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Kuhn MK, Kang RY, Kim C, Tagay Y, Morris N, Tabdanov ED, Elcheva IA, Proctor EA. Dynamic neuroinflammatory profiles predict Alzheimer's disease pathology in microglia-containing cerebral organoids. bioRxiv 2024:2023.11.16.567220. [PMID: 38014053 PMCID: PMC10680718 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and the underlying dysregulated immune responses of microglia actively contribute to the progression and, likely, the initiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fine-tuned therapeutic modulation of immune dysfunction to ameliorate disease cannot be achieved without the characterization of diverse microglial states that initiate unique, and sometimes contradictory, immune responses that evolve over time in chronic inflammatory environments. Because of the functional differences between human and murine microglia, untangling distinct, disease-relevant reactive states and their corresponding effects on pathology or neuronal health may not be possible without the use of human cells. In order to profile shifting microglial states in early AD and identify microglia-specific drivers of disease, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying a familial AD PSEN2 mutation or its isogenic control into cerebral organoids and quantified the changes in cytokine concentrations over time with Luminex XMAP technology. We used partial least squares (PLS) modeling to build cytokine signatures predictive of disease and age to identify key differential patterns of cytokine expression that inform the overall organoid immune milieu and quantified the corresponding changes in protein pathology. AD organoids exhibited an overall reduction in cytokine secretion after an initial amplified immune response. We demonstrate that reduced synapse density observed in the AD organoids is prevented with microglial depletion. Crucially, these differential effects of dysregulated immune signaling occurred without the accumulation of pathological proteins. In this study, we used microglia-containing AD organoids to quantitatively characterize an evolving immune milieu, made up of a diverse of collection of activation patterns and immune responses, to identify how a dynamic, overall neuroinflammatory state negatively impacts neuronal health and the cell-specific contribution of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Y Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - ChaeMin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yerbol Tagay
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Morris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Erdem D Tabdanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Irina A Elcheva
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Chan DC, Kim C, Kang RY, Kuhn MK, Beidler LM, Zhang N, Proctor EA. Cytokine expression patterns predict suppression of vulnerable neural circuits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.17.585383. [PMID: 38559177 PMCID: PMC10979954 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.17.585383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive amyloid plaque accumulation, tau tangle formation, neuroimmune dysregulation, synapse an neuron loss, and changes in neural circuit activation that lead to cognitive decline and dementia. Early molecular and cellular disease-instigating events occur 20 or more years prior to presentation of symptoms, making them difficult to study, and for many years amyloid-β, the aggregating peptide seeding amyloid plaques, was thought to be the toxic factor responsible for cognitive deficit. However, strategies targeting amyloid-β aggregation and deposition have largely failed to produce safe and effective therapies, and amyloid plaque levels poorly correlate with cognitive outcomes. However, a role still exists for amyloid-β in the variation in an individual's immune response to early, soluble forms of aggregates, and the downstream consequences of this immune response for aberrant cellular behaviors and creation of a detrimental tissue environment that harms neuron health and causes changes in neural circuit activation. Here, we perform functional magnetic resonance imaging of awake, unanesthetized Alzheimer's disease mice to map changes in functional connectivity over the course of disease progression, in comparison to wild-type littermates. In these same individual animals, we spatiotemporally profile the immune milieu by measuring cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors across various brain regions and over the course of disease progression from pre-pathology through established cognitive deficit. We identify specific signatures of immune activation predicting hyperactivity followed by suppression of intra- and then inter-regional functional connectivity in multiple disease-relevant brain regions, following the pattern of spread of amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - ChaeMin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Y Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lynne M Beidler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Ball BK, Kuhn MK, Fleeman RM, Proctor EA, Brubaker DK. Differential responses of primary neuron-secreted MCP-1 and IL-9 to type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease-associated metabolites. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.17.567595. [PMID: 38014333 PMCID: PMC10680853 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is implicated as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. In this work, we investigated neuroinflammatory responses of primary neurons to potentially circulating, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable metabolites associated with AD, T2D, or both. We identified nine metabolites associated with protective or detrimental properties of AD and T2D in literature (lauric acid, asparagine, fructose, arachidonic acid, aminoadipic acid, sorbitol, retinol, tryptophan, niacinamide) and stimulated primary mouse neuron cultures with each metabolite before quantifying cytokine secretion via Luminex. We employed unsupervised clustering, inferential statistics, and partial least squares discriminant analysis to identify relationships between cytokine concentration and disease-associations of metabolites. We identified MCP-1, a cytokine associated with monocyte recruitment, as differentially abundant between neurons stimulated by metabolites associated with protective and detrimental properties of AD and T2D. We also identified IL-9, a cytokine that promotes mast cell growth, to be differentially associated with T2D. Indeed, cytokines, such as MCP-1 and IL-9, released from neurons in response to BBB-permeable metabolites associated with T2D may contribute to AD development by downstream effects of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K. Ball
