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Gezelius H, Enblad AP, Lundmark A, Åberg M, Blom K, Rudfeldt J, Raine A, Harila A, Rendo V, Heinäniemi M, Andersson C, Nordlund J. Comparison of high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq methods for ex vivo drug screening. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae001. [PMID: 38288374 PMCID: PMC10823582 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional precision medicine (FPM) aims to optimize patient-specific drug selection based on the unique characteristics of their cancer cells. Recent advancements in high throughput ex vivo drug profiling have accelerated interest in FPM. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study for an integrated experimental system that incorporates ex vivo treatment response with a single-cell gene expression output enabling barcoding of several drug conditions in one single-cell sequencing experiment. We demonstrate this through a proof-of-concept investigation focusing on the glucocorticoid-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) E/R+ Reh cell line. Three different single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) approaches were evaluated, each exhibiting high cell recovery and accurate tagging of distinct drug conditions. Notably, our comprehensive analysis revealed variations in library complexity, sensitivity (gene detection), and differential gene expression detection across the methods. Despite these differences, we identified a substantial transcriptional response to fludarabine, a highly relevant drug for treating high-risk ALL, which was consistently recapitulated by all three methods. These findings highlight the potential of our integrated approach for studying drug responses at the single-cell level and emphasize the importance of method selection in scRNA-seq studies. Finally, our data encompassing 27 327 cells are freely available to extend to future scRNA-seq methodological comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gezelius
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Anna Pia Enblad
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundmark
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Martin Åberg
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Jakob Rudfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Amanda Raine
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Arja Harila
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Verónica Rendo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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2
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Cashin PH, Söderström M, Blom K, Artursson S, Andersson C, Larsson R, Nygren P. Ex vivo assessment of chemotherapy sensitivity of colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases. Br J Surg 2023; 110:1080-1083. [PMID: 36918737 PMCID: PMC10416678 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Cashin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Söderström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Artursson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Emond WB, Sawant R, Geitmann M, Winquist J, Brandt P, Bremberg U, Källblad P, Parrow V, Andersson C, Blom K, Najafi N, Bergström T, Swartling FJ, Hellström M, Koehler KF. Abstract 705: Potentiation of immunotherapy by LSD1 modulation. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
LSD1 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target to increase the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. We have developed a series of novel small molecules, exemplified by the lead substance BEA-17, that modulates LSD1 via binding to an allosteric site, without directly inhibiting its enzymatic activity. In cells, BEA-17 induces a reduction of LSD1 levels. In addition, BEA-17 upregulates the expression of endogenous retroviral genes and T cell-attractant chemokines and does so in an LSD1-dependent manner. In a co-culture of HeLa and PBMCs, BEA-17 increases cell kill of cancer cells by immune effector T cells, also in an LSD1-dependent manner. In a CT26 syngeneic animal model of colon cancer, BEA-17 potentiates the activity of anti-PD1 inhibitors. Finally, in a syngeneic GL261 animal model of glioblastoma, BEA-17 increases the effectiveness of standard-of-care temozolomide + radiation.
Citation Format: Wei B. Emond, Rajiv Sawant, Matthis Geitmann, Johan Winquist, Peter Brandt, Ulf Bremberg, Per Källblad, Vendela Parrow, Claes Andersson, Kristin Blom, Nasrin Najafi, Tobias Bergström, Fredrik J. Swartling, Mats Hellström, Konrad F. Koehler. Potentiation of immunotherapy by LSD1 modulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 705.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vendela Parrow
- 2SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development, In Vitro and Systems Pharmacology Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- 2SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development, In Vitro and Systems Pharmacology Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- 2SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development, In Vitro and Systems Pharmacology Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nasrin Najafi
- 3SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development, In Vitro and Systems Pharmacology Facility, Uppsala Universitys AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Bergström
- 4Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J. Swartling
- 4Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Hellström
- 4Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Andersson CR, Ye J, Blom K, Fryknäs M, Larsson R, Nygren P. Assessment in vitro of interactions between anti-cancer drugs and noncancer drugs commonly used by cancer patients. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:92-102. [PMID: 36066384 PMCID: PMC9760465 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients often suffer from cancer symptoms, treatment complications and concomitant diseases and are, therefore, often treated with several drugs in addition to anticancer drugs. Whether such drugs, here denoted as 'concomitant drugs', have anticancer effects or interact at the tumor cell level with the anticancer drugs is not very well known. The cytotoxic effects of nine concomitant drugs and their interactions with five anti-cancer drugs commonly used for the treatment of colorectal cancer were screened over broad ranges of drug concentrations in vitro in the human colon cancer cell line HCT116wt. Seven additional tyrosine kinase inhibitors were included to further evaluate key findings as were primary cultures of tumor cells from patients with colorectal cancer. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated using the fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay (FMCA) and interaction analysis was based on Bliss independent interaction analysis. Simvastatin and loperamide, included here as an opioid agonists, were found to have cytotoxic effects on their own at reasonably low concentrations whereas betamethasone, enalapril, ibuprofen, metformin, metoclopramide, metoprolol and paracetamol were inactive also at very high concentrations. Drug interactions ranged from antagonistic to synergistic over the concentrations tested with a more homogenous pattern of synergy between simvastatin and protein kinase inhibitors in HCT116wt cells. Commonly used concomitant drugs are mostly neither expected to have anticancer effects nor to interact significantly with anticancer drugs frequently used for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiawei Ye
