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Pitstick L, Goral J, Ciancio MJ, Meyer A, Pytynia M, Bychek S, Zidan S, Shuey J, Jham BC, Green JM. Effects of folate deficiency and sex on carcinogenesis in a mouse model of oral cancer. Oral Dis 2023. [PMID: 37731277 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of dietary folate and sex on histopathology of oral squamous cell carcinoma in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice (C57Bl/6, 30/sex) were fed either a deficient folate or sufficient folate diet. Vehicle or 4-nitroquinoline1-oxide (50 μg/mL) in vehicle were administered in drinking water for 20 weeks, followed by 6 weeks of regular drinking water. Oral lesions were observed weekly. Tongues were studied for histopathologic changes. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to measure cell proliferation (Ki67+), and to quantify expression of folate receptor, reduced folate carrier, and proton-coupled folate transporter. T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were counted and normalized to area. RESULTS All 4NQO-treated mice developed oral tumors. Dietary folate level did not affect tumor burden. More tumors were observed on the ventral aspect of the tongue than in other locations within the oral cavity. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-treated mice displayed 27%-46% significantly lower expression of all three folate transport proteins; diet and sex had no effect on folate transporter expression. T-cell and neutrophil infiltration in tongues were 9.1-fold and 18.1-fold increased in the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-treated mouse tongues than in controls. CONCLUSION Treatment with 4NQO was the primary factor in determining cancer development, decreased folate transport expression, and lymphoid cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna Goral
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Mae J Ciancio
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Alice Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew Pytynia
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Sofia Bychek
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Safia Zidan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Shuey
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruno C Jham
- College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacalyn M Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
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Brigando G, Sutton C, Uebelhor O, Pitsoulakis N, Pytynia M, Dillon T, Elliott-Burke T, Hubert N, Martinez-Guryn K, Bolch C, Ciancio MJ, Evans CC. The microbiome of an outpatient rehabilitation clinic and predictors of contamination: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281299. [PMID: 37141300 PMCID: PMC10159339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding sources of microbial contamination in outpatient rehabilitation (REHAB) clinics is important to patients and healthcare providers. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbiome of an outpatient REHAB clinic and examine relationships between clinic factors and contamination. METHODS Forty commonly contacted surfaces in an outpatient REHAB clinic were observed for frequency of contact and swiped using environmental sample collection kits. Surfaces were categorized based on frequency of contact and cleaning and surface type. Total bacterial and fungal load was assessed using primer sets specific for the 16S rRNA and ITS genes, respectively. Bacterial samples were sequenced using the Illumina system and analyzed using Illumina-utils, Minimum Entropy Decomposition, QIIME2 (for alpha and beta diversity), LEfSe and ANCOM-BC for taxonomic differential abundance and ADONIS to test for differences in beta diversity (p<0.05). RESULTS Porous surfaces had more bacterial DNA compared to non-porous surfaces (median non-porous = 0.0016ng/μL, 95%CI = 0.0077-0.00024ng/μL, N = 15; porous = 0.0084 ng/μL, 95%CI = 0.0046-0.019 ng/μL, N = 18. p = 0.0066,DNA. Samples clustered by type of surface with non-porous surfaces further differentiated by those contacted by hand versus foot. ADONIS two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction of porosity and contact frequency (but neither alone) had a significant effect on 16S communities (F = 1.7234, R2 = 0.0609, p = 0.032). DISCUSSION Porosity of surfaces and the way they are contacted may play an underestimated, but important role in microbial contamination. Additional research involving a broader range of clinics is required to confirm results. Results suggest that surface and contact-specific cleaning and hygiene measures may be needed for optimal sanitization in outpatient REHAB clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Brigando
- College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Casey Sutton
- College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Olivia Uebelhor
- College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Pitsoulakis
- College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Pytynia
- College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Thomas Dillon
