucose (decreased fasting glucose, insulin, and improved insulin tolerance) and lipid metabolism (decreased triglycerides and increased HDL), but no changes in body composition and bone mineral density. Our study supports a pathogenic role for PIs in the development of hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, but a more limited role in the fat redistribution syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tebas
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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24
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Mondy K, Yarasheski K, Powderly WG, Whyte M, Claxton S, DeMarco D, Hoffmann M, Tebas P. Longitudinal evolution of bone mineral density and bone markers in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:482-90. [PMID: 12567307 DOI: 10.1086/367569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2002] [Accepted: 10/02/2002] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of several bone disorders in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons and any relation to antiretroviral therapy have yet to be defined. A longitudinal study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of osteopenia or osteoporosis in HIV-infected persons; to assess bone mineralization, metabolism, and histomorphometry over time; and to evaluate predisposing factors. A total of 128 patients enrolled the study, and 93 were observed for 72 weeks. "Classic" risk factors (low body mass index, history of weight loss, steroid use, and smoking) for low bone mineral density (BMD) and duration of HIV infection were strongly associated with osteopenia. There was a weak association between low BMD and receipt of treatment with protease inhibitors; this association disappeared after controlling for the above factors. Markers of bone turnover tended to be elevated in the whole cohort but were not associated with low BMD. BMD increased slightly during follow-up. Traditional risk factors and advanced HIV infection play a more significant pathogenic role in the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis associated with HIV infection than do treatment-associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Mondy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Tebas P, Powderly W, Yarasheski K. Response to 'Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy' by Drs Weil and Lenhard. AIDS 2000; 14:2417. [PMID: 11089638 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200010200-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hsu FF, Bohrer A, Wohltmann M, Ramanadham S, Ma Z, Yarasheski K, Turk J. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analyses of changes in tissue phospholipid molecular species during the evolution of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Lipids 2000; 35:839-54. [PMID: 10984107 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat is a genetic model of type II diabetes mellitus in which males homozygous for nonfunctional leptin receptors (fa/fa) develop obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia, but rats homozygous for normal receptors (+/+) remain lean and normoglycemic. Insulin resistance develops in young fa/fa rats and is followed by evolution of an insulin secretory defect that triggers hyperglycemia. Because insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity are affected by membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, we have determined whether metabolic abnormalities in fa/fa rats are associated with changes in tissue phospholipids. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analyses of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) molecular species from tissues of prediabetic (6 wk of age) and overtly diabetic (12 wk) fa/fa rats and from +/+ rats of the same ages indicate that arachidonate-containing species from heart, aorta, and liver of prediabetic fa/fa rats made a smaller contribution to GPC total ion current than was the case for +/+ rats. There was a correspondingly larger contribution from species with sn-2 oleate or linoleate substituents in fa/fa heart and aorta. The relative contributions of arachidonate-containing GPC species increased in these tissues as fa/fa rats aged and were equal to or greater than those for +/+ rats by 12 wk. For heart and aorta, relative contributions from GPE species with sn-2 arachidonate or docosahexaenoate substituents to the total ion current increased and those from species with sn-2 oleate or linoleate substituents fell as fa/fa rats aged, but these tissue lipid profiles changed little with age in +/+ rats. GPC and GPE profiles for brain, kidney, sciatic nerve, and red blood cells were similar among fa/fa and +/+ rats at 6 and 12 wk of age, and pancreatic islets from fa/fa and +/+ rats exhibited similar GPC and GPE profiles at 12 wk of age. Under-representation of arachidonate-containing GPC and GPE species in some fa/fa rat tissues at 6 wk could contribute to insulin resistance, but depletion of islet arachidonate-containing GPC and GPE species is unlikely to explain the evolution of the insulin secretory defect that is well-developed by 12 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Hsu
- Medicine Department Mass Spectrometry Facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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27