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Bjersand K, Blom K, Poromaa IS, Stålberg K, Lejon AM, Bäckman F, Nyberg Å, Andersson C, Larsson R, Nygren P. Ex vivo assessment of cancer drug sensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancer and its association with histopathological type, treatment history and clinical outcome. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:128. [PMID: 36082820 PMCID: PMC9477110 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is divided into type I and type II based on histopathological features. Type I is clinically more indolent, but also less sensitive to chemotherapy, compared with type II. The basis for this difference is not fully clarified. The present study investigated the pattern of drug activity in type I and type II EOC for standard cytotoxic drugs and recently introduced tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and assessed the association with treatment history and clinical outcome. Isolated EOC tumor cells obtained at surgery were investigated for their sensitivity to seven standard cytotoxic drugs and nine TKIs using a short-term fluorescent microculture cytotoxicity assay (FMCA). Drug activity was compared with respect to EOC subtype, preoperative chemotherapy, cross-resistance and association with progression-free survival (PFS). Out of 128 EOC samples, 120 samples, including 21 type I and 99 type II, were successfully analyzed using FMCA. Patients with EOC type I had a significantly longer PFS time than patients with EOC type II (P=0.01). In line with clinical experience, EOC type I samples were generally more resistant than type II samples to both standard cytotoxic drugs and the TKIs, reaching statistical significance for cisplatin (P=0.03) and dasatinib (P=0.002). A similar pattern was noted in samples from patients treated with chemotherapy prior to surgery compared with treatment-naive samples, reaching statistical significance for fluorouracil, irinotecan, dasatinib and nintedanib (all P<0.05). PFS time gradually shortened with increasing degree of drug resistance. Cross-resistance between drugs was in most cases statistically significant yet moderate in degree (r<0.5). The clinically observed relative drug resistance of EOC type I, as well as in patients previously treated, is at least partly due to mechanisms in the tumor cells. These mechanisms seemingly also encompass kinase inhibitors. Ex vivo assessment of drug activity is suggested to have a role in the optimization of drug therapy in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Bjersand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Stålberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Lejon
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fatma Bäckman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, S‑701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nyberg
- Department of Gynecology, Falun Hospital, S‑791 31 Falun, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S‑751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Ek F, Blom K, Selvin T, Rudfeldt J, Andersson C, Senkowski W, Brechot C, Nygren P, Larsson R, Jarvius M, Fryknäs M. Sorafenib and nitazoxanide disrupt mitochondrial function and inhibit regrowth capacity in three-dimensional models of hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8943. [PMID: 35624293 PMCID: PMC9142582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent cancer cells in malignant tumors can withstand cell-cycle active treatment and cause cancer spread and recurrence. Three-dimensional (3D) cancer cell models have led to the identification of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as a context-dependent vulnerability. The limited treatment options for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) metastatic to the liver include the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and regorafenib. Off-target effects of sorafenib and regorafenib are related to OXPHOS inhibition; however the importance of this feature to the effect on tumor cells has not been investigated in 3D models. We began by assessing global transcriptional responses in monolayer cell cultures, then moved on to multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) and tumoroids generated from a CRC patient. Cells were treated with chemotherapeutics, kinase inhibitors, and the OXPHOS inhibitors. Cells grown in 3D cultures were sensitive to the OXPHOS inhibitor nitazoxanide, sorafenib, and regorafenib and resistant to other multikinase inhibitors and chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, nitazoxanide and sorafenib reduced viability, regrowth potential and inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential in an additive manner at clinically relevant concentrations. This study demonstrates that the OXPHOS inhibition caused by sorafenib and regorafenib parallels 3D activity and can be further investigated for new combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Ek
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Selvin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob Rudfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Handin N, Mickols E, Ölander M, Rudfeldt J, Blom K, Nyberg F, Senkowski W, Urdzik J, Maturi V, Fryknäs M, Artursson P. Conditions for maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation and function in 3D cultures. iScience 2021; 24:103235. [PMID: 34746700 PMCID: PMC8551077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are used in studies of hepatic drug metabolism and toxicity. The cultures are maintained under different conditions, with possible confounding results. We performed an in-depth analysis of the influence of various culture conditions to find the optimal conditions for the maintenance of an in vivo like phenotype. The formation, protein expression, and function of PHH spheroids were followed for three weeks in a high-throughput 384-well format. Medium composition affected spheroid histology, global proteome profile, drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity. No epithelial-mesenchymal transition was observed. Media with fasting glucose and insulin levels gave spheroids with phenotypes closest to normal PHH. The most expensive medium resulted in PHH features most divergent from that of native PHH. Our results provide a protocol for culture of healthy PHH with maintained function - a prerequisite for studies of hepatocyte homeostasis and more reproducible hepatocyte research. 3D spheroid cultures were established in 384-well format Eight different media variants were used to optimize the 3D cultures Optimized William's medium was as good as expensive commercial medium The 3D cultures were used to study drug metabolism and toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evgeniya Mickols
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ölander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob Rudfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Nyberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jozef Urdzik
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Varun Maturi
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Courtice EL, Shaughnessy K, Blom K, Asrat Y, Daneback K, Döring N, Grov C, Byers ES. Young Adults' Qualitative Self-Reports of Their Outcomes of Online Sexual Activities. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2021; 11:303-320. [PMID: 34708815 PMCID: PMC8314359 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe11020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Online sexual activities (OSA) refer to Internet-based activities, behaviours, and materials that are sexual in nature. Many young adults engage in OSA, but report doing so infrequently. Most OSA outcome research has focused on negative effects of only some types of OSA (e.g., viewing pornography online). The goal of this study was to enhance knowledge on the range of OSA outcomes by qualitatively exploring young adults' self-reported negative and positive outcomes from OSA experiences generally. University/College students from Canada (n = 246), Germany (n = 411), Sweden (n = 299), and the USA (n = 123) completed an online survey that included open-ended questions about "one of the most positive/negative effects that engaging in online sexual activities has had on your life". More participants provided positive outcome responses than negative outcome responses. Qualitative analysis of the responses suggested a wide range of positive and negative outcome content that fit into seven bi-polar, higher-order themes: No Outcomes, Relationship Outcomes, Sexual Experience, Emotional Outcomes, Knowledge, Personal Outcomes, and Security. We found no variations in themes or their respective codes across the four countries. The findings suggests that researchers, educators, health care and psychology providers need to include multiple dimensions of positive and negative, personal and interpersonal, sexual and non-sexual OSA outcomes in their work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krystelle Shaughnessy
