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Anyorigiya TA, Castel S, Mauf K, Atuguba F, Ogutu B, Oduro A, Dosoo D, Asante KP, Owusu-Agyei S, Dodoo A, Hodgson A, Binka F, Workman LJ, Allen EN, Denti P, Wiesner L, Barnes KI. Correction to: Pharmacokinetic profile of amodiaquine and its active metabolite desethylamodiaquine in Ghanaian patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:156. [PMID: 33740967 PMCID: PMC7976697 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Anyorigiya
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katya Mauf
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Atuguba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Bernhards Ogutu
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David Dosoo
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- University for Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | | | - Abraham Hodgson
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fred Binka
- University for Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Lesley J Workman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth N Allen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen I Barnes
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Anyorigiya TA, Castel S, Mauff K, Atuguba F, Ogutu B, Oduro A, Dosoo D, Asante KP, Owusu-Agyei S, Dodoo A, Hodgson A, Binka F, Workman LJ, Allen EN, Denti P, Wiesner L, Barnes KI. Pharmacokinetic profile of amodiaquine and its active metabolite desethylamodiaquine in Ghanaian patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:18. [PMID: 33407454 PMCID: PMC7788723 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate measurement of anti-malarial drug concentrations in therapeutic efficacy studies is essential to distinguish between inadequate drug exposure and anti-malarial drug resistance, and to inform optimal anti-malarial dosing in key target population groups. Methods A sensitive and selective LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of amodiaquine and its active metabolite, desethylamodiaquine, and used to describe their pharmacokinetic parameters in Ghanaian patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with the fixed-dose combination, artesunate-amodiaquine. Results The day-28 genotype-adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response rate in 308 patients studied was > 97% by both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis. After excluding 64 patients with quantifiable amodiaquine concentrations pre-treatment and 17 with too few quantifiable concentrations, the pharmacokinetic analysis included 227 patients (9 infants, 127 aged 1–4 years, 91 aged ≥ 5 years). Increased median day-3 amodiaquine concentrations were associated with a lower risk of treatment failure [HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.78–0.98), p = 0.021]. Amodiaquine exposure (median AUC0-∞) was significantly higher in infants (4201 ng h/mL) and children aged 1–5 years (1994 ng h/mL) compared to older children and adults (875 ng h/mL, p = 0.001), even though infants received a lower mg/kg amodiaquine dose (median 25.3 versus 33.8 mg/kg in older patients). Desethylamodiaquine AUC0-∞ was not significantly associated with age. No significant safety concerns were identified. Conclusions Efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine at currently recommended dosage regimens was high across all age groups. Reassuringly, amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine exposure was not reduced in underweight-for-age young children or those with high parasitaemia, two of the most vulnerable target populations. A larger pharmacokinetic study with close monitoring of safety, including full blood counts and liver function tests, is needed to confirm the higher amodiaquine exposure in infants, understand any safety implications and assess whether dose optimization in this vulnerable, understudied population is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Anyorigiya
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katya Mauff
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Atuguba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Bernhards Ogutu
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David Dosoo
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- University for Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | | | - Abraham Hodgson
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fred Binka
- University for Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Lesley J Workman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth N Allen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen I Barnes
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,UCT/MRC Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy (CCOAT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Zar HJ, Workman LJ, Prins M, Bateman LJ, Mbhele SP, Whitman CB, Denkinger CM, Nicol MP. Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Children Using Xpert Ultra on Different Respiratory Specimens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:1531-1538. [PMID: 31381861 PMCID: PMC6909828 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201904-0772oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in children is desirable.Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy and incremental yield of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra; Cepheid), a new rapid test, on repeated induced sputum, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and combinations of specimens.Methods: Consecutive South African children hospitalized with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled.Measurements and Main Results: Induced sputum (IS) and nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were obtained. NPAs were frozen; IS underwent liquid culture, and an aliquot was frozen. Ultra was performed on thawed NPAs and IS specimens individually. Children were categorized as confirmed, unconfirmed, or unlikely tuberculosis according to NIH consensus case definitions. The diagnostic accuracy of Ultra was compared with liquid culture on IS. In total, 195 children (median age: 23.3 mo; 32 [16.4%] HIV-infected) had one IS and NPA, and 130 had two NPAs. There were 40 (20.5%) culture-confirmed cases. Ultra was positive on NPAs in 26 (13.3%) and on IS in 31 (15.9%). Sensitivity and specificity of Ultra on one NPA were 46% and 98%, respectively, and similar by HIV status. Sensitivity and specificity of Ultra on one IS were 74.3% and 96.9% respectively. Combining one NPA and one IS increased sensitivity to 80%. Sensitivity using Ultra on two NPAs was 54.2%, increasing to 87.5% with an IS Ultra.Conclusions: IS provides a better specimen than repeated NPA for rapid diagnosis using Ultra. However, Ultra testing of combinations of specimens provides a novel strategy that can be adapted to identify most children with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health and
| | - Lesley J. Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health and
| | - Margaretha Prins
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health and
| | - Linda J. Bateman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health and
| | - Slindile P. Mbhele
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cynthia B. Whitman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health and
| | - Claudia M. Denkinger
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany and
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Nonyane BAS, Nicol MP, Andreas NJ, Rimmele S, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Workman LJ, Perkins MD, Joos T, Broger T, Ellner JJ, Alland D, Kampmann B, Dorman SE, Zar HJ. Serologic Responses in Childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:1-9. [PMID: 28719497 PMCID: PMC6261442 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoproteome and antigens associated with serologic responses in adults has renewed interest in developing a serologic test for childhood tuberculosis (TB). We investigated IgG antibody responses against M. tuberculosis antigens in children with well-characterized TB. METHODS We studied archived sera obtained from hospitalized children with suspected pulmonary TB, and classified as having confirmed TB (culture-confirmed), unlikely TB (clinical improvement without TB treatment), or unconfirmed TB (all others). A multiplexed bead-based assay for IgG antibodies against 119 M. tuberculosis antigens was developed, validated and used to test sera. The area under the curves (AUCs) of the empiric receiver-operator characteristic curves were generated as measures of predictive ability. A cross-validated generalized linear model was used to select the most predictive combinations of antigens. RESULTS For the confirmed TB versus unlikely TB comparison, the maximal single antigen AUC was 0.63, corresponding to sensitivity 0.60 and specificity 0.60. Older (age: 60+ months old) children's responses were better predictive of TB status than younger (age: 12-59 months old) children's, with a maximal single antigen AUC of -0.76. For the confirmed TB versus unlikely TB groups, the most predictive combinations of antigens assigned TB risk probabilities of 0.33 and 0.33, respectively, when all ages were considered, and 0.57 (interquartile range: 0.48-0.64) and 0.35 (interquartile range: 0.32-0.40) when only older children were considered. CONCLUSION An antigen-based IgG test is unlikely to meet the performance characteristics required of a TB detection test applicable to all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareng A. S. Nonyane
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas J. Andreas
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Rimmele
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Lesley J. Workman
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas Joos
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Jerrold J. Ellner
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Alland
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, Serrekunda, Gambia
| | - Susan E. Dorman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zar HJ, Workman LJ, Little F, Nicol MP. Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: Assessment of the 2012 National Institutes of Health Expert Consensus Criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S173-8. [PMID: 26409280 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2012 National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria for standardized diagnostic categories of pulmonary tuberculosis in children have not been validated. We aimed to assess the NIH diagnostic criteria in children with culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and those in whom tuberculosis has been excluded. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive children hospitalized with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa, who were enrolled in a diagnostic study. Children were categorized as definite tuberculosis (culture positive), probable tuberculosis (chest radiograph consistent), possible tuberculosis (chest radiograph inconsistent), or not tuberculosis (improved without tuberculosis treatment). We applied the NIH diagnostic categories to the cohort and evaluated their performance specifically in children with definite tuberculosis and not tuberculosis. RESULTS Four hundred sixty-four children (median age, 25.1 months [interquartile range, 13.5-61.5 months]) were included; 96 (20.7%) were HIV infected. Of these, 165 (35.6%) were definite tuberculosis, and 299 (64.4%) were not tuberculosis. If strict NIH symptom criteria were applied, 100 (21.6%) were unclassifiable including 21 (21.0%) with definite pulmonary tuberculosis, as they did not meet the NIH criteria due to short duration of symptoms; 71 (71%) had cough <14 days, 48 (48%) had recent weight loss, and 39 (39%) had fever <7 days. Of 364 classifiable children, there was moderate agreement (κ = 0.48) with 100% agreement for definite tuberculosis and moderate agreement for not tuberculosis (220 [60.4%] vs 89 [24.5%]). CONCLUSIONS Entry criteria for diagnostic studies should not be restrictive. Data from this analysis have informed revision of the NIH definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town and Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health
