1
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Beckers L, Baeten P, Popescu V, Swinnen D, Cardilli A, Hamad I, Van Wijmeersch B, Tavernier SJ, Kleinewietfeld M, Broux B, Fraussen J, Somers V. Alterations in the innate and adaptive immune system in a real-world cohort of multiple sclerosis patients treated with ocrelizumab. Clin Immunol 2024; 259:109894. [PMID: 38185268 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
B cell depletion by the anti-CD20 antibody ocrelizumab is effective in relapsing-remitting (RR) and primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated immunological changes in peripheral blood of a real-world MS cohort after 6 and 12 months of ocrelizumab. All RRMS and most PPMS patients (15/20) showed treatment response. Ocrelizumab not only reduced CD20+ B cells, but also numbers of CD20+ T cells. Absolute numbers of monocytes, dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells were increased, while CD56hi natural killer cells were reduced after ocrelizumab. The residual B cell population shifted towards transitional and activated, IgA+ switched memory B cells, double negative B cells, and antibody-secreting cells. Delaying the treatment interval by 2-3 months increased mean B cell frequencies and enhanced naive B cell repopulation. Ocrelizumab reduced plasma levels of interleukin(IL)-12p70 and interferon(IFN)-α2. These findings will contribute to understanding ineffective treatment responses, dealing with life-threatening infections and further unravelling MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - P Baeten
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - V Popescu
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Noorderhart, Rehabilitation and MS Center, Pelt, Belgium
| | - D Swinnen
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - A Cardilli
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - I Hamad
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B Van Wijmeersch
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Noorderhart, Rehabilitation and MS Center, Pelt, Belgium
| | - S J Tavernier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Kleinewietfeld
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B Broux
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - J Fraussen
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - V Somers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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2
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Riback JA, Eeftens JM, Lee DSW, Quinodoz SA, Donlic A, Orlovsky N, Wiesner L, Beckers L, Becker LA, Strom AR, Rana U, Tolbert M, Purse BW, Kleiner R, Kriwacki R, Brangwynne CP. Viscoelasticity and advective flow of RNA underlies nucleolar form and function. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3095-3107.e9. [PMID: 37683610 PMCID: PMC11089468 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest biomolecular condensate and facilitates transcription, processing, and assembly of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Although nucleolar function is thought to require multiphase liquid-like properties, nucleolar fluidity and its connection to the highly coordinated transport and biogenesis of ribosomal subunits are poorly understood. Here, we use quantitative imaging, mathematical modeling, and pulse-chase nucleotide labeling to examine nucleolar material properties and rRNA dynamics. The mobility of rRNA is several orders of magnitude slower than that of nucleolar proteins, with rRNA steadily moving away from the transcriptional sites in a slow (∼1 Å/s), radially directed fashion. This constrained but directional mobility, together with polymer physics-based calculations, suggests that nascent rRNA forms an entangled gel, whose constant production drives outward flow. We propose a model in which progressive maturation of nascent rRNA reduces its initial entanglement, fluidizing the nucleolar periphery to facilitate the release of assembled pre-ribosomal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Riback
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jorine M Eeftens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel S W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sofia A Quinodoz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Anita Donlic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Natalia Orlovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lennard Wiesner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lindsay A Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amy R Strom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ushnish Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michele Tolbert
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Byron W Purse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ralph Kleiner
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Richard Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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3
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Beckers L, Somers V, Fraussen J. IgD -CD27 - double negative (DN) B cells: Origins and functions in health and disease. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:67-76. [PMID: 36906182 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Human B cells can be divided into four main subsets based on differential expression of immunoglobulin (Ig)D and CD27. IgD-CD27- double negative (DN) B cells make up a heterogeneous group of B cells that have first been described in relation to aging and systemic lupus erythematosus but have been mostly disregarded in B cell research. Over the last few years, DN B cells have gained a lot of interest because of their involvement in autoimmune and infectious diseases. DN B cells can be divided into different subsets that originate via different developmental processes and have different functional properties. Further research into the origin and function of different DN subsets is needed to better understand the role of these B cells in normal immune responses and how they could be targeted in specific pathologies. In this review, we give an overview of both phenotypic and functional properties of DN B cells and provide insight into the currently proposed origins of DN B cells. Moreover, their involvement in normal aging and different pathologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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4
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Lee DSW, Choi CH, Sanders DW, Beckers L, Riback JA, Brangwynne CP, Wingreen NS. Size distributions of intracellular condensates reflect competition between coalescence and nucleation. Nat Phys 2023; 19:586-596. [PMID: 37073403 PMCID: PMC10104779 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation of biomolecules into condensates has emerged as a mechanism for intracellular organization and affects many intracellular processes, including reaction pathways through the clustering of enzymes and pathway intermediates. Precise and rapid spatiotemporal control of reactions by condensates requires tuning of their sizes. However, the physical processes that govern the distribution of condensate sizes remain unclear. Here we show that both native and synthetic condensates display an exponential size distribution, which is captured by Monte Carlo simulations of fast nucleation followed by coalescence. In contrast, pathological aggregates exhibit a power-law size distribution. These distinct behaviours reflect the relative importance of nucleation and coalescence kinetics. We demonstrate this by utilizing a combination of synthetic and native condensates to probe the underlying physical mechanisms determining condensate size. The appearance of exponential distributions for abrupt nucleation versus power-law distributions under continuous nucleation may reflect a general principle that determines condensate size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. W. Lee