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +613-562-5800 (ext. 8701)
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; (K.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Yodit Asrat
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada;
| | - Kristian Daneback
- Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; (K.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Nicola Döring
- Institute of Media and Communication Science, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ehrenbergstraße 29, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
| | - Christian Grov
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - E. Sandra Byers
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada;
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9
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Andersson CR, Selvin T, Blom K, Rubin J, Berglund M, Jarvius M, Lenhammar L, Parrow V, Loskog A, Fryknäs M, Nygren P, Larsson R. Mebendazole is unique among tubulin-active drugs in activating the MEK-ERK pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13124. [PMID: 32753665 PMCID: PMC7403428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that the anti-helminthic compound mebendazole (MBZ) has immunomodulating activity in monocyte/macrophage models and induces ERK signalling. In the present study we investigated whether MBZ induced ERK activation is shared by other tubulin binding agents (TBAs) and if it is observable also in other human cell types. Curated gene signatures for a panel of TBAs in the LINCS Connectivity Map (CMap) database showed a unique strong negative correlation of MBZ with MEK/ERK inhibitors indicating ERK activation also in non-haematological cell lines. L1000 gene expression signatures for MBZ treated THP-1 monocytes also connected negatively to MEK inhibitors. MEK/ERK phosphoprotein activity testing of a number of TBAs showed that only MBZ increased the activity in both THP-1 monocytes and PMA differentiated macrophages. Distal effects on ERK phosphorylation of the substrate P90RSK and release of IL1B followed the same pattern. The effect of MBZ on MEK/ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by RAF/MEK/ERK inhibitors in THP-1 models, CD3/IL2 stimulated PBMCs and a MAPK reporter HEK-293 cell line. MBZ was also shown to increase ERK activity in CD4+ T-cells from lupus patients with known defective ERK signalling. Given these mechanistic features MBZ is suggested suitable for treatment of diseases characterized by defective ERK signalling, notably difficult to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes R Andersson
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tove Selvin
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rubin
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Berglund
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vendela Parrow
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Blom K, Rubin J, Berglund M, Jarvius M, Lenhammar L, Parrow V, Andersson C, Loskog A, Fryknäs M, Nygren P, Larsson R. Mebendazole-induced M1 polarisation of THP-1 macrophages may involve DYRK1B inhibition. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:234. [PMID: 31010428 PMCID: PMC6477744 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently showed that the anti-helminthic compound mebendazole (MBZ) has immunomodulating activity by inducing a M2 to M1 phenotype switch in monocyte/macrophage models. In the present study we investigated the potential role of protein kinases in mediating this effect. RESULTS MBZ potently binds and inhibits Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B (DYRK1B) with a Kd and an IC50 of 7 and 360 nM, respectively. The specific DYRK1B inhibitor AZ191 did not mimic the cytokine release profile of MBZ in untreated THP-1 monocytes. However, in THP-1 cells differentiated into macrophages, AZ191 strongly induced a pro-inflammatory cytokine release pattern similar to MBZ and LPS/IFNγ. Furthermore, like MBZ, AZ191 increased the expression of the M1 marker CD80 and decreased the M2 marker CD163 in THP-1 macrophages. In this model, AZ191 also increased phospho-ERK activity although to a lesser extent compared to MBZ. Taken together, the results demonstrate that DYRK1B inhibition could, at least partly, recapitulate immune responses induced by MBZ. Hence, DYRK1B inhibition induced by MBZ may be part of the mechanism of action to switch M2 to M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rubin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Berglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vendela Parrow
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rubin J, Mansoori S, Blom K, Berglund M, Lenhammar L, Andersson C, Loskog A, Fryknäs M, Nygren P, Larsson R. Mebendazole stimulates CD14+ myeloid cells to enhance T-cell activation and tumour cell killing. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30805-30813. [PMID: 30112108 PMCID: PMC6089388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mebendazole (MBZ) was recently shown to induce a tumor suppressive M1 phenotype in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. In the present study the immune effects of MBZ was further investigated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with tumour cells. The Biomap platform was used to screen for biomarkers induced from MBZ exposed co-cultures of T-cell receptor activated PBMCs, HT29 colon cancer cells and either human fibroblasts or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells. In these co-culture systems MBZ at 0.3-10 μM induced significant increases in TNFα and IFNγ indicating immune stimulation. PBMC cultures alone were subsequently tested for activation status and only in PBMCs activated by CD3/IL2 stimulation and MBZ, at a clinically achievable concentration, was able to increase PBMC clustering and release of pro-inflammatory IFNγ, TNFα, IL6 and IL1β cytokines. Moreover, when PBMC cultures were functionally tested for immune cell killing of lung cancer A549NucLightRed cells, MBZ significantly increased tumour cell apoptosis and reduced the number of surviving tumour cells. This effect was dependent on the presence of CD14 monocytes/macrophages in the co-culture. In summary, MBZ potentiated the immune stimulatory and anticancer effects of anti-CD3/IL2 activated PBMCs which could be relevant to explain the anticancer activity of MBZ observed in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rubin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Sharmineh Mansoori
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Malin Berglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