| | - Lesley J Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town and Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health
| | | | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa
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Gray DM, Workman LJ, Lombard CJ, Jennings T, Innes S, Grobbelaar CJ, Cotton MF, Zar HJ. Isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy: a pilot study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 18:322-7. [PMID: 24670570 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Tuberculosis (TB) is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Data on isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) efficacy in HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy, tolerability and safety of isoniazid (INH) in HIV-infected children on ART. DESIGN A pilot randomised controlled study of INH was undertaken in HIV-infected children on ART. The primary outcome measure was TB disease or death. RESULTS A total of 167 children were randomised to receive INH (n = 85) or placebo (n = 82), and followed for a median of 34 months (interquartile range [IQR] 24-52). The median age was 35 months (IQR 15-65). There was one death in a child on INH and none in the placebo group. Eleven (6.6%) cases of TB occurred, 4 (5%) in the INH and 7 (9%) in the placebo group. Among the TB cases, 5 were culture confirmed-2 in the INH group and 3 in the placebo group, all susceptible to INH. Severe adverse events occurred rarely (n = 6; 2%). CONCLUSION IPT is safe and well tolerated in HIV-infected children on concomitant ART. This study supports the need for a larger study to assess efficacy in HIV-infected children living in TB-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L J Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C J Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Jennings
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Innes
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C J Grobbelaar
- Anova Health Institute, TC Newman Hospital, Paarl, South Africa
| | - M F Cotton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Moncayo AL, Vaca M, Oviedo G, Workman LJ, Chico ME, Platts-Mills TAE, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Cooper PJ. Effects of geohelminth infection and age on the associations between allergen-specific IgE, skin test reactivity and wheeze: a case-control study. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:60-72. [PMID: 23278881 PMCID: PMC3563216 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Most childhood asthma in poor populations in Latin America is not associated with aeroallergen sensitization, an observation that could be explained by the attenuation of atopy by chronic helminth infections or effects of age. Objective To explore the effects of geohelminth infections and age on atopy, wheeze, and the association between atopy and wheeze. Methods A case-control study was done in 376 subjects (149 cases and 227 controls) aged 7–19 years living in rural communities in Ecuador. Wheeze cases, identified from a large cross-sectional survey, had recent wheeze and controls were a random sample of those without wheeze. Atopy was measured by the presence of allergen-specific IgE (asIgE) and skin prick test (SPT) responses to house dust mite and cockroach. Geohelminth infections were measured in stools and anti-Ascaris IgE in plasma. Results The fraction of recent wheeze attributable to anti-Ascaris IgE was 45.9%, while those for SPT and asIgE were 10.0% and 10.5% respectively. The association between atopy and wheeze was greater in adolescents than children. Although Anti-Ascaris IgE was strongly associated with wheeze (adj. OR 2.24 (95% CI 1.33–3.78, P = 0.003) and with asIgE (adj. OR 5.34, 95% CI 2.49–11.45, P < 0.001), the association with wheeze was independent of asIgE. There was some evidence that the association between atopy and wheeze was greater in uninfected subjects compared with those with active geohelminth infections. Conclusions and clinical relevance Atopy to house dust mite and cockroach explained few wheeze cases in our study population, while the presence of anti-Ascaris IgE was an important risk factor. Our data provided only limited evidence that active geohelminth infections attenuated the association between atopy and wheeze in endemic areas or that age modified this association. The role of allergic sensitization to Ascaris in the development of wheeze, independent of atopy, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Moncayo
- Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Smuts HE, Workman LJ, Zar HJ. Human rhinovirus infection in young African children with acute wheezing. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:65. [PMID: 21401965 PMCID: PMC3065410 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are important triggers of wheezing in young children. Wheezy illness has increasingly been recognised as an important cause of morbidity in African children, but there is little information on the contribution of HRV to this. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HRV as a cause of acute wheezing in South African children. METHODS Two hundred and twenty children presenting consecutively at a tertiary children's hospital with a wheezing illness from May 2004 to November 2005 were prospectively enrolled. A nasal swab was taken and reverse transcription PCR used to screen the samples for HRV. The presence of human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus and human coronavirus-NL63 was assessed in all samples using PCR-based assays. A general shell vial culture using a pool of monoclonal antibodies was used to detect other common respiratory viruses on 26% of samples. Phylogenetic analysis to determine circulating HRV species was performed on a portion of HRV-positive samples. Categorical characteristics were analysed using Fisher's Exact test. RESULTS HRV was detected in 128 (58.2%) of children, most (72%) of whom were under 2 years of age. Presenting symptoms between the HRV-positive and negative groups were similar. Most illness was managed with ambulatory therapy, but 45 (35%) were hospitalized for treatment and 3 (2%) were admitted to intensive care. There were no in-hospital deaths. All 3 species of HRV were detected with HRV-C being the most common (52%) followed by HRV-A (37%) and HRV-B (11%). Infection with other respiratory viruses occurred in 20/128 (16%) of HRV-positive children and in 26/92 (28%) of HRV-negative samples. CONCLUSION HRV may be the commonest viral infection in young South African children with acute wheezing. Infection is associated with mild or moderate clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E Smuts
- Division Medical Virology/NHLS, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Haisenleder DJ, Workman LJ, Burger LL, Aylor KW, Dalkin AC, Marshall JC. Gonadotropin subunit transcriptional responses to calcium signals in the rat: evidence for regulation by pulse frequency. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:1789-93. [PMID: 11717142 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.6.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the frequency of calcium influx signals to rat pituitary cells can regulate the expression of gonadotropin subunit mRNAs in a differential manner, producing effects that are similar to those previously found for GnRH. The present study was conducted to investigate whether this reflects a transcriptional response to calcium pulse frequency, as determined by alterations in primary transcript (PT) expression. Perifused rat pituitary cells were given pulses of the calcium channel-activator Bay K 8644 (BK; with 10 mM KCl in the injectate) for 6 h. The response to alterations in pulse dose was examined by giving pulses of 1, 3, or 10 microM BK at 60-min intervals. Maximal increases in LHbeta and FSHbeta PTs were obtained with the 3-microM BK pulse dose and with the 10-microM dose for alpha. To investigate the effect of calcium pulse frequency, 3-microM BK pulses were given at intervals of 15, 60, or 180 min. Alpha PT was selectively stimulated by 15-min pulses and LHbeta by 15- and 60-min pulses of BK. In contrast, FSHbeta PT was maximally stimulated by the slower, 180-min pulse interval. These findings reveal that pulsatile increases in intracellular calcium stimulate alpha, LHbeta, and FSHbeta transcription in a differential manner. Thus, intermittent changes in intracellular calcium appear to be important in the transmission of GnRH pulse signals from the plasma membrane to the gene, and they may mediate the differential actions of pulse frequency on gonadotropin subunit gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/administration & dosage
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Agonists/administration & dosage
- Calcium Channel Agonists/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Female
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone/metabolism
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Luteinizing Hormone/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism
- Periodicity
- Pituitary Gland/metabolism
- Potassium Chloride/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Haisenleder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Burger LL, Dalkin AC, Aylor KW, Workman LJ, Haisenleder DJ, Marshall JC. Regulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription after ovariectomy in the rat: measurement of subunit primary transcripts reveals differential roles of GnRH and inhibin. Endocrinology 2001; 142:3435-42. [PMID: 11459788 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.8.8315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the changes in gonadotropin subunit gene expression following ovariectomy reflect transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional regulation by GnRH or inhibin. Subunit transcription rates were determined by recently developed quantitative RT-PCR for subunit primary transcripts (as an indicator of gene transcription), which allow us to measure both mRNA and PT from RNA extracted from a single pituitary. Following ovariectomy, LHbeta PT concentrations increased 2- to 3-fold between 72 h and 7 d, paralleling changes in serum LH and LHbeta mRNA. In contrast, serum FSH, FSHbeta mRNA, and FSHbeta PT concentrations were 6- to 9-fold greater 12-24 h after ovariectomy followed by an additional 2.5-fold increase at 72 h. Although alpha RNA was elevated at 72 h after ovariectomy, alpha-primary transcript did not change. GnRH antagonist prevented the increase in LHbeta-PT at 72 h, but had no effect on the increase in FSHbetaPT at 12 h and was only partially effective at 72 h. The acute GnRH-independent increase in FSHbeta-primary transcript after ovariectomy could be duplicated by the administration of inhibin antiserum to intact rats; inhibin-alpha antiserum did not affect LHbeta-primary transcript, but increased FSHbeta-primary transcript concentrations 8- to 11-fold. The half-disappearance rates of LHbeta and FSHbeta primary transcripts were measured after GnRH blockade or administration of recombinant human inhibin A. The half-disappearance times for LHbeta and FSHbeta primary transcripts following GnRH blockade were 13 and 17 min, respectively; the mRNAs did not change. The effects of inhibin were specific for FSHbeta; 60 min after inhibin FSHbeta-primary transcript was undetectable with a half-disappearance time of 19 min, additionally FSHbeta mRNA levels also fell with a half-life of 94 min. In conclusion, these data support previous evidence that GnRH regulates gonadotropin gene expression primarily at the level of transcription. However, the acute increase in FSHbeta-primary transcript after ovariectomy or immunoneutralization of inhibin-alpha, and the rapid fall in FSHbeta-primary transcript following rh inhibin, provide novel evidence that inhibin suppresses FSHbeta gene transcription in addition to its action in regulating FSHbeta mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Burger
