Swimming exercise and clove oil can improve memory by molecular responses modification and reduce dark cells in rat model of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by reduced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) density and an increase in nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1). We examined the effect of swimming and consumption of clove supplements on memory, dark cells, and α7nAChR and NLRP1 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus of the rat model of AD. Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups: sham (sh), healthy-control (HC), Alzheimer (-control (AC), -training (AT), -training-supplement (ATS), and -supplement (AS)). Alzheimer was induced by injection of amyloid β_1-42 (Aβ_1-42). Swimming exercise protocol (30 min) and gavaging clove supplement (0.1 mg/kg) were administered daily for three weeks. The results indicated that in response to AD, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) mRNA and protein rate (p = 0.001) and memory (p = 0.003) were significantly decreased. In contrast, NLRP1 mRNA and protein rate (p = 0.001) and dark cells (p = 0.001) were significantly increased. This is while exercise and clove supplementation improved Alzheimer-induced changes in α7nAChR, NLRP1, memory, and dark cells (p < 0/05). The present study indicated that exercising and consuming clove supplementation could improve memory by increasing α7nAChR and decreasing NLRP1 and dark cells.

Effects of an specific methodology (I Pass the Baton) on quality of handoff information among Nurses: A comparative study

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applying I Pass the Baton (IPB) on the quality of handoff among nurses.

METHOD

The present study was a quasi-experimental study. All nurses of the internal wards of Sanandaj educational hospitals, Kurdistan Province, Iran were selected by census method and randomly assigned to intervention (n=34) and control (n=31) groups. Handoff quality was measured by self-report and observation methods. The intervention included a face-to-face training session, training on how to use the IPB, inserting the IPB chart into the patient file, training leaflet, and installing a poster in the ward. The Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) was used according to routine practice in the control group. Descriptive and inferential tests were applied to analyze the data using SPSS-16.

RESULTS

The mean score of handoff quality was 82.61±12.77 and 107.11±7.97 before and after the intervention in the intervention group (p<0.05) and 89.00±0.34 and 85.64±19.19 before and after the intervention in the control group, respectively (p=0.91). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups after the intervention (p<0.05). Implementation of the training program and the IPB tool improved the handoff quality in terms of interaction and support, patient involvement, information quality, and efficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

The IPB has various indicators of patient participation and includes the criteria needed for patient evaluation. Therefore, it can be used to handoff a wide range of patients in the internal ward.

Evaluation of immunostimulatory effects of a commercial herbal extract on avian influenza subtype H9N2 and Newcastle disease vaccination in chickens

Contrary to several vaccination programs to protect against bird flu and Newcastle disease (ND), these diseases remain a significant threat to the poultry industry. Improving the immune responses is important for many reasons such as vaccine failure, immunosuppressive diseases, and antibiotics misuse. Nowadays, research on materials likely to have immune-enhancing effects is increasing. Factors, substances, or compounds that can regulate different functions of the immune system can be used to enhance specific and even nonspecific responses to vaccines. The ability of herbal extracts to improve the immune system supports their use as immune stimulants. The present study aimed to examine the effects of barley malt extract in drinking water on humoral immunity of broiler chickens against ND and Avian Influenza (AI) disease subtype H9N2 vaccines. A total of 225 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross strain) were divided into 5 groups of 3 subgroups and each subgroup had 15 chicks. Group A, B, and C chickens received 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5% of malt extract respectively in drinking water. Group D chickens did not get malt extract. Group E chickens did not receive malt extract and Newcastle and AI vaccines as the control group. All groups except group E were vaccinated with live Newcastle vaccine (B1 strain) intraocularly and AI-ND subtype H9N2 killed vaccine subcutaneously on the 7th day. Antibody titer against NDs and AI vaccines was considered by the Hemagglutination Inhibition test (HI test).  Malt extract at 0.5% concentration, at all periods after vaccination, enhanced the systemic antibody response to ND vaccine in broiler chickens, but this extract had no significant effect on antibody response against the AI vaccine.Conclusion:  Inoculation of ND vaccines with barley malt extract as an immune-boosting agent induces extensive immune responses involved in HI-NDV Ab titers.

The effects of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease on 28-day mortality of COVID-19

We compared the prognosis of inpatients with a known diagnosis of Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease who have COVID-19 infection with other hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Our cohort study started in October 2020 and ended in May 2021 and included inpatients with COVID-19 infection who were admitted to hospitals. From a total of 67,871 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, a sample of 3732 individuals were selected of which 363 had Alzheimer's, and 259 had Parkinson's disease. All patients had both positive RT-PCR test and positive chest CT for COVID-19. The outcome was dead within 28 days of admission and the predictors were a large number of demographic and clinical features, and comorbidities recorded at patients’ bedside. Mortality were 37.5%, 35.1%, and 29.5% in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease; and in other patients, respectively. The hazard ratio for Alzheimer's disease was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.06–1.53, p = 0.010) and for Parkinson's disease was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.94–1.46, p = 0.171). Age was a predictor of mortality, hazard ratio = 1.04 (95% CI, 1.03–1.05, p < 0.001). Patients with Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19 infection were older and more likely to have a loss of consciousness on admission (both p ≤ 0.001). We concluded that inpatients with Alzheimer's disease have an increased risk for 28-day mortality from COVID-19 and healthcare settings should be ready to provide critical care for them such as early intubation and immediate O₂ therapy. However, Parkinson's disease does not significantly predict higher mortality of COVID-19.