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Nazir M, Senkowski W, Nyberg F, Blom K, Edqvist PH, Jarvius M, Andersson C, Gustafsson MG, Nygren P, Larsson R, Fryknäs M. Targeting tumor cells based on Phosphodiesterase 3A expression. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:308-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Blom K, Elshafie AI, Jönsson UB, Rönnelid J, Håkansson LD, Venge P. The genetically determined production of the alarmin eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is reduced in visceral leishmaniasis. APMIS 2017; 126:85-91. [PMID: 29193305 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Recent findings indicate that dendritic cells have a key role in the defense against the Leishmania parasite and that the activity of this cell may be modified by the eosinophil secretory protein eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). We hypothesized that the interactions between dendritic cells and EDN might be of importance in the disease development. Cellular content of EDN was analyzed by ELISA. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms at positions 405, 416, and 1122 in the EDN gene were analyzed by real-time PCR with TaqMan® reagents. The study cohorts comprised 239 Sudanese subjects (65 healthy controls and 174 with VL) and 300 healthy Swedish controls. The eosinophil content of EDN was lower in VL as compared with controls (p < 0.0001). The EDN405 (G>C) genotype distribution was similar among Swedish and Sudanese controls, whereas VL subjects had a higher prevalence of the EDN405-GG genotype (p < 0.0001). The content of EDN in the eosinophils was closely linked to the EDN405 polymorphism (p = 0.0002). Our findings suggest that the predisposition to acquire VL is related to the genetic polymorphism of the EDN gene and the reduced production by the eosinophil of this gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amir I Elshafie
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, Alribat University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla-Britt Jönsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Douhan Håkansson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Venge
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Blom K, Sandberg JT, Loré K, Ljunggren HG. Prospects for induction of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity to Zika virus infection by yellow fever virus vaccination. J Intern Med 2017; 282:206-208. [PMID: 28574621 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J T Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H-G Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA
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15
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Blom K, Senkowski W, Jarvius M, Berglund M, Rubin J, Lenhammar L, Parrow V, Andersson C, Loskog A, Fryknäs M, Nygren P, Larsson R. The anticancer effect of mebendazole may be due to M1 monocyte/macrophage activation via ERK1/2 and TLR8-dependent inflammasome activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:199-210. [PMID: 28472897 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1320671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mebendazole (MBZ), a drug commonly used for helminitic infections, has recently gained substantial attention as a repositioning candidate for cancer treatment. However, the mechanism of action behind its anticancer activity remains unclear. To address this problem, we took advantage of the curated MBZ-induced gene expression signatures in the LINCS Connectivity Map (CMap) database. The analysis revealed strong negative correlation with MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitors. Moreover, several of the most upregulated genes in response to MBZ exposure were related to monocyte/macrophage activation. The MBZ-induced gene expression signature in the promyeloblastic HL-60 cell line was strongly enriched in genes involved in monocyte/macrophage pro-inflammatory (M1) activation. This was subsequently validated using MBZ-treated THP-1 monocytoid cells that demonstrated gene expression, surface markers and cytokine release characteristic of the M1 phenotype. At high concentrations MBZ substantially induced the release of IL-1β and this was further potentiated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At low MBZ concentrations, cotreatment with LPS was required for MBZ-stimulated IL-1β secretion to occur. Furthermore, we show that the activation of protein kinase C, ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB were required for MBZ-induced IL-1β release. MBZ-induced IL-1β release was found to be dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and to involve TLR8 stimulation. Finally, MBZ induced tumor-suppressive effects in a coculture model with differentiated THP-1 macrophages and HT29 colon cancer cells. In summary, we report that MBZ induced a pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype of monocytoid cells, which may, at least partly, explain MBZ's anticancer activity observed in animal tumor models and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blom
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Wojciech Senkowski
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Malin Berglund
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jenny Rubin
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Vendela Parrow
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- b Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- b Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- a Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Blom K, Nygren P, Larsson R, Andersson CR. Predictive Value of Ex Vivo Chemosensitivity Assays for Individualized Cancer Chemotherapy: A Meta-Analysis. SLAS Technol 2017; 22:306-314. [PMID: 28378608 DOI: 10.1177/2472630316686297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment strategies for chemotherapy of cancer patients were developed to benefit groups of patients with similar clinical characteristics. In practice, response is very heterogeneous between individual patients within these groups. Precision medicine can be viewed as the development toward a more fine-grained treatment stratification than what is currently in use. Cell-based drug sensitivity testing is one of several options for individualized cancer treatment available today, although it has not yet reached widespread clinical use. We present an up-to-date literature meta-analysis on the predictive value of ex vivo chemosensitivity assays for individualized cancer chemotherapy and discuss their current clinical value and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blom
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- 2 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes R Andersson
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Blom K, van den Elsen GAH, Koek HL, Sanders JB, Kruithof HC, Claassen JAHR. [Treatment of dementia]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2017; 161:D1851. [PMID: 28936936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
- Treatment options for patients with dementia are limited. This article provides an overview of possible interventions, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical, for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia.- Pharmaceutical treatment options include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine and experimental medication. Cholinesterase inhibitors are only recommended for Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia, not for vascular dementia or mild cognitive impairment. There is no proof of effectiveness for the other pharmaceutical options.- Interventions towards cardiovascular risk factors do not slow down cognitive decline.- Evidence is still lacking for other non-pharmaceutical interventions such as memory training and dietary supplements. Physical exercise may have a positive effect on dementia, but research is still ongoing.- Many patients with dementia exhibit behavioural changes such as agitation and depression. We recommend non-pharmaceutical interventions as a first step to lower the burden of this behaviour for both patients and caregivers.