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Caumo A, Vicini P, Zachwieja JJ, Avogaro A, Yarasheski K, Bier DM, Cobelli C. Undermodeling affects minimal model indexes: insights from a two-compartment model. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:E1171-93. [PMID: 10362630 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.6.e1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The classic (hereafter cold) and the labeled (hereafter hot) minimal models are powerful tools to investigate glucose metabolism. The cold model provides, from intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) data, indexes of glucose effectiveness (SG) and insulin sensitivity (SI) that measure the effect of glucose and insulin, respectively, to enhance glucose disappearance and inhibit endogenous glucose production. The hot model provides, from hot IVGTT data, indexes of glucose effectiveness (SG*) and insulin sensitivity (SI*) that, respectively, measure the effects of glucose and insulin on glucose disappearance only. Recent reports call for a reexamination of some of the assumptions of the minimal models. We have previously pointed out the criticality of the single-compartment description of glucose kinetics on which both the minimal models are founded. In this paper we evaluate the impact of single-compartment undermodeling on SG, SI*, and by using a two-compartment model to describe the glucose system. The relationships of the minimal model indexes to the analogous indexes measured with the glucose clamp technique are also examined. Theoretical analysis and simulation studies indicate that cold indexes are more affected than hot indexes by undermodeling. In particular, care must be exercised in the physiological interpretation of SG, because this index is a local descriptor of events taking place in the initial portion of the IVGTT. As a consequence, SG not only reflects glucose effect on glucose uptake and production but also the rapid exchange of glucose between the accessible and nonaccessible glucose pools that occurs in the early part of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caumo
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20100 Milan, Italy
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Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Taylor WE, Yarasheski K, Sinha-Hikim I, Ma K, Ezzat S, Shen R, Lalani R, Asa S, Mamita M, Nair G, Arver S, Bhasin S. Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14938-43. [PMID: 9843994 PMCID: PMC24554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/1998] [Accepted: 10/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is a genetic determinant of skeletal muscle growth. Mice and cattle with inactivating mutations of myostatin have marked muscle hypertrophy. However, it is not known whether myostatin regulates skeletal muscle growth in adult men and whether increased myostatin expression contributes to wasting in chronic illness. We examined the hypothesis that myostatin expression correlates inversely with fat-free mass in humans and that increased expression of the myostatin gene is associated with weight loss in men with AIDS wasting syndrome. We therefore cloned the human myostatin gene and cDNA and examined the gene's expression in the skeletal muscle and serum of healthy and HIV-infected men. The myostatin gene comprises three exons and two introns, maps to chromosomal region 2q33.2, has three putative transcription initiation sites, and is transcribed as a 3.1-kb mRNA species that encodes a 375-aa precursor protein. Myostatin is expressed uniquely in the human skeletal muscle as a 26-kDa mature glycoprotein (myostatin-immunoreactive protein) and secreted into the plasma. Myostatin immunoreactivity is detectable in human skeletal muscle in both type 1 and 2 fibers. The serum and intramuscular concentrations of myostatin-immunoreactive protein are increased in HIV-infected men with weight loss compared with healthy men and correlate inversely with fat-free mass index. These data support the hypothesis that myostatin is an attenuator of skeletal muscle growth in adult men and contributes to muscle wasting in HIV-infected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Gonzalez-Cadavid
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
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Crowley JR, Yarasheski K, Leeuwenburgh C, Turk J, Heinecke JW. Isotope dilution mass spectrometric quantification of 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins and tissues is facilitated by reduction to 3-aminotyrosine. Anal Biochem 1998; 259:127-35. [PMID: 9606153 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage by reactive nitrogen species has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms of tissue damage are poorly understood, however, because the toxic intermediates are short-lived. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that 3-nitrotyrosine represents a specific marker of protein oxidation by reactive nitrogen species. The detection of this nitrated aromatic amino acid may thus serve as an indicator of tissue injury by nitrogen species in vivo. Here we describe a highly sensitive and specific analytical method for quantifying free and protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine. The assay involves acid hydrolysis of proteins, isolation of 3-nitrotyrosine by ion exchange chromatography, and reduction of 3-nitrotyrosine to 3-aminotyrosine with dithionite. The reduced amino acid is then converted to its n-propyl, per-heptafluorobutyryl derivative and quantified by isotope dilution gas chromatography negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Attomole levels of 3-nitrotyrosine can be reproducibly measured in this manner. Quantifying 3-nitrotyrosine levels of tissues by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry should provide a powerful tool for exploring the impact of reactive nitrogen species on oxidative reactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Crowley
- Division of Atherosclerosis, Nutrition and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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MacDougall JD, Gibala M, Tarnopolsky M, MacDonald J, Interisano S, Yarasheski K. THE TIME COURSE FOR ELEVATED MUSCLE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS FOLLOWING HEAVY RESISTANCE EXERCISE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199505001-00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Evans WJ, Campbell WW, Wolfe R, Yarasheski K, Booth FW. PROTEIN METABOLISM AND EXERCISE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199505001-00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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