1
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Rodger G, Chau K, Aranega-Bou P, Roohi A, Moore G, Hopkins KL, Hopkins S, Walker AS, Stoesser N. A workflow for the detection of antibiotic residues, measurement of water chemistry and preservation of hospital sink drain samples for metagenomic sequencing. J Hosp Infect 2024; 144:128-136. [PMID: 38145816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital sinks are environmental reservoirs that harbour healthcare-associated (HCA) pathogens. Selective pressures in sink environments, such as antibiotic residues, nutrient waste and hardness ions, may promote antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) exchange between bacteria. However, cheap and accurate sampling methods to characterize these factors are lacking. AIMS To validate a workflow to detect antibiotic residues and evaluate water chemistry using dipsticks. Secondarily, to validate boric acid to preserve the taxonomic and ARG ('resistome') composition of sink trap samples for metagenomic sequencing. METHODS Antibiotic residue dipsticks were validated against serial dilutions of ampicillin, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, and water chemistry dipsticks against serial dilutions of chemical calibration standards. Sink trap aspirates were used for a 'real-world' pilot evaluation of dipsticks. To assess boric acid as a preservative of microbial diversity, the impact of incubation with and without boric acid at ∼22 °C on metagenomic sequencing outputs was evaluated at Day 2 and Day 5 compared with baseline (Day 0). FINDINGS The limits of detection for each antibiotic were: 3 μg/L (ampicillin), 10 μg/L (doxycycline), 20 μg/L (sulfamethoxazole) and 8 μg/L (ciprofloxacin). The best performing water chemistry dipstick correctly characterized 34/40 (85%) standards in a concentration-dependent manner. One trap sample tested positive for the presence of tetracyclines and sulphonamides. Taxonomic and resistome composition were largely maintained after storage with boric acid at ∼22 °C for up to five days. CONCLUSIONS Dipsticks can be used to detect antibiotic residues and characterize water chemistry in sink trap samples. Boric acid was an effective preservative of trap sample composition, representing a low-cost alternative to cold-chain transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodger
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-associated Infection, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K Chau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-associated Infection, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Aranega-Bou
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - A Roohi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-associated Infection, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Moore
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - S Hopkins
- UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, UK
| | - A S Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-associated Infection, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - N Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-associated Infection, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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Alessi S, Merkling T, Girerd N, Boivin JM, Chau K, Lopez-Sublet M, Laville M, Zannad F, Rossignol P, Wagner S. Étude de trajectoires d’indice de masse corporelle et de tour de taille sur 18 ans et leur impact sur les marqueurs de la fonction et atteinte rénale dans la cohorte STANISLAS. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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3
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Guler GD, Ning Y, Ku CJ, Phillips T, McCarthy E, Ellison CK, Bergamaschi A, Collin F, Lloyd P, Scott A, Antoine M, Wang W, Chau K, Ashworth A, Quake SR, Levy S. Detection of early stage pancreatic cancer using 5-hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell free DNA. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5270. [PMID: 33077732 PMCID: PMC7572413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is often detected late, when curative therapies are no longer possible. Here, we present non-invasive detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) changes in circulating cell free DNA from a PDAC cohort (n = 64) in comparison with a non-cancer cohort (n = 243). Differential hydroxymethylation is found in thousands of genes, most significantly in genes related to pancreas development or function (GATA4, GATA6, PROX1, ONECUT1, MEIS2), and cancer pathogenesis (YAP1, TEAD1, PROX1, IGF1). cfDNA hydroxymethylome in PDAC cohort is differentially enriched for genes that are commonly de-regulated in PDAC tumors upon activation of KRAS and inactivation of TP53. Regularized regression models built using 5hmC densities in genes perform with AUC of 0.92 (discovery dataset, n = 79) and 0.92-0.94 (two independent test sets, n = 228). Furthermore, tissue-derived 5hmC features can be used to classify PDAC cfDNA (AUC = 0.88). These findings suggest that 5hmC changes enable classification of PDAC even during early stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfem D Guler