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Blom K, Nygren P, Alvarsson J, Larsson R, Andersson CR. Ex Vivo Assessment of Drug Activity in Patient Tumor Cells as a Basis for Tailored Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:178-87. [PMID: 26246423 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215598117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although medical cancer treatment has improved during the past decades, it is difficult to choose between several first-line treatments supposed to be equally active in the diagnostic group. It is even more difficult to select a treatment after the standard protocols have failed. Any guidance for selection of the most effective treatment is valuable at these critical stages. We describe the principles and procedures for ex vivo assessment of drug activity in tumor cells from patients as a basis for tailored cancer treatment. Patient tumor cells are assayed for cytotoxicity with a panel of drugs. Acoustic drug dispensing provides great flexibility in the selection of drugs for testing; currently, up to 80 compounds and/or combinations thereof may be tested for each patient. Drug response predictions are obtained by classification using an empirical model based on historical responses for the diagnosis. The laboratory workflow is supported by an integrated system that enables rapid analysis and automatic generation of the clinical referral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Alvarsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare a superabsorbent polymer dressing (DryMax Extra; DME), an antibacterial absorbent polymer dressing (Sorbact absorption dressing; SB) and an antibacterial superabsorbent polymer dressing (Sorbion Sachet S; SSS) activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. METHOD A 3D acellular synthetic soft tissue (ASST) allowing biofilm formation, was prepared and inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, before the application of dressings. The dressings DME, with and without a silver net, and two benchmark dressings SB and SSS were tested. After 24 hours' incubation, qualitative assessment by visual screening of the soft tissue and bacterial burden assessment in the dressings and acellular soft tissue model were performed. RESULTS DME combined with a silver net gave a distinct and wide colourless zone of inhibition while partial zones of inhibition were seen for DME, SSS and SB. Compared with the tissues exposed to the other dressings, those exposed to SB and the bacterial control appeared green and opaque. In descending order, the most visual growth was seen in bacterial control, followed by SB, SSS, and DME. The bacterial load was equivalent for all dressings without an antimicrobial substance in both ASST (around log 10) and dressing (around log 11). The bacterial load for DME combined with a silver net, in comparison to DME alone was significantly reduced, with log 3.6 in dressings and log 4.2 in ASST. CONCLUSION The removal of bacteria by DME was equivalent to SB and SSS. Furthermore, DME limited the production of the green colour, indicative of Pyocyanin. If extrapolated to a wound, the ability of DME to absorb Pseudomonas aeruginosa and limit Pyocyanin levels in the wound might lead to reduced virulence.
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Jönsson UB, Blom K, Stålenheim G, Håkansson LD, Venge P. The production of the eosinophil proteins ECP and EPX/EDN are regulated in a reciprocal manner. APMIS 2014; 122:283-91. [PMID: 24738159 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the biological activity and the eosinophil content of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP, RNase 3) are determined by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ECP (RNase3) gene. In this study, we report the prevalence of a common SNP in the eosinophil protein x/eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EPX/EDN, RNase2) and the association with the cellular contents of EPX/EDN and ECP. The genes were sequenced and the EPX/EDN405(G>C) rs2013109 SNPs were also determined by TaqMan 5′nuclease allelic discrimination assay. ECP and EPX/EDN in purified eosinophils or in whole blood extracts were analysed by sensitive immunoassays. The study included 379 non-allergic and allergic subjects. The genotype prevalence of the EPX/EDN405(G>C) polymorphism was GG 59%, GC 36% and CC 6%. The cellular contents of ECP and EPX/EDN were related in a reciprocal fashion with the sums of the protein contents being constant. The contents were associated with the ECP562(G>C) rs2233860 and EPX/EDN405(G>C) gene polymorphisms. The cellular content of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) was not associated with the ECP and EPX/EDN genotypes. The prevalence of the EPX/EDN405(G>C) genotypes and the contents of the proteins were similar in non-allergic and allergic subjects.The production and storage of the two ancestral proteins, ECP and EPX/EDN likely share common regulatory mechanisms, which result in opposing productions of the two proteins.
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Hedman E, Ljótsson B, Rück C, Bergström J, Andersson G, Kaldo V, Jansson L, Andersson E, Andersson E, Blom K, El Alaoui S, Falk L, Ivarsson J, Nasri B, Rydh S, Lindefors N. Effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder in routine psychiatric care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 128:457-67. [PMID: 23406572 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guided Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) for panic disorder has been shown to be efficacious in several randomized controlled trials. However, the effectiveness of the treatment when delivered within routine psychiatric care has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of ICBT for panic disorder within the context of routine psychiatric care. METHOD We conducted a cohort study investigating all patients (n = 570) who had received guided ICBT for panic disorder between 2007 and 2012 in a routine care setting at an out-patient psychiatric clinic providing Internet-based treatment. The primary outcome measure was the Panic Disorder Severity Scale-Self-report (PDSS-SR). RESULTS Participants made large improvements from screening and pretreatment assessments to posttreatment (Cohen's d range on the PDSS-SR = 1.07-1.55). Improvements were sustained at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ICBT for panic disorder is as effective when delivered in a routine care context as in the previously published randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hedman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
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Farina S, Blom K, Haydee-Gomez Y, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Dawes M, McKay D, Bolli P, McLean D, Hemmelgarn B, Joseph L, Bartlett G, Tobe S, Campbell N, Daskalopoulou S. Measurebp: Identifying Evidence-Based Threshold and Target Values for Newer Automated Methods of Measuring Blood Pressure. Can J Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Farina S, Blom K, Haydee-Gomez Y, Cloutier L, Dawes M, Gelfer M, McKay D, McLean D, Bolli P, Hemmelgarn B, Tobe S, Campbell N, Daskalopoulou S. Assessment of Standardized Blood Pressure Measurement Protocols: Defining Essential and Less Essential Criteria. Can J Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Blom K, Nolan RP, Irvine MJ, Baker B, Abbey S, Tobe SW. Evaluating Psychosocial Variables and Their Link to Hypertension Using Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. Can J Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Blom K, Rubin J, Halfvarson J, Törkvist L, Rönnblom A, Sangfelt P, Lördal M, Jönsson UB, Sjöqvist U, Håkansson LD, Venge P, Carlson M. Eosinophil associated genes in the inflammatory bowel disease 4 region: Correlation to inflammatory bowel disease revealed. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6409-6419. [PMID: 23197886 PMCID: PMC3508635 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i44.6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and genetic variations in eosinophil protein X (EPX) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP).
