Clinical impact of age‑specific distribution of combination patterns of cytology and high‑risk HPV status on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more

To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to elucidate the significance of cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) status in different age groups for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2, CIN3 and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There were 12 combinations based on cytology and hrHPV status [cytology: Atypical squamous cells (ASC) of undetermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, ASC not excluding high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and HSIL; hrHPV status: HPV16/18-positive (16/18+), hrHPV positive for subtypes other than 16/18 (others+) and hrHPV-negative (hrHPV-)]. All patients were categorized into four groups based on age (18-29, 30-39, 40-49 and ≥50 years). For patients with CIN2, CIN3 and SCC (CIN2+) (n=107), the distribution of cytology and hrHPV was investigated in each age group. In addition, for all patients (n=446), the occurrence of CIN2+ in each of the 12 combinations was investigated in each age group. In the 18-29-year age group, the most common combination was HSIL and 16/18+, followed by HSIL and others+, which accounted for 73% of CIN2+ cases. The occurrence of HSIL and 16/18+ decreased with increasing age, and no cases occurred in the 50-year age group. In the 18-29-year age group, all patients with HSIL and 16/18+ were diagnosed with CIN2+. CIN2+ was predominantly detected in patients with HSIL in the 18-29-year age group, as well as hrHPV- and others+. This definite distinction was not observed in any other age group. For CIN2+, the distribution patterns of cytology and hrHPV status combinations varied significantly among different age groups. Accordingly, the clinical impact of the combination of cytological findings and hrHPV status can vary among age groups.

Full-term low birth weight infants have differentially hypermethylated DNA related to immune system and organ growth: a comparison with full-term normal birth weight infants

Objective

Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health issue as it increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases throughout life. However, the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of full-term LBW infants (FT-LBWs) are still unclear. This exploratory study aimed to analyze the DNA methylation differences in FT-LBWs compared with those in full-term normal birth weight infants (FT-NBWs) whose mothers were nonsmokers and had no complications. Initially, 702 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies were recruited. Of these, four FT-LBWs and five FT-NBWs were selected as references for DNA methylation analysis, and 862,260 CpGs were assessed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID v6.8 software to identify the biological functions of hyper- and hypomethylated DNA in FT-LBWs.

Results

483 hyper-differentially methylated genes (DMGs) and 35 hypo-DMGs were identified in FT-LBW promoter regions. Hyper-DMGs were annotated to 11 biological processes; “macrophage differentiation” (e.g., CASP8), “apoptotic mitochondrial changes” (e.g., BH3), “nucleotide-excision repair” (e.g., HUS1), and “negative regulation of inflammatory response” (e.g., NLRP12 and SHARPIN). EREG was classified into “ovarian cumulus expansion” within the “organism growth and organization” category. Our data imply that LBW might be associated with epigenetic modifications, which regulate the immune system and cell maturation.

Association between socioeconomic status and small-for-gestational-age in Japan: A single center retrospective cohort study

AIM

Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status has negative health consequences in neonates and later life. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a reported risk factor for adverse birth outcomes, such as SGA and preterm birth (PTB). The present study investigated whether maternal SES is associated with adverse outcomes in Japanese pregnant women.

METHODS

Retrospective data were collected for 1970 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies who delivered between January 2007 and December 2011 at a single center: low SES group (n = 197); and controls (n = 1773). Low SES was defined according to the criteria of the Japanese pregnant-childbirth hospitalization support policy system.

RESULTS

The low SES group included a significantly higher proportion of young women, women with single marital status, greater parity, pre-pregnancy smoking and a lack of regular employment (P < 0.001, respectively). The crude odds ratio (OR) for the association between low maternal SES and SGA was 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.82, P = 0.010). After adjustment for baseline maternal age, parity, body mass index, smoking and gestational weight gain, the adjusted OR for the association between low maternal SES and SGA was 1.92 (95% CI 1.17-3.17, P = 0.010). No significant association was found between maternal SES and PTB.

CONCLUSION

The present results suggest that low maternal SES is associated with SGA births in the Japanese population. Mitigation of low maternal SES could be urgent public health to prevent disadvantage birth outcome.

Retroperitoneal approach for laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with stripping technique: extracorporeal ligation of ureter and ureteral catheter

INTRODUCTION

The pluck and stripping techniques are used for lower ureter management in renal pelvic cancer patients. Herein, we report our experience of extracorporeal ligation of the ureter and the ureteral catheter through the trocar port, which differs from conventional laparoscopic ligation in the retroperitoneal space. This technique was selected to reduce the time needed for ureter management using the stripping technique and to provide secure ligation.

MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

We performed this stripping technique in patients with T1 and T2 stage renal pelvic cancer without imaging-evident lymph node metastasis. After transurethrally placing a ureteral catheter, we resected the circumference of the ureteral orifice. After laparoscopic nephrectomy via a retroperitoneal approach, the ureteral catheter and distal ureter were ligated extracorporeally. The catheter was pulled to invaginate the ureter so it could then be pulled through the external urethral orifice.

DISCUSSION

This technique of extracorporeal ligation ensures more a secure ligation of the ureter and ureteral catheter. This modified stripping technique does not require lower ureter management with laparotomy, and it is also useful in shortening the operative time. This method is effective for relatively early stage renal pelvic cancer.

STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 as a novel therapeutic agent for renal cell carcinoma

Background:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates the expression of genes that mediate cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis and is aberrantly activated in various types of malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We examined whether it could be a novel therapeutic target for RCC by using the STAT3 inhibitor WP1066.

Methods:

The antitumour activities and related mechanisms of WP1066 were investigated in vitro on renal cancer cell lines and in vivo on murine xenografts.

Results:

In Caki-1 and 786-O renal cancer cells, 5 μM WP1066 prevented the phosphorylation of STAT3, and 2.5 μM WP1066 significantly (P<0.01) inhibited cell survival and proliferation. WP1066 suppressed the expression of Bcl-2, induced apoptosis, and inhibited the basal and hypoxia-induced expression of HIF1α and HIF2α, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor secretion into cell culture medium. Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells cocultured with media from WP1066-treated cells showed significantly reduced tubulogenesis (P<0.05). Systemic oral administration of WP1066 to mice for 19 days significantly inhibited the growth of Caki-1 xenograft tumours (P<0.05), and pathological analysis of xenografts of WP1066-treated mice showed decreased immunostaining of phosphorylated STAT3 and reduced length of CD34-positive vessels (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that using WP1066 to inhibit the STAT3 signalling pathway could be a novel therapeutic strategy against RCC.

Chemosensitivity testing of paclitaxel versus docetaxel in human gynecological carcinomas: a comparison with carboplatin

BACKGROUND

The tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay is useful in predicting chemosensitivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using the MTT assay, an in vitro chemosensitivity test was designed for paclitaxel and docetaxel. The results were then compared with the sensitivity to carboplatin in 60 resected gynecological carcinomas.

RESULTS

The mean tumor inhibition rates [I.R.s; %] for paclitaxel, docetaxel and carboplatin were all higher in ovarian carcinomas than in endometrial carcinomas [74.3% vs. 47.3% (p < 0.01), 57.2% vs. 21.9% (p < 0.001), 71.3% vs. 50.1% (p < 0.01), respectively]. In 28 ovarian carcinomas, the I.R.s for paclitaxel and carboplatin were higher than docetaxel [74.3% and 71.3% vs. 57.2%, respectively (p < 0.05)]. In particular, the I.R. for paclitaxel was significantly higher than docetaxel [83.0% vs. 62.9% (p < 0.05)] in serous adenocarcinomas. In clear cell adenocarcinomas, however, both the I.R.s for paclitaxel and docetaxel were significantly lower than carboplatin [27.8% and 23.3% vs. 58.5%, respectively (p < 0.01)]. In 10 cervical carcinomas, the I.R. for docetaxel was significantly lower than paclitaxel and carboplatin [39.5% vs. 64.1% and 60.5%, respectively (p < 0.05)]. In 22 endometrial carcinomas, the I.R. for docetaxel was also lower than paclitaxel and carboplatin [21.9% vs. 47.4% and 50.1% (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively)]. Furthermore, the I.R. for docetaxel was significantly lower in G2 and G3 adenocarcinomas [16.9% vs. 45.8% and 52.8% (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively)] [16.5% vs. 46.2% and 53.2% (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively)].

CONCLUSION

The antitumor activity of both paclitaxel and docetaxel was higher in ovarian carcinomas than in endometrial carcinomas. In ovarian carcinomas, however, paclitaxel and carboplatin were superior to docetaxel. In cervical and endometrial carcinomas, docetaxel was significantly worse than paclitaxel and carboplatin.