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Yuhong Ning
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Chin-Jen Ku
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Tierney Phillips
- Bluestar Genomics, 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Erin McCarthy
- Bluestar Genomics, 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Anna Bergamaschi
- Bluestar Genomics, 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Francois Collin
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Paul Lloyd
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Aaron Scott
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Michael Antoine
- Bluestar Genomics, 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Wendy Wang
- Bluestar Genomics, 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kim Chau
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Samuel Levy
- Bluestar Genomics, 185 Berry Street, Lobby 4, Suite 210, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
- Bluestar Genomics, 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 210, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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4
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Srivastava A, Chau K, Kwon H, Guo Q, Johnston BC. Early and frequent exposure to antibiotics in children and the risk of obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. F1000Res 2020; 9:711. [PMID: 32913641 PMCID: PMC7429923 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24553.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the available evidence on prenatal and early infancy antibiotic exposure and the association with overweight and obesity in later childhood. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science for observational studies assessing prenatal and early antibiotic exposure on the risk of overweight and obesity. We independently assessed the risk of bias using the ROBINS instrument and the overall quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. Results: Our search identified thirteen observational studies including 554,983 participants; most studies were at moderate risk of bias. We found a statistically significant impact of early antibiotic exposure and the risk of being overweight later in childhood (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.34) (very low quality evidence). We also found that early childhood antibiotic exposure was associated with the risk for childhood obesity (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.24) (very low quality evidence). Conclusions: Very low quality evidence suggests that exposure to antibiotics early in life may be associated with an increased risk of being overweight and obese in later childhood. However, very low quality evidence raises serious questions about the plausibility of prenatal and early infancy antibiotic exposure being causally related to weight in children. PROSPERO registration:
CRD42016050011 (14/12/2016)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Chau
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
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5
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Chau K, Xu B, Hennessy A, Makris A. Effect of Placental Growth Factor on Trophoblast-Endothelial Cell Interactions In Vitro. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1285-1292. [PMID: 32016802 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is an important angiogenic factor which has an emerging role in the clinical management of suspected preeclampsia. The role of PlGF in normal placental development is not completely understood and it is uncertain whether PlGF influences trophoblast and endothelial cell interactions central to uterine spiral artery remodelling, especially in variable oxygen conditions. A two-cell model of endovascular invasion was used. Tissue culture plates were coated with Matrigel™, on which fluorescent-labelled uterine microvascular endothelial cells (1 × 105/well) and HTR8/SVNeo cells were co-cultured (1 × 105/well) for 20 h. Co-cultures were treated with recombinant human PlGF (rhPlGF) (10 or 100 ng/mL) and incubated at either 21% O2 or 2% O2. Images were captured by fluorescence microscopy and analysed using ImageJ (n = 7). Data was analysed using SPSSv24. Treatment with rhPlGF did not improve integration in co-cultures irrespective of oxygen conditions but increased proliferation in 2% O2 of both trophoblast and endothelial cells. Expression of angiogenic factors VEGF, sFLT-1, PlGF and CXCL12 in both co-cultures and in isolated trophoblast cells was not altered by rhPlGF treatment. Expression of TLR-3 mRNA in co-cultures was increased by rhPlGF 100 ng/mL at 21% O2 (p = 0.03). PlGF contributes to trophoblast and endothelial cell proliferation in the setting of physiological hypoxia but does not influence trophoblast and endothelial cell interactions in an in vitro model of spiral artery remodelling. Upregulation of TLR-3 expression in co-cultures may indicate a role for PlGF in the placental inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chau
- Vascular Immunology Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia. .,Regional Dialysis Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, Australia.