METHODS: DNA was extracted from ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid blood of 587 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 592 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 300 healthy subjects. The EPX405 (G > C, rs2013109), ECP434 (G > C, rs2073342) and ECP562 (G > C, rs2233860) gene polymorphisms were analysed, by the 5’-nuclease allelic discrimination assay. For determination of intracellular content of EPX and ECP in granulocytes, 39 blood samples was collected and extracted with a buffer containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The intracellular content of EPX was analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The intracellular content of ECP was analysed with the UniCAP® system as described by the manufacturer. Statistical tests for calculations of results were χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls test, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve with Log-rank test for trend, the probability values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The genotype frequency for males with UC and with an age of disease onset of ≥ 45 years (n = 57) was for ECP434 and ECP562, GG = 37%, GC = 60%, CC = 4% and GG = 51%, GC = 49%, CC = 0% respectively. This was significantly different from the healthy subject’s genotype frequencies of ECP434 (GG = 57%, GC = 38%, CC = 5%; P = 0.010) and ECP562 (GG = 68%, GC = 29%,CC = 3%; P = 0.009). The genotype frequencies for females, with an age of disease onset of ≥ 45 years with CD (n = 62), was for the ECP434 and ECP562 genotypes GG = 37%, GC = 52%, CC = 11% and GG = 48%, GC = 47% and CC = 5% respectively. This was also statistically different from healthy controls for both ECP434 (P = 0.010) and ECP562 (P = 0.013). The intracellular protein concentration of EPX and ECP was calculated in μg/106 eosinophils and then correlated to the EPX 405 genotypes. The protein content of EPX was highest in the patients with the CC genotype of EPX405 (GG = 4.65, GC = 5.93, and CC = 6.57) and for ECP in the patients with the GG genotype of EPX405 (GG = 2.70, GC = 2.47 and CC = 1.90). ANOVA test demonstrated a difference in intracellular protein content for EPX (P = 0.009) and ECP (P = 0.022). The age of disease onset was linked to haplotypes of the EPX405, ECP434 and ECP562 genotypes. Kaplan Maier curve showed a difference between haplotype distributions for the females with CD (P = 0.003). The highest age of disease onset was seen in females with the EPX405CC, ECP434GC, ECP562CC haplotype (34 years) and the lowest in females with the EPX405GC, ECP434GC, ECP562GG haplotype (21 years). For males with UC there was also a difference between the highest and lowest age of the disease onset (EPX405CC, ECP434CC, ECP562CC, mean 24 years vs EPX405GC, ECP434GC, ECP562GG, mean 34 years, P = 0.0009). The relative risk for UC patients with ECP434 or ECP562-GC/CC genotypes to develop dysplasia/cancer was 2.5 (95%CI: 1.2-5.4, P = 0.01) and 2.5 (95%CI: 1.1-5.4, P = 0.02) respectively, compared to patients carrying the GG-genotypes.
CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of EPX and ECP are associated to IBD in an age and gender dependent manner, suggesting an essential role of eosinophils in the pathophysiology of IBD.
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Blom K, Baker B, How M, Dai M, Abbey S, Myers M, Abramson B, Irvine J, Perkins N, Tobe S. 904 Hypertension Analysis of Stress Reduction Using Mindfulness Meditation and Yoga: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Can J Cardiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.07.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Rubin J, Zagai U, Blom K, Trulson A, Engström A, Venge P. The coding ECP 434(G>C) gene polymorphism determines the cytotoxicity of ECP but has minor effects on fibroblast-mediated gel contraction and no effect on RNase activity. J Immunol 2009; 183:445-51. [PMID: 19542456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a secretory protein of the eosinophil granulocyte, a cell involved in innate immunity. Functional studies have implicated ECP in numerous processes, such as tissue remodeling in allergic inflammation and cytotoxicity toward a variety of pathogens. Recent genetic studies have suggested that the ECP 434(G>C) polymorphism resulting in an arg97thr substitution would alter the function of ECP in vivo. Functional (in vitro) studies of ECP up until now have either been conducted with native preparations containing an unknown mixture of the ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) variants, or with recombinant proteins. Therefore, we have now for the first time extracted the native ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) variants from healthy blood donors and tested them functionally in vitro. Our results show that the arg97thr shift dramatically alters the cytotoxic capacity of ECP in vitro; the tested ECP(97arg) variants were cytotoxic toward the small-cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H69, whereas ECP(97thr) was noncytotoxic. RNase activity was unaffected by the arg97thr substitution. Both ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) stimulated fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction, an experimental model, which depicts wound healing, in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the ECP 434(G>C) gene polymorphism affects the functional properties of native ECP, but also that there is a dissociation between different biological activities; the arg97thr substitution impairs the cytotoxic potential of ECP but less the gel contraction and not at all the RNase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rubin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Graesslin I, Vernickel P, Schmidt J, Findeklee C, Röschmann P, Leussler C, Haaker P, Laudan H, Luedeke KM, Scholz J, Buller S, Keupp J, Börnert P, Dingemans H, Mens G, Vissers G, Blom K, Heijden JV, Swennen N, Mollevanger L, Harvey P, Katscher U. Whole body 3T MRI system with eight parallel RF transmit/receive channels and dual operation modes. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-972138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Werthén M, Davoudi M, Sonesson A, Nitsche DP, Mörgelin M, Blom K, Schmidtchen A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced infection and degradation of human wound fluid and skin proteins ex vivo are eradicated by a synthetic cationic polymer. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54:772-9. [PMID: 15355938 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial peptides are important effectors of innate immunity. Bacteria display multiple defence mechanisms against these peptides. For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa releases potent proteinases that inactivate the human cathelicidin LL-37. Hence, in conditions characterized by persistent bacterial colonization, such as in P. aeruginosa-infected skin wounds, there is a need for efficient means of reducing bacterial load. Here, the effect of the cationic molecule polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB) was evaluated. METHODS Infection models in human wound fluid and human skin were established. Radial diffusion methods, bacterial growth and bactericidal assays were used for determination of effects of PHMB on bacteria in the presence of plasma, wound fluid or human skin. At the protein and tissue levels, SDS-PAGE, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the effects of P. aeruginosa infection before and after addition of PHMB. RESULTS PHMB killed common ulcer-derived bacteria in the presence of human wound fluid. Furthermore, elastase-expressing P. aeruginosa completely degraded wound fluid proteins as well as human skin during infection ex vivo. The infection, and consequent protein degradation, was reversed by PHMB. CONCLUSIONS The ex vivo infection models presented here should be helpful in the screening of novel antimicrobials and constitute a prerequisite for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Werthén