New microsurgical technique for intraparenchymal lesions of the brain: transcylinder approach

BACKGROUND

Although various minimally invasive approaches, including endoscopic, stereotaxic, and ultrasound-guided surgery, have been introduced to minimize damage to healthy brain tissue, the microsurgical technique has retained a significant role in contemporary neurosurgery. A new microsurgical approach to intraparenchymal brain lesions, namely, the transcylinder approach, was developed to realize both minimal surgical access and sufficient microsurgical technique.

METHOD

A 0.1-mm transparent polyester film was used to create a cylindrical surgical route. The film was rolled into a thin stick and used to penetrate the brain, and a computer-aided navigation system was used from inside the stick to access the lesion accurately. After the stick gained access to the lesion, it was dilated to 2 cm, and this diameter was maintained during surgery.

FINDINGS

The transcylinder approach was used in 11 cases, including intraparenchymal tumours and haematomas, and the usual microsurgical procedure was performed without difficulty. The film avoided unnecessary enlargement of the surgical field and minimized injury to the brain. Intra-operative ultrasonography also can be used to identify the lesion through the cylinder because the polyester film does not reflect the ultrasound beam. The surgical route was observed to recover to almost the same size as the initial cortical incision after removal of the cylinder.

CONCLUSIONS

The transcylinder approach could be advantageous for removing tumours or haematomas in the intraventricular or intraparenchymal regions. By avoiding unnecessary retraction, it significantly reduces the risk of injury to surrounding brain tissue while facilitating precise microsurgical technique. The accuracy of this minimally invasive technique can be enhanced when used in conjunction with frameless stereotaxy and intra-operative ultrasound guidance.

Effects of barbiturates on ATP-sensitive K channels in rat substantia nigra

ATP-sensitive K channels are widely expressed in cytoplasmic membranes of neurons, and they couple cell metabolism to excitability. They are thought to be involved in neuroprotection against cell damage during hypoxia, ischemia and excitotoxicity by hyperpolarizing neurons and reducing excitability. Although barbiturates are often used in patients with brain ischemia, the effects of these agents on neuronal ATP-sensitive K channels have not been clarified. We studied the effects of thiopental and pentobarbital on surface ATP-sensitive K channels in principal neurons of rat substantia nigra pars compacta. Whole cell voltage- and current-clamp recordings were made using rat midbrain slices. ATP-sensitive K channels were activated by intracellular dialysis with an ATP-free pipette solution during perfusion with a glucose-free solution. When the pipette solution contained 4mM ATP and the perfusing solution contained 25 mM glucose, the membrane current at -60 mV remained stable. When intracellular ATP was depleted, hyperpolarization and an outward current developed slowly. Although thiopental did not affect the membrane current in the presence of ATP and glucose, it reversibly inhibited the hyperpolarization and outward current induced by intracellular ATP depletion at 100 and 300 microM. Thiopental reduced the ATP depletion-induced outward current by 4.7%, 36.7% and 87% at 30, 100 and 300 microM, respectively. The high dose of pentobarbital also exhibited similar effects on ATP-sensitive K channels. These results suggest that barbiturates at high concentrations but not at clinically relevant concentrations inhibit ATP-sensitive K channels activated by intracellular ATP depletion in rat substantia nigra.

Chemosensitivity testing of a novel platinum analog, nedaplatin (254-S), in human gynecological carcinomas: a comparison with cisplatin

BACKGROUND

The tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay is useful for predicting chemosensitivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using the MTT assay, an in vitro chemosensitivity test was designed for nedaplatin (cis-diammine glycolato platinum; 254-S) and the results were compared with the sensitivity to cisplatin in 137 resected gynecological carcinomas.

RESULTS

The mean tumor inhibition rate [I.R.; %] for nedaplatin was equal or superior to cisplatin in 15 cervical [70.7% vs. 63.9%], 65 ovarian [61.7% vs. 54.8%] and 57 endometrial carcinomas [52.1% vs. 47.7%]. In ovarian carcinomas, the I.R.s for nedaplatin were significantly higher than cisplatin in poorly-differentiated, serous and endometrioid adenocarcinomas 180.7% vs. 56.4% (p < 0.05), 77.0% vs. 64.9% (p < 0.01), and 68.2% vs. 54.6% (p < 0.05), respectively].

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest that nedaplatin has equivalent or superior antitumor activity to cisplatin in cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinomas. In particular, nedaplatin showed a significantly better antitumor activity among the histological subtypes of ovarian carcinomas.