| | - B Xu
- Vascular Immunology Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Hennessy
- Vascular Immunology Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Makris
- Vascular Immunology Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Renal Department, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia
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Collin F, Ning Y, Guler GD, Phillips T, McCarthy E, Scott A, Ellison C, Ku CJ, Chau K, Ashworth A, Quake SR, Levy S. Abstract 1372: Detection of early stage pancreatic cancer using 5–hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell free DNA. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic cancers are typically diagnosed at late stage where disease prognosis is poor as exemplified by a 5-year survival rate of 8.2%. Earlier diagnosis would be beneficial by enabling surgical resection or earlier application of therapeutic regimens. We investigated the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a non-invasive manner by interrogating changes in 5-hydroxymethylated cytosines (5hmC) in circulating cell free DNA in the plasma of a PDAC cohort (n=51) in comparison with a non-cancer cohort (n=41). 5hmC profiles from PDAC and non-cancer samples were generated using a previously published modified hMe-Seal protocol that utilizes chemical labeling of 5hmC by β-glucosyltransferase and allows detection of cell free 5hmC from small amounts of cfDNA (1). We found that 5hmC sites are enriched in a disease and stage specific manner in exons, 3’UTRs and transcription termination sites. Our data show that 5hmC density is reduced in promoters and histone H3K4me3 associated sites with progressive disease suggesting increased transcriptional activity. 5hmC density is differentially represented in thousands of genes, and a stringently filtered set of the most significant genes points to biology related to pancreas (GATA4, GATA6, PROX1, ONECUT1) and/or cancer development (YAP1, TEAD1, PROX1, ONECUT1, ONECUT2, IGF1 and IGF2). Regularized regression models were built using 5hmC densities in a comprehensive set of genes with the most variable 5hmC counts and performed with an AUC = 0.94 - 0.96 on training data. We tested the ability to classify PDAC and non-cancer samples with the Elastic net and Lasso models on three independent pancreatic cancer 5hmC data sets (n = 26, 23 and 7) compared with corresponding independent non-cancer cohorts (n =103, 53 and 10), and found validation performance to be AUC = 0.74 - 0.97. The findings suggest that 5hmC changes enable classification of PDAC patients with high fidelity and are worthy of further investigation on larger cohorts of patient samples. Reference: 1. Song, C. - X. et al. 5 - Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cell-free DNA provide information about tumor types and stages. Cell Res 27, 1231 (2017).
Citation Format: Francois Collin, Yuhong Ning, Gulfem D. Guler, Tierney Phillips, Erin McCarthy, Aaron Scott, Chris Ellison, Chin-Jen Ku, Kim Chau, Alan Ashworth, Stephen R. Quake, Samuel Levy. Detection of early stage pancreatic cancer using 5–hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell free DNA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1372.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Ashworth
- 2University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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7
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THEIVENDRAN T, Sharma A, Hennessy A, Chau K. MON-250 THE MANAGEMENT OF NEPHROTOXIC MEDICATIONS IN COLONOSCOPY. Kidney Int Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.05.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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8
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THEIVENDRAN T, Sharma A, Hennessy A, Chau K. SUN-180 THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY FOLLOWING INPATIENT COLONOSCOPY. Kidney Int Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.05.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Imber B, Chau K, Goldberg E, Joffe E, Yahalom J. GRADE 3A FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA CAN BE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED WITH VERY LOW DOSE RADIATION THERAPY. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.60_2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Imber
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York United States
| | - K. Chau
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York United States
| | - E. Goldberg
- School of Medicine; Mount Sinai; New York United States
| | - E. Joffe
- Lymphoma Service; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York United States
| | - J. Yahalom
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York United States