- Mölnlycke Health Care AB, SE-40252 Göteborg, Sweden
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30
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Lundström AM, Blom K, Sundaeus V, Bölin I. HpaA shows variable surface localization but the gene expression is similar in different Helicobacter pylori strains. Microb Pathog 2001; 31:243-53. [PMID: 11710844 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2001.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to earlier contradictory results regarding the localization of the putative Helicobacter pylori adhesin A (HpaA), we aimed to compare the gene and protein expression and surface localization of HpaA in different H. pylori strains. Five H. pylori strains were cultivated for 11 days and analysed by Northern blot analysis, flow cytometry (FCM), semi-quantitative dot blot, colony blot, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), and phase-contrast microscopy. The highest transcriptional activity of the hapA gene as observed after 3-4 days of cultivation and two mRNA transcripts of 1600 and 3100 nucleotides, respectively, were detected in all five strains with the hpaA probe. We also showed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that the hpaA gene is co-transcribed with the downstream omp18 gene. The highest total HpaA protein production in bacteria occurred between day 3 and 7, as determined by semi-quantitative dot blot, and was similar in the different strains. The maximal proportion of cells with HpaA on the bacterial surface, detected by FCM, was for strain SS1, 90%; Hel 344, 60%; CCUG 17875, 61%; CCUG 17874, 86% and for strain AH 244 only 35%. By IEM HpaA was detected in all strains both on the bacterial surface and on the flagellar sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lundström
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Blom K, Lundin BS, Bölin I, Svennerholm A. Flow cytometric analysis of the localization of Helicobacter pylori antigens during different growth phases. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 30:173-9. [PMID: 11335135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the localization of several different Helicobacter pylori antigens have been contradictory. We have therefore examined by using both one- and two-color flow cytometry (FCM), immunofluorescence (IF), and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), the possible surface localization of some H. pylori antigens that may be important virulence factors. All four methods detected the lipopolysaccharide and the N-acetyl-neuroaminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin protein (HpaA) as surface-exposed, while the urease enzyme was not detected at all and the neutrophil activating protein only in low concentration on the surface of the H. pylori bacteria during culture of H. pylori in liquid broth for 11 days. The FCM analysis was found to be quite sensitive and specific and also extremely fast compared with IF and IEM, and therefore the preferred method for detection of surface-localized antigens of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 435, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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32
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Cambier D, Blom K, Witvrouw E, Ollevier G, De Muynck M, Vanderstraeten G. The Influence of Low Intensity Infrared Laser Irradiation on Conduction Characteristics of Peripheral Nerve: A Randomised, Controlled, Double Blind Study on the Sural Nerve. Lasers Med Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00011317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fields PI, Blom K, Hughes HJ, Helsel LO, Feng P, Swaminathan B. Molecular characterization of the gene encoding H antigen in Escherichia coli and development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism test for identification of E. coli O157:H7 and O157:NM. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1066-70. [PMID: 9114382 PMCID: PMC232704 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.5.1066-1070.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of disease caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 have focused much attention on this newly emerged pathogen. Identification of the H7 flagellar antigen is critical for the confirmation of E. coli O157:H7; however, clinical isolates are frequently nonmotile and do not produce detectable H antigen. To further characterize nonmotile isolates (designated NM), we developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test to identify and characterize the gene encoding the H antigen (fliC) in E. coli. The entire coding sequence of fliC was amplified by PCR, the amplicon was restricted with RsaI, and the restriction fragment pattern was examined after gel electrophoresis. Two hundred eighty E. coli isolates representing serotypes O157:H7 and O157:NM, flagellar antigen H7 groups associated with other O serogroups, and all other flagellar antigen groups were analyzed. A single restriction pattern (pattern A) was identified for O157:H7 isolates, O157:NM isolates that produced Shiga toxin (formerly Shiga-like toxin or verotoxin), and 16 of 18 O55:H7 isolates. Flagellar antigen group H7 isolates of non-O157 serotypes had one of three banding patterns distinct from pattern A. A wide variety of patterns were found among isolates of the other 52 flagellar antigen groups; however, none was identical to the O157:H7 pattern. Thirteen of 15 nonmotile strains that did not produce the A pattern had patterns that matched those of other known H groups. The PCR-RFLP in conjunction with O serogroup determination will be useful in identifying E. coli O157:H7 and related strains that do not express immunoreactive H antigen and could be expanded to include other clinically important E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Fields
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Cardarelli-Leite P, Blom K, Patton CM, Nicholson MA, Steigerwalt AG, Hunter SB, Brenner DJ, Barrett TJ, Swaminathan B. Rapid identification of Campylobacter species by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a PCR-amplified fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:62-7. [PMID: 8748274 PMCID: PMC228731 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.1.62-67.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a PCR-amplified DNA fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA was performed on 148 previously characterized strains of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter, and Wolinella succinogenes and 13 Campylobacter-like isolates. These strains included clinical, animal, and environmental isolates. PCR amplification generated a 283-bp fragment from all species. The amplicon from each strain was digested with six restriction endonucleases (AccI, AvaI, DdeI, HaeIII, HpaII, XhoI). DdeI was useful for the initial grouping of the strains. Additional discrimination within the different DdeI groups was obtained with AccI, HaeIII, HpaII, and XhoI digestions. The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis allowed for the discrimination of members of the genus Campylobacter from members of closely related genera and discrimination between Campylobacter species. The proposed method is simple and rapid and can be useful for the routine identification of Campylobacter-like organisms in clinical or epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cardarelli-Leite
