1
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Kasper JC, Bale SD, Belcher JW, Berthomier M, Case AW, Chandran BDG, Curtis DW, Gallagher D, Gary SP, Golub L, Halekas JS, Ho GC, Horbury TS, Hu Q, Huang J, Klein KG, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Livi R, Maruca B, Lavraud B, Louarn P, Maksimovic M, Martinovic M, McGinnis D, Pogorelov NV, Richardson JD, Skoug RM, Steinberg JT, Stevens ML, Szabo A, Velli M, Whittlesey PL, Wright KH, Zank GP, MacDowall RJ, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Pulupa M, Raouafi NE, Schwadron NA. Alfvénic velocity spikes and rotational flows in the near-Sun solar wind. Nature 2019; 576:228-231. [PMID: 31802006 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of a supersonic solar wind1 was first confirmed by spacecraft near Earth2,3 and later by spacecraft at heliocentric distances as small as 62 solar radii4. These missions showed that plasma accelerates as it emerges from the corona, aided by unidentified processes that transport energy outwards from the Sun before depositing it in the wind. Alfvénic fluctuations are a promising candidate for such a process because they are seen in the corona and solar wind and contain considerable energy5-7. Magnetic tension forces the corona to co-rotate with the Sun, but any residual rotation far from the Sun reported until now has been much smaller than the amplitude of waves and deflections from interacting wind streams8. Here we report observations of solar-wind plasma at heliocentric distances of about 35 solar radii9-11, well within the distance at which stream interactions become important. We find that Alfvén waves organize into structured velocity spikes with duration of up to minutes, which are associated with propagating S-like bends in the magnetic-field lines. We detect an increasing rotational component to the flow velocity of the solar wind around the Sun, peaking at 35 to 50 kilometres per second-considerably above the amplitude of the waves. These flows exceed classical velocity predictions of a few kilometres per second, challenging models of circulation in the corona and calling into question our understanding of how stars lose angular momentum and spin down as they age12-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kasper
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - S D Bale
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J W Belcher
- Kavli Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Berthomier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Polytechnique, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - A W Case
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B D G Chandran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.,Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - D W Curtis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Gallagher
- Heliophysics and Planetary Science Branch ST13, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - S P Gary
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - L Golub
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J S Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - G C Ho
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - T S Horbury
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Q Hu
- Department of Space Science and Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - J Huang
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K G Klein
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K E Korreck
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D E Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - B Maruca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - P Louarn
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - M Maksimovic
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - M Martinovic
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D McGinnis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - N V Pogorelov
- Department of Space Science and Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - J D Richardson
- Kavli Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Skoug
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - M L Stevens
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Szabo
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Velli
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P L Whittlesey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - K H Wright
- Universities Space Research Association, Science and Technology Institute, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - G P Zank
- Department of Space Science and Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - R J MacDowall
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D J McComas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - R L McNutt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - M Pulupa
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N E Raouafi
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - N A Schwadron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.,Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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2
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Polito V, Reeves KK, Zanna GD, Golub L, Mason HE. JOINT HIGH TEMPERATURE OBSERVATION OF A SMALL C6.5 SOLAR FLARE WITH IRIS/EIS/AIA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/803/2/84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Tian H, DeLuca EE, Cranmer SR, De Pontieu B, Peter H, Martínez-Sykora J, Golub L, McKillop S, Reeves KK, Miralles MP, McCauley P, Saar S, Testa P, Weber M, Murphy N, Lemen J, Title A, Boerner P, Hurlburt N, Tarbell TD, Wuelser JP, Kleint L, Kankelborg C, Jaeggli S, Carlsson M, Hansteen V, McIntosh SW. Prevalence of small-scale jets from the networks of the solar transition region and chromosphere. Science 2014; 346:1255711. [PMID: 25324395 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As the interface between the Sun's photosphere and corona, the chromosphere and transition region play a key role in the formation and acceleration of the solar wind. Observations from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph reveal the prevalence of intermittent small-scale jets with speeds of 80 to 250 kilometers per second from the narrow bright network lanes of this interface region. These jets have lifetimes of 20 to 80 seconds and widths of ≤300 kilometers. They originate from small-scale bright regions, often preceded by footpoint brightenings and accompanied by transverse waves with amplitudes of ~20 kilometers per second. Many jets reach temperatures of at least ~10(5) kelvin and constitute an important element of the transition region structures. They are likely an intermittent but persistent source of mass and energy for the solar wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tian
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - E E DeLuca
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S R Cranmer
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - B De Pontieu
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - H Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Martínez-Sykora
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
| | - L Golub
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S McKillop
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K K Reeves
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - M P Miralles
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - P McCauley
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Saar