[Hepatitis B Virus (Hepadnaviridae: Orthohepadnavirus: Hepatitis B virus) among Hospitalized Mentally Disabled Patients is not transmitted by their nurses or family members]

BACKGROUND

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been reported to be higher in the institutionalized mentally disabled patients than that of the general population previously reported in Iran. This study aims to investigate HBV infection among nurses and families of the hospitalized mentally disabled patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted on 110 nurses and family members of the mentally disabled patients who were hospitalized in five residential care centers of Tehran. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) was examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Afterwards, HBV DNA was extracted, and then propagated via a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method to compare virus genomes in the nurses' serum with other isolated HBVs worldwide.

RESULTS

Out of 102 studied nurses, three (3%) were positive for HBsAg (100% female). Also, no patient was positive for the HBV genome, while eight (7.3%) nurses were positive for HBcAb including two (25%) males and six (75%) females. Genome sequencing of one DNA positive sample showed that the isolated virus from this patient contained sub genotype D1 and subtype ayw2. The results of none of the family members were positive for HBsAg, HBcAb, or HBV DNA.

CONCLUSION

This study showed a higher prevalence of HBsAg among nurses (3%) compared to the Iranian general population (1.7-2.1%). The virus isolated from the nurses belonged to subgenotype D1 and subtype ayw2 in accordance with previous Iranian reports. Also, there was no drug-resistant or vaccine-escape mutations in the obtained viral genome. Moreover, low immune pressure on the virus in the asymptomatic chronic HBV patients might be responsible for low nucleotide divergence among the derived HBV genome.

DDAB cationic lipid-mPEG, PCL copolymer hybrid nano-carrier synthesis and application for delivery of siRNA targeting IGF-1R into breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

To use siRNA molecule as a therapeutic agent in gene silencing, an efficient delivery system is necessary. Stability and clearance by reticuloendothelial of siRNA still remains the major challenges for clinical application. Herein, we could develop new lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNP) as a siRNA carrier to silence insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1R) gene overexpression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.

METHODS

Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) (DDAB-mPEG-PCL) LPHNPs were synthesized using a single step nanoprecipitation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) microscope. Cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was assessed in the MCF7 cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Desired LPHNP-siRNA complex was determined using different Nitrogen:Phosphate ratio (N/P) ratios and gel retardation. To determine the encapsulation efficiency of siRNA (%) in LPHNP, its absorbance was measured. The effect of the siRNA-LPHNP complex on IGF-1R silencing was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) RESULTS: LPHNP was synthesized using a single-step sonication method with a size below 100 nM. The viability of cells treated with hybrid nanoparticles was significantly greater than the corresponding cationic lipid (P < 0.01). As demonstrated by gel retardation assay, efficient siRNA binding to LPHNP occurred at N/P equal to 40 and siRNA encapsulation efficiency was found to be 95% ± 4 at this ratio. LPHNP-IGF-1R siRNA complex could be able to down-regulate the target more efficiently when it compared with the corresponded controls (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our results suggest that DDAB cationic lipid and mPEG-PCL copolymer hybrid nanoparticle may be a good candidate for efficient siRNA delivery.

SAT0335 SERUM AND BALF-DERIVED ANTI-JO1 AUTOANTIBODIES EXHIBIT HIGH REACTIVITY TO DISTINCT HISRS DOMAINS AND ASSOCIATE WITH LUNG AND JOINT INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH IIM/ASS

Background:

Autoantibodies that target aminoacyl transfer(t) RNA synthetases (aaRS) represent the serological marker of the anti-synthetase syndrome (ASS), a major subgroup of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) (1). Among the anti-aaRS, anti-histidyl tRNA synthetase (HisRS) autoantibodies (anti-Jo1) are the most common. Up to 90% of IIM/ASS patients diagnosed with interstitial lung disease (ILD) harbor anti-Jo1 autoantibodies (2).

Objectives:

Reactivity and affinity of anti-Jo1 autoantibodies from serum and broncheoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were investigated against HisRS autoantigen. Associations with clinical data from patients IIM/ASS were addressed.