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Hayes PS, Blom K, Feng P, Lewis J, Strockbine NA, Swaminathan B. Isolation and characterization of a beta-D-glucuronidase-producing strain of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:3347-8. [PMID: 8586736 PMCID: PMC228707 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.12.3347-3348.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A phenotypic variant of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 (G5101) was isolated from a patient with bloody diarrhea. Strain G5101 does not ferment sorbitol but is beta-D-glucuronidase and urease positive. Serotyping and colony hybridization using a serotype-specific DNA probe confirmed that the isolate was O157:H7. G5101 produces Shiga-like toxins I and II and contains an eae gene that is highly conserved in the O157:H7 serotype. This strain would have been missed by laboratories that screen for the sorbitol-negative, beta-D-glucuronidase-negative phenotype in isolating E. coli O157:H7 from clinical and food specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Hayes
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Abstract
A PCR method for rapid identification of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus was evaluated. A fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA was amplified from crude cell lysates of 18 C. fetus strains and 30 strains representing other Campylobacter species and subspecies. The amplicons were probed by dot blot hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled C. fetus-specific oligonucleotide probe. The probe reacted only with C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis and may be useful for rapid identification in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blom
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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37
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Cassells B, Wainwright P, Blom K. Heredity and alcohol-induced brain anomalies: effects of alcohol on anomalous prenatal development of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Exp Neurol 1987; 95:587-604. [PMID: 3817081 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(87)90301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using two inbred strains of mice which have similar rates of alcohol metabolism, we asked whether prenatal alcohol exposure would cause greater incidence and severity of defects in the development of two forebrain fiber tracts, the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure, in mice prone to these defects (BALB/c) than in mice not prone to these defects (C57BL/6). Pregnant animals were fed 0.6 kcal/g body weight of a Sustacal-based liquid diet containing 0, 15, 17.5, 20, or 25% ethanol-derived calories from day 7 to fetal assessment on day 18 of gestation. Most of alcohol's greatest effects and the greatest strain differences in alcohol's effects on fetal variables were produced by the 17.5% diet. This dose had inhibitory effects on fetal body, brain, and midsagittal corpus callosum and anterior commissure growth. All these effects, except that on brain weight, were significantly greater in C57s than in BALBs. When the results were compared with prenatal growth curves for normal untreated mice, the effect of alcohol on corpus callosum but not anterior commissure growth was largely explained by its effects on overall development. The 17.5% diet had a greater specific effect on size of the anterior commissure in C57s than BALBs but increased the incidence and severity of its permanent dysmorphology in BALBs more than in C57s. Anterior commissure size and morphology may be sensitive indicators of alcohol's effects on prenatal brain development. Hereditary differences in rate of maternal alcohol metabolism no doubt have important consequences for risks arising from prenatal alcohol exposure. However, this study clearly indicates that inherited factors, other than those that influence rate of alcohol metabolism, are important influences on the overall fetal response and the specific responses of the anterior commissure to prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Abstract
When inbred BALB/c mice were separated from their mother for 24 or 36 hr beginning shortly after birth, growth of the body, whole brain and corpus callosum was almost completely stopped. After being returned to their mother, mice deprived for 24 hr gained weight more slowly than non-deprived littermates over the next 6 days but later showed moderate catch-up growth after weaning at 4 weeks of age. After 55 days of recovery, mice deprived for only 24 hr showed significant reductions in brain weight and size of forebrain commissures compared to littermate controls. Approximately twice as many deprived mice had a corpus callosum that was abnormally small compared to controls. These results demonstrate that a rather brief but severe period of separation from the mother can have lasting effects on brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wahlsten
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Wainwright P, Ward GR, Blom K. Combined effects of moderate ethanol consumption and a low-protein diet during gestation on brain development in BALB/c mice. Exp Neurol 1985; 90:422-33. [PMID: 4054293 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(85)90031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether or not moderate ethanol consumption during gestation would interact with the effects of a low-protein diet in affecting brain development in BALB/c mice. The independent variables included fetal body and brain weights and cross-sectional area in midsagittal sections of the corpus callosum (CC) and anterior commissure (CA). Pregnant animals were fed either ethanol 12% v/v or an isocaloric sucrose solution from days 5 to 19 of gestation, when fetal development was assessed. In addition, the animals were fed semisynthetic isocaloric diets containing either 8 or 20% casein. All animals were pair-fed to those in the group receiving ethanol and 20% casein; an additional control group was fed lab chow ad libitum. There was clearly an interactive effect of diet and ethanol consumption on blood alcohol concentrations: those in the low-protein group were significantly higher than in the normal-protein group. Similarly, the effect on body weight in the group receiving low protein plus ethanol was greater than the additive effect of either treatment alone, although this may have been due partly to differences in litter size. Brain weight in this group was also significantly less than in the other three groups, which did not differ from each other. Covariance analysis, adjusting brain weight for body weight, suggested a brain-sparing effect of low protein but not ethanol. Neither treatment affected the incidence of the CC being absent at midline. The low-protein treatment decreased the cross-sectional area of both the CC and CA; the effect on the CC was independent of brain weight. There was no effect of ethanol on either of those measures.
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Blom K. [Undescended testis and time of spontaneous descent in 2516 schoolboys]. Ugeskr Laeger 1984; 146:616-7. [PMID: 6143431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Blom K. [The euthanasia problem in Norwegian law]. Nord Med 1974; 89:199-200. [PMID: 4471928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Blom K. Armauer Hansen and human leprosy transmission. Medical ethics and legal rights. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1973; 41:199-207. [PMID: 4592244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Blom K. [The defense lawyer and the expert]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1965; 85:1459-60. [PMID: 5884076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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