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Madison K. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Douglas K. Brubaker
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Blood Heart Lung Immunology Research Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zukowski E, Sannella M, Rockhold JD, Kalantar GH, Yu J, SantaCruz‐Calvo S, Kuhn MK, Hah N, Ouyang L, Wang T, Murphy L, Marszalkowski H, Gibney K, Drummond MJ, Proctor EA, Hasturk H, Nikolajczyk BS, Bharath LP. STAT3 modulates CD4 + T mitochondrial dynamics and function in aging. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13996. [PMID: 37837188 PMCID: PMC10652300 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging promotes numerous intracellular changes in T cells that impact their effector function. Our data show that aging promotes an increase in the localization of STAT3 to the mitochondria (mitoSTAT3), which promotes changes in mitochondrial dynamics and function and T-cell cytokine production. Mechanistically, mitoSTAT3 increased the activity of aging T-cell mitochondria by increasing complex II. Limiting mitoSTAT3 using a mitochondria-targeted STAT3 inhibitor, Mtcur-1 lowered complex II activity, prevented age-induced changes in mitochondrial dynamics and function, and reduced Th17 inflammation. Exogenous expression of a constitutively phosphorylated form of STAT3 in T cells from young adults mimicked changes in mitochondrial dynamics and function in T cells from older adults and partially recapitulated aging-related cytokine profiles. Our data show the mechanistic link among mitoSTAT3, mitochondrial dynamics, function, and T-cell cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia Zukowski
- Department of Nutrition and Public HealthMerrimack CollegeNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marco Sannella
- Department of Nutrition and Public HealthMerrimack CollegeNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jack Donato Rockhold
- Department of Nutrition and Public HealthMerrimack CollegeNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gabriella H. Kalantar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Jingting Yu
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sara SantaCruz‐Calvo
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Madison K. Kuhn
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Neural EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nasun Hah
- Next Generation Sequencing CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ling Ouyang
- Next Generation Sequencing CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tzu‐Wen Wang
- Next Generation Sequencing CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lyanne Murphy
- Department of BiologyMerrimack CollegeNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Kaleigh Gibney
- Department of Nutrition and Public HealthMerrimack CollegeNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Neural EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Engineering Science & MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Leena P. Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public HealthMerrimack CollegeNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA
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Kuhn MK, Fleeman RM, Beidler LM, Snyder AM, Chan DC, Proctor EA. Amyloid-β Pathology-Specific Cytokine Secretion Suppresses Neuronal Mitochondrial Metabolism. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:405-421. [PMID: 37811007 PMCID: PMC10550897 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction are early alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain that are thought to contribute to disease onset and progression. Glial activation due to protein deposition results in cytokine secretion and shifts in brain metabolism, which have been observed in AD patients. However, the mechanism by which this immunometabolic feedback loop can injure neurons and cause neurodegeneration remains unclear. Methods We used Luminex XMAP technology to quantify hippocampal cytokine concentrations in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD at milestone timepoints in disease development. We used partial least squares regression to build cytokine signatures predictive of disease progression, as compared to healthy aging in wild-type littermates. We applied the disease-defining cytokine signature to wild-type primary neuron cultures and measured downstream changes in gene expression using the NanoString nCounter system and mitochondrial function using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux live-cell analyzer. Results We identified a pattern of up-regulated IFNγ, IP-10/CXCL10, and IL-9 as predictive of advanced disease. When healthy neurons were exposed to these cytokines in proportions found in diseased brain, gene expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, including ATP synthase, was suppressed. In live cells, basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration were impaired following cytokine stimulation. Conclusions We identify a pattern of cytokine secretion predictive of progressing amyloid-β pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD that reduces expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes and impairs mitochondrial respiration in healthy neurons. We establish a mechanistic link between disease-specific immune cues and impaired neuronal metabolism, potentially causing neuronal vulnerability and susceptibility to degeneration in AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00782-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Rebecca M. Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Lynne M. Beidler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Amanda M. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Dennis C. Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