Methods:

Total IgGs were purified by affinity chromatography. Samples and clinical data were obtained from: i) 26 anti-Jo1+patients (19 at diagnosis, 16/19 at follow-up, 7 BALF/matching serum at baseline; ii) 29 anti-Jo1-(25 serum at diagnosis, 4 BALF/matching serum at baseline); iii) 24 age/gender matched healthy controls. Anti-Jo1 IgG and IgA response against HisRS was evaluated by ELISA and western blot. Affinity was measured by surface plasmon resonance. HisRS full-length (HisRS-FL), two HisRS domains (ABD and CD), and two HisRS splice variants (WHEP and WHEP + ABD splice variant (SV)) were tested. Correlations between autoantibody reactivity and clinical data, at baseline and over disease course, were evaluated.

Results:

Anti-Jo1 autoantibodies from serum and lung bound HisRS-FL, WHEP and SV with high reactivity and affinity already at diagnosis and recognized both conformational and linear HisRS epitopes (Fig. 1). Levels of autoantibodies (against HisRS-FL, -domains and -splice variants) varied among patients and overtime. Patients with ILD, arthritis and less skin involvement presented higher anti-Jo1 titers compared to those with lower anti-Jo1 titers and to the anti-Jo1 negative group (Fig. 2). Anti-WHEP reactivity in BALF strongly correlated with poor pulmonary function.

Conclusion:

High reactivity and affinity at time of diagnosis indicates that autoimmunity against HisRS is most likely initiated before IIM/ASS diagnosis. Reactivity to specific splice variants of HisRS may be employed as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

References:

[1]Marguerie C, Bunn CC, Beynon HL, Bernstein RM, Hughes JM, So AK, Walport MJ: Polymyositis, pulmonary fibrosis and autoantibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes. Q J Med 1990, 77(282):1019-1038

[2]Richards TJ, Eggebeen A, Gibson K, Yousem S, Fuhrman C, Gochuico BR, Fertig N, Oddis CV, Kaminski N, Rosas IO et al: Characterization and peripheral blood biomarker assessment of anti-Jo-1 antibody-positive interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60(7):2183-2192.

Fig. 1.

Anti-Jo1 reactivity in total IgG purified from the first available serum sample

Fig. 2.

Reactivity of total anti-Jo1+ IgG purified from the first available serum close to IIM/ASS diagnosis in relation to clinical data

Disclosure of Interests:

Antonella Notarnicola: None declared, Charlotta Preger: None declared, Susanna Lundström: None declared, Nuria Renard: None declared, Edvard Wigren: None declared, Eveline Van Gompel: None declared, Angeles Shunashy Galindo-Feria: None declared, Helena Persson: None declared, Maryam Fathi: None declared, Johan Grunewald: None declared, Per-Johan Jakobsson Shareholder of: Gesynta Pharma, Grant/research support from: Gesynta Pharma, AstraZeneca,, Susanne Gräslund: None declared, Ingrid E. Lundberg Grant/research support from: Bristol Meyer Squibb, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Inc and Astra Zeneca, Catia Cerqueira: None declared

AB0878 THE COMPARISON EFFECTS OF INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA (PRP), PLASMA RICH IN GROWTH FACTOR (PRGF), HYALURONIC ACID (HA), AND OZONE IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; A ONE YEAR RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Background:

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) as a common progressive degenerative condition is one of the most important leading causes of disability and relative dependence. Worldwide prevalence of symptomatic knee OA has estimated 3.8%. It affects more than 20% of over 45-year-old population. Among the minimally invasive methods recommended for knee OA management is intra-articular injections for which a large array of products have been used. Despite all the existing options, there is still no general consensus on the choice and priority of the best intra-articular injection in knee osteoarthritis.

Objectives:

Our study compare the short and long-term efficacy of the intra articular injections (IAIs) of hyaluronic acid (HA), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), and ozone in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods:

In this single-blinded randomized clinical trial, 238 patients with mild to moderate knee OA were randomized into4 groups of IAIs: HA (3 doses weekly), PRP (2 doses with 3 weeks interval), PRGF (2 doses with 3 weeks interval), and Ozone (3 doses weekly). Our outcome measures were the mean changes from baseline until 2,6, and 12 months post intervention in scores of visual analog scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and Lequesne index.

Results:

A total of 200 patients enrolled final analysis. The mean age of patients was 56.9 ± 6.3 years, and69.5% were women. In 2 months follow up, significant improvement of pain, stiffness, and function were seen in all groups compared to the baseline, but the ozone group had the best results(P<0.05). In 6 month follow up HA, PRP, and PRGF groups demonstrated better therapeutic effects in all scores in comparison with ozone (P<0.05).At the end of the 12th month, only PRGF and PRP groups had better results versus HA and ozone groups in all scores (P<0.05).Despite the fact that ozone showed better early results, its effects begin to wear off earlier than other products and ultimately disappear in 12 months.

Conclusion:

Ozone injection had rapid effects and better short-term results after 2 months, but its therapeutic effects did not persist after 6 months and at the 6-month follow up, PRP,PRGF and HA were superior to ozone. Only patients in PRP and PRGF groups improved symptoms persisted for 12 months. Therefore, these products could be the preferable choices for long-term management.