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - P Testa
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - M Weber
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N Murphy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J Lemen
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Title
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - P Boerner
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - N Hurlburt
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T D Tarbell
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J P Wuelser
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - L Kleint
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
| | - C Kankelborg
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - S Jaeggli
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - M Carlsson
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - V Hansteen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - S W McIntosh
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Post Office Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
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4
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Testa P, De Pontieu B, Allred J, Carlsson M, Reale F, Daw A, Hansteen V, Martinez-Sykora J, Liu W, DeLuca EE, Golub L, McKillop S, Reeves K, Saar S, Tian H, Lemen J, Title A, Boerner P, Hurlburt N, Tarbell TD, Wuelser JP, Kleint L, Kankelborg C, Jaeggli S. Evidence of nonthermal particles in coronal loops heated impulsively by nanoflares. Science 2014; 346:1255724. [PMID: 25324396 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The physical processes causing energy exchange between the Sun's hot corona and its cool lower atmosphere remain poorly understood. The chromosphere and transition region (TR) form an interface region between the surface and the corona that is highly sensitive to the coronal heating mechanism. High-resolution observations with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) reveal rapid variability (~20 to 60 seconds) of intensity and velocity on small spatial scales (≲500 kilometers) at the footpoints of hot and dynamic coronal loops. The observations are consistent with numerical simulations of heating by beams of nonthermal electrons, which are generated in small impulsive (≲30 seconds) heating events called "coronal nanoflares." The accelerated electrons deposit a sizable fraction of their energy (≲10(25) erg) in the chromosphere and TR. Our analysis provides tight constraints on the properties of such electron beams and new diagnostics for their presence in the nonflaring corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Testa
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - B De Pontieu
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Allred
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M Carlsson
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Reale
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universita' di Palermo and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)/Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - A Daw
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - V Hansteen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Martinez-Sykora
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
| | - W Liu
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E E DeLuca
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Golub
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S McKillop
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K Reeves
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Saar
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H Tian
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J Lemen
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Title
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - P Boerner
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - N Hurlburt
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T D Tarbell
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J P Wuelser
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - L Kleint
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
| | - C Kankelborg
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - S Jaeggli
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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5
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Hansteen V, De Pontieu B, Carlsson M, Lemen J, Title A, Boerner P, Hurlburt N, Tarbell TD, Wuelser JP, Pereira TMD, De Luca EE, Golub L, McKillop S, Reeves K, Saar S, Testa P, Tian H, Kankelborg C, Jaeggli S, Kleint L, Martínez-Sykora J. The unresolved fine structure resolved: IRIS observations of the solar transition region. Science 2014; 346:1255757. [PMID: 25324399 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The heating of the outer solar atmospheric layers, i.e., the transition region and corona, to high temperatures is a long-standing problem in solar (and stellar) physics. Solutions have been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the magnetically controlled structure of these regions. The high spatial and temporal resolution observations with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) at the solar limb reveal a plethora of short, low-lying loops or loop segments at transition-region temperatures that vary rapidly, on the time scales of minutes. We argue that the existence of these loops solves a long-standing observational mystery. At the same time, based on comparison with numerical models, this detection sheds light on a critical piece of the coronal heating puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hansteen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway.
| | - B De Pontieu
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway. Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - M Carlsson
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Lemen
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Title
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - P Boerner
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - N Hurlburt
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T D Tarbell
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J P Wuelser
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T M D Pereira
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - E E De Luca
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Golub
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S McKillop
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K Reeves
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Saar
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - P Testa
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H Tian
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C Kankelborg
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - S Jaeggli
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - L Kleint
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA. Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J Martínez-Sykora
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA. Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Org. A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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6