[Anesthetic management for cardioverter defibrillator implantation in a patient with preoperatively undiagnosed myotonic dystrophy]

We unexpectedly anesthetized a 31-year-old male with mild myotonic dystrophy (MD) that had not been diagnosed preoperatively, for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. Although MD is an uncommon disorder, cardiac conduction abnormalities and dilated cardiomyopathy are seen commonly in these patients. Therefore, chances of ICD implantation may increase in MD patients. But, the patients are often unaware of this disease and it is common for them to conceal their symptoms, and the diagnosis may not be made before the operation. We emphasize that preoperative assessment is important and that it is necessary to consider MD in patients for ICD implantation.

[Sequential changes in haemostatic activity during prolonged surgery and its alteration with continuous heparin infusion]

We measured molecular markers to study sequential changes in the hemostatic activity and its alteration by intraoperative continuous heparin infusion in patients, undergoing surgeries of 10 hours or longer for oral cancers. The heparin was infused continuously from the beginning of microsurgery until the end of anaesthesia to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time between 50 to 70 seconds in the heparin group. In the control group, the concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and D-dimer increased, and the soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) became positive 2-6 hours after the induction of anesthesia. With continuous heparinization, the changes in measured molecular markers were clearly inhibited compared with the control group. The hemostatic activities increased progressively from the early stages of surgery, and the intraoperative continuous heparin infusion was effective in suppressing the hypercoagulable state during prolonged surgery.

[Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1999)]

From October 1999 to September 2000, we collected the specimen from 430 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 17 institutions in Japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics and patients' characteristics. Of 515 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 506 strains were investigated. The breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 78, Streptococcus pneumoniae 101, Haemophilus influenzae 104, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) 58, P. aeruginosa (mucoid) 11, Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis 41, Klebsiella pneumoniae 18, etc. Of 78 S. aureus strains, those with 4 micrograms/ml or above of MIC of oxacillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus: MRSA) occupied 57.7%. Vancomycin and arbekacin showed the most potent activities against MRSA without detection of ABK-resistant strain (MIC: 64 micrograms/ml) and decrease of VCM-sensitive strains those were found in 1998. The frequency of S. pneumoniae exhibiting low sensitivity to penicillin (penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae: PISP + penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae: PRSP) decreased to 34.7% from 46.0% in 1998. The frequency of PRSP was 3.0%, being the least number after 1991. Carbapenems showed strong activities against S. pneumoniae. Especially, panipenem inhibited the growth of all 101 strains with MIC of 0.063 microgram/ml. Generally, all drugs showed strong activities against H. influenzae with MIC80s of 4 micrograms/ml or below. MICs of ofloxacin ranged between 0.063 microgram/ml and 4 micrograms/ml in 1998, however, those were 0.125 microgram/ml or below in all H. influenzae in 1999 showing the strongest activity. Tobramycin and ciprofloxacin showed strong activities against P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid) with MIC80s of 1 microgram/ml. Number of isolated P. aeruginosa (mucoid) was little as 11, however, the susceptibilities to all drugs were better than P. aeruginosa (non-mucoid). K. pneumoniae showed good susceptibilities to all drugs except for ampicillin with decreasing of low-sensitive strains compared to those detected in 1998. Also, all drugs generally showed strong activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis. MIC80s of all drugs were 2 micrograms/ml or below. The drug which showed the strongest activity was imipenem inhibiting all 41 strains with MIC of 0.063 microgram/ml. On the patients' characteristics, the number of patients aged 80 years or older who had been increased was decreased in 1999 in the distribution by age. The percentage of the elderly patients aged 70 years or older was 47.0%, which occupied almost a half number of the total patients as in the last year. As for the incidence by disease, bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis were the highest. They were noted in 37.9% and 30.5% of the patients, respectively. In 1999, bronchial asthma was frequently observed as compared in recent years. It was noted in about 10% of the patients which is the same % as in bronchiectasis. We examined the number of strains from these patients with infections before and after administration of antibiotics. In patients with bacterial pneumonia, the number of isolated strains was almost the same between those before and after administration. However, in patients with chronic bronchitis, the number of strains remarkably decreased to less than the half of the total after administration of antibiotics in the last year, but it decreased to 2/3 of the total in 1999. On the administration of antibiotics and isolated bacteria by the day of administration, the bacteria which were isolated more before administration were H. influenzae in 28.4%, S. pneumoniae in 25.7%, M. (B.) catarrhalis in 12.0% and S. aureus in 10.6%. The frequency of S. aureus after administration over 15 days was almost the same as that before administration, but the frequency of P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid) was 36.8% which was higher than that before administration. The frequency of isolated S. pneumoniae was decreased after administration and none of them was isolated after completion of administration. However, that of H. influenzae was decreased to 7.1% after administration within 3 days, and many H. influenzae were isolated after completion of administration as 21.4%.