References:

[1]Wang-Saegusa A, Cugat R, Ares O, Seijas R, Cuscó X, Garcia-Balletbó M. Infiltration of plasma rich in growth factors for osteoarthritis of the knee short-term effects on function and quality of life. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery. 2011;131(3):311-7.

[2]De La Mata J. Platelet rich plasma.A new treatment tool for the rheumatologist?ReumatologíaClínica (English Edition). 2013;9(3):166-71.

[3]Raeissadat SA, Rayegani SM, Sedighipour L, Bossaghzade Z, Abdollahzadeh MH, Nikray R, et al. The efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback on pain, function, and maximal thickness of vastus medialis oblique muscle in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of pain research. 2018;11:2781.

[4]Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Arnold LM, Choi H, Deyo RA, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2008;58(1):26-35.

[5]Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Faezi T, Paragomi P, Barghamdi M. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in rural areas of I ran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. International journal of rheumatic diseases. 2014;17(4):384-8.

[6]Rayegani SM, Raeissadat SA, Heidari S, Moradi-Joo M. Safety and effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2017;8(Suppl 1):S12.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Anatomical and histological studies on the cervical canal of Rahmani sheep

Macroscopic and microscopic findings of Rahmani sheep cervical canal were evaluated for designing a trans-cervical catheter. The study was carried out on 160 cervices divided into four groups: (Group A; young follicular, Group B; old follicular, Group C; young luteal and Group D; old luteal). All morphometric parameters of cervical canals of each group including length, average length and the external os diameter and shape were measured and tabulated. Epoxy casts were made to demonstrate the anatomic variations of each group. Data collected were statistically analysed using ANOVA. One hundred and twenty tissue sections from each group were sectioned and stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome stain for demonstration of collagen fibres, Alcian blue pH 2.5 for demonstration of acidic mucins and PAS technique for demonstration of neutral mucins. In conclusion, the current study is the first report on the morphometric structure of the cervical canal of native Egyptian Rahmani ewes.

49 Developmental Potential of Dromedary Camel Oocytes Vitrified at the Germinal Vesicle Stage: Effects of Different Cryoprotectant Combinations and Cryo-Carriers

Cryopreservation of oocyte would be an alternative to overcome the limited availability of dromedary camel oocytes and allow improvements in in vitro production in this species. Our aim was to develop a protocol for vitrification of dromedary camel oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage using various cryoprotectant combinations and cryo-carriers. In experiment 1, cumulus–ppcyte complexes (COC) obtained at slaughter were equilibrated in a solution composed of 10% ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.25 M trehalose. The oocytes were then exposed for 60 s to vitrification solutions (VS) composed of 20% EG and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; VS1) or 25% EG plus 25% DMSO (VS2) or 25% EG and 25% glycerol (VS3). The COC were then transferred into decreasing concentration of trehalose solution (toxicity test). In experiment 2, COC were randomly divided into 4 groups and vitrified by using straw or open pulled-straw (OPS) or solid surface vitrification (SSV) or cryotop in VS1 or VS2. Following vitrification and warming viable oocytes were matured in vitro for 30 h at 39°C in 5% CO2 in air. Matured oocytes were fertilized in vitro by epididymal spermatozoa of mature male camels and then cultured in modified KSOMaa medium for 7 days. Oocyte viability, maturation, fertilization, and embryo development were evaluated. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and t-test. Viability and nuclear maturation rates were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in oocytes exposed to VS3 (44.8% and 34.0%) than those exposed to VS1 (68.2% and 48.0%) and VS2 (79.3% and 56.9%). Although recovery rates were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in oocytes vitrified using SSV or cryotop in either VS1 or VS2 solutions (66.9% to 71.1%) than those vitrified by straws using VS1 or VS2 solutions (86.3% to 91.0%), survival rates were higher in SSV and cryotop groups (90.7% to 94.8%) than straw and OPS (68.2% to 86.5%) groups. Among vitrified groups, maturation and fertilization rates (51.8% and 39.2%, respectively) were the highest in the cryotop-VS2 group. Those values were comparable to those seen in the controls (59.2% and 44.6%, respectively). Cleavage (22.5% to 27.9%), morula (13.2% to 14.5%), and blastocyst (6.4% to 8.5%) rates were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in SSV and cryotop groups than in straws. No significant differences were observed in these parameters between cryotop and control groups. Together, the results show that both vitrification solution and cryodevice affect viability and developmental competence of vitrified/warmed dromedary camel oocytes. We report for the first time that dromedary camel oocytes vitrified at the GV stage have the ability to be matured, fertilized, and subsequently develop in vitro to produce blastocyst embryos at frequencies comparable to those obtained using fresh oocytes.