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- Present Address: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Chang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - David W. Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Joshua A. Riback
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- Present Address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Clifford P. Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Ned S. Wingreen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
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5
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Hermans D, Houben E, Baeten P, Slaets H, Janssens K, Hoeks C, Hosseinkhani B, Duran G, Bormans S, Gowing E, Hoornaert C, Beckers L, Fung WK, Schroten H, Ishikawa H, Fraussen J, Thoelen R, de Vries HE, Kooij G, Zandee S, Prat A, Hellings N, Broux B. Oncostatin M triggers brain inflammation by compromising blood-brain barrier integrity. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:259-281. [PMID: 35666306 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is an IL-6 family member which exerts neuroprotective and remyelination-promoting effects after damage to the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of OSM in neuro-inflammation is poorly understood. Here, we investigated OSM's role in pathological events important for the neuro-inflammatory disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). We show that OSM receptor (OSMRβ) expression is increased on circulating lymphocytes of MS patients, indicating their elevated responsiveness to OSM signalling. In addition, OSM production by activated myeloid cells and astrocytes is increased in MS brain lesions. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of MS, OSMRβ-deficient mice exhibit milder clinical symptoms, accompanied by diminished T helper 17 (Th17) cell infiltration into the CNS and reduced BBB leakage. In vitro, OSM reduces BBB integrity by downregulating the junctional molecules claudin-5 and VE-cadherin, while promoting secretion of the Th17-attracting chemokine CCL20 by inflamed BBB-endothelial cells and reactive astrocytes. Using flow cytometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) quantification, we found that OSM-induced endothelial CCL20 promotes activation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) on Th17 cells. Moreover, CCL20 enhances Th17 cell adhesion to OSM-treated inflamed endothelial cells, which is at least in part ICAM-1 mediated. Together, these data identify an OSM-CCL20 axis, in which OSM contributes significantly to BBB impairment during neuro-inflammation by inducing permeability while recruiting Th17 cells via enhanced endothelial CCL20 secretion and integrin activation. Therefore, care should be taken when considering OSM as a therapeutic agent for treatment of neuro-inflammatory diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doryssa Hermans
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Evelien Houben
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulien Baeten
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Helena Slaets
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kris Janssens
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Cindy Hoeks
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Baharak Hosseinkhani
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gayel Duran
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Seppe Bormans
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lien Beckers
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wing Ka Fung
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Judith Fraussen
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ronald Thoelen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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6
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Fraussen J, Beckers L, van Laake-Geelen CCM, Depreitere B, Deckers J, Cornips EMJ, Peuskens D, Somers V. Altered Circulating Immune Cell Distribution in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Patients in Relation to Clinical Parameters. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873315. [PMID: 35837411 PMCID: PMC9273975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a spinal cord injury (SCI), an inflammatory immune reaction is triggered which results in advanced secondary tissue damage. The systemic post-SCI immune response is poorly understood. This study aimed to extensively analyse the circulating immune cell composition in traumatic SCI patients in relation to clinical parameters. High-dimensional flow cytometry was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 18 traumatic SCI patients and 18 healthy controls to determine immune cell subsets. SCI blood samples were collected at multiple time points in the (sub)acute (0 days to 3 weeks post-SCI, (s)aSCI) and chronic (6 to >18 weeks post-SCI, cSCI) disease phase. Total and CD4+ T cell frequencies were increased in cSCI patients. Both CD4+ T cells and B cells were shifted towards memory phenotypes in (s)aSCI patients and cSCI patients, respectively. Most profound changes were observed in the B cell compartment. Decreased immunoglobulin (Ig)G+ and increased IgM+ B cell frequencies reflected disease severity, as these correlated with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale (AIS) scores. Post-SCI B cell responses consisted of an increased frequency of CD74+ cells and CD74 expression level within total B cells and B cell subsets. Findings from this study suggest that post-SCI inflammation is driven by memory immune cell subsets. The increased CD74 expression on post-SCI B cells could suggest the involvement of CD74-related pathways in neuroinflammation following SCI. In addition, the clinical and prognostic value of monitoring circulating IgM+ and IgG+ B cell levels in SCI patients should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fraussen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Charlotte C. M. van Laake-Geelen
- Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Depreitere
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens Deckers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Algemeen Ziekenhuis (AZ) Turnhout, Turnhout, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Peuskens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Veerle Somers,
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7
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Riback JA, Eeftens JM, Lee DS, Quinodoz SA, Beckers L, Becker LA, Brangwynne CP. Viscoelastic RNA entanglement and advective flow underlies nucleolar form and function. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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8
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Willemsen L, Neele A, Prange K, Roomen C, Bruinenberg DAL, Den Toom M, Griffith G, Chen HJ, Beckers L, Bosmans L, Binder C, Van Leeuwen F, Jacobs H, De Winther M. Histone methyltransferase DOT1L regulates macrophage inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Van den Borre C, Rinaldi M, De Neef B, Loomans NAJ, Nout E, Van Doorne L, Naert I, Politis C, Schouten H, Klomp G, Beckers L, Freilich MM, Mommaerts MY. Patient- and clinician-reported outcomes for the additively manufactured sub-periosteal jaw implant (AMSJI) in the maxilla: a prospective multicentre one-year follow-up study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:243-250. [PMID: 34074574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcomes of maxillary rehabilitation with the additively manufactured sub-periosteal jaw implant (AMSJI; CADskills BV) were evaluated in edentulous patients with a Cawood-Howell atrophy classification ≥5 in all regions of the maxilla. Fifteen consecutive patients were included in the study and followed up for 1 year. They were interviewed using a survey protocol and were examined clinically and radiographically preoperatively (T0) and at 1 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 (T3) months after permanent upper prosthesis placement. The patients reported an increased oral health-related quality of life. The overall mean Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score at T0 was 17.20 (standard deviation (SD) 6.42). When results at T0 were compared to those at T1 (mean 8.93, SD 5.30), a statistically significant difference was seen (P = 0.001). At T3, the mean value was 5.80 (SD 4.18). Compared to T0, there was also a statistically significant difference at T3 (P = 0.001). General satisfaction based on the numerical rating scale was a mean 49.93 at T1, which was less than patient expectation prior to treatment at T0 (52.13). A higher overall value was seen at T3 (53.20) when compared to T0. Within the constraints of the short follow-up, the AMSJI appears to be a promising tool for patients with extreme jaw atrophy. The high patient expectations were met without complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Van den Borre