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Dalkin AC, Burger LL, Aylor KW, Haisenleder DJ, Workman LJ, Cho S, Marshall JC. Regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene transcription by gonadotropin-releasing hormone: measurement of primary transcript ribonucleic acids by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Endocrinology 2001; 142:139-46. [PMID: 11145576 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.1.7881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GnRH regulates the synthesis and secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH. One of the actions of GnRH on the gonadotropin subunit genes (alpha, LHbeta, and FSHbeta) is the regulation of transcription [messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis]. Gonadotropin subunit transcription rates increase after gonadectomy and following exogenous GnRH pulses. However, prior studies of subunit mRNA synthesis were limited by the available methodology that did not allow simultaneous measurement of gene transcription and mature mRNA concentrations. The purpose of the current studies was to: 1) develop a reliable and sensitive method for assessing transcription rates by measuring gonadotropin subunit primary transcript RNAs (PT, RNA before intron splicing); 2) investigate the PT responses to GnRH following castration or exogenous GnRH pulses; 3) characterize the half-disappearance time for the three PT species after GnRH withdrawal; and 4) correlate changes in PT concentration with steady-state gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels measured in the same pituitary RNA samples. Using oligonucleotide primers that flanked intron-exon boundaries, quantitative RT-PCR assays for each subunit PT species were developed. These assays require only ng amounts of RNA to measure each gonadotropin subunit PT and allow us to measure both PTs and steady-state mRNAs in a single pituitary RNA sample. Primary transcript concentrations in intact male rats showed a relative abundance of alpha > LHbeta congruent with FSHbeta, similar to the relationship found previously for mRNA levels. Additionally, each PT species was only 1-2% as abundant as the corresponding mRNA. One week after castration, gonadotropin subunit PT levels were increased (alpha: 3-fold, LHbeta: 6-fold, and FSHbeta: 3-fold) in a pattern similar to subunit mRNAs. Administration of GnRH antagonist to 7-day castrate male rats resulted in a rapid decline in PT concentrations with a half-disappearance time of 2.7 h for LHbeta and 0.8 h for FSHbeta, significantly faster than earlier measurements of the half-disappearance time for mature mRNA. Finally, in a GnRH-deficient male rat model, LHbeta and FSHbeta PT concentrations increased 4- to 6-fold 5 min after a GnRH pulse and then declined toward levels seen in control animals. These data indicate that the effects of GnRH on subunit gene transcription are an important determinant of gonadotropin regulation. The appearance and disappearance of PT RNA occurs more rapidly than changes in mature mRNA. Additionally, concentrations are elevated in long term castrates, and following an exogenous GnRH pulse the transcriptional burst is rapid and brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Dalkin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Abstract
The Chlamydomonas flagellar surface exhibits interesting adhesive properties that are associated with flagellar surface motility. This dynamic surface property can be exhibited as the binding and movement of small polystyrene microspheres or as the interaction of the flagellar surface with a solid substrate followed by whole cell locomotion, termed "gliding". In order to identify flagellar surface proteins that mediate substrate interaction during flagellar surface motility, two immobilized iodination systems were employed that mimic the conditions for flagellar surface motility: small polystyrene microspheres derivatized with lactoperoxidase, and large glass beads derivatized with Iodogen. Use of these iodination conditions resulted in preferential iodination of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein with apparent molecular weight of 300,000-350,000. These results suggest this glycoprotein as a major candidate for the surface-exposed adhesive component that directly interacts with the substrate and couples the substrate to a system of force transduction presumed to be located within the flagellum.
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Abstract
Artificial cardiac pacing, the use of electrical stimuli to cause contraction of heart muscle, is a sophisticated therapeutic and diagnostic tool. Its rapid technologic improvement since first developed in the late 1930’s by Hyman, has made it possible not only to avoid certain cases of death due to heart block, but also to extend and improve the quality of life. Pacemaker therapy is generally used to treat heart rate or rhythm disturbances, being either tachy- or bradyarrhythmias that produce a detrimental drop in cardiac output. Of the many different types of pacemakers and electrodes currently available, ventricular demand pacing is the most commonly used.
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Lloyd EA, Workman LJ, Commerford PJ, Mabin TA. Evaluation of lorcainide, a new anti-arrhythmic agent. S Afr Med J 1981; 60:929-31. [PMID: 7302777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A new anti-arrhythmic agent, lorcainide, has been compared with lignocaine in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lorcainide has been shown to be as effective as lignocaine in suppressing ventricular ectopy. Lorcainide is unusually free of side-effects and has the great advantage over lignocaine of being effective when given orally.
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