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De Pontieu B, van der Voort LR, McIntosh SW, Pereira TMD, Carlsson M, Hansteen V, Skogsrud H, Lemen J, Title A, Boerner P, Hurlburt N, Tarbell TD, Wuelser JP, De Luca EE, Golub L, McKillop S, Reeves K, Saar S, Testa P, Tian H, Kankelborg C, Jaeggli S, Kleint L, Martinez-Sykora J. On the prevalence of small-scale twist in the solar chromosphere and transition region. Science 2014; 346:1255732. [PMID: 25324398 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The solar chromosphere and transition region (TR) form an interface between the Sun's surface and its hot outer atmosphere. There, most of the nonthermal energy that powers the solar atmosphere is transformed into heat, although the detailed mechanism remains elusive. High-resolution (0.33-arc second) observations with NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) reveal a chromosphere and TR that are replete with twist or torsional motions on sub-arc second scales, occurring in active regions, quiet Sun regions, and coronal holes alike. We coordinated observations with the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope (SST) to quantify these twisting motions and their association with rapid heating to at least TR temperatures. This view of the interface region provides insight into what heats the low solar atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- B De Pontieu
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - L Rouppe van der Voort
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - S W McIntosh
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Post Office Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - T M D Pereira
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Carlsson
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - V Hansteen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - H Skogsrud
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Lemen
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Title
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - P Boerner
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - N Hurlburt
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T D Tarbell
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J P Wuelser
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Organization A021S, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - E E De Luca
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Golub
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S McKillop
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K Reeves
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Saar
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - P Testa
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H Tian
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C Kankelborg
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - S Jaeggli
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - L Kleint
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
| | - J Martinez-Sykora
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
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7
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Peter H, Tian H, Curdt W, Schmit D, Innes D, De Pontieu B, Lemen J, Title A, Boerner P, Hurlburt N, Tarbell TD, Wuelser JP, Martínez-Sykora J, Kleint L, Golub L, McKillop S, Reeves KK, Saar S, Testa P, Kankelborg C, Jaeggli S, Carlsson M, Hansteen V. Hot explosions in the cool atmosphere of the Sun. Science 2014; 346:1255726. [PMID: 25324397 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The solar atmosphere was traditionally represented with a simple one-dimensional model. Over the past few decades, this paradigm shifted for the chromosphere and corona that constitute the outer atmosphere, which is now considered a dynamic structured envelope. Recent observations by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) reveal that it is difficult to determine what is up and down, even in the cool 6000-kelvin photosphere just above the solar surface: This region hosts pockets of hot plasma transiently heated to almost 100,000 kelvin. The energy to heat and accelerate the plasma requires a considerable fraction of the energy from flares, the largest solar disruptions. These IRIS observations not only confirm that the photosphere is more complex than conventionally thought, but also provide insight into the energy conversion in the process of magnetic reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - H Tian
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - W Curdt
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Schmit
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Innes
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - B De Pontieu
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Lemen
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Title
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - P Boerner
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - N Hurlburt
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T D Tarbell
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J P Wuelser
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Juan Martínez-Sykora
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA
| | - L Kleint
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 596 1st Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Golub
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S McKillop
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K K Reeves
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Saar
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - P Testa
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C Kankelborg
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - S Jaeggli
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Post Office Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - M Carlsson
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - V Hansteen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Cirtain JW, Golub L, Winebarger AR, De Pontieu B, Kobayashi K, Moore RL, Walsh RW, Korreck KE, Weber M, McCauley P, Title A, Kuzin S, DeForest CE. Energy release in the solar corona from spatially resolved magnetic braids. Nature 2013; 493:501-3. [PMID: 23344359 DOI: 10.1038/nature11772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is now apparent that there are at least two heating mechanisms in the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona. Wave heating may be the prevalent mechanism in quiet solar periods and may contribute to heating the corona to 1,500,000 K (refs 1-3). The active corona needs additional heating to reach 2,000,000-4,000,000 K; this heat has been theoretically proposed to come from the reconnection and unravelling of magnetic 'braids'. Evidence favouring that process has been inferred, but has not been generally accepted because observations are sparse and, in general, the braided magnetic strands that are thought to have an angular width of about 0.2 arc seconds have not been resolved. Fine-scale braiding has been seen in the chromosphere but not, until now, in the corona. Here we report observations, at a resolution of 0.2 arc seconds, of magnetic braids in a coronal active region that are reconnecting, relaxing and dissipating sufficient energy to heat the structures to about 4,000,000 K. Although our 5-minute observations cannot unambiguously identify the field reconnection and subsequent relaxation as the dominant heating mechanism throughout active regions, the energy available from the observed field relaxation in our example is ample for the observed heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Cirtain
- Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, Mail Code ZP13, MSFC, Alabama 36812, USA.