[Combination chemotherapy of carboplatin and docetaxel for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)]

Since mid-1997, we have treated 60 patients with advanced NSCLC with carboplatin (CBDCA) plus docetaxel (TXT). CBDCA (300-400 mg/m2) and TXT (60 mg/m2) were given on day 1 every 3 weeks. The mean treatment cycle was 2.3 +/- 1.4 (range 1-7). Fifty-four patients had measurable tumors, of whom 2 patients achieved a complete response and 19 patients achieved a partial response (37.0%, 95% CI: 24.3-51.3%) (Ad 12/29, Sq 7/23, Lar 1/2). Median survival time was 12.8 months and 1 year survival was 53.6%. AUC of CBDCA was not related to response (AUC of responders and non-responders was 3.29). Myelosuppression was moderate (WBC 2,284 mm3, range 800-4,700, PLT 16.4 x 10(4) mm3, range 6.6-41.5 x 10(4), Hb 10.9 g/dl, range 6.4-15.8). Leukocytopenia was related to AUC of CBDCA (R2 = 0.1093) but thrombocytopenia was not related to AUC of CBDCA (R2 = 0.0553). Gastrointestinal toxicity was mild (grade 0-1: 57%, grade 2: 35%, grade 3: 8%, grade 4: 0%). Treatment with CBDCA plus TXT combination is safe and effective in patients with NSCLC.

Tumor-suppressive effects of neutral endopeptidase in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells

Expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 is diminished in metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancers (PCs; C. N. Papandreou et al., NAT: MED:, 4: 50--57, 1998). To determine the effects on androgen-independent PC cells of overexpressing cell-surface NEP, an inducible tetracycline-regulatory gene expression system was used to stably introduce and express the NEP gene in androgen-independent TSU-Pr1 cells generating WT-5 cells, which expressed high levels of enzymatically active NEP protein when cultured in the absence of tetracycline. TN12 cells, which contain the identical vectors without the NEP gene and do not express NEP, were used as control. Expression of NEP in WT-5 cells after removal of tetracycline from the media resulted in a >80% inhibition in cell proliferation over a 1-week period (P < 0.005) compared with control cells. Tumor formation occurred in the prostate glands of orthotopically injected athymic mice killed at 30 days in 4 of 5 mice that were given injections of 2 x 10(6) WT-5 cells and were fed doxycycline (NEP suppressed), and in all mice that were given injections of TN12 cells and were fed with or without doxycycline. In contrast, only 1 of 5 mouse prostates developed a tumor in mice that were given injections of WT-5 cells and that did not receive doxycycline. Analysis of the mechanisms of NEP-induced growth suppression revealed that NEP expression in WT-5 cells induced a 4-fold increase in the number of PC cells undergoing apoptosis, and increased the expression of p21 tumor suppressor gene protein and the level of unphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein as determined by Western blot. Flow cytometric analysis show that induced NEP expression in WT-5 cells resulted in a G(1) cell cycle arrest. These data show that NEP can inhibit PC cell growth and tumorigenicity and suggest that NEP has potential as therapy for androgen-independent PC.

Retrospective analysis of administration of a combination of docetaxel and carboplatin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Retrospective analysis was performed for 60 patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had been treated with combination therapy combining 60 mg/m2 of docetaxel with carboplatin in the range of 200 to 360 mg/m2 (average: 290 mg/m2) every 3 weeks. Considering the patients' performance status, the dose of carboplatin was lowered accordingly, being equivalent to AUC 1.9 to 6.1 (average: 3.26) by the Chatelut formula. The mean treatment cycle was 2.3 (range 1 to 7). Complete response and partial response were observed in 2 and 18 (37.0%) of the 54 evaluable patients, respectively, with a median survival time of 12.8 months and 1-year survival of 56.4%. The calculated AUC of carboplatin was not proportional to the response rate. Moderate myelosuppression was exhibited. The severity of leukopenia increased in relation to the AUC of carboplatin (R2=0.1093), whereas the relation between the platelet count and the AUC of carboplatin was relatively disproportional (R2=0.0553). Although gastrointestinal toxicity was slight, its severity increased dependent on the AUC of carboplatin. No occurrence of neurotoxicity was observed. Treatment with a combination of docetaxel and low-dose carboplatin seemed to be effective and safer in patients with advanced NSCLC.