- Doctoral School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - B De Neef
- Department of Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, General Hospital Oudenaarde, Oudenaarde, Belgium
| | - N A J Loomans
- Private Clinic Face Ahead Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Nout
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ETZ Hospitals, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - L Van Doorne
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cosmipolis Clinic Brugge, Ghent University Hospital, AZ Zeno, Knokke-Blankenberge, Belgium
| | - I Naert
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Politis
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Schouten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis Beverwijk, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - G Klomp
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ETZ Hospitals, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | | | - M M Freilich
- Private Practice, Toronto, Canada; OMFS, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Humber River Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Y Mommaerts
- Private Clinic Orthoface Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Riback JA, Lee DS, Eeftens JM, Sanders DW, Beckers L, Brangwynne CP. Spatially Constrained Transcriptional Sources Drive Asphericity of Intracellular Liquids. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Ruan C, Sun L, Kroshilina A, Beckers L, De Jager P, Bradshaw EM, Hasson SA, Yang G, Elyaman W. A novel Tmem119-tdTomato reporter mouse model for studying microglia in the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:180-191. [PMID: 31604143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The exact role of microglia in CNS disorders is not clear due to lack of tools to discriminate between microglia and infiltrating myeloid cells. Here, we present a novel reporter mouse model targeting a microglia-specific marker, TMEM119, for studying microglia in health and disease. By placing a reporter cassette (GSG-3xFlag-P2A-tdTomato) between the coding sequence of exon 2 and 3'UTR of the Tmem119 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated a Tmem119-tdTomato knock-in mouse strain. Gene expression assay showed no difference of endogenous Tmem119 in the CNS of Tmem119tdTomato/+ relative to wild-type mice. The cells expressing tdTomato were recognized by immunofluorescence staining using commercially available anti-TMEM119 antibodies. Additionally, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry techniques revealed that tdTomato+ cells are detected throughout the CNS, but not in peripheral tissues of Tmem119tdTomato/+ mice. Aging does not influence TMEM119 expression as tdTomato+ cells were detectable in the CNS of older mice (300 and 540 days old). Further immunofluorescence characterization shows that tdTomato+ cells colocalize with Iba1+ cells in the brain, but not with neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis of brain tissues of adult mice demonstrates that the majority of microglia CD45loCD11b+ cells (96.3%) are tdTomato-positive; and a minority of infiltrating CD45hiCD11b+ myeloid cells (5.3%) are also tdTomato-positive, which we further characterized and found that tdTomato expression is in part of choroid plexus macrophages but not in meningeal and perivascular macrophages. Functionally, using an acute injury model, we measured time-lapse activation of tdTomato-labeled microglia by transcranial two-photon microscopy in live Tmem119tdTomato/+ mice. Taken together, the Tmem119-tdTomato reporter mouse model is a valuable tool to specifically study the role of microglia in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Ruan
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Kroshilina
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lien Beckers
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel A Hasson
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA; Amgen Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Fraussen J, Marquez S, Takata K, Beckers L, Montes Diaz G, Zografou C, Van Wijmeersch B, Villar LM, O'Connor KC, Kleinstein SH, Somers V. Phenotypic and Ig Repertoire Analyses Indicate a Common Origin of IgD -CD27 - Double Negative B Cells in Healthy Individuals and Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Immunol 2019; 203:1650-1664. [PMID: 31391234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgD-CD27- double negative (DN) B cells with proinflammatory characteristics are abnormally elevated in a proportion of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this study, the origin and selection characteristics of DN B cells were studied in MS patients and healthy controls (HC). Expression of developmental markers on peripheral blood DN, IgD-CD27+ class-switched memory (CSM) and IgD+CD27- naive B cells of HC (n = 48) and MS patients (n = 96) was determined by flow cytometry. High-throughput adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing was performed on peripheral blood DN and CSM B cells of HC and MS patients (n = 3 each). DN B cells from HC and MS patients showed similar phenotypic and Ig repertoire characteristics. Phenotypic analysis indicated a mature state of DN B cells by low CD5, CD10, and CD38 expression. However, the frequency of CD95+ and IgA+ cells was lower in DN versus CSM B cells. DN B cells are Ag experienced, as shown by somatic hypermutation of their Ig genes in adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing, although they showed a lower mutation load than CSM B cells. Shared clones were found between DN and CSM B cells, although >95% of the clones were unique to each population, and differences in V(D)J usage and CDR3 physicochemical properties were found. Thus, DN B cells arise in HC and MS patients via a common developmental pathway that is probably linked to immune aging. However, DN and CSM B cells develop through unique differentiation pathways, with most DN B cells representing an earlier maturation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fraussen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University and School of Life Sciences, Transnational University Limburg, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Susanna Marquez
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kazushiro Takata
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Lien Beckers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University and School of Life Sciences, Transnational University Limburg, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gwendoline Montes Diaz
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University and School of Life Sciences, Transnational University Limburg, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University and School of Life Sciences, Transnational University Limburg, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.,Rehabilitation and MS-Center, 3900 Pelt, Belgium