127 L-Carnitine Supplementation During In Vitro Maturation Improves Developmental Competence of Canine Oocytes

In vitro embryo production (IVP) in the domestic bitch is important for conservation of endangered canids. Compared with various domestic animals, the development of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in the dog has lagged behind, mainly due to the low percentage of oocytes that can reach metaphase II (MII) stage after in vitro maturation (IVM). Beneficial effects of l-carnitine (LC) on embryonic development in culture have been reported in many mammalian species; however, no studies have been conducted in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of LC supplementation during IVM of canine oocytes on nuclear maturation, fertilization status, and pre-implantation development following IVM/IVF. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were collected by slicing ovaries obtained from dogs (n = 20, 1 to 6 years of age) after ovariohysterectomy. The COC were subjected to IVM for 72 h in a medium (TCM-199) supplemented with LC at different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, or 2.0 mg mL−1) or without LC supplements (0 mg mL−1; control). Matured oocytes were fertilized in vitro with frozen–thawed spermatozoa, and presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium for 7 days. Frequencies of nuclear maturation (72 h post-IVM), fertilization rates (18 h post-insemination), and embryo development (Days 2 to 5 post-insemination) were evaluated. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Supplementation of IVM medium with 0.3 or 0.6 mg mL−1 LC significantly improved (P ≤ 0.05) maturation (35.4% and 41.4%) and fertilization (21.3% and 25.8%) rates compared with the controls and with other LC-supplemented groups; values ranged from 20.1% to 25.0% for maturation and from 12.1% to 14.6% for fertilization. Cleavage (2- to 16-cell stages) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the 0.6 mg mL−1 LC supplemented group than the 0.3 mg mL−1 supplemented group (16.3% v. 13.3%). These values were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those in other groups. Interestingly, 4.5% of IVM/IVF oocytes were developed to morula in 0.6 mg mL−1 LC supplemented group which was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those developed in the 0.3 mg mL−1 supplemented group (1.0%). No embryos developed beyond the 2- to 16-cell stage in the rest of the groups. In conclusion, l-carnitine supplementation during IVM is particularly efficient in improving nuclear maturation and pre-implantation embryo development of canine oocytes after IVF. These outcomes are important for the improvement of IVM conditions that can advance the efficiency of ART in dogs.

Susceptibility of herpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils of Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantia royleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn

In recent years, with increased the prevalence of viral infections and having no specific for  their treatment  and also the continuous appearance of resistant viral strains, the finding of novel antiviral agents is necessary. In this study, monoterpenes of thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils from Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantia royleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. were screened for their inhibitory effect against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro on Vero cell line CCL-81-ATCC using a plaque reduction assay. The antiviral activity of three monoterpenes (thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene) and three essential oils were evaluated by cytotoxicity assay, direct plaque test. In addition, the modes of antiviral action of these compounds were investigated during the viral infection cycle. Results showed that the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined at 0.002%, 0.037%, &gt;0.1%, 0.035%, 0.018% and 0.001% for thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, S. arvensis oil, L. royleana oil and P. vulgaris oil, respectively. A manifestly dose-dependent virucidal activity against HSV-1 could be exhibited for compounds tested. In order to determine the mode of the inhibitory effect, compounds were added at different stages during the viral infection cycle. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the compounds, plaque formation was significantly reduced by more than 80% when HSV-1 was preincubated with p-cymene. However, no inhibitory effect could be observed when the compounds were added to the cells prior to infection with HSV-1 or after the adsorption period.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that compounds affected HSV-1 mostly before adsorption and might interact with the viral envelope. Thymol exhibited a high selectivity index and seems to be a promising candidate for topical therapeutic application as antiviral agent for treatment of herpetic infections.

Mitochondrial adaptations in aged skeletal muscle: effect of exercise training

The aging process is associated with a decline in mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria dysfunction is involved in initiation and progression of many health problems including neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. It is well known that endurance exercise improves mitochondrial function, especially in the elderly. However, recent studies have demonstrated that resistance training lead also to substantial increases in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise training in healthy elderly subjects, can help practitioners to design and prescribe more effective exercise trainings.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4-PEG-LAC-chitosan-PEI nanoparticle as a survivin siRNA delivery system

The limited effectiveness of the conventional methods for cancer treatment makes the researchers to find novel safe and effective therapeutic strategies. One of these strategies is to use small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). A major challenge here is the siRNA delivery into the cells. The purpose of this study was to design and prepare a biocompatible, biodegradable, and safe nanosized particle for siRNA delivery into human breast cancer MCF-7 and leukemia K562 cells. Chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles containing polyethyleneglycol-lactate polymer (PEG-LAC), chitosan, and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were successfully prepared and used as a gene delivery vehicle. The nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential. The Fe3O4-PEG-LAC-chitosan-PEI nanoparticle showed efficient and stable survivin siRNA loading in gel retardation assay. The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanoparticle was studied using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay and was compared with that of mitoxantrone (MTX) in combination with the prepared siRNA delivery system to evaluate the possible synergic effect of MTX and survivin siRNA. The nanoparticles with and without noncomplementary siRNA showed low toxicity against both cell lines; however, a twofold decrease was observed in cell survival percent after MTX addition to MCF-7 cells treated with either nanoparticle itself or complexed with noncomplementary siRNA. While survivin siRNA nanoplex caused threefold decrease in the cell survival percent, its combination with MTX did not result in a significant increase in the cytotoxic effect. Therefore, Fe3O4-PEG-LAC-chitosan-PEI nanoparticle should be considered as a potential carrier for enhanced survivin siRNA delivery into MCF-7 and K562 cells.