- Physical Therapy Institute, Midwestern University Multispecialty Clinic, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Teresa Elliott-Burke
- Physical Therapy Institute, Midwestern University Multispecialty Clinic, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Hubert
- Independent Consultant, Bioinformatics Specialist, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kristina Martinez-Guryn
- College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Bolch
- Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Mae J Ciancio
- College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Christian C Evans
- College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
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Pitstick LD, Goral J, Schmelter RA, Fuja CM, Ciancio MJ, Pytynia M, Meyer A, Green JM. Fat and exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide causes histologic and inflammatory changes in murine livers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268891. [PMID: 35639668 PMCID: PMC9154184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for liver cancer include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, obesity, and male sex. Administration of 4-nitroquinonline-1-oxide (4NQO) in drinking water mimics the effects of tobacco and leads to oral carcinoma in mice. This study compared the effects of diets high and low in saturated fat (HF and LF, respectively), and sex, on liver histopathology in 4NQO-treated mice and controls. We hypothesized that 4NQO would cause histopathological changes in liver, and that a HF diet would increase hepatic pathology when compared to the LF diet. Mice (C57Bl/6, 36/sex), were divided into a low fat (10 kcal% fat; LF) or high fat (60 kcal% fat, HF) diet. Mice were further subdivided into one of 3 water treatment groups for 17 weeks: water (control), vehicle (1.25% propylene glycol in water [PG]), or 4NQO in (50 μg/ml; 4NQO). All mice were subsequently given water alone for 6 more weeks. Upon euthanasia, livers were harvested, fixed, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). H&E slides were graded for histopathology; frozen liver samples were analyzed for triglyceride content. Trichrome stained sections were graded for fibrosis. CD3+ T cells, CD68+ macrophages, and Ly6+ neutrophils were detected by immunohistochemistry. Compared to water controls, 4NQO-treatment caused mouse liver histopathological changes such as fibrosis, and increases in hepatic neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages. HF diet exacerbated pathological changes compared to LF diet. Male controls, but not females, demonstrated severe steatosis and increased triglyceride content. 4NQO treatment decreased hepatic fat accumulation, even in animals on a HF diet. In conclusion, this murine model of oral cancer may serve as a model to study the effects of tobacco and diet on liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore D. Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Joanna Goral
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Ryan A. Schmelter
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Fuja
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Mae J. Ciancio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Pytynia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Alice Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Jacalyn M. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Botros F, Pytynia M, Kohlmeir E, Incrocci R, Swartzendruber JA, Evans C, Ciancio MJ. Macrophage polarization in obesity induced inflammation: The effect of HSP70. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease that plagues our nation’s healthcare system. Tissue macrophages and recruited monocytes are implicated in the systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that foster disease progression. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is prevented in heat shock protein 70 over-expressing (HSP70 transgenic; TG) mice. While there are several mechanisms responsible for this protective response, prevention of macrophage polarization to a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) may be one contributory mechanism that warrants further investigation. Using a TG mouse line with selective over-expression of HSP70 in villin-expressing epithelial cells, male TG and non-transgenic (NTG) littermates were fed a low fat (LF; 10 kcal% fat) or high fat (HF; 60 kcal% fat) diet for 13 weeks (Research Diets, Inc). Peritoneal cavity macrophages were harvested from these mice and analyzed by flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter Cytoflex) using the following markers: total (F4/80 APC), M1 (CD38 PE), and M2 (CD301 APC/Fire 750) macrophages. TG mice demonstrated increased F4/80+high macrophages and more F4/80+high M2 cells in comparison to their NTG littermates (p=0.051). These results demonstrate HSP70 over-expression in vivo increases the population of macrophages, particularly anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, in the peritoneal cavity. Preferential M2 phenotype could be a significant contributory factor to HSP70-mediated protection from DIO.