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Goldberg E, Imber B, Chau K, Joffe E, Yahalom J. Radiotherapy is an Effective Definitive Treatment for Limited Stage Grade 3A Follicular Lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Kang K, Hanson J, Chau K. The Temporospatial Epidemiology of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Far North Queensland (1997–2017). Heart Lung Circ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Chelius M, Chau K, Yang J, Yahalom J. Low Grade, Indolent Lymphomas of the Head and Neck: Comparative Toxicity of Standard Versus Very Low Dose Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Yang J, Chau K, Scordo M, Sauter C, Yahalom J. Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Large Cell Lymphoma Who Were Also Refractory to Salvage Chemotherapy: Outcome with Salvage Radiation Therapy Followed by Autologous Stem Cell Transplant. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.06.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Chau K, Yang J, Hajj C, Chelius M, Yahalom J. Response Rates of Nodal Versus Extranodal Follicular and Marginal Zone Lymphomas to Very Low Dose Radiation Therapy of Only 4 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Beckham T, Yang J, Chau K, Noy A, Yahalom J. Local Therapy in the Definitive Management of Castleman Disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Sung V, D'Amico F, Cabana MD, Chau K, Koren G, Savino F, Szajewska H, Deshpande G, Dupont C, Indrio F, Mentula S, Partty A, Tancredi D. Lactobacillus reuteri to Treat Infant Colic: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-1811. [PMID: 29279326 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 has shown promise in managing colic, but conflicting study results have prevented a consensus on whether it is truly effective. OBJECTIVE Through an individual participant data meta-analysis, we sought to definitively determine if L reuteri DSM17938 effectively reduces crying and/or fussing time in infants with colic and whether effects vary by feeding type. DATA SOURCES We searched online databases (PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Cochrane), e-abstracts, and clinical trial registries. STUDY SELECTION These were double-blind randomized controlled trials (published by June 2017) of L reuteri DSM17398 versus a placebo, delivered orally to infants with colic, with outcomes of infant crying and/or fussing duration and treatment success at 21 days. DATA EXTRACTION We collected individual participant raw data from included studies modeled simultaneously in multilevel generalized linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS Four double-blind trials involving 345 infants with colic (174 probiotic and 171 placebo) were included. The probiotic group averaged less crying and/or fussing time than the placebo group at all time points (day 21 adjusted mean difference in change from baseline [minutes] -25.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): -47.3 to -3.5]). The probiotic group was almost twice as likely as the placebo group to experience treatment success at all time points (day 21 adjusted incidence ratio 1.7 [95% CI: 1.4 to 2.2]). Intervention effects were dramatic in breastfed infants (number needed to treat for day 21 success 2.6 [95% CI: 2.0 to 3.6]) but were insignificant in formula-fed infants. LIMITATIONS There were insufficient data to make conclusions for formula-fed infants with colic. CONCLUSIONS L reuteri DSM17938 is effective and can be recommended for breastfed infants with colic. Its role in formula-fed infants with colic needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Sung
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, and the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Frank D'Amico
- Department of Mathematics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center St. Margaret's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Cabana
- Department of Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kim Chau
- University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon Koren
- University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Savino
- Ospendale Infantile Regina Margherita, Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Girish Deshpande
- Department of Neonatology, Nepean Hospital and Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christophe Dupont
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Paris Descartes University and Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Flavia Indrio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Silja Mentula
- Bacteriology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Partty
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Daniel Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California
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17
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Laird J, Ma J, Chau K, Chelius M, Bell A, Lok B, Yahalom J. Local Recurrence After Radiation Therapy for Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Risk Stratification by Site of Disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Ma J, Laird J, Chau K, Chelius M, Bell A, Zhang Z, Lok B, Yahalom J. LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS IN ADULTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HEMATOLOGIC AND SOLID MALIGNANCIES. Hematol Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2439_200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ma
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - J. Laird
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - K. Chau
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - M. Chelius
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - A.C. Bell
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - B.H. Lok
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
| | - J. Yahalom
- Radiation Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York USA
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Abstract