Antimutagenic potential of harpagoside and Harpagophytum procumbens against 1-nitropyrene

Background:

1-nitropyrene (1-NPy) is one of the most abundant nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons particularly in diesel exhausts. It is a mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant very widespread in the environment. So the discovery of antimutagenic agents is essential. Harpagophytum procumbens (HP) is traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic particularly against painful osteoarthritis. Harpagoside (HS), its major iridoid glycoside, is considered as the main active component.

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimutagenic activity of HS and HP extracts against mutagenic activity of 1-NPy.

Materials and Methods:

The antimutagenic activity was investigated using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in cultured human lymphocytes. Cells were exposed to HS or HP extracts before (pretreatment), during (co-treatment), and after (posttreatment) treatment with 1-NPy.

Results:

Results showed that HS significantly reduced the mutagenicity of 1-NPy in pretreatment and particularly in co-treatment, whereas all HP extracts significantly reduced the genotoxicity in the three protocols.

Conclusion:

These results suggested that HS was strongly involved in antimutagenic activity of HP extracts in co-treatment, but other components in HP extracts participated in this activity in pre- and post-treatment.

Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil and Pethidine in Spinal Anesthesia for Painless Labor

Saddle spinal is a reliable method for control of pain during labor. This method has rapid onset and causes complete sensory block without significant influence on motor neurons.Our goal was to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effects of pethidine and sufentanil via saddle spinal administration during labor.600 parturients requesting analgesia were randomly divided into 2 groups. First group was composed of 300 patients received 0.4 mg/kg pethidine and the second group was composed of 300 patients received 0.1 μg/kg sufentanil. Then, analgesia according to Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), itching, nausea, apnea and urinary retention were examined between 2 groups.VAS=3 was noted in both groups. Equal rate of apnea was seen in both groups. Patients received pethidine showed significantly a higher rate of nausea compared with sufentanil group (P<0.0001). Pruritus was significantly higher in patients received sufantanil (P<0.0001).Our findings suggest that saddle spinal by pethidine or sufentanil causes a considerable analgesia for labor. Proper management of the untoward effects of this method may introduce it as a safe and low-cost method for painless labor.

Cytotoxic withanolides from the leaves of Moroccan Withania frutescens

CONTEXT

Withania species are a rich source of interesting phytochemical substances (withanolides) which have shown several biological properties.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the cytotoxic potential of Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy (Solanaceae) leaf extracts and isolated active compounds against cultured tumor cell lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The crude methanol extract of W. frutescens leaves was partitioned with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. MeOH extract and its fractions were tested for their cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines (HepG2 and HT29) using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed for the active CH₂Cl₂ fraction employing column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural elucidation of the isolated active compounds was carried out mainly by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The compounds were then tested for their cytotoxic activity.

RESULTS

The CH₂Cl₂ fraction was the most active against HT29 cell line. The fractionation procedure resulted in the isolation of 4β,17α,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-22-R-witha-2,5,24-trienolide (1), 5β,6β-epoxy-4β,17α,27-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide (2) and 2,3-dihydroxywithaferin A-3β-O-sulfate (3). The latter exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity against HT29 cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ of 1.78 ± 0.09 µM) which was comparable to that of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) used as the positive antimitotic control.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from W. frutescens for the first time. Data obtained suggest that the sulfated steroidal lactone (3) can be considered as a compound with potential application in the new anticancer drugs development field.

KL-6: a serological biomarker for interstitial lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether Caucasian patients with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) have elevated serum levels of KL-6 compared with patients without ILD and whether KL-6 could be used as a marker for ILD activity and treatment efficacy of ILD in PM/DM.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Thirty patients with PM/DM (seven with ILD) and 17 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. Twelve patients were followed for longitudinal evaluation. ILD was defined as restrictive lung function impairment with radiographic signs of ILD. Serum KL-6 levels were measured using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay kit. Groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test.