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Fleeman RM, Kuhn MK, Chan DC, Proctor EA. Apolipoprotein E ε4 modulates astrocyte neuronal support functions in the presence of amyloid-β. J Neurochem 2023; 165:536-549. [PMID: 36762973 PMCID: PMC10903110 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid transporter produced predominantly by astrocytes in the brain. The ε4 variant of APOE (APOE4) is the strongest and most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the molecular mechanisms of this increased risk are unclear, APOE4 is known to alter immune signaling and lipid and glucose metabolism. Astrocytes provide various forms of support to neurons, including regulating neuronal metabolism and immune responses through cytokine signaling. Changes in astrocyte function because of APOE4 may therefore decrease neuronal support, leaving neurons more vulnerable to stress and disease insults. To determine whether APOE4 alters astrocyte neuronal support functions, we measured glycolytic and oxidative metabolism of neurons treated with conditioned media from APOE4 or APOE3 (the common, risk-neutral variant) primary astrocyte cultures. We found that APOE4 neurons treated with conditioned media from resting APOE4 astrocytes had similar metabolism to APOE3 neurons treated with media from resting APOE3 astrocytes, but treatment with astrocytic conditioned media from astrocytes challenged with amyloid-β (Aβ), a key pathological protein in AD, caused APOE4 neurons to increase their basal mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolic rates more than APOE3 neurons. These changes were not because of differences in astrocytic lactate production or glucose utilization, but instead correlated with increased glycolytic ATP production and a lack of cytokine secretion in response to Aβ. Additionally, we identified that astrocytic cytokine signatures could predict basal metabolism of neurons treated with the astrocytic conditioned media. Together, these findings suggest that in the presence of Aβ, APOE4 astrocytes alter immune and metabolic functions that result in a compensatory increase in neuronal metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madison K. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dennis C. Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kuhn MK, Fleeman RM, Beidler LM, Snyder AM, Chan DC, Proctor EA. Alzheimer's disease-specific cytokine secretion suppresses neuronal mitochondrial metabolism. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.07.536014. [PMID: 37066287 PMCID: PMC10104145 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction are early alterations in Alzheimer's disease brain that are thought to contribute to disease onset and progression. Glial activation due to protein deposition results in cytokine secretion and shifts in brain metabolism, which have been observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. However, the mechanism by which this immunometabolic feedback loop can injure neurons and cause neurodegeneration remains unclear. Methods We used Luminex XMAP technology to quantify hippocampal cytokine concentrations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease at milestone timepoints in disease development. We used partial least squares regression to build cytokine signatures predictive of disease progression, as compared to healthy aging in wild-type littermates. We applied the disease-defining cytokine signature to wild-type primary neuron cultures and measured downstream changes in gene expression using the NanoString nCounter system and mitochondrial function using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux live-cell analyzer. Results We identified a pattern of up-regulated IFNγ, IP-10, and IL-9 as predictive of advanced disease. When healthy neurons were exposed to these cytokines in proportions found in diseased brain, gene expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, including ATP synthase, was suppressed. In live cells, basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration were impaired following cytokine stimulation. Conclusions An Alzheimer's disease-specific pattern of cytokine secretion reduces expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes and impairs mitochondrial respiration in healthy neurons. We establish a mechanistic link between disease-specific immune cues and impaired neuronal metabolism, potentially causing neuronal vulnerability and susceptibility to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lynne M. Beidler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dennis C. Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Fleeman RM, Snyder AM, Kuhn MK, Chan DC, Smith GC, Crowley NA, Arnold AC, Proctor EA. Predictive link between systemic metabolism and cytokine signatures in the brain of apolipoprotein E ε4 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:154-169. [PMID: 36572594 PMCID: PMC9892258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ε4 variant of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest and most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the mechanism of conveyed risk is incompletely understood, promotion of inflammation, dysregulated metabolism, and protein misfolding and aggregation are contributors to accelerating disease. Here we determined the concurrent effects of systemic metabolic changes and brain inflammation in young (3-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) male and female mice carrying the APOE4 gene. Using functional metabolic assays alongside multivariate modeling of hippocampal cytokine levels, we found that brain cytokine signatures are predictive of systemic metabolic outcomes, independent of AD proteinopathies. Male and female mice each produce different cytokine signatures as they age and as their systemic metabolic phenotype declines, and these signatures are APOE genotype dependent. Ours is the first study to identify a quantitative and predictive link between systemic metabolism and specific pathological cytokine signatures in the brain. Our results highlight the effects of APOE4 beyond the brain and suggest the potential for bi-directional influence of risk factors in the brain and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dennis C Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Grace C Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Zhang DY, Wang J, Fleeman RM, Kuhn MK, Swulius MT, Proctor EA, Dokholyan NV. Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside Promotes Early Aβ42 Oligomer Formation and Maintenance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1979-1991. [PMID: 35713284 PMCID: PMC10137048 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Cell membrane composition, especially monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1), is known to promote the formation of Aβ fibrils, yet little is known about the roles of GM1 in the early steps of Aβ oligomer formation. Here, by using GM1-contained liposomes as a mimic of the neuronal cell membrane, we demonstrate that GM1 is a critical trigger of Aβ oligomerization and aggregation. We find that GM1 not only promotes the formation of Aβ fibrils but also facilitates the maintenance of Aβ42 oligomers on liposome membranes. We structurally characterize the Aβ42 oligomers formed on the membrane and find that GM1 captures Aβ by binding to its arginine-5 residue. To interrogate the mechanism of Aβ42 oligomer toxicity, we design a new liposome-based Ca2+-encapsulation assay and provide new evidence for the Aβ42 ion channel hypothesis. Finally, we determine the toxicity of Aβ42 oligomers formed on membranes. Overall, by uncovering the roles of GM1 in mediating early Aβ oligomer formation and maintenance, our work provides a novel direction for pharmaceutical research for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States
| | - Rebecca M Fleeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Matthew T Swulius
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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10
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Proctor EA, Dineen SM, Van Nostrand SC, Kuhn MK, Barrett CD, Brubaker DK, Yaffe MB, Lauffenburger DA, Leon LR. Coagulopathy signature precedes and predicts severity of end-organ heat stroke pathology in a mouse model. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1900-1910. [PMID: 32367690 PMCID: PMC7496969 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune challenge is known to increase heat stroke risk, although the mechanism of this increased risk is unclear. OBJECTIVES We sought to understand the effect of immune challenge on heat stroke pathology. PATIENTS/METHODS Using a mouse model of classic heat stroke, we examined the impact of prior viral or bacterial infection on hematological aspects of recovery. Mice were exposed to heat either 48 or 72 hours following polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide injection, time points when symptoms of illness (fever, lethargy, anorexia) were minimized or completely absent. RESULTS Employing multivariate supervised machine learning to identify patterns of molecular and cellular markers associated with heat stroke, we found that prior viral infection simulated with poly I:C injection resulted in heat stroke presenting with high levels of factors indicating coagulopathy. Despite a decreased number of platelets in the blood, platelets are large and non-uniform in size, suggesting younger, more active platelets. Levels of D-dimer and soluble thrombomodulin were increased in more severe heat stroke, and in cases of the highest level of organ damage markers D-dimer levels dropped, indicating potential fibrinolysis-resistant thrombosis. Genes corresponding to immune response, coagulation, hypoxia, and vessel repair were up-regulated in kidneys of heat-challenged animals; these correlated with both viral treatment and distal organ damage while appearing before discernible tissue damage to the kidney itself. CONCLUSIONS Heat stroke-induced coagulopathy may be a driving mechanistic force in heat stroke pathology, especially when exacerbated by prior infection. Coagulation markers may serve as accessible biomarkers for heat stroke severity and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPAUSA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science & Mechanics and Center for Neural EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Shauna M. Dineen
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMAUSA
| | | | - Madison K. Kuhn
- Departments of Neurosurgery and PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPAUSA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science & Mechanics and Center for Neural EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Christopher D. Barrett
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Douglas K. Brubaker
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Lisa R. Leon
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMAUSA
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11
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Kuhn MK, Fisch M, Gross-Fengels W, Huttmann P. Klinischer Stellenwert der MRT beim Harnblasenkarzinom aus Sicht eines urologischen Zentrums. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-868225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Four cases of malignant melanoma in children younger than 17 years of age are presented. Several preexisting conditions increase the risk of development of melanoma during childhood. These include giant congenital melanocytic nevi, the familial dysplastic nevus syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum. The role of small congenital lesions and sporadic dysplastic nevi in the development of melanoma in children is less clear. The signs and symptoms associated with melanoma in children are similar to those in adults, as are the histopathologic features, biologic behavior, and treatment of this tumor. The inadequacy of available therapy for metastatic melanoma underscores the necessity for the early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment of melanomas in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Roth
- Division of Dermatology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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