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Veerle Somers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University and School of Life Sciences, Transnational University Limburg, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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Poels K, Toom MD, Reiche M, Kusters P, Beckers L, Seijkens T, Lutgens E. Cardiovascular Oncology: Exploring The Effects Of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors On Experimental Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Aarts S, Reiche M, Toom MD, Beckers L, Gijbels M, Lutgens E. Cd40 Depletion On Cd11c+ Cells Worsens Diet Induced Obesity But Ameliorates Liver Inflammation During Nash. Atherosclerosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Beckers L, Ooms D, Berger P, Van Laere K, Scheys L, Vandenneucker H. Reduced bone activity in the native compartments after medial mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. A prospective SPECT/CT study. Bone Joint J 2019; 101-B:915-921. [PMID: 31362550 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.101b8.bjj-2018-1569.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Altered alignment and biomechanics are thought to contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in the native compartments after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone activity and remodelling in the lateral tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartment after medial mobile-bearing UKA. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 24 patients (nine female, 15 male) with 25 medial Oxford UKAs (13 left, 12 right) were prospectively followed with sequential 99mTc-hydroxymethane diphosphonate single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT preoperatively and at one and two years postoperatively, along with standard radiographs and clinical outcome scores. The mean patient age was 62 years (40 to 78) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.7 kg/m2 (23.6 to 42.2). Mean osteoblastic activity was evaluated using a tracer localization scheme with volumes of interest (VOIs). Normalized mean tracer values were calculated as the ratio between the mean tracer activity in a VOI and background activity in the femoral diaphysis. RESULTS Significant reduction of normalized tracer activity was observed one year postoperatively in tibial and femoral VOIs adjacent to the joint line in the lateral compartment. Patellar VOIs and remaining femoral VOIs demonstrated a significant, diminished normalized tracer activity at final follow-up. CONCLUSION The osteoblastic bone activity in the native compartments decreased significantly after treatment of medial end-stage OA with a UKA, implying reduced stress to the subchondral bone in the retained compartments after a UKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:915-921.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckers
- KULeuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training (IORT), UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Ooms
- KULeuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Berger
- KULeuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training (IORT), UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Van Laere
- KULeuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Scheys
- KULeuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training (IORT), UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Vandenneucker
- KULeuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training (IORT), UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Beckers L, Geric I, Stroobants S, Beel S, Van Damme P, D'Hooge R, Baes M. Microglia lacking a peroxisomal β-oxidation enzyme chronically alter their inflammatory profile without evoking neuronal and behavioral deficits. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:61. [PMID: 30866963 PMCID: PMC6417251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia play a central role in most neurological disorders, but the impact of microgliosis on brain environment and clinical functions is not fully understood. Mice lacking multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, develop a fatal disorder characterized by motor problems similar to the milder form of MFP2 deficiency in humans. The hallmark of disease in mice is the chronic proliferation of microglia in the brain, but molecular pathomechanisms that drive rapid clinical deterioration in human and mice remain unknown. In the present study, we identified the effects of specific deletion of MFP2 from microglia in the brain on immune responses, neuronal functioning, and behavior. Methods We created a novel Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− mouse model and studied the impact of MFP2 deficiency on microglial behavior at different ages using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of Mfp2−/− microglia were assessed in vitro and in vivo after stimulation with IL-1β/INFγ and IL-4 (in vitro) and LPS and IL-4 (in vivo). Facial nerve axotomy was unilaterally performed in Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− and control mice, and microglial functioning in response to neuronal injury was subsequently analyzed by histology and real-time PCR. Finally, neuronal function, motor function, behavior, and cognition were assessed using brainstem auditory evoked potentials, grip strength and inverted grid test, open field exploration, and passive avoidance learning, respectively. Results We found that Mfp2−/− microglia in a genetically intact brain environment adopt an inflammatory activated and proliferative state. In addition, we found that acute inflammatory and neuronal injury provoked normal responses of Mfp2−/− microglia in Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− mice during the post-injury period. Despite chronic pro-inflammatory microglial reactivity, Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− mice exhibited normal neuronal transmission, clinical performance, and cognition. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that MFP2 deficiency in microglia causes intrinsic dysregulation of their inflammatory profile, which is not harmful to neuronal function, motor function, and cognition in mice during their first year of life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1442-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Present Address: Center for Translational and Computational Neuro-immunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ivana Geric
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology Unit, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Beel
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology Unit, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Beckers L, Ory D, Geric I, Declercq L, Koole M, Kassiou M, Bormans G, Baes M. Increased Expression of Translocator Protein (TSPO) Marks Pro-inflammatory Microglia but Does Not Predict Neurodegeneration. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:94-102. [PMID: 28695372 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of the innate immune system plays a significant role in pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In order to follow disease progression and evaluate effectiveness of potential treatments involved in neuroinflammation, it is important to track neuroinflammatory markers in vivo longitudinally. The translocator protein (TSPO) is used as a target to image neuroinflammation as its expression is upregulated in reactive glial cells during CNS pathologies. However, it remains unclear in which microglial phenotypes TSPO levels are upregulated, as microglia can display a plethora of activation states that can be protective or detrimental to the CNS. PROCEDURES We assessed the levels of TSPO transcripts in cultured microglia that were polarized into pro- and anti-inflammatory states in vitro and in the brain of mice in which an anti-inflammatory environment was induced in vivo. In addition, we used a mouse model of peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2) deficiency that exhibits widespread neuroinflammation despite no neuronal loss and monitored TSPO expression by immunohistochemistry and by imaging using the TSPO radiotracer [18F]DPA-714. RESULTS TSPO expression was selectively increased in so-called classically activated or M1 microglia but not in alternatively activated or M2 microglia in vitro. In agreement, TSPO transcript levels were not induced in an anti-inflammatory brain environment. We found that both transcript and protein levels of TSPO are significantly increased in the brain of Mfp2 -/- compared to those of the control mice and TSPO immunoreactivity colocalized predominantly with microglia in Mfp2 -/- brain. In vitro and ex vivo autoradiography in Mfp2 -/- mice using the TSPO radiotracer [18F]DPA-714 confirmed increased expression of TSPO. These data demonstrate that TSPO imaging reveals microgliosis in non-neurodegenerative brain pathologies. CONCLUSIONS We show that induced TSPO expression marks a pro-inflammatory brain environment that is not necessarily accompanied by neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Ory
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivana Geric
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Declercq
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guy Bormans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Meesters J, Beckers L, Francque S, Roeyen G, De Greef K, Hartman V, Michielsen P, Dams K, Vanwolleghem T. Cytomegalovirus pleuropericarditis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2018; 81:427-429. [PMID: 30350533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a common complication after liver transplantation. In patients with CMV infection, indicated by a positive CMV DNA titer, the presence of any clinical symptom is termed CMV disease. The most common organ affected in CMV disease is the gastrointestinal tract, causing esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis or colitis. CMV infection of the pleura and pericard has been reported in immunocompromised patients, but is rarely seen following liver transplantation.We report a case of a 59-year-old male who developed CMV pleuropericarditis after liver transplantation. Initial ganciclovir treatment did not improve the patient's symptoms and therapy was switched to Foscarnet which ultimately resulted in resolution of infection. However, a few weeks after Foscarnet cessation, the patient again developed bilateral pleural effusion. Ultimate biochemical and clinical response was achieved with IV ganciclovir treatment. The patient was discharged from the hospital with oral Valganciclovir for 3 weeks and has since remained relapse free for >1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meesters
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - L Beckers
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - S Francque
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp
| | - G Roeyen
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - K De Greef
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - V Hartman
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - P Michielsen
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp
| | - K Dams
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Intensive Care
| | - T Vanwolleghem
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp
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Beckers L, Stroobants S, D'Hooge R, Baes M. Neuronal Dysfunction and Behavioral Abnormalities Are Evoked by Neural Cells and Aggravated by Inflammatory Microglia in Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Deficiency. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:136. [PMID: 29892213 PMCID: PMC5975114 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming evident that microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are active contributors in neurological disorders. Nevertheless, the impact of microgliosis on neuropathology, behavior and clinical decline in neuropathological conditions remains elusive. A mouse model lacking multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, develops a fatal disorder characterized by motor problems similar to the milder form of human disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying neurological decline in men and mice remain unknown. The hallmark of disease in the mouse model is chronic proliferation of microglia in the brain without provoking neuronal loss or demyelination. In order to define the contribution of Mfp2-/- neural cells to development of microgliosis and clinical neuropathology, the constitutive Mfp2-/- mouse model was compared to a neural selective Nestin-Mfp2-/- mouse model. We demonstrate in this study that, in contrast to early-onset and severe microgliosis in constitutive Mfp2-/- mice, Mfp2+/+ microglia in Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice only become mildly inflammatory at end stage of disease. Mfp2-/- microglia are primed and acquire a chronic and strong inflammatory state in Mfp2-/- mice whereas Mfp2+/+ microglia in Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice are not primed and adopt a minimal activation state. The inflammatory microglial phenotype in Mfp2-/- mice is correlated with more severe neuronal dysfunction, faster clinical deterioration and reduced life span compared to Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice. Taken together, our study shows that deletion of MFP2 impairs behavior and locomotion. Clinical decline and neural pathology is aggravated by an early-onset and excessive microglial response in Mfp2-/- mice and strongly indicates a cell-autonomous role of MFP2 in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Beckers L, Baes M. Response to Notter and Meyer's Letter to the Editor Regarding Increased Expression of Translocator Protein (TSPO) Marks Pro-inflammatory Microglia but Does Not Predict Neurodegeneration. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:354-355. [PMID: 29464497 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Beckers L, Stroobants S, Verheijden S, West B, D'Hooge R, Baes M. Specific suppression of microgliosis cannot circumvent the severe neuropathology in peroxisomal β-oxidation-deficient mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:123-133. [PMID: 28286294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important hallmark of various neurodegenerative disorders is the proliferation and activation of microglial cells, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Mice that lack multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), the key enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, develop excessive microgliosis that positively correlates with behavioral deficits whereas no neuronal loss occurs. However, the precise contribution of neuroinflammation to the fatal neuropathology of MFP2 deficiency remains largely unknown. Here, we first attempted to suppress the inflammatory response by administering various anti-inflammatory drugs but they failed to reduce microgliosis. Subsequently, Mfp2-/- mice were treated with the selective colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 as microglial proliferation and survival is dependent on CSF1R signaling. This resulted in the elimination of >95% of microglia from control mice but only 70% of the expanded microglial population from Mfp2-/- mice. Despite microglial diminution in Mfp2-/- brain, inflammatory markers remained unaltered and residual microglia persisted in a reactive state. CSF1R inhibition did not prevent neuronal dysfunction, cognitive decline and clinical deterioration of Mfp2-/- mice. Collectively, the unaltered inflammatory profile despite suppressed microgliosis concurrent with persevering clinical decline strengthens our hypothesis that neuroinflammation importantly contributes to the Mfp2-/- phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckers
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Stroobants
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Verheijden
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - B West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - R D'Hooge
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Baes
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Beckers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Imeldaziekenhuis; Bonheiden, Belgium
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Crick PJ, Beckers L, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. The oxysterol and cholestenoic acid profile of mouse cerebrospinal fluid. Steroids 2015; 99:172-7. [PMID: 25759118 PMCID: PMC4503871 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and cholestenoic acids are oxidised forms of cholesterol with a host of biological functions. The possible roles of oxysterols in various neurological diseases makes the analysis of these metabolites in the central nervous system of particular interest. Here, we report the identification and quantification of a panel of twelve sterols in mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry exploiting enzyme assisted derivatisation for sterol analysis technology. We found low levels of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in CSF in the range of 5pg/mL-2.6ng/mL. As found in man, these concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower than in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Verheijden S, Beckers L, Casazza A, Butovsky O, Mazzone M, Baes M. Identification of a chronic non-neurodegenerative microglia activation state in a mouse model of peroxisomal β-oxidation deficiency. Glia 2015; 63:1606-20. [PMID: 25846981 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The functional diversity and molecular adaptations of reactive microglia in the chronically inflamed central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. We previously showed that mice lacking multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, persistently accumulate reactive myeloid cells in the gray matter of the CNS. Here, we show that the increased numbers of myeloid cells solely derive from the proliferation of resident microglia and not from infiltrating monocytes. We defined the signature of Mfp2(-/-) microglia by gene expression profiling after acute isolation, which was validated by quantitative polymerase reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analysis. The features of Mfp2(-/-) microglia were compared with those from SOD1(G93A) mice, an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model. In contrast to the neurodegenerative milieu of SOD1(G93A) spinal cord, neurons were intact in Mfp2(-/-) brain and Mfp2(-/-) microglia lacked signs of phagocytic and neurotoxic activity. The chronically reactive state of Mfp2(-/-) microglia was accompanied by the downregulation of markers that specify the unique microglial signature in homeostatic conditions. In contrast, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and downstream glycolytic and protein translation pathways were induced, indicative of metabolic adaptations. Mfp2(-/-) microglia were immunologically activated but not polarized to a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. A peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge provoked an exaggerated inflammatory response in Mfp2(-/-) brain, consistent with a primed state. Taken together, we demonstrate that chronic activation of resident microglia does not necessarily lead to phagocytosis nor overt neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Verheijden
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Casazza
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
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Luyckx T, Beckers L, Colyn W, Vandenneucker H, Bellemans J. The adductor ratio: a new tool for joint line reconstruction in revision TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:3028-33. [PMID: 25135279 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, the value of the adductor tubercle as landmark for joint line reconstruction in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was investigated. METHODS On 100 calibrated full-leg standing radiographs obtained from healthy volunteers, distances from the medial epicondyle, the lateral epicondyle, the adductor tubercle, the fibular head and the centre of the knee to the joint line were determined. RESULTS The average distance to the joint line from the medial epicondyle, the lateral epicondyle, the adductor tubercle and the fibular head was found to be 27.7 mm (SD 3.0), 27.1 mm (SD 2.7), 44.6 mm (SD 4.3) and 15.1 mm (SD 3.7), respectively. The distance from the adductor tubercle (R = 0.82) and the centre of the knee (R = 0.86) to the joint line showed a strong and linear correlation with the femoral width. The medial epicondyle, the lateral epicondyle and the fibular head showed less strong correlations. There was no significant correlation with the limb alignment. The adductor ratio was defined as the distance from adductor tubercle to the joint line divided by the femoral width and was found to be 0.52 (SD 0.027) with only small inter-individual variation. The adductor ratio was the most accurate ratio and reconstructed the joint line within 4 mm of its original level in 92% of the cases. CONCLUSION The adductor ratio is a reliable and accurate tool for joint line reconstruction in revision TKA. It was found to be more accurate then the use of absolute distances and the epicondylar ratios. This study supports the use of the adductor tubercle for joint line reconstruction in revision TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Luyckx
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Weligerveld 1, 3212, Pellenberg, Belgium,
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26
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van den Berg SM, Seijkens TTP, Kusters PJH, Zarzycka B, Beckers L, den Toom M, Gijbels MJJ, Chatzigeorgiou A, Weber C, de Winther MPJ, Chavakis T, Nicolaes GAF, Lutgens E. Blocking CD40-TRAF6 interactions by small-molecule inhibitor 6860766 ameliorates the complications of diet-induced obesity in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:782-90. [PMID: 25394307 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune processes contribute to the development of obesity and its complications, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Approaches that target the inflammatory response are promising therapeutic strategies for obesity. In this context, we recently demonstrated that the interaction between the costimulatory protein CD40 and its downstream adaptor protein tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) promotes adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice in the course of diet-induced obesity (DIO). METHODS Here we evaluated the effects of a small-molecule inhibitor (SMI) of the CD40-TRAF6 interaction, SMI 6860766, on the development of obesity and its complications in mice that were subjected to DIO. RESULTS Treatment with SMI 6860766 did not result in differences in weight gain, but improved glucose tolerance. Moreover, SMI 6860766 treatment reduced the amount of CD45(+) leucocytes in the epididymal adipose tissue by 69%. Especially, the number of adipose tissue CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as macrophages, was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that small-molecule-mediated inhibition of the CD40-TRAF6 interaction is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic complications of obesity by improving glucose tolerance, by reducing the accumulation of immune cells to the adipose tissue and by skewing of the immune response towards a more anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M den Toom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J J Gijbels