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Daraghma H, Untiveros G, Raskind A, Iaccarino E, Sandomenico A, Ruvo M, Arnouk H, Ciancio MJ, Cuevas-Nunez M, Strizzi L. The role of Nodal and Cripto-1 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1137-1147. [PMID: 32916013 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common epithelial malignancy of the oral cavity. Nodal and Cripto-1 (CR-1) are important developmental morphogens expressed in several adult cancers and are associated with disease progression. Whether Nodal and CR-1 are simultaneously expressed in the same tumor and how this affects cancer biology are unclear. We investigate the expression and potential role of both Nodal and CR-1 in human OSCC. Immunohistochemistry results show that Nodal and CR-1 are both expressed in the same human OSCC sample and that intensity of Nodal staining is correlated with advanced-stage disease. However, this was not observed with CR-1 staining. Western blot analysis of lysates from two human OSCC line experiments shows expression of CR-1 and Nodal, and their respective signaling molecules, Src and ERK1/2. Treatment of SCC25 and SCC15 cells with both Nodal and CR-1 inhibitors simultaneously resulted in reduced cell viability and reduced levels of P-Src and P-ERK1/2. Further investigation showed that the combination treatment with both Nodal and CR-1 inhibitors was capable of reducing invasiveness of SCC25 cells. Our results show a possible role for Nodal/CR-1 function during progression of human OSCC and that targeting both proteins simultaneously may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Daraghma
- Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Gustavo Untiveros
- Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Aleksandr Raskind
- Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Hilal Arnouk
- Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Mae J Ciancio
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Maria Cuevas-Nunez
- College of Dental Medicine Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Green JM, Ciancio MJ, Goral J, Pytynia M, Pitstick L, Meyer A, Nguyen A, Lee K, Barakat A, Jham BC. Dietary fat and male sex increase histopathological changes in a mouse model of oral cancer. Oral Dis 2020; 27:215-225. [PMID: 32640482 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of dietary fat and sex on murine oral squamous cell carcinoma pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female C57Bl/6 mice (36/sex) received a low-fat (10 kcal%) or high-fat (60 kcal%) diet. Water (control), vehicle, or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in vehicle (50 μg/ml) was provided for 17 weeks followed by six additional weeks of water. Oral lesion development was recorded weekly. Histopathologic changes in tongues were examined, and T cells (CD3+), macrophages (CD68+), and neutrophils (Ly6+) were quantified. RESULTS All 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-treated mice developed oral tumors. High-fat diet exacerbated pathology, demonstrated by an increased final tumor burden (10.9 ± 4.5 vs. 7.9 ± 2.5, mm/mouse, p < .05; high-fat diet vs. low-fat diet, respectively), and a greater histopathology score. When dietary groups were combined, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-treated males displayed higher histopathology scores than females (4.2 ± 0.3 vs. 3.6 ± 0.2, respectively, p < .05). Lymphoid cell infiltration was greater in the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide mouse tongues than controls: T cells (14.0 vs. 0.96 cells/mm2 ), macrophages (3.6 vs. 1.8 cells/mm2 ), and neutrophils (12.0 vs. 0.38 cells/mm2 ). CONCLUSION High-fat diet and male sex increased the pathology of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced oral cancer. Elevated lymphoid cell infiltration contributed to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacalyn M Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Mae J Ciancio
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Joanna Goral
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Pytynia
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Alice Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.,College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Lee
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.,College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Ameir Barakat
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Bruno C Jham
- College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Goral J, Werner P, Meyer A, Green JM, Pytynia M, Ciancio MJ, Jham B. Characterization of Fibrotic Changes in the Lungs of Mice Following Oral Administration of 4NQO. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Goral J, Petkova P, Meyer A, Green JM, Pytynia M, Ciancio MJ, Jham B. Characterization of Lymphoid Cells in the Lungs of Mice Following Oral Administration of 4NQO. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.127.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mae J Ciancio
- Biomedical SciencesMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIL
| | - Bruno Jham
- Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIL
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9
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Goral J, Mulligan P, Meyer A, Green JM, Pitstick L, Pytynia M, Ciancio MJ, Jham B. High Fat Diet Increases HMGB1 Levels in 4NQO‐Induced Oral Cancer. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.547.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Jham
- CDMIMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIL
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Ciancio MJ, Lee MM, Krumdick ND, Lencioni C, Kanjirath PP. Self-Perceived Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Use of Evidence-Based Dentistry Among Practitioners Transitioning to Dental Educators. J Dent Educ 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2017.81.3.tb06271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mae J. Ciancio
- Biomedical Sciences Program; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL
| | - Michelle M. Lee
- Behavioral Medicine Program; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL
| | - Nathaniel D. Krumdick
- Behavioral Medicine Program; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL
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Ciancio MJ, Lee MM, Krumdick ND, Lencioni C, Kanjirath PP. Self-Perceived Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Use of Evidence-Based Dentistry Among Practitioners Transitioning to Dental Educators. J Dent Educ 2017; 81:271-277. [PMID: 28250032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental practitioners transitioning to dental educators (PTEs) have an integral role in dental education. While PTEs intrinsically apply some form of evidence-based dentistry (EBD) in patient care, it may not be a standardized, systematic approach. The aims of this study were to determine the self-perceived knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors of PTEs regarding EBD at one U.S. dental school and to identify areas where formal calibration may be warranted to facilitate their competence and confidence as dental educators. Participants voluntarily completed a 32-question survey regarding their EBD training and self-perceived EBD skills in several areas: use of the clinical evidence pyramid; systematic, objective, and critical appraisal of the evidence; application of the evidence to patient care; and integrating clinical expertise, scientific evidence, and patient's preferences to formulate a treatment plan. The PTEs were invited to participate in the anonymous survey during regularly scheduled calibration sessions held between May and July 2014. After study information was distributed, 100% of the attendees (n=43) completed the survey. The percentage of total PTEs at the school could not be calculated. Of the responding PTEs, 69% rated themselves better than satisfactory (70% proficiency) in their knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding EBD skills application. However, only 33-42% of the respondents indicated that they frequently used the evidence pyramid and systematically, objectively, and critically appraised the evidence, even though 65% indicated they applied the evidence to improve patient care over 70% of the time. In addition, the participating PTEs identified a need for more frequent use of formal EBD skills. Providing case-based EBD projects involving PTEs as mentors may provide more opportunities for the judicious and effective use of these important skills and may improve PTEs' self-perceived confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mae J Ciancio
- Dr. Ciancio is Associate Professor, Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Lee is Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Krumdick is Associate Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Ms. Lencioni is Health Sciences Librarian, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; and Dr. Kanjirath is Associate Dean, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL.
