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Yu X, Newland SA, Zhao TX, Lu Y, Sage AS, Sun Y, Sriranjan RS, Ma MKL, Lam BYH, Nus M, Harrison JE, Bond SJ, Cheng X, Silvestre JS, Rudd JHF, Cheriyan J, Mallat Z. Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Recovery of Ventricular Function After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1127-1142. [PMID: 34503682 PMCID: PMC8434674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s) play critical homeostatic functions in peripheral tissues. ILC2s reside in perivascular niches and limit atherosclerosis development. OBJECTIVES ILC2s also reside in the pericardium but their role in postischemic injury is unknown. METHODS We examined the role of ILC2 in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI), and compared mice with or without genetic deletion of ILC2. We determined infarct size using histology and heart function using echocardiography. We assessed cardiac ILC2 using flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Based on these data, we devised a therapeutic strategy to activate ILC2 in mice with acute MI, using exogenous interleukin (IL)-2. We also assessed the ability of low-dose IL-2 to activate ILC2 in a double-blind randomized clinical trial of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). RESULTS We found that ILC2 levels were increased in pericardial adipose tissue after experimental MI, and genetic ablation of ILC2 impeded the recovery of heart function. RNA sequencing revealed distinct transcript signatures in ILC2, and pointed to IL-2 axis as a major upstream regulator. Treatment of T-cell-deficient mice with IL-2 (to activate ILC2) significantly improved the recovery of heart function post-MI. Administration of low-dose IL-2 to patients with ACS led to activation of circulating ILC2, with significant increase in circulating IL-5, a prototypic ILC2-derived cytokine. CONCLUSIONS ILC2s promote cardiac healing and improve the recovery of heart function after MI in mice. Activation of ILC2 using low-dose IL-2 could be a novel therapeutic strategy to promote a reparative response after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji, Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen A Newland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tian X Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Sage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yanyi Sun
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Rouchelle S Sriranjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- The Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- The Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meritxell Nus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James E Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Bond
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji, Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - James H F Rudd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France.
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2
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Cimino I, Rimmington D, Tung YCL, Lawler K, Larraufie P, Kay RG, Virtue S, Lam BYH, Fagnocchi L, Ma MKL, Saudek V, Zvetkova I, Vidal-Puig A, Yeo GSH, Farooqi IS, Pospisilik JA, Gribble FM, Reimann F, O'Rahilly S, Coll AP. Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17571. [PMID: 34475432 PMCID: PMC8413370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/-p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/-p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/-p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/-p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/-p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/-p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cimino
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Debra Rimmington
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Y C Loraine Tung
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Katherine Lawler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust‑MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard G Kay
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Luca Fagnocchi
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust‑MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.
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Alvarez-Guaita A, Patel S, Lim K, Haider A, Dong L, Conway OJ, Ma MKL, Chiarugi D, Saudek V, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Phenotypic characterization of Adig null mice suggests roles for adipogenin in the regulation of fat mass accrual and leptin secretion. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108810. [PMID: 33691105 PMCID: PMC7966854 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenin (Adig) is an adipocyte-enriched transmembrane protein. Its expression is induced during adipogenesis in rodent cells, and a recent genome-wide association study associated body mass index (BMI)-adjusted leptin levels with the ADIG locus. In order to begin to understand the biological function of Adig, we studied adipogenesis in Adig-deficient cultured adipocytes and phenotyped Adig null (Adig-/-) mice. Data from Adig-deficient cells suggest that Adig is required for adipogenesis. In vivo, Adig-/- mice are leaner than wild-type mice when fed a high-fat diet and when crossed with Ob/Ob hyperphagic mice. In addition to the impact on fat mass accrual, Adig deficiency also reduces fat-mass-adjusted plasma leptin levels and impairs leptin secretion from adipose explants, suggesting an additional impact on the regulation of leptin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Satish Patel
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Koini Lim
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Afreen Haider
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Liang Dong
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Olivia J Conway
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Davide Chiarugi
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QQ, UK.
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4
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Clement M, Raffort J, Lareyre F, Tsiantoulas D, Newland S, Lu Y, Masters L, Harrison J, Saveljeva S, Ma MKL, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Lam BYH, Yeo GSH, Binder CJ, Kaser A, Mallat Z. Impaired Autophagy in CD11b + Dendritic Cells Expands CD4 + Regulatory T Cells and Limits Atherosclerosis in Mice. Circ Res 2019; 125:1019-1034. [PMID: 31610723 PMCID: PMC6844650 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have shown that dysfunctional autophagy in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, plays a detrimental role during atherogenesis, leading to the suggestion that autophagy-stimulating approaches may provide benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Juliette Raffort
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Université CÔte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moléculaire, University Hospital of Nice, France (J.R., F.L.)
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Université CÔte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moléculaire, University Hospital of Nice, France (J.R., F.L.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Stephen Newland
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Yuning Lu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Leanne Masters
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - James Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.S., A.K.)
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Maria Ozsvar-Kozma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria (M.O.-K., C.J.B)
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria (M.O.-K., C.J.B)
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.S., A.K.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.)
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5
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Roberts GP, Larraufie P, Richards P, Kay RG, Galvin SG, Miedzybrodzka EL, Leiter A, Li HJ, Glass LL, Ma MKL, Lam B, Yeo GSH, Scharfmann R, Chiarugi D, Hardwick RH, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Comparison of Human and Murine Enteroendocrine Cells by Transcriptomic and Peptidomic Profiling. Diabetes 2019; 68:1062-1072. [PMID: 30733330 PMCID: PMC6477899 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) produce hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY that regulate food absorption, insulin secretion, and appetite. Based on the success of glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes and obesity, EECs are themselves the focus of drug discovery programs to enhance gut hormone secretion. The aim of this study was to identify the transcriptome and peptidome of human EECs and to provide a cross-species comparison between humans and mice. By RNA sequencing of human EECs purified by flow cytometry after cell fixation and staining, we present a first transcriptomic analysis of human EEC populations and demonstrate a strong correlation with murine counterparts. RNA sequencing was deep enough to enable identification of low-abundance transcripts such as G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels, revealing expression in human EECs of G-protein-coupled receptors previously found to play roles in postprandial nutrient detection. With liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we profiled the gradients of peptide hormones along the human and mouse gut, including their sequences and posttranslational modifications. The transcriptomic and peptidomic profiles of human and mouse EECs and cross-species comparison will be valuable tools for drug discovery programs and for understanding human metabolism and the endocrine impacts of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P Roberts
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Paul Richards
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Sam G Galvin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Andrew Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - H Joyce Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Leslie L Glass
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Brian Lam
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Davide Chiarugi
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Richard H Hardwick
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
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