Neutral endopeptidase inhibits neuropeptide-mediated transactivation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor-Akt cell survival pathway

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists such as neuropeptides activate the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-IR) or the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt, suggesting that neuropeptides-GPCR signaling can cross-communicate with IGF-IR-Akt signaling pathways. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) is a cell-surface peptidase that cleaves and inactivates the neuropeptides endothelin-1 (ET-1) and bombesin, which are implicated in progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC). We investigated the mechanisms of NEP regulation of neuropeptide-mediated cell survival in PC cells, including whether neuropeptide substrates of NEP induce phosphorylations of IGF-IR and Akt in PC cells. Western analyses revealed ET-1 and bombesin treatment induced phosphorylation of IGF-IRbeta and Akt independent of IGF-I in TSU-Pr1, DU145, and PC-3 PC cells, which lack NEP expression, but not in NEP-expressing LNCaP cells. Recombinant NEP and induced NEP expression in TSU-Pr1 cells using a tetracycline-repressive expression system inhibited ET-1-mediated phosphorylation of IGF-IRbeta and Akt, and blocked the protective effects of ET-1 against apoptosis induced by serum starvation. Incubation of TSU-Pr1 cells with specific kinase inhibitors together with ET-1 or bombesin showed that IGF-IR activation is required for neuropeptide-induced Akt phosphorylation, and that neuropeptide-induced Akt activation is predominantly mediated by Src and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not by mitogen-activated protein kinase or protein kinase C. These data show that the neuropeptides ET-1 and bombesin stimulate ligand-independent activation of the IGF-IR, which results in Akt activation, and that this cross-communication between GPCR and IGF-IR signaling is inhibited by NEP.

Identification and characterization of two androgen response regions in the human neutral endopeptidase gene

Transcription of the human neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) gene is androgen regulated in prostate cancer cells. Homology search identified a sequence GTCACAaagAGTTCT similar to the ARE consensus sequence GGTACAnnnTGTTCT within the 3'-untranslated region of the NEP mRNA. A double-stranded radiolabelled oligonucleotide containing this NEP-ARE sequence formed a DNA-protein complex with nuclear proteins from LNCaP cells or COS-7 cells co-transfected with an androgen receptor (AR) expression vector, and with full-length AR synthesized by baculovirus in mobility shift assays. Unlabeled NEP-ARE or consensus ARE but not mutated NEP-ARE replaced radiolabelled NEP-ARE. Steroid-dependent enhancement of transcription was assayed by transfecting ptkCAT reporter constructs containing the NEP-ARE into CV-1/AR cells and prostate cancer cells (PC-3/AR). Enhancement of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was increased four-fold by androgen, seven-fold by dexamethasone and three-fold by progesterone in CV-1/AR cells, and the NEP-ARE bound to glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor in mobility shift assays. We next performed DNase-I footprinting analysis of the NEP promoter and identified a 23 bp sequence GGTGCGGGTCGGAGGGATGCCCA (NEP-ARR) which was protected from DNase I cleavage by nuclear extracts from COS-7 cells expressing AR. This sequence was 62.5% homologous to an androgen responsive region (PSA-ARR) identified in the promoter of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) gene. A double-stranded radiolabelled oligonucleotide containing this NEP-ARR sequence formed DNA-protein complex with AR but not GR proteins. Unlabeled NEP-ARR, PSA-ARR and NEP-ARE replaced radiolabelled NEP-ARR. Steroid-dependent enhancement of transcription assays in PC-3/AR cells revealed that the enhancement of CAT activity was increased 2.3-fold by androgen, but not by glucocorticoid or progesterone. In a thymidine kinase promoter, the NEP-ARE and NEP-ARR together stimulated a five-fold increase in promoter activity in PC cells. These data suggest that steroid regulation of the NEP gene involves at least two elements including a typical ARE which binds androgen, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors, and a unique ARR which only binds androgen receptor.

Neutral endopeptidase inhibits prostate cancer cell migration by blocking focal adhesion kinase signaling

Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, CD10) is a cell-surface enzyme expressed by prostatic epithelial cells that cleaves and inactivates neuropeptides implicated in the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC). NEP substrates such as bombesin and endothelin-1 induce cell migration. We investigated the mechanisms of NEP regulation of cell migration in PC cells, including regulation of phosphorylation on tyrosine of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Western analyses and cell migration assays revealed an inverse correlation between NEP expression and the levels of FAK phosphorylation and cell migration in PC cell lines. Constitutively expressed NEP, recombinant NEP, and induced NEP expression using a tetracycline-repressive expression system inhibited bombesin- and endothelin-1-stimulated FAK phosphorylation and cell migration. This results from NEP-induced inhibition of neuropeptide-stimulated association of FAK with cSrc protein. Expression of a mutated catalytically inactive NEP protein also resulted in partial inhibition of FAK phosphorylation and cell migration. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments show that NEP associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated Lyn kinase, which then binds the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) resulting in an NEP-Lyn-PI3-K protein complex. This complex competitively blocks FAK-PI3-K interaction, suggesting that NEP protein inhibits cell migration via a protein-protein interaction independent of its catalytic function. These experiments demonstrate that NEP can inhibit FAK phosphorylation on tyrosine and PC cell migration through multiple pathways and suggest that cell migration which contributes to invasion and metastases in PC cells can be regulated by NEP.

Neutral endopeptidase promotes phorbol ester-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by inhibiting neuropeptide-induced protein kinase C delta degradation

Phorbol esters induce apoptosis in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, which express neutral endopeptidase (NEP), but not in androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC) cells, which lack NEP expression. We investigated the role of NEP in PC cell susceptibility to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Western analysis showed that expression of NEP and protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) correlated with PC cell sensitivity to TPA-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in LNCaP cells and in TSU-Prl cells expressing an inducible wild-type NEP protein. Inhibition of NEP enzyme activity using the specific NEP inhibitor CGS24592, or inhibition of PKCdelta using Rottlerin at concentrations that inhibit PKCdelta but not PKCalpha, significantly inhibited TPA-induced growth inhibition and cell death. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments showed PKCdelta is stabilized in LNCaP cells and in TSU-Pr1 cells overexpressing wild-type NEP compared with PC cells lacking NEP expression. This results from NEP inactivation of its neuropeptide substrates (bombesin and endothelin-1), which in the absence of NEP stimulate cSrc kinase activity and induce rapid degradation of PKCdelta protein. These results indicate that expression of enzymatically active NEP by PC cells is necessary for TPA-induced apoptosis, and that NEP inhibits neuropeptide-induced, cSrc-mediated PKCdelta degradation.

[A case of rectal excision in a patient with cervical spinal cord injury of chronic stage]

A 63-year-old man, scheduled for a Hartmann's procedure, sustained a cervical injury with resultant complete motor and sensory loss below the fourth cervical segment 39 years prior to admission. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 70 mg, vecuronium bromide 5 mg and an endotracheal tube was placed in the trachea. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide/oxygen and fentanyl. Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnea. We did not employ epidual anesthesia due to inability to flex the spine. We administered fentanyl to control hypertension, but it led to hypotension. And about 500 ml of bleeding also caused hypotension. These episodes of hypotension are associated with hypovolemia and instability of vascular tone. To control hypotension, we finally selected continuous intravenous administration of norepinephrine. The manifestations of cardiovascular instability during surgery in chronic stage of cervical spinal cord injury is not only hypertension associated with autonomic hyperreflexia, but also hypotension associated with instability of vascular tone and hypovolemia.

Percutaneous endoscopic marsupialization of a pyelocaliceal diverticulum with milk of calcium stones

Numerous reports have described the management of pyelocaliceal diverticula associated with milk of calcium renal stones. Traditionally, open surgical techniques to manage such diverticula have included marsupialization and fulguration of the diverticulum, or partial/total nephrectomy. Recently, however, these invasive procedures have been replaced by percutaneous techniques. We report a patient with spontaneous rupture of a pyelocaliceal diverticulum with milk of calcium renal stones, who was successfully treated with endourological procedures.

Chemoprevention of biliary carcinogenesis in syrian hamsters by the novel carboxamide derivative IS-741 after initiation with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP)

To elucidate the possible inhibitory effect of a novel carboxamide derivative (IS-741) on biliary carcinogenesis, Syrian hamsters were subjected to cholecystoduodenostomy and ligation of the distal end of the common duct, and then given a regular diet (group I) or a diet containing 200 p.p.m. of IS-741 (group II). All hamsters were subcutaneously injected with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine until 10 weeks after surgery, and continued to feed on their respective dietary regimen until termination of the experiment at 16 weeks after surgery. Biliary adenocarcinomas were evaluated histologically. Non-cancerous and cancerous hepatobiliary tract tissues were analyzed for phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the concentrations of prostaglandin (PG), i.e., prostaglandin E(2), 6-ketoprostaglandin F(1)alpha and thromboxane B(2). IS-741 significantly inhibited the development and multiplicity of hepatobiliary adenocarcinomas and reduced the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling indices in non-cancerous hepatobiliary tissues, compared with group I. The anti-cancerous effect of IS-741 was associated with a significant inhibition of PLA(2) and MPO levels in non-cancerous tissues of the extrahepatic biliary tract and the liver, and in cancerous tissue of the liver. Furthermore, IS-741 reduced the production of PGs in non-cancerous hepatobiliary tissues, compared with group I. Although the precise mechanism of action of IS-741 in preventing biliary tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated, it is likely to be related to modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and/or suppression of neutrophil accumulation.