| | - Michelle M Lee
- Dr. Ciancio is Associate Professor, Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Lee is Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Krumdick is Associate Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Ms. Lencioni is Health Sciences Librarian, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; and Dr. Kanjirath is Associate Dean, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Nathaniel D Krumdick
- Dr. Ciancio is Associate Professor, Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Lee is Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Krumdick is Associate Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Ms. Lencioni is Health Sciences Librarian, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; and Dr. Kanjirath is Associate Dean, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Catherine Lencioni
- Dr. Ciancio is Associate Professor, Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Lee is Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Krumdick is Associate Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Ms. Lencioni is Health Sciences Librarian, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; and Dr. Kanjirath is Associate Dean, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Preetha P Kanjirath
- Dr. Ciancio is Associate Professor, Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Lee is Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Dr. Krumdick is Associate Professor, Behavioral Medicine Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; Ms. Lencioni is Health Sciences Librarian, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL; and Dr. Kanjirath is Associate Dean, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
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Evans CC, LePard KJ, Kwak JW, Stancukas MC, Laskowski S, Dougherty J, Moulton L, Glawe A, Wang Y, Leone V, Antonopoulos DA, Smith D, Chang EB, Ciancio MJ. Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92193. [PMID: 24670791 PMCID: PMC3966766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a significant health concern which has been linked to structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota. Exercise (Ex) is effective in preventing obesity, but whether Ex alters the gut microbiota during development with high fat (HF) feeding is unknown. Objective Determine the effects of voluntary Ex on the gastrointestinal microbiota in LF-fed mice and in HF-DIO. Methods Male C57BL/6 littermates (5 weeks) were distributed equally into 4 groups: low fat (LF) sedentary (Sed) LF/Sed, LF/Ex, HF/Sed and HF/Ex. Mice were individually housed and LF/Ex and HF/Ex cages were equipped with a wheel and odometer to record Ex. Fecal samples were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and used for bacterial DNA isolation. DNA was subjected both to quantitative PCR using primers specific to the 16S rRNA encoding genes for Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and to sequencing for lower taxonomic identification using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data were analyzed using a one or two-way ANOVA or Pearson correlation. Results HF diet resulted in significantly greater body weight and adiposity as well as decreased glucose tolerance that were prevented by voluntary Ex (p<0.05). Visualization of Unifrac distance data with principal coordinates analysis indicated clustering by both diet and Ex at week 12. Sequencing demonstrated Ex-induced changes in the percentage of major bacterial phyla at 12 weeks. A correlation between total Ex distance and the ΔCt Bacteroidetes: ΔCt Firmicutes ratio from qPCR demonstrated a significant inverse correlation (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.043). Conclusion Ex induces a unique shift in the gut microbiota that is different from dietary effects. Microbiota changes may play a role in Ex prevention of HF-DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C. Evans
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathy J. LePard
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeff W. Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Stancukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samantha Laskowski
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph Dougherty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Dental Medicine, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam Glawe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yunwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dionysios A. Antonopoulos
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Smith
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mae J. Ciancio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
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Evans CC, Moulton LJ, Stancukas MC, LePard KJ, Ciancio MJ. Voluntary Exercise Prevents Diet‐Induced Obesity. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1062.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mae J Ciancio
- Biomedical Sciences
- Chicago College of Osteopathic MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIL
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Shiou SR, Yu Y, Chen S, Ciancio MJ, Petrof EO, Sun J, Claud EC. Erythropoietin protects intestinal epithelial barrier function and lowers the incidence of experimental neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12123-32. [PMID: 21262973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.154625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The impermeant nature of the intestinal barrier is maintained by tight junctions (TJs) formed between adjacent intestinal epithelial cells. Disruption of TJs and loss of barrier function are associated with a number of gastrointestinal diseases, including neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal diseases in preterm infants. Human milk is protective against NEC, and the human milk factor erythropoietin (Epo) has been shown to protect endothelial cell-cell and blood-brain barriers. We hypothesized that Epo may also protect intestinal epithelial barriers, thereby lowering the incidence of NEC. Our data demonstrate that Epo protects enterocyte barrier function by supporting expression of the TJ protein ZO-1. As immaturity is a key factor in NEC, Epo regulation of ZO-1 in the human fetal immature H4 intestinal epithelial cell line was examined and demonstrated Epo-stimulated ZO-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner through the PI3K/Akt pathway. In a rat NEC model, oral administration of Epo lowered the incidence of NEC from 45 to 23% with statistical significance. In addition, Epo treatment protected intestinal barrier function and prevented loss of ZO-1 at the TJs in vivo. These effects were associated with elevated Akt phosphorylation in the intestine. This study reveals a novel role of Epo in the regulation of intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and suggests the possible use of enteral Epo as a therapeutic agent for gut diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ru Shiou
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Tao Y, Hart J, Lichtenstein L, Joseph LJ, Ciancio MJ, Hu S, Chang EB, Bissonnette M. Inducible heat shock protein 70 prevents multifocal flat dysplastic lesions and invasive tumors in an inflammatory model of colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:175-82. [PMID: 19005184 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) regulates protein biosynthesis and refolding of denatured proteins. Since Hsp70 participates in recovery from stress injury, we examined the effect of Hsp70 genetic deletion in the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of inflammation and colon cancer. METHODS Hsp70 mutant mice (Hsp70.1(-/-)/70.3(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) littermates received AOM and three cycles of DSS and were killed 24 weeks later. Tumors were graded for histology and immunostained for p53, adenomatous polyposis coli, beta-catenin, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and sequenced for p53 mutations. RESULTS Elevated adenomas developed in 4/10 WT mice with no dysplasia in adjacent mucosa. In contrast, 7/8 Hsp70 knock out (KO) mice developed chronic mucosal inflammation and multifocal areas of flat dysplasia and 4/8 progressed to invasive carcinomas arising in a background of flat dysplastic mucosa. These differences in the incidence of flat dysplasia and invasive cancers were significant (P < 0.05). Nuclear p53 was stronger in Hsp70 KO tumors compared with WT tumors, and sequencing confirmed p53 mutations in 2/5 tumors from Hsp70(-/-) versus 0/5 in WT mice. In Hsp70 WT tumors, beta-catenin was predominantly nuclear, compared with membranous beta-catenin in Hsp70(-/-) tumors, suggesting that Hsp70 regulates beta-catenin in colonic tumorigenesis. Cox-2 and iNOS levels were increased in tumors from Hsp70(-/-) mice compared with Hsp70 WT tumors. CONCLUSIONS Hsp70-deleted mice treated with AOM/DSS develop flat invasive colonic tumors that mimic many histological and molecular features of ulcerative colitis colon cancer. This model will be useful to dissect the role of Hsp70 in inflammatory bowel disease colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mae J Ciancio
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hu S, Ciancio MJ, Lahav M, Fujiya M, Lichtenstein L, Anant S, Musch MW, Chang EB. Translational inhibition of colonic epithelial heat shock proteins by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1893-904. [PMID: 18054561 PMCID: PMC2180161 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inducible heat shock proteins (iHsp), Hsp25/27 and Hsp70, play essential roles in protecting cells against stress and, in intestinal mucosal inflammation, potentially lessening the extent and severity of injury. We examined the expression and regulation of iHsp in human and experimental inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and in vitro. METHODS iHsp expression and regulation were assessed in normal and IBD colonic biopsy specimens, IL-10(-/-) mice, and young adult mouse colonic epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phosphorylation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha (eIF-2alpha) was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Hsp25/27 and Hsp70 levels were selectively reduced in areas of active mucosal inflammation associated with human IBD and IL-10(-/-) mice with colitis. Wild-type mice treated in vivo with interferon (IFN)-gamma + tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha also demonstrated reduced colonic Hsp25/27 and Hsp70. In young adult mouse colonic epithelial cells, IFN-gamma+TNF-alpha inhibited heat induction of Hsp25/27 and Hsp70, an effect not associated with changes in iHsp messenger RNA or protein half-lives but caused by suppressed de novo iHsp synthesis. IFN-gamma+TNF-alpha cotreatment activated PKR, resulting in phosphorylation and inactivation of eIF-2alpha, an essential factor in protein translation. These effects were not due to induced apoptosis and could be negated by PKR-inhibitor and short interfering RNA to PKR. Increased phosphorylation of PKR and eIF-2alpha were also observed in active IBD tissues. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal inflammation is associated with iHsp down-regulation, an effect that appears mediated by translational down-regulation by proinflammatory cytokines. In the context of IBD, we propose that this mechanism contributes to the severity, extent, and persistence of inflammation-induced mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shien Hu