Equipoise is a fundamental ethical principle in the conduct of interventional trials comparing two or more treatment arms. This principle dictates that, at the time of planning and executing such trials, the researchers must have no compelling evidence that one arm is superior to the other arm(s). That means that it is unethical to involve patients in a study where one intervention is convincingly better than the other, as this would mean that a group of patients will receive an inferior option, which may endanger their health. While this principle may be straightforward at the beginning of a trial, there are numerous ways how it may be subsequently disrupted. Presently, most of the literature on equipoise deals with adult patients, with very little experience in children. This paper illustrates the principle of equipoise and the process of defining it. Because the majority of pediatric medications have not been studied adequately and are not labeled for pediatric use, it is often challenging to decide whether equipoise exists for a certain pharmacological treatment. Moreover, the equipoise may dynamically change during the conduct of a study, if new evidence from other studies becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Chau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Chau K, Lau E, Greenberg S, Jacobson S, Yazdani-Brojeni P, Verma N, Koren G. Probiotics for infantile colic: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. J Pediatr 2015; 166:74-8. [PMID: 25444531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the treatment of infantile colic in breastfed Canadian infants, compared with placebo. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted involving 52 infants with colic, according to modified Wessel criteria, who were assigned at random to receive L reuteri DSM 17938 (10(8) colony-forming units) (n = 24) or placebo (n = 28) for 21 days. Daily crying and fussing times were recorded in a structured diary, and maternal questionnaires were completed to monitor changes in infant colic symptoms and adverse events. RESULTS Total average crying and fussing times throughout the study (from baseline to day 21) were significantly shorter among infants with colic in the probiotic group compared with infants in the placebo group (1719 ± 750 minutes [29 ± 13 hours] vs 2195 ± 764 minutes [37 ± 13 hours]; P = .028) (relative risk, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.58-0.98). Infants given L reuteri DSM 17938 showed a significant reduction in daily crying and fussing times at the end of treatment period compared with those receiving placebo (median, 60 minutes/day [IQR, 64 minutes/day] vs 102 minutes/day [IQR, 87 minutes/day]; P = .045). On day 21, a significantly higher proportion of infants in the L reuteri DSM 17938 group responded to treatment with a ≥50% crying time reduction compared with infants given placebo (17 vs 6, P = .035; relative risk, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.55-7.03). CONCLUSION Administration of L reuteri DSM 17938 significantly improved colic symptoms by reducing crying and fussing times in breastfed Canadian infants with colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Chau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eddy Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, St Joseph's Health Care, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saul Greenberg
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Jacobson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parvaneh Yazdani-Brojeni
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Verma
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon Koren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Cocker R, Chau K, Gimenez C, Khalbuss WE. Role of FNA cytology with cell block in the diagnosis of papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero-digestive tract: case report. Cytopathology 2014; 26:390-1. [PMID: 25303677 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Cocker
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - K Chau
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - C Gimenez
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - W E Khalbuss
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Turek P, Burnett A, Sigman M, Perreault S, Cornwall G, Chau K, Smith J, Prins G, Trasler J, Walsh T, Lamb D. 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Andrology. Meeting summary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 30:e2-9. [PMID: 19269933 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.109.007872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chau K, Saraswati S. ASA 2008 Annual Meeting: summary of trainee affairs luncheon. J Androl 2009; 30:e2-e3. [PMID: 18974421 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.108.006718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
The epididymal lumen represents a unique extracellular environment because of the active sperm maturation process that takes place within its confines. Although much focus has been placed on the interaction of epididymal secretory proteins with spermatozoa in the lumen, very little is known regarding how the complex epididymal milieu as a whole is maintained, including mechanisms to prevent or control proteins that may not stay in their native folded state following secretion. Because some misfolded proteins can form cytotoxic aggregate structures known as amyloid, it is likely that control/surveillance mechanisms exist within the epididymis to protect against this process and allow sperm maturation to occur. To study protein aggregation and to identify extracellular quality control mechanisms in the epididymis, we used the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors, including cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic and cystatin C as molecular models because both proteins have inherent properties to aggregate and form amyloid. In this chapter, we present a brief summary of protein aggregation by the amyloid pathway based on what is known from other organ systems and describe quality control mechanisms that exist intracellularly to control protein misfolding and aggregation. We then present a summary of our studies of cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic (CRES) oligomerization within the epididymal lumen, including studies suggesting that transglutaminase cross-linking may be one mechanism of extracellular quality control within the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Cornwall