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9
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Cirtain JW, Golub L, Lundquist L, van Ballegooijen A, Savcheva A, Shimojo M, Deluca E, Tsuneta S, Sakao T, Reeves K, Weber M, Kano R, Narukage N, Shibasaki K. Evidence for Alfvén waves in solar x-ray jets. Science 2007; 318:1580-2. [PMID: 18063786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coronal magnetic fields are dynamic, and field lines may misalign, reassemble, and release energy by means of magnetic reconnection. Giant releases may generate solar flares and coronal mass ejections and, on a smaller scale, produce x-ray jets. Hinode observations of polar coronal holes reveal that x-ray jets have two distinct velocities: one near the Alfvén speed ( approximately 800 kilometers per second) and another near the sound speed (200 kilometers per second). Many more jets were seen than have been reported previously; we detected an average of 10 events per hour up to these speeds, whereas previous observations documented only a handful per day with lower average speeds of 200 kilometers per second. The x-ray jets are about 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) kilometers wide and 1 x 10(5) kilometers long and last from 100 to 2500 seconds. The large number of events, coupled with the high velocities of the apparent outflows, indicates that the jets may contribute to the high-speed solar wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Cirtain
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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10
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Golub L. [Transformation of the family structure for the purposes of special prognoses]. Acta Demogr 2002; 2:345-56. [PMID: 12179140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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11
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Van Dijken J, Hasselrot L, Agerholm D, Golub L, Mcnamara T, Holbrook W, Gudmundsson G. Br Dent J 2001; 191:618-618. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Caton JG, Ciancio S, Ryan M, Golub L, Blieden T, Thomas J, Walker C. Doxycycline dosing. J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132:1366, 1368, 1370. [PMID: 11680351 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Pirilä E, Ramamurthy N, Maisi P, McClain S, Kucine A, Wahlgren J, Golub L, Salo T, Sorsa T. Wound healing in ovariectomized rats: effects of chemically modified tetracycline (CMT-8) and estrogen on matrix metalloproteinases -8, -13 and type I collagen expression. Curr Med Chem 2001; 8:281-94. [PMID: 11172683 DOI: 10.2174/0929867013373552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving interactions of various cell types. Skin, in addition to certain other organs, is dependent on estrogen; and estrogen-deficiency is associated with impaired wound healing. Wound healing involves the action of collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We investigated the expression and localization of collagenolytic MMPs -8 and -13 by collagenase activity assay, Western immunoblot analysis, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining as well as type I collagen by hydroxyproline content analysis and immunohistochemical staining in cutaneous wounds from aged Sham and ovarioectomized (OVX) rats. After wounding, OVX rats were treated with either placebo, chemically modified tetracycline-8 (CMT-8) or estrogen. We found that MMP-8 and MMP-13 mRNA were expressed in wound epithelium of all samples examined as evidenced by in situ hybridization. Type I collagen, which was abundant in all groups examined, was decreased in OVX rats, but was increased by both CMT-8 and estrogen treatments to the level of Sham group. Hydroxyproline analysis revealed similar results. Western blot data showed that all forms of MMP-8 and MMP-13 were clearly reduced in the CMT-8 treated group compared to OVX. Analysis of collagenolytic activity confirmed the decreased collagenolysis in skin wound extracts from CMT-treated rats when compared with skin wound extracts from OVX rats. Our results show for the first time that MMP-8 mRNA and protein are expressed in rat wound epithelium. We further show that CMT-8 and estrogen have a beneficial effect on skin wound healing in OVX rats by increasing the collagen content and reducing the MMP-mediated collagenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pirilä
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Abstract
The first paper reporting on a potentially important medical property of a non-antimicrobial tetracycline appeared in 1987. Since then, a literature of over 75 papers has supported the therapeutic potential of this class of compounds. In this review, this literature is grouped and organized with commentary on the data which has been published to date. The biomedical applicability of these discoveries obviously covers a wide range of medical conditions and clearly justifies their continued development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greenwald
- Division of Rheumatology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center,New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA.
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15