RESULTS

PM/DM patients with ILD had significantly higher median serum KL-6 levels compared with those without ILD: 995 (range 533-2318) versus 322 (range 132-1225) U mL(-1) (P = 0.0002). Median serum levels of healthy controls were 225 (range 136-519) U mL(-1) . Serum levels of KL-6 were inversely correlated with percentages of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), forced VC, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLco), maximal voluntary ventilation at 40 breaths min(-1) and residual volume (RV). Changes in KL-6 levels showed a significant inverse correlation with changes in percentage FEV1, TLC, DLco and RV. At a cut-off level of 549 U mL(-1) (mean ± 2.5 SD for controls), the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of ILD were 83% and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The level of serum KL-6 may serve as measure of ILD in patients with PM/DM and is a promising biomarker for use in clinical practice to assess clinical response to treatment.

A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (Part I)

OBJECTIVES

Evaluate a new LC-MS/MS screening method for drugs and drugs of abuse as an alternative to the existing methods used in clinical toxicology laboratories.

DESIGN AND METHODS

The work was divided in two parts. The first part was dedicated to the technical development and evaluation of the method for which a set of 97 drugs and relevant metabolites was used to perform a complete investigation of matrix effects and lower limit of identification (LOI). The second part was a comparison of identified drugs between LC-MS/MS and Remedi® instrument on clinical serum samples.

RESULTS

The method offers good performance allowing an automatic peak detection and compound identification. The limit of identification is equivalent to 50 μg/L for the majority of the studied compounds. The process efficiency (PE) is higher than 70% for 65% of the evaluated compounds. Thus, a sufficient detection capability in terms of limit of detection for identification and PE satisfied the expected performance.

CONCLUSION

The described methodology allows the identification of the main drugs incriminated in intoxications within a quite short analysis time. The separation of most of the analytes is performed in 15 min. The procedure is sufficiently sensitive and selective.

Intravenous magnesium sulfate for post-operative pain in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery

INTRODUCTION

This study looks at the effect of supplementary intravenous magnesium sulfate on acute pain when administered in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery using spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine.

METHOD AND MATERIALS

In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Efforts were made to place both groups under the same method of anesthesia. One group received 8 mg/kg intravenous magnesium sulfate, started before the incision and continued up to the end of the surgical procedure, using a 50 ml syringe, via a peripheral large bore catheter; the second group received the same volume of placebos using the same method. To present the results, mean (+/- SD) was used; a P value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the basic variables. Pain reported by the first group that received magnesium sulfate was significantly less at the first, third, sixth and 12th hours after the operation in comparison with the group that received placebo. Also, the intravenous morphine requirements in the first 24 h after the surgery were less in the magnesium group (4.2 +/- 1.6 mg) than in the control group (9.8 +/- 2.1 mg).

CONCLUSION

Intravenous magnesium sulfate can serve as a supplementary analgesic therapy to suppress the acute post-operative pain, leading to less morphine requirements in the first 24 h.

Anatomical study of lateral circumflex femoral arterial system for the anterolateral thigh flap

AIM

The aim of this study was to increase anatomical knowledge of anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap, vascular system nourishing the flap.

METHODS

Forty thighs of 20 male cadavers of Iranian origin were examined. A total of 189 perforators were identified, mainly as musculocutaneous perforators (89.9%), usually in the middle third of the thigh and arising from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (DLCFA).

RESULTS

The mean length of superior and inferior pedicles was 9.2 cm and 4.23 cm, respectively. The caliber of the descending artery and one of its accompanying veins was averagely 2.8 and 3.0 mm, respectively. In 85% of the ALT flaps, the DLCFA connected with the lateral superior genicular artery (SGA).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the number of septocutaneous is less than that of the musculocutaneous perforators in the ALT region. This new consideration of ALT flap perforators makes it possible to elevate a vital flap in a greater number of cases, but it requires a longer and more difficult surgical technique to dissect perforators through the muscles. The distally based ALT flap is a good option for coverage of soft-tissue defects around the knee. Additionally, a potentially supercharged ALT flap may be applied in respect to the superior and inferior pedicles.

V-Lab-a virtual laboratory for autonomous agents-SLA-based learning controllers

In this paper, we present the use of stochastic learning automata (SLA) in multiagent robotics. In order to fully utilize and implement learning control algorithms in the control of multiagent robotics, an environment for simulation has to be first created. A virtual laboratory for simulation of autonomous agents, called V-Lab is described. The V-Lab architecture can incorporate various models of the environment as well as the agent being trained. A case study to demonstrate the use of SLA is presented.