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Simpson SL, Burston VL, Jolley DF, Chau K. Application of surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments to a sediment ingesting bivalve. Chemosphere 2006; 65:2401-10. [PMID: 16777181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of two surrogate methods for rapidly determining the bioavailability of PAHs in hydrocarbon-contaminated marine sediments was assessed. Comparisons are made between the PAHs accumulated by the benthic bivalve, Tellina deltoidalis, and the extractable-PAHs determined using a 6-h XAD-2 resin desorption method and a 4-h gut fluid mimic (GFM) extraction method. There were significant positive relationships between PAH bioaccumulation by the bivalves and sediment PAH concentrations. These relationships were not improved by normalising the sediment PAH concentrations to the organic carbon concentration. The average percentage lipid content of the bivalves was 1.47+/-0.22% and BSAFs for total-PAHs ranged from 0.06 to 0.80 (kgOC/kg lipid). The XAD-2 and GFM methods both extracted varying amounts of PAHs from the sediments. Low concentrations of PAHs were extracted by the GFM method (0.2-3.6% of total-PAHs in sediments) and the GFM results were inadequate for generalising about the bioavailability of the PAHs in the sediments. The XAD-2 method extracted greater amounts of PAHs (3-34% of total-PAHs in sediments), however, the total-PAH concentrations in the sediments provided a better, or equally good, prediction of PAH bioaccumulation by T. deltoidalis. The results indicated that these methods required further development before they can be applied routinely as surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments. Future research should be directed towards lowering detection limits and obtaining comparative data for a greater range of sediment types, contaminant classes and concentrations, and organisms of different feeding guilds and with different gut chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Private Mailbag 7, Bangor, NSW 2234, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Different types of coils have been designed for transcatheter closure of persistent arterial ducts. We compared the efficacy and safety of three types of coils: Gianturco coils (Cook), Cook detachable coils (Cook), and Duct Occlud devices (pfm). METHODS Sixty-three patients underwent coil occlusion of arterial ducts between April 1995 and July 2000. The mean age and weight were 4.8+/-3.4 years and 16.5+/-7.6 kg, respectively. The results and complications of ductal occlusion among the three types of coils were compared. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess reduction in the prevalence of residual shunt with time, and multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of complete occlusion. RESULTS Coil occlusion of persistent arterial ducts that measured 2. 2 +/- 0.8 mm was feasible in 90% (57/63) of patients. Gianturco coils were used in 29, Duct Occlud devices in 16, and Cook detachable coils in 12 patients. The prevalence of residual shunt at 24 hours, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months was 42%, 20%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. The reduction in prevalence of residual shunt with time tended to be greater when Gianturco coils were used (P =. 067). Logistic regression identified the use of Gianturco coils to be a significant predictor of complete ductal occlusion on follow-up (P =.04). Pull-through of coils occurred in 4.8% (3/63) and coil embolization in 6.3% (4/63). There was no association between the type of coil and the risk of embolization (P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Transcatheter occlusion of small persistent arterial ducts with coils is safe and effective. There is no advantage of detachable coils (Cook detachable coils and Duct Occlud devices) over nondetachable Gianturco coils in reducing the risk of embolization. Our findings are in favor of the inexpensive, but more effective, Gianturco coils for occluding small arterial ducts of 3 mm or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Grantham Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Ng DK, Chau K. Management of Acute Asthma in Children. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/147827150003000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Ng
- Department of Paediatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - K Chau
- Department of Paediatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong
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Chau K, Arlotta P, Patel UA, Crane-Robinson C, Manfioletti G, Ono SJ. A novel downstream positive regulatory element mediating transcription of the human high mobility group (HMG) I-C gene. FEBS Lett 1999. [PMID: 10471823 DOI: 10.1016/bbr.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high mobility group (HMG) I proteins are small, non-histone chromosomal proteins that promote gene activation during development and within rapidly dividing cells. They do so by facilitating enhanceosome formation on inducible genes, via both protein/DNA and protein/protein interactions. The HMG I-C gene is tightly regulated, normally being expressed exclusively during embryonic development. However, HMG I-C expression is also observed frequently in a number of tumor types, and this expression has been shown to contribute to the malignant transformation process. With the aim of dissecting pathways that lead to aberrant expression of HMG I-C in tumor cells, we have analyzed HMG I-C gene regulation in the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. One of the two HMG I-C transcripts detected in this cell line originates from a novel downstream initiation site at nucleotide -161 relative to the first methionine. Transcription from the downstream initiation site is mediated by a PRE located between nt -222 and -217. We show here that the Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors interact with the PRE and transactivate the HMG I-C promoter in a cooperative fashion. This study provides the first characterization of this downstream HMG I-C promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chau
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Committee on Immunology, Harvard University, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Chau K, Arlotta P, Patel UA, Crane-Robinson C, Manfioletti G, Ono SJ. A novel downstream positive regulatory element mediating transcription of the human high mobility group (HMG) I-C gene. FEBS Lett 1999; 457:429-36. [PMID: 10471823 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The high mobility group (HMG) I proteins are small, non-histone chromosomal proteins that promote gene activation during development and within rapidly dividing cells. They do so by facilitating enhanceosome formation on inducible genes, via both protein/DNA and protein/protein interactions. The HMG I-C gene is tightly regulated, normally being expressed exclusively during embryonic development. However, HMG I-C expression is also observed frequently in a number of tumor types, and this expression has been shown to contribute to the malignant transformation process. With the aim of dissecting pathways that lead to aberrant expression of HMG I-C in tumor cells, we have analyzed HMG I-C gene regulation in the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. One of the two HMG I-C transcripts detected in this cell line originates from a novel downstream initiation site at nucleotide -161 relative to the first methionine. Transcription from the downstream initiation site is mediated by a PRE located between nt -222 and -217. We show here that the Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors interact with the PRE and transactivate the HMG I-C promoter in a cooperative fashion. This study provides the first characterization of this downstream HMG I-C promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chau
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Committee on Immunology, Harvard University, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Tai AK, Zhou G, Chau K, Ono SJ. Cis-element dependence and occupancy of the human invariant chain promoter in CIITA-dependent and -independent transcription. Mol Immunol 1999; 36:447-60. [PMID: 10449097 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(99)00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated invariant chain (Ii) associates with the class II alpha/beta heterodimer during its biosynthesis, inhibiting association of endogenous peptides with the peptide-binding cleft. It is therefore not surprising that there are significant similarities in regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression of the structural class II MHC and Ii genes. One important similarity is that both classes of genes can be expressed via CIITA-dependent or -independent mechanisms. In this report, we have dissected CIITA-dependent and -independent transcription of the Ii gene using an isogenic B-LCL cell pair (Jijoye and clone-13) which do or do not express the class II MHC transactivator (CIITA), respectively. Experiments using mutant or deletion constructs of the Ii gene promoter indicate that while both the X-box and li-kappaB1 elements are critical for CIITA-dependent transcription in B lymphocytes, the Ii-kappaBI element is of greater importance for CIITA-independent Ii gene transcription, with the X-box playing a secondary role. Despite these clear differences in cis-element dependence of CIITA-dependent and -independent Ii transcription, there are only subtle differences in the occupancy of these elements in vivo as assessed by genomic footprinting. These differences are restricted to occupancy of the X-box and Y-box, with which the RF-X and NF-Y complexes interact in Ii-positive cells. This difference in the occupancy of the X-box and Y-box in this cell pair indicates that while protein/protein interactions between CIITA and promoter-bound factors stabilize promoter occupancy, these interactions are not absolutely required for occupancy and transcription of the invariant chain gene.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Reporter
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tai
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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31