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Naryshkina T, Rogulja D, Golub L, Severinov K. Inter- and intrasubunit interactions during the formation of RNA polymerase assembly intermediate. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31183-90. [PMID: 10906130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003884200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used yeast two-hybrid and in vitro co-immobilization assays to study the interaction between the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) alpha and beta subunits during the formation of alpha(2)beta, a physiological RNAP assembly intermediate. We show that a 430-amino acid-long fragment containing beta conserved segments F, G, H, and a short part of segment I forms a minimal domain capable of specific interaction with alpha. The alpha-interacting domain is held together by protein-protein interactions between beta segments F and I. Residues in catalytically important beta segments H and I directly participate in alpha binding; substitutions of strictly conserved segment H Asp(1084) and segment I Gly(1215) abolish alpha(2)beta formation in vitro and are lethal in vivo. The importance of these beta amino acids in alpha binding is fully supported by the structural model of the Thermus aquaticus RNAP core enzyme. We also demonstrate that determinants of RNAP assembly are conserved, and that a homologue of beta Asp(1084) in A135, the beta-like subunit of yeast RNAP I, is responsible for interaction with AC40, the largest alpha-like subunit. However, the A135-AC40 interaction is weak compared with the E. coli alpha-beta interaction, and A135 mutation that abolishes the interaction is phenotypically silent. The results suggest that in eukaryotes additional RNAP subunits orchestrate the enzyme assembly by stabilizing weak, but specific interactions of core subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Naryshkina
- Waksman Institute for Microbiology and the Department of Genetics, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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16
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Lukkonen A, Sorsa T, Salo T, Tervahartiala T, Koivunen E, Golub L, Simon S, Stenman UH. Down-regulation of trypsinogen-2 expression by chemically modified tetracyclines: association with reduced cancer cell migration. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:577-81. [PMID: 10797274 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000515)86:4<577::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many types of human tumor express trypsinogen-2, which may be a significant factor in the activation of pro-MMPs and the invasiveness of tumors. Prevention of trypsinogen-2 expression in cancer cells might be of benefit in cancer therapy. We describe here chemicals capable of down-regulating the expression of trypsinogen-2. Doxycycline (DOXY) and chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs), previously known as inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent proteinase cascade, down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of trypsinogen-2 by COLO-205 human colon adenocarcinoma cells at therapeutically attainable concentrations (0. 1 to 1.0 microM). DOXY specifically inhibited the activation of pro-MMP-9 and cell migration induced by enteropeptidase, a specific activator of trypsinogen. Pro-MMP-9 activation and cell migration were also inhibited by tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), which is a highly specific inhibitor of trypsin. CMT-3 as well as CMT-5 also inhibited cell migration, but an effect on the enteropeptidase-enhanced activation of pro-MMP-9 was not observed. Our results indicate that CMTs, DOXY and TATI inhibit cancer cell migration by down-regulating trypsinogen-2 expression or activity. Inhibition of trypsinogen-2 expression may represent a mechanism contributing to the ability of CMTs to suppress the pericellular proteolytic activity of some tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lukkonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Warren HP, Bookbinder JA, Forbes TG, Golub L, Hudson HS, Reeves K, Warshall A. TRACE and Yohkoh Observations of High-Temperature Plasma in a Two-Ribbon Limb Flare. Astrophys J 1999; 527:L121-L124. [PMID: 10577954 DOI: 10.1086/312410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) to image solar plasma over a wide range of temperatures (Te approximately 104-107 K) at high spatial resolution (0&farcs;5 pixels) makes it a unique instrument for observing solar flares. We present TRACE and Yohkoh observations of an M2.4 two-ribbon flare that began on 1999 July 25 at about 13:08 UT. We observe impulsive footpoint brightenings that are followed by the formation of high-temperature plasma (Te greater, similar10 MK) in the corona. After an interval of about 1300 s, cooler loops (Te<2 MK) form below the hot plasma. Thus, the evolution of the event supports the qualitative aspects of the standard reconnection model of solar flares. The TRACE and Yohkoh data show that the bulk of the flare emission is at or below 10 MK. The TRACE data are also consistent with the Yohkoh observations of hotter plasma (Te approximately 15-20 MK) existing at the top of the arcade. The cooling time inferred from these observations is consistent with a hybrid cooling time based on thermal conduction and radiative cooling.
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18
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Abstract
Collagenase and gelatinase are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which play an important role in tissue destruction in arthritic joints. Studies have demonstrated that tetracyclines can inhibit MMPs and prevent tissue destruction independent of their antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this pilot study is to assess the potential therapeutic role of Doxycycline in patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This ongoing investigation includes patients with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the TMJ based on clinical and diagnostic imaging findings, symptoms (localized TMJ pain, limited mobility, dysfunction) for a minimum of 36 months, and failure of previous non-surgical and surgical modalities to alleviate the symptoms. A synovial fluid sample is collected by a saline injection and aspiration technique, followed by diagnostic arthroscopy. Patients are placed on Doxycycline 50 mg BID