Blinking and schizotypal thinking

Spontaneous eye blink rate (SBR) is thought to be a biological marker for cerebral dopamine (DA) activity. Accordingly, positive psychotic symptoms have been found to be associated with an increased SBR and negative psychotic symptoms with a decreased SBR. However, modulations of the DA system in patient populations also result from prior neuroleptic treatment. Here, we tested the possible relationship between SBR and positive and negative schizotypal thought. To test the direct influence of DA on SBR in general and as a function of schizotypy, half of a sample of 40 healthy men received levodopa and the other half placebo in a double-blind procedure. SBR did not differ between substance groups suggesting that a pharmacologically induced DA increase in healthy individuals does not generally increase SBR. However, in the levodopa group, increasing SBR correlated with increasing negative schizotypy scores, while no relationship was found between SBR and (1) negative schizotypy in the placebo group, or (2) positive schizotypy in either substance group. We conjecture that a pre-existing hypodopaminergic state in high negative schizotypy scorers, made these individuals susceptible to an increased DA concentration, as it has been observed in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, the absence of any relationship in the placebo group might suggest that variations in DA concentration as a function of schizotypy are too subtle to influence SBR. Finally, the lack of any association of SBR with positive schizotypy might indicate that SBR and positive schizotypy are mediated by functionally distinct neural circuits.

Interstitial lung disease, a common manifestation of newly diagnosed polymyositis and dermatomyositis

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the prevalence and predictors of interstitial lung disease in newly diagnosed polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

METHODS

A prospective study in which consecutive patients with newly diagnosed poly- and dermatomyositis, regardless of clinical symptoms of pulmonary disease, were investigated with chest x ray, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function tests, and biochemical and autoantibody analysis. Patients with inclusion body myositis, malignancy, other defined inflammatory connective tissue diseases (CTDs), or antibody profile indicating other CTDs were excluded.

RESULTS

Between March 1998 and September 2000, 26 new cases of poly- or dermatomyositis were diagnosed; 17 of those patients were included in the study. Interstitial lung disease (ILD), defined as radiological signs on chest x ray examination/HRCT or restrictive ventilatory defect, were found in 11 (65%) patients and were more common in men than in women. Arthritis and occurrence of anti-Jo-1 antibodies were found more often in patients with ILD than in those without. There was no statistically significant association between respiratory symptoms, other serological or laboratory variables and ILD.

CONCLUSIONS

ILD is a common early manifestation in patients with poly- and dermatomyositis and is not always related to clinical symptoms. Chest x ray examination, HRCT, pulmonary function tests, and analysis of anti-Jo-1 antibodies should be included in the initial investigation of patients with myositis regardless of respiratory symptoms.

Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of atracurium, laudanosine and vecuronium following clinical subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Neuromuscular blocking agents may exert central nervous system effects when they reach the brain. This study assessed the concentrations and the time course of passage of vecuronium, atracurium, and its metabolite laudanosine in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping.

METHODS

Twenty-five patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous infusion of vecuronium (n=13) or atracurium (n=12). Arterial blood and lumbar CSF were sampled before and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h after the start of the relaxant infusion. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (vecuronium) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (atracurium and laudanosine).

RESULTS

The data of 20 patients (10 in both groups) were analyzed. In 11 CSF samples from five patients atracurium was detected in concentrations from 10 to 50 ng/ml. Laudanosine was retrieved in all CSF samples at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h; the highest CSF concentration of laudanosine occurred at 3 h [38 (18-63) ng/ml: median (range)]. Vecuronium was not found in any CSF sample.

CONCLUSION

Significant concentrations of atracurium and laudanosine but not of vecuronium were detected in the CSF of patients during and immediately after intracranial aneurysm surgery.

Disappearance rate of catecholamines, total metanephrines, and neuropeptide Y from the plasma of patients after resection of pheochromocytoma

BACKGROUND

Plasma free metanephrines are a more reliable analyte to measure than catecholamines for the biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytomas. We hypothesized that the long persistence of total (sulfate-conjugated plus free) metanephrines in the blood might have a significant diagnostic value.

METHODS

We measured plasma concentrations of catecholamines and total metanephrines (sulfate-conjugated plus free forms) by HPLC with amperometric detection, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) by an amplified ELISA in seven patients before and after removal of their pheochromocytomas. The results for catecholamine, total metanephrines, and NPY in each patient were analyzed for up to 120 min, starting from the time of tumor vessel clamping. The persistence of analytes was quantified as the area under the concentration-time curve over 120 min.

RESULTS

On the basis of the upper reference limit for each variable, plasma free norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations were increased preoperatively in at least one sample in seven and six patients, respectively. Total normetanephrine (NMN) and metanephrine (MN) were increased in all samples in seven and six patients, respectively. NPY was increased 2- to 465-fold. After removal of the tumor, MN and NMN showed a higher average relative increase above the upper limit of the reference interval than NE and E (P = 0.05), whereas NPY was intermediate. The persistence of increased values was significantly shorter for catecholamines than for metanephrines. The half-life estimated by nonlinear regression was 12.3 +/- 7.8 min for NPY. Significant correlations were observed among NE, E, NMN, MN, and NPY concentrations, but parent markers (E and MN or NE and NMN) did not appear significantly intercorrelated.

CONCLUSIONS

A larger increase and a longer persistence of total metanephrines (reflecting predominantly sulfo-conjugated metanephrines) than catecholamines and NPY in plasma may contribute to their greater diagnostic accuracy in pheochromocytoma.