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Rochling FA, Jones WF, Chau K, DuCharme L, Mimms LT, Moore B, Scheffel J, Cuthbert JA, Thiele DL. Acute sporadic non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-D, non-E hepatitis. Hepatology 1997; 25:478-83. [PMID: 9021967 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510250237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients presenting with clinical and laboratory features consistent with a diagnosis of acute non-A, non-B hepatitis were evaluated for evidence of hepatitis C or hepatitis E infection and for evidence of severe or prolonged disease. Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was detected in 75 of 108 (69%) patients, antibody to hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) in three patients (3%), and neither antibody in 31 (29%) patients. One patient had both anti-HCV and anti-HEV. HCV RNA was not detected in sera from any of 20 patients with seronegative (non-ABCDE) hepatitis, but in all 10 patients with anti-HCV who were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Compared with patients with acute hepatitis C, those with non-ABCDE hepatitis had a lower incidence of parenteral risk factors (6% vs. 70%; P < .001), higher peak serum bilirubin levels (45% vs. 5% with peak levels > 15 mg/dL; P < .001), more prolonged jaundice (25% vs. 0% with peak bilirubin >5 weeks after onset; P < .01), more severe prothrombin time abnormalities (26% vs. 0% with >3 second prolongation; P < .001), more severe hypoalbuminemia (39% vs. 9% with albumin <3 g/dL; P < .01), and more frequent major clinical complications (13% vs. 0% with encephalopathy; P < .01; 10% vs. 0% with death or transplant; P = .024). Patients with acute non-ABCDE hepatitis were less likely to develop chronic hepatitis than those with acute hepatitis C (23% vs. 68%; P < .05). Thus, patients with acute non-ABCDE hepatitis are epidemiologically distinct from those with acute hepatitis C and have a significantly more severe acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Rochling
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Internal Medicine, 75235-9151, USA
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Clemens JM, Taskar S, Chau K, Vallari D, Shih JW, Alter HJ, Schleicher JB, Mimms LT. IgM antibody response in acute hepatitis C viral infection. Blood 1992; 79:169-72. [PMID: 1309424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM antibody against hepatitis C virus (IgM anti-HCV) was measured in serial samples from 15 transfusion recipients in whom posttransfusion chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) developed and three plasmapheresis donors during acute HCV infection using recombinant proteins derived from three immunodominant regions: core, NS-3, and NS-4 (c100). IgM anti-HCV core was detected in 13 of 15 posttransfusion patients. Nine of these patients had transient, acute-phase IgM anti-HCV core detected coincidentally or earlier than active IgG anti-HCV core response. The average duration of IgM anti-HCV core reactivity was 8.1 +/- 3.7 weeks. One patient lacking an IgM anti-HCV core response had detectable IgM anti-HCV NS-3 during the acute phase. Passive transfer of IgM anti-HCV was not observed in these posttransfusion cases, in contrast to the high frequency observed for IgG anti-HCV. Late IgM anti-HCV was detectable against core, c100, and NS-3 in three, two, and one posttransfusion patients, respectively. These data indicate that IgM anti-HCV core is a useful acute-phase marker in HCV infection.
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Abstract
We investigated the amount of fasting steady-state systemic glucose production utilized by the neonatal canine cerebral cortex. The relationship of systemic glucose production and cerebral glucose utilization were analyzed as functions of cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen uptake, and indirect measures of alternate fuel utilization. Fasting arterial blood glucose was 3.36 mM and glucose production was 49.6 mumol/kg/min. Average cerebral blood flow was 0.83 ml/g/min, and cerebral glucose uptake was 0.60 +/- 0.15 mumol/g/min. 36.6% of systemic glucose production was utilized by the cerebral cortex. There were no correlations between systemic glucose production, cerebral blood flow, or cerebral glucose uptake with blood glucose concentration. Furthermore, total cerebral glucose uptake was static across a wide range of glucose levels. Nonetheless, the percent of glucose production used by the brain was an inverse function of systemic glucose production (r = -0.71, p less than 0.001). The cerebral extraction of glucose (27.6 +/- 4.1%) decreased as a function of increasing blood glucose levels (r = -0.51, p less than 0.05), while brain uptake index correlated with increasing systemic glucose production (r = 0.61, p less than 0.02). We can conclude that the canine neonatal cerebral cortex may utilize only 37% of systemic glucose production. At low rates of glucose turnover, a larger proportion of systemic glucose production is allotted to the brain. Mechanisms that may regulate total cerebral glucose influx may be glucose permeability, or the increased extraction of glucose at lower blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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35
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Feinman SV, Overby LR, Berris B, Chau K, Schable CA, Maynard JE. The significance of IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B carriers and hepatitis B-associated chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1982; 2:795-9. [PMID: 7141390 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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