for three months and then undergo repeat diagnostic arthroscopy and synovial fluid collection. The samples are stored at -80 degrees C. Collagenase activity is determined by a combination of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography and calculated based on the percentage of collagen alpha chains that are degraded into alphaA breakdown products. Three patients have completed the three-month course of Doxycycline thus far, and 5 joints with osteoarthritis have been analyzed. All patients were female (mean age = 35, mean duration of symptoms = 132 months) and had undergone previous bilateral arthroscopies. One patient had undergone unilateral arthroplasty. The mean collagenase activity showed 55% collagen lysis prior to Doxycycline treatment and 19% after three months of therapy. The mean gelatinase activity was 28% prior to Doxycycline treatment and 7% after three months of therapy. The mean interincisal opening was 33 mm initially and 41 mm after three months of Doxycycline. Subjectively, two of the three patients reported significant improvement in their overall symptoms, which they had not experienced over the previous three years. One patient did not experience any change in symptoms, in spite of a marked reduction in collagenase activity from 86.4% to 9.6%. Because of the very small numbers of patients enrolled in this pilot study so far, no statistically significant differences could be appreciated. However, the dramatic reduction in collagenase activity in these patients, with a long history of TMJ symptoms from osteoarthritis, suggests the potential promising role of Doxycycline in the management of osteoarthritis, and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Israel
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Ramamurthy N, Greenwald R, Moak S, Scuibba J, Goren A, Turner G, Rifkin B, Golub L. CMT/Tenidap treatment inhibits temporomandibular joint destruction in adjuvant arthritic rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 732:427-30. [PMID: 7978829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Ramamurthy
- State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-8702
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ramamurthy
- Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY, Stony Brook 11794-8702
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21
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Schneir M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L. Minocycline-treatment of diabetic rats normalizes skin collagen production and mass: possible causative mechanisms. Matrix 1990; 10:112-23. [PMID: 2374516 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Daily minocycline-treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats not only prevented a diabetes-caused atrophy of skin collagen mass (10-mos old rats), but also normalized skin collagen mass to match that of growing (ca. 1%/d) non-diabetic controls (4- and 5-mos old rats). The causative mechanism by which minocycline-treatment normalizes skin collagen mass must, in part, be related to a general anabolic effect on growth (body weight) because the effect on skin collagen mass correlates strongly to that on body weight. Consequently, a minocycline-stimulated increase of a systemic factor (such as insulin-like growth factor) is not unlikely. The anabolic effect of minocycline-treatment of diabetic rats is also expressed as a normalized cellular ribosome mass (an index of total protein synthetic capacity) and a normalized absolute rate of collagen production. (Calculation of an absolute rate was justified by an apparent maximum saturation of the prolyl-tRNA pool(s) of skin, maximum saturation obtained by the pool-flooding approach). The normalized skin ribosome amount does not, however, explain a selective effect of minocycline-treatment on collagen production as opposed to that for non-collagen protein, this selective effect measured as relative collagen production. To explain such selectivity, the inhibition of diabetes-induced excess skin collagenase activity seems unlikely. (This inference is based on results from a preliminary study indicating that recently [less than 2 h] synthesized collagen is not degraded by the excess collagenase in skin of diabetic rats). Thus, the principal collagen fraction acted on by pathologically excess collagenase might be collagen at a later stage (greater than 2 h after synthesis) in its life cycle. (Another possibility for the selective effect of minocycline on collagen production, as yet untested, is reduced intracellular procollagen degradation.) Overall, this is the first study aimed at discerning the mechanism(s) by which minocycline-treatment enhances the rate of collagen production in tissues of a diabetic rat. For future studies, the extent to which the positive effect on growth, ribosome mass, and rate of collagen production contributes to the change of collagen mass must, along with the known minocycline-inhibition of collagenase activity, be quantified. Such quantification is a prerequisite for evaluating the chemotherapeutic efficacy of minocycline-treatment on collagen-degradative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schneir
- Department of Basic Science, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089
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22
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Abstract
We discuss the procedures developed for the production and testing of multilayer x-ray mirrors on large figured optical surfaces. Methods which are generally useful for characterizing the performance of such optics are presented, as well as specific results from the production of a 25-cm diam Ritchey-Chretien telescope for a wavelength of lambda = 63.5 A. The latter is a two-mirror system, which places additional stringent requirements upon the accuracy and quality of the coatings.