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mae J. Ciancio
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Maor Lahav
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, IL, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Lev Lichtenstein
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, IL, Department of Gastroenterology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Mark W. Musch
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, IL
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Abstract
Wild-type (WT) Salmonella typhimurium causes acute intestinal inflammation by activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway. Interestingly, WT Salmonella infection also causes degradation of beta-catenin, a regulator of cellular proliferation. Regulation of beta-catenin and the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha, is strikingly similar, involving phosphorylation at identical sites, ubiquitination by the same E3 ligase, and subsequent proteasomal degradation. However, how beta-catenin directly regulates the NF-kappaB pathway during bacteria-induced inflammation in vivo is unknown. Using streptomycin-pretreated mice challenged with Salmonella, we demonstrated that WT Salmonella stimulated beta-catenin degradation and decreased the physical association between NF-kappaB and beta-catenin. Accordingly, WT Salmonella infection decreased the expression of c-myc, a beta-catenin-regulated target gene, and increased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, the NF-kappaB-regulated target genes. Bacterial infection directly stimulated phosphorylation of beta-catenin, both in vivo and in vitro. Closer examination revealed that glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) kinase activity was increased in response to WT Salmonella, whereas non-virulent Salmonella had no effect. siRNA of GSK-3beta was able to stabilize IkappaBalpha in response to WT Salmonella. Pretreatment for 24 h with LiCl, an inhibitor of GSK-3beta, reduced WT Salmonella induced IL-8 secretion. Additionally, cells expressing constitutively active beta-catenin showed IkappaBalpha stabilization and inhibition of NF-kappaB activity not only after WT Salmonella infection but also after commensal bacteria (Escherichia coli F18) and TNF-alpha treatment. This study suggests a new role for beta-catenin as a negative regulator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Duan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- PathologyThe University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Ave.ChicagoIL60637
| | - Yingli Duan
- PathologyThe University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Ave.ChicagoIL60637
| | - Anne P Liao
- PathologyThe University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Ave.ChicagoIL60637
| | | | - Zhongde Ye
- PathologyThe University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Ave.ChicagoIL60637
| | - Mae J Ciancio
- MedicineThe University of Chicago5841 S. Maryland Ave.Chicago, 060637
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Patel NJ, Zaborina O, Wu L, Wang Y, Wolfgeher DJ, Valuckaite V, Ciancio MJ, Kohler JE, Shevchenko O, Colgan SP, Chang EB, Turner JR, Alverdy JC. Recognition of intestinal epithelial HIF-1alpha activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G134-42. [PMID: 16901993 PMCID: PMC2694754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00276.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2) subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation release soluble factors into the apical medium that activate the virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa to express the potent barrier-dysregulating protein PA-I lectin/adhesin. In this study, we defined the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha in this response. We tested the ability of medium from Caco-2 cells with forced expression of HIF-1alpha to increase PA-I expression in P. aeruginosa and found that medium from Caco-2 cells overexpressing HIF-1alpha increased PA-I expression compared with medium from control cells (P < 0.001, ANOVA). To identify the components responsible for this response, medium was fractionated by molecular weight and subjected to mass spectroscopy, which identified adenosine as the possible mediator. Both adenosine and its immediate downstream metabolite inosine induced PA-I expression in P. aeruginosa in a dose-dependent fashion. Because inosine was not detectable in the medium of Caco-2 cells exposed to hypoxia or overexpressing HIF-1alpha, we hypothesized that P. aeruginosa itself might metabolize adenosine to inosine. Using mutant and parental strains of P. aeruginosa, we demonstrated that P. aeruginosa metabolized adenosine to inosine via adenosine deaminase and that the conditioned medium enhanced the extracellular accumulation of inosine. Together, these results provide evidence that P. aeruginosa can recognize and respond to extracellular end products of intestinal hypoxia that are released after activation of HIF-1alpha. The ability of P. aeruginosa to metabolize adenosine to inosine may represent a subversive microbial virulence strategy that deprives the epithelium of the cytoprotective actions of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket J Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Abstract