- 1] Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands [3] Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Weber
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands [2] Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
| | - M P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Lutgens
- 1] Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
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Verheijden S, Beckers L, De Munter S, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Central nervous system pathology in MFP2 deficiency: Insights from general and conditional knockout mouse models. Biochimie 2014; 98:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Verheijden S, Bottelbergs A, Krysko O, Krysko DV, Beckers L, De Munter S, Van Veldhoven PP, Wyns S, Kulik W, Nave KA, Ramer MS, Carmeliet P, Kassmann CM, Baes M. Peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency causes neuroinflammation and degeneration of Purkinje cells independent of very long chain fatty acid accumulation. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:258-69. [PMID: 23777740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although peroxisome biogenesis and β-oxidation disorders are well known for their neurodevelopmental defects, patients with these disorders are increasingly diagnosed with neurodegenerative pathologies. In order to investigate the cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in these patients, we developed a mouse model lacking multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2, also called D-bifunctional protein), a central enzyme of peroxisomal β-oxidation, in all neural cells (Nestin-Mfp2(-/-)) or in oligodendrocytes (Cnp-Mfp2(-/-)) and compared these models with an already established general Mfp2 knockout. Nestin-Mfp2 but not Cnp-Mfp2 knockout mice develop motor disabilities and ataxia, similar to the general mutant. Deterioration of motor performance correlates with the demise of Purkinje cell axons in the cerebellum, which precedes loss of Purkinje cells and cerebellar atrophy. This closely mimics spinocerebellar ataxias of patients affected with mild peroxisome β-oxidation disorders. However, general knockouts have a much shorter life span than Nestin-Mfp2 knockouts which is paralleled by a disparity in activation of the innate immune system. Whereas in general mutants a strong and chronic proinflammatory reaction proceeds throughout the brain, elimination of MFP2 from neural cells results in minor neuroinflammation. Neither the extent of the inflammatory reaction nor the cerebellar degeneration could be correlated with levels of very long chain fatty acids, substrates of peroxisomal β-oxidation. In conclusion, MFP2 has multiple tasks in the adult brain, including the maintenance of Purkinje cells and the prevention of neuroinflammation but this is not mediated by its activity in oligodendrocytes nor by its role in very long chain fatty acid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Verheijden
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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Gea L, Honda S, Boatner LA, Haynes TE, Sales BC, Modine FA, Meldrum A, Budai JD, Beckers L. A new approach to the fabrication of “smart” near-surface nanostructure composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-501-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTA new method for the formation of “smart” near-surface nanoscale composites has been developed. In this approach, small precipitates of active phases are embedded in the near-surface region of the material that is to be modified by a combination of ion implantation and thermal processing. The dispersion, concentration, and microstructure of the nanocrystals formed in the substrate material can be tailored through a careful choice of processing parameters – making this approach well suited to high-value-added, high-technology applications. The applicability of this approach to forming “smart” surfaces on otherwise inactive materials was established in the case of VO2 precipitates which were embedded in A12O3 single crystals to create a medium suitable for optical applications – including optical data storage. Most recently, this concept has been extended to the fabrication of magnetic-field-sensitive nanostructured surfaces by forming magnetostrictive precipitates of materials such as Ni or RFe2 (with R = Tm, Tb, Sm) that are embedded in various single-crystal-oxide hosts. These nanostructured, active surface composites have been characterized using XRD, RBS, TEM, and magneto-optical techniques.
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Engel D, Beckers L, Wijnands E, Daemen M, Stan R, Biessen E, Lutgens E. W52 PROTECTION AGAINST ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN CAV-1 IS DUE TO CAV-1−/− IN NON-HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Baars S, Roefs A, Smeets E, Beckers L. Do obese children detect high caloric food faster than normal-weight children? Appetite 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lutgens E, Tjwa M, Garcia de Frutos P, Wijnands E, Beckers L, Dahlbäck B, Daemen MJAP, Carmeliet P, Moons L. Genetic loss of Gas6 induces plaque stability in experimental atherosclerosis. J Pathol 2008; 216:55-63. [PMID: 18570189 DOI: 10.1002/path.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) plays a role in pro-atherogenic processes such as endothelial and leukocyte activation, smooth muscle cell migration and thrombosis, but its role in atherosclerosis remains uninvestigated. Here, we report that Gas6 is expressed in all stages of human and mouse atherosclerosis, in plaque endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Gas6 expression is most abundant in lesions containing high amounts of macrophages, ie thin fibrous cap atheroma and ruptured plaque. Genetic loss of Gas6 does not affect the number and size of initial and advanced plaques in ApoE(-/-) mice, but alters its plaque composition. Compared to Gas6(+/+): ApoE(-/-) mice, initial and advanced plaques of Gas6(-/-): ApoE(-/-) mice contained more smooth muscle cells and more collagen and developed smaller lipid cores, while the expression of TGFbeta was increased. In addition, fewer macrophages were found in advanced plaques of Gas6(-/-): ApoE(-/-) mice. Hence, loss of Gas6 promotes the formation of more stable atherosclerotic lesions by increasing plaque fibrosis and by attenuating plaque inflammation. These findings identify a role for Gas6 in plaque composition and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Beckers L, Heeneman S, Wang L, Burkly LC, Rousch MMJ, Davidson NO, Gijbels MJJ, de Winther MPJ, Daemen MJAP, Lutgens E. Disruption of hedgehog signalling in ApoE - /- mice reduces plasma lipid levels, but increases atherosclerosis due to enhanced lipid uptake by macrophages. J Pathol 2007; 212:420-8. [PMID: 17573667 DOI: 10.1002/path.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic pathways are often re-expressed in adult pathology. Here we investigated the role of the morphogen hedgehog (hh), which we found to be re-expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. Male ApoE - /- mice were treated for 12 weeks with an anti-hh antibody (5E1) or a control IgG (1E6) starting at the age of 6 or 18 weeks. Inhibition of hh signalling induced a significant increase in total plaque area in the aortic arch, a result of an increase (54% and 36%, respectively) in the area of advanced plaques (atheromata). In mice treated with anti-hh, plaques contained large (18-35% > ctrl), lipid-filled, sometimes multinucleated macrophage foam cells. Plasma cholesterol levels decreased after anti-hh treatment. In bone marrow-derived macrophages, foam cell formation was enhanced after inhibition of hh signalling. Anti-hh treatment caused a 54-75% increase in early oxLDL uptake (10-240 min), which was scavenger receptor-mediated. After 3-24 h of oxLDL incubation, intense Oil red O staining as well as increased amounts of cholesterol esters were present in these macrophages after anti-hh treatment. Activation of the HH-signalling cascade by recombinant Shh induced a decrease in oxLDL uptake. Here we show that the hh-signalling pathway is one of the morphogenic pathways that regulate plasma lipid levels and atherosclerosis development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckers