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Brown MR, Thunberg BJ, Golub L, Maniscalco WM, Cox C, Shapiro DL. Decreased cholestasis with enteral instead of intravenous protein in the very low-birth-weight infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9:21-7. [PMID: 2506323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Thirty to 50% of very low-birth-weight infants have parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. To test the hypothesis that the incidence of cholestasis would be decreased if parenteral amino acids were avoided and protein given enterally, infants with a gestational age of less than 30 weeks were randomized to two groups. One group received amino acid-free parenteral nutrition and whey protein enterally with added premature infant formula. The control group received standard parenteral nutrition with amino acids and enteral premature formula. At the end of 3 weeks of parenteral nutrition, infants who had a direct serum bilirubin level of greater than 3 mg/dl were considered to have significant cholestasis. Twenty-nine infants required parenteral nutrition for 3 weeks, 17 in the whey group and 12 in the control group. No instances of significant cholestasis were observed in the whey group (0/17), whereas seven of 12 infants (58%) in the amino acid control group had cholestasis (p less than 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642
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24
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Elkayam R, Friedman M, Stabholz A, Soskolne A, Sela M, Golub L. Sustained release device containing minocycline for local treatment of periodontal disease. J Control Release 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(88)90055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Schneir M, Imberman M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the rat periodontium: decreased relative collagen production. Coll Relat Res 1988; 8:221-32. [PMID: 3396306 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(88)80042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study concerning the extent to which relative collagen production (RCP) in rat periodontal tissues is affected by diabetes. Determination of RCP, rather than individual production rates for collagen or for non-collagen protein, was deemed necessary because saturation of all proline pools in tissues of diabetics (and non-diabetic controls) was not achieved. Such non-saturation occurred despite the injection of a pool-expanding dose of proline (400-1150 mg/rat), non-saturation indicated by the lesser specific radioactivity (S.R.) of free-[3H]proline in tissues than that of the injected solution. RCP was decreased in five periodontal tissues (incisor and molar gingiva, incisor and molar periodontal ligament, antemolar palatal mucosa) and in skin. Diabetes-decreased RCP seems to result from decreased collagen synthesis and increased intracellular degradation, although some evidence is presented for increased extracellular degradation of recently secreted collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schneir
- Department of Basic Science, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089
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26
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Imberman M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L, Schneir M. A reassessment of collagen half-life in rat periodontal tissues: application of the pool-expansion approach. J Periodontal Res 1986; 21:396-402. [PMID: 2942667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1986.tb01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schneir M, Imberman M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L. The in vivo fractional rate of gingival collagen production in non-diabetic and diabetic rats. Application of a novel approach for quantification-pool expansion. J Periodontal Res 1986; 21:56-63. [PMID: 2937895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1986.tb01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schneir M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L. Dietary ascorbic acid normalizes diabetes-induced underhydroxylation of nascent type I collagen molecules. Coll Relat Res 1985; 5:415-22. [PMID: 4085195 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(85)80029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nascent collagen alpha chains (types I and III) isolated from diabetic rat skin were shown to be underhydroxylated, an underhydroxylation normalized (type I) or partially corrected (Type III) by dietary ascorbic acid. Increased hydroxylation occurred concomitantly with reduced intracellular procollagen degradation and increased production of nascent collagen molecules, both contributing to an increased total skin collagen mass. Overall, by correcting a defect (underhydroxylation) in a posttranslational event and by increasing collagen production, dietary ascorbic acid improved the collagen status of a diabetes-perturbed connective tissue.
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Golub L, Spiller E, Bartlett RJ, Hockaday MP, Kania DR, Trela WJ, Tatchyn R. X-ray tests of multilayer coated optics. Appl Opt 1984; 23:3529. [PMID: 18213191 DOI: 10.1364/ao.23.003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Schneir M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L. Skin collagen metabolism in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: free hydroxyproline, the principal in vivo degradation product of newly synthesized collagen--probably procollagen. Coll Relat Res 1984; 4:183-93. [PMID: 6467885 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(84)80040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the degradation products of recently synthesized collagen present in skins of control and diabetic rats. Specifically, the TCA-soluble fractions of homogenized skins from control and diabetic rats (killed 1 and 4 hours after [3H]-proline injection) were fractionated by molecular sieve chromatography, and eluted fractions were analyzed for hydroxyproline and [3H]-hydroxyproline. Free [3H]-hydroxyproline was the principal (greater than 95%), low molecular weight (greater than 2000 daltons), [3H]-hydroxyproline-containing material eluted from the molecular sieve column, this amount representing approximately 80% (controls) and approximately 87% (diabetics) of [3H]-hydroxyproline-containing material in TCA-soluble fractions of skin homogenates. These observations are similar to those from the intracellular degradation of cellular and secretory proteins in that the principal--almost exclusive--degradation product was the free amino acid. The free hydroxyproline had a greater specific radioactivity than that in any other [3H]-hydroxyproline-containing fraction (soluble and insoluble, see below); furthermore, the total radioactivity of free [3H]-hydroxyproline was greater at 1 hour than 3 hours later. These two properties (identity with free amino acid; time-dependent decrease in amounts) are consistent with [3H]-hydroxyproline arising from the intracellular degradation of procollagen. The [3H]-hydroxyproline-containing material eluting before free hydroxyproline (designated peptidyl [3H]-hydroxyproline) was similar to free [3H]-hydroxyproline in terms of specific radioactivity and the time-dependent decreases of specific and total radioactivities, these similarities indicating that the peptidyl [3H]-hydroxyproline are intermediates in the degradative pathway of procollagen to free amino acids. Results for control and diabetic rats were qualitatively similar, with regard to the inter-fraction ratios of specific radioactivities and their time-dependent changes. However, the degradative process, as assessed by the release of free and peptidyl [3H]-hydroxyproline, was dramatically enhanced by the diabetic state, extending our previous results based on analyses of uncharacterized degradation products.