Mucosal injury and inflammation are cardinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), arising when the effects of cytotoxic factors and conditions overwhelm the cell's capacity for defense (i.e. cytoprotection) or repair. To date, most research in this area has focused primarily on agents and processes involved in producing tissue injury, with less consideration given to inherent mechanisms of cytoprotection and cellular repair. Therapeutic approaches to IBD reflect this bias, being largely directed towards down-regulating the inflammatory process by inhibiting the production of immune and inflammatory mediators. This review will focus on the cell's inherent ability to defend itself against cellular stress and injury through the production of evolutionarily conserved stress proteins called heat shock proteins (HSP). The physiological role of these proteins in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell structure and function will be reviewed, with emphasis on studies that examine the role of HSP in IBD. A clearer understanding of the innate cytoprotective mechanisms inherent in intestinal epithelial cells will foster the development of new insights into basic epithelial cell biology, which ultimately can be used to establish target-specific therapies directed at reducing or alleviating mucosal injury, thereby promoting tissue healing and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O Petrof
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 60637, USA
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22
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Musch MW, Ciancio MJ, Sarge K, Chang EB. Induction of heat shock protein 70 protects intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells from oxidant and thermal injury. Am J Physiol 1996; 270:C429-36. [PMID: 8779904 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.2.c429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential importance of inducible heat shock proteins (HSPs) in conferring protection to intestinal epithelial cells was investigated using IEC-18 cells. To establish optimal HSP induction, [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine incorporation was assessed. Two 35S-labeled proteins of 70 and 90 kDa were preferentially synthesized. Western and Northern blot analyses confirmed induction of HSP70. This induction provided significant protection to the cells treated with the oxidant monochloramine or lethal heat (49 degrees C). To better establish the protective role of HSP70, cells were stably transfected with human HSP70 under control of the lac operator. When these cells were subjected to injury, they were protected by isopropylthiogalactoside-stimulated HSP70 induction under nonstress conditions. Additionally, the rate of protein synthesis (assessed by [3H]leucine incorporation) was protected. These results demonstrate that HSPs are preferentially and rapidly induced in IEC-18 cells and that induction of inducible HSP70 is important in promoting protection against cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Musch
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of endotoxin on intestinal water and electrolyte transport in adult male rats. Endotoxin (1.55 mg/kg, intravenously) reduced in vivo colonic saline absorption 61% in 1 hour. In vitro unidirectional and net 22Na and 36Cl fluxes showed that endotoxin significantly decreased net colonic 22Na absorption compared with control colons (0.3 +/- 1.7 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.1 microEq/h x cm2). Although endotoxin had no significant effect on basal short circuit current (Isc) and conductance, 3H-inulin flux studies suggested an increase in colonic permeability. Isc responses to the 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent secretagogues prostaglandin E2 (1 mumol/L) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (0.1 mumol/L) were diminished by 80% and 50%, respectively. However, cytosolic cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity under basal and stimulated (6 mumol/L 8-bromo-cAMP) conditions was not altered by endotoxin treatment. The Isc responses to 10 mumol/L bethanechol, a Ca(2+)-dependent agonist, were not effected by endotoxin treatment. It was concluded that endotoxin significantly affects colonic transport function and may contribute to the development of diarrhea in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ciancio
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Illinois
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Abstract
As suggested by this and previous reviews, the neuroimmunoregulation of intestinal secretion is a complex series of endocrine, neurocrine, paracrine and autocrine interactions between the underlying cells in the mucosa and submucosa and the intestinal enterocyte. Under normal conditions, the balance of each of these systems is delicately controlled, thus allowing for normal, consistent intestinal function. However, when this finely-tuned system is altered, such as in a diseased state, the resultant effect is an amplification of the host defense response. Initially thought to be protective against further insult, this local immune response, if allowed to continue uncontrollably, can exacerbate the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ciancio