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Smook MLF, Heeringa P, Damoiseaux JGMC, Daemen MJAP, de Winther MPJ, Gijbels MJJ, Beckers L, Lutgens E, Tervaert JWC. Leukocyte CD40L deficiency affects the CD25+ CD4 T cell population but does not affect atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2005; 183:275-82. [PMID: 16002076 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of CD40-CD40L interactions results in a reduction of innate regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CD40(-/-) mice and induces a stable plaque phenotype in atherosclerosis-prone mouse strains. Here we investigated the effects of leukocyte CD40L on the Treg population and on atherosclerosis. LDLR(-/-) mice were reconstituted with wild-type or CD40L(-/-) bone marrow (BM). These BM chimeras were analysed by flow cytometry for the presence of innate Tregs (CD45RB(low) CD25(+) CD4) in lymphoid organs and peripheral blood. As in CD40(-/-) mice, the CD45RB(high):CD45RB(low) CD4 T cell ratio significantly increased and the CD25(+) CD4(+) subpopulation significantly decreased in LDLR(-/-) mice receiving CD40L(-/-) BM compared to LDLR(-/-) mice receiving wild-type BM. However, atherosclerotic plaque progression and plaque phenotype did not change in LDLR(-/-) mice reconstituted with CD40L(-/-) BM. In conclusion, the present study shows that CD40-CD40L interactions on leukocytes are essential for the size of the CD45RB(low) CD25(+) CD4 Treg subpopulation. Nevertheless, CD40L deficiency on hemopoietic cells did not affect atherosclerosis, implying that CD40L expressing leukocytes alone are not responsible for the stable plaque phenotype observed after total CD40L blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L F Smook
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. m
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Abstract
Currently CAD-CAM systems are rapidly gaining importance in dental practice as some of their products aim to combine aesthetics with strength and are free of metals. This study reports on the crown adaptation, marginal fit and clinical behaviour of 300 all-ceramic full coverage restorations (Procera, Gothenburg, Sweden) placed in one clinical centre and followed up to 5 years. The marginal fit and coping adaptation before and after luting was determined by direct measurement as well as after sectioning in a laboratory study. Three hundred all-ceram restorations were installed in 165 patients between 1994 and 1998. Before the end of 2000, patients were recalled to assess their restorations, using the California Dental Association quality evaluation index, their own appreciation, as well as the reaction towards the periodontium. The in vitro data revealed a mean marginal adaptation of 30 microm, before and after luting of the Al(2)0(3)-coping onto the tooth. However, at the deepest part of the chamfer, the distance increased to 135 microm. In the clinical study only one restoration fractured, while in 6% small porcelain infractions occurred. After polishing the latter, no persistent patient complaints remained. At the last recall visit 1.8% of the margins were rated unacceptable. Dentists rated 72 and 78% of the restorations excellent for surface, colour and anatomic form respectively. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients rated their restorations more than 7/10 on an ordered analogue scale for aesthetics as well as for function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Naert
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Curfs D, Beckers L, Godschalk R, Gijbels M, van Schooten F. 344 Modulation of plasma lipid levels affects B[A]P-induced DNA damage in tissues of two hyperlipidemic mouse models. Toxicol Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)90343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Holzbrecher H, Breuer U, Gastel M, Becker JS, Dietze HJ, Beckers L, Bauer S, Fleuster M, Zander W, Schubert J, Buchal C. Quantitative SIMS-analysis of erbium profiles in LiNbO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schroven IT, Geens S, Beckers L, Lagrange W, Fabry G. Experience with the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1994; 2:214-8. [PMID: 8536043 DOI: 10.1007/bf01845590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Artificial anterior ligament reconstruction was very popular between 1975 and 1990. Recently, disappointing results have been published. We reviewed 68 patients who had received an artificial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction 1 year and 5 years after their operation. The Leeds-Keio device was used as a scaffold. The ligament failed in 32 knees. This was arthroscopically confirmed in 20 cases. The other 12 knees were grossly unstable, with a reappearance of pivot shift, anterior drawer sign and high KT 1000. Generally, we found a marked increase in laxity over the period of investigation. Several biopsies were taken during arthroscopic examination of suspected ruptures. They showed lack of collagenisation and ingrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Schroven
- Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Pellenberg, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Microdissection of the lampbrush loops "threads" and "pseudonucleolus" of Y chromosomes from primary spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei and subsequent microcloning of the DNA yielded several recombinant DNA clones which cross-hybridized in screening the different clone banks. By DNA sequencing we found that the inserts of these cross-hybridizing clones contain blocks of poly[d(C-A].poly[d(G-T)]. Testis RNA contains a large fraction of transcripts with this simple repeated nucleotide sequence. With the aid of transcript in situ hybridization we discovered that the "cones" and "pseudonucleolus" lampbrush loops are the primary sites of transcription of poly[d(C-A)].poly[d(G-T)] in spermatocytes. In addition, we found a strand-specific transcription of (CA/GT)n. In both the "cones" and "pseudonucleolus" the (CA)n strand is transcribed, while in the "pseudonucleolus" (GT)n is also transcribed. Labelled (CA)n probes also react with the protein bodies in spermatid nuclei. These observations are discussed in the context of possible functions of (CA/GT)n transcripts in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huijser
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Sciences, The Netherlands
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Augthun M, Beckers L, Kreutzer H, Sahm PR, Schäfer W, Schädlich-Stubenrauch J. [Mathematical simulation of the cooling and solidifying process in improving the quality of dental castings]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1989; 44:849-51. [PMID: 2700704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CASTS-3D (Computer Aided Solidification Technologies) is a FEM software system for the simulation of heat transfer, melt flow and solidification problems for foundry purposes. This software system may basically be applied to dental castings as well--especially if the FEM software system is optimized and exact data on the thermophysical properties of the dental alloys are provided.
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Beckers L. Sub-deltoid approach to the shoulder. Acta Orthop Belg 1985; 51:847-51. [PMID: 4082970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Beckers L. Displacement osteotomy of the tibial tuberosity. Acta Orthop Belg 1982; 48:190-3. [PMID: 7090782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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