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Schneir M, Ramamurthy N, Golub L. Skin collagen metabolism in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Enhanced catabolism of collagen formed both before and during the diabetic state. Diabetes 1982; 31:426-31. [PMID: 6218001 DOI: 10.2337/diab.31.5.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Collagen catabolism has been measured in skins of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. For measuring catabolism of collagen synthesized de novo during the diabetic state, we measured the amounts of [3H]hydroxyproline-containing degradation products in skins of diabetic rats, killed 4 h after [3H]proline injection (protocol 1); degradation products were isolated in TCA-soluble fractions of skin homogenates. For measuring catabolism of collagen preexisting before the induction of the diabetic state, we measured the 21-day loss of [3H]hydroxyproline (and hydroxyproline) in entire skins of rats that were streptozotocin-treated after [3H]proline injection (protocol 2). A 2.5-fold increase in the relative amounts of [3H]hydroxyproline-containing degradation products was measured in the TCA-soluble fractions of skins from diabetic rats (protocol 1). These degradation products had a low molecular weight (as evident from their diffusibility), and they were derived from recently synthesized collagen, possibly procollagen (as evident from their high [3H]hydroxyproline specific activity). Furthermore, they were not derived from the degradation of [3H]hydroxyproline-labeled collagen present before induction of the diabetic state (protocol 2). Evidence for this conclusion is as follows: the amounts of [3H]hydroxyproline-containing degradation products in skins of diabetic rats were not greater than that in skins of control rats, despite a 50% resorption of collagen in skins of diabetic rats. Overall, the catabolism of collagen formed de novo during the diabetic state was distinguished from the catabolism of collagen formed before, and both catabolic processes were enhanced in rat skins of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Schneir M, Bowersox J, Ramamurthy N, Yavelow J, Murray J, Edlin-Folz E, Golub L. Response of rat connective tissues to streptozotocin-diabetes. Tissue-specific effects on collagen metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979; 583:95-102. [PMID: 420871 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gorenstein P, Golub L, Bjorkholm P. Detection of Radon Emission at the Edges of Lunar Maria with the Apollo Alpha-Particle Spectrometer. Science 1974; 183:411-3. [PMID: 17781931 DOI: 10.1126/science.183.4123.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of radioactive polonium-210, a decay product of radon-222, shows enhanced concentrations at the edges of lunar maria. Enhancements are seen at the edges of Mare Fecunditatis, Mare Crisium, Mare Smythii. Mare Tranquillitatis, Mare Nubium, Mare Cognitum, and Oceanus Procellarum. The observation is indicative of the transient emission of radon gas from the perimeters of lunar maria.
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Bjorkholm P, Golub L, Gorenstein P. Detection of a Nonuniform Distribution of Polonium-210 on the Moon with the Apollo 16 Alpha Particle Spectrometer. Science 1973; 180:957-9. [PMID: 17735926 DOI: 10.1126/science.180.4089.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The polonium-210 activity of the lunar surface is significantly larger than the activity of its progenitor radon-222. This result establishes unequivocally that radon emanation from the present-day moon varies considerably within the 21-year half-life of lead-210, the parent nuclide of polonium-210. There are large variations and well-localized enhancements in polonium-210 activity over much of the moon's surface.
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Stern B, Golub L, Goldhaber P. Effects of demineralization and parathyroid hormone on the availability of bone collagen to degradation by collagenase. J Periodontal Res 1970; 5:116-21. [PMID: 4326802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Golub L, Glimcher MJ, Goldhaber P. The effect of sodium fluoride on the rates of synthesis and degradation of bone collagen in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1968; 129:973-7. [PMID: 5725132 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-129-33472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Golub L, Stern B, Glimcher M, Goldhaber P. The effect of a lathyrogenic agent on the synthesis and degradation of mouse bone collagen in tissue culture. Arch Oral Biol 1968; 13:1395-8. [PMID: 5250466 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(68)90163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Golub L, Stern B, Glimcher M, Goldhaber P. The inhibition of the maturation of newly synthesized bone collagen by beta-aminopropionitrile in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1968; 129:465-9. [PMID: 5696770 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-129-33345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Shimizu M, Golub L, Glimcher M. The effect of lathyrogens on the rate of collagen fibril formation and dissolution. Biochim Biophys Acta 1968; 168:356-8. [PMID: 5696899 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(68)90158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Golub L, Stern B, Glimcher M, Goldhaber P. The effect of lathyrism on bone collagen metabolism in tissue culture. J Periodontol 1968; 39:44-5. [PMID: 5244521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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