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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25
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Ciancio MJ, Hunt J, Jones SB, Filkins JP. Comparative and interactive in vivo effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha and endotoxin. Circ Shock 1991; 33:108-20. [PMID: 2049814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A comparative and interactive analysis of the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and endotoxin (ETX) on selected hemodynamic and glucoregulatory alterations was performed in conscious, unrestrained, adult male Holtzman rats. Rats with indwelling carotid artery and jugular vein cannulae were administered intravenous (i.v.) bolus injections of either (1) ETX at 1.55 or 30 mg/kg; (2) TNF at 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg; or (3) TNF plus ETX as a low dose co-treatment at 0.1 mg/kg plus 1.55 mg/kg, respectively. Control groups received either saline or heat-inactivated TNF. TNF induced a lethal response such that 1.0 mg/kg resulted in five out of six deaths within 6 hr. Elevated pulse rates, early hyperglycemia, late hypoglycemia, hyperlactacidemia, hypoinsulinemia, and elevated catecholamine concentrations were evident after injection of 1.0 mg/kg TNF. The pathophysiological alterations observed after 1.0 mg/kg TNF were comparable to the changes observed after the administration of a highly lethal, 30 mg/kg dose of ETX (six out of six deaths within 24 hr). Co-treatment with low doses of TNF plus ETX resulted in the rapid demise of the rats, resulting in six out of six deaths within 4 hr. The resultant shocklike state was accompanied by significant hypotension, hyperglycemia and hyperlactacidemia, similar to the changes induced by highly lethal doses of TNF or ETX alone. This study supports the involvement of TNF in the pathogenesis of gram-negative septic shock and documents the hemodynamic and glucoregulatory alterations which accompany the exacerbated shocklike state induced after co-treatment with separately, minimally lethal doses of TNF plus ETX.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ciancio
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
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Abstract
Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is the primary regulator of ecdysone biosynthesis by insect prothoracic glands. In Manduca sexta, a stimulatory protein from larval hemolymph appears to be an important secondary regulator of gland activity. A third level of regulation may involve the competency of the glands to respond to these effectors. To investigate this possibility, glands were removed from larvae on each day of the fifth instar and incubated in vitro, either alone or in the presence of PTTH, the hemolymph protein, or both. Glands were refractory to stimulation by either effector alone, or to a combination of both for the first 2 days of the instar. Subsequent to this, the glands were responsive to either factor alone, but the patterns of responsivity to PTTH and the stimulatory protein were different. After day 2, glands stimulated by a combination of both effectors exhibited a uniform maximal response. The prothoracic glands are, therefore, regulated not only by neuroendocrine and humoral effectors, but also by the competency of the glands to respond to those effectors.
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Ciancio MJ, LaBarbera AR. Insulin stimulates granulosa cells: increased progesterone and cAMP production in vitro. Am J Physiol 1984; 247:E468-74. [PMID: 6093547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.4.e468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GC) harvested from large (6-12 mm) follicles of cycling pigs obtained at the abattoir were incubated in the absence or presence of insulin and/or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The total accumulation of progesterone and cAMP in the tissue plus medium was quantified by radioimmunoassay of hexane extracts and trichloroacetic acid extracts, respectively, and was related to cellular DNA content. Insulin (1 microgram/ml) had little effect on progesterone accumulation by freshly harvested GC incubated for up to 26 h at 37 degrees C. After preincubation of GC for 16 h in the absence of hormones, insulin (650 ng/ml) only enhanced subsequent basal progesterone accumulation after an additional 22 h. However, preincubation of cells for 20 h in the presence of 1 microgram/ml of insulin increased subsequent progesterone accumulation in both the absence and the presence of hCG (50 ng/ml). The effect of a 20-h preincubation with insulin on subsequent progesterone accumulation was related to the insulin concentration. At a maximally effective concentration of 5 micrograms/ml during the preincubation period, insulin increased subsequent basal and hCG-stimulated progesterone accumulations more than twofold. The concentrations of insulin in the preincubation medium that produced half maximal stimulation (ED50) were 300 and 200 ng/ml for subsequent basal and hCG-stimulated progesterone accumulations, respectively. After correction for loss of insulin immunoreactivity in the incubation medium, the ED50 levels were 60 and 50 ng/ml, respectively. Insulin elevated hCG-stimulated progesterone accumulation over the entire range of hCG concentrations; the effect on hCG-stimulated cAMP production was evident only at higher hCG concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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