Androgen-induced growth inhibition of androgen receptor expressing androgen-independent prostate cancer cells is mediated by increased levels of neutral endopeptidase

Androgen-mediated growth repression of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells has been reported in androgen-independent PC-3 cells overexpressing the androgen receptor, and in androgen-independent derivatives of LNCaP cells that develop following prolonged culture in androgen-free media. Using two models of AIPC, PC3/AR cells and LNCaP-OM1 cells, a subclone of LNCaP cells derived by prolonged culturing in charcoal-stripped media, we investigated whether expression of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP), a cell-surface peptidase that cleaves and inactivates neuropeptides implicated in the growth of AIPC, is induced by androgen, and whether NEP contributes to the observed androgen-mediated growth repression. These cell lines each express high levels of androgen receptor. Culturing in dihyrotestosterone (DHT) resulted in a 30-56% (PC3) and 35-43% (LNCaP-OM1) decrease in cell number over 7 days concomitant with a significant increase in NEP enzyme specific activity. Northern analysis detected an increase in NEP transcripts following DHT treatment in PC3/AR cells. The addition of the NEP enzyme inhibitor phosphoramidon to PC3 and LNCaP-OM1 or the NEP competitive inhibitor CGS 24592 to LNCaP-OM1 blocked the increase in NEP enzyme activity and reversed the DHT-induced growth inhibition. Neither phosphoramidon or CGS 24592 alone inhibited cell growth. Furthermore, the reversal of growth inhibition in LNCaPOM1 cells was dose dependent on the concentration of CGS 24592. These data indicate that androgen-induced growth repression of AIPC cells PC3 and LNCaP-OM1 results in part from androgen-induced expression of NEP in these cells.

[Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1998)]

The bacteria isolated from the patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected by institutions located throughout Japan, since 1981. Ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of these isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and analyzed some characteristics of the patients and isolates from them each year. Results obtained from these investigations are discussed. In these 18 institutions around the entire Japan, 532 strains of presumably etiological bacteria were isolated mainly from the sputa of 438 patients with lower respiratory tract infections during the period from October in 1998 to September in 1999. MICs of various antibacterial agents and antibiotics were determined against 85 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 100 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 96 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 75 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid strains), 6 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mucoid strains), 38 strains of Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis, 26 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae etc., and the susceptibilities of 517 strains were assessed except for those strains that died during transportation. S. aureus strains for which MICs of oxacillin (MPIPC) were higher than 4 micrograms/ml (methicillin-resistant S. aureus: MRSA) accounted for 60.0%. Vancomycin (VCM) and arbekacin (ABK) showed the most potent activities against MRSA. But one of MRSA showed resistance to ABK with the MIC of 64 micrograms/ml. The sensitive strains of MRSA to VCM have decreased. The frequency of penicillin (PC)-intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP) + PC-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) have increased in 46.0% for 1998 comparatively from 30.9% of 1997's. But PRSP decreased, and PISP increased into 39.0% of 1998 years from 19.8% of 1997's. Panipenem (PAPM), imipenem (IPM) and faropenem (FRPM) showed the most potent activities against S. pneumoniae with MIC80s of 0.125 microgram/ml or below. Against H. influenzae and M. (B.) catarrhalis, almost all the drugs showed good activities. The sensitive strains of them against ceftazidime (CAZ) decreased in 1997, but those have increased in 1998. Inversely, the susceptibility of them against cefotiam (CTM) had been higher in 1997, but those have been lower in 1998. Tobramycin (TOB) showed the most potent activity against P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and nonmucoid strains). All drugs except ampicillin (ABPC) were active against K. pneumoniae. A quite few of K. pneumoniae showed low susceptibilities. Also, we investigated year to year changes in the characteristics of patients, their respiratory infectious diseases, and the etiology. The examination of age distribution indicated that the proportion of patients with ages over 70 years was 48.6% of all the patients showing a slight increase in every year. About the proportion of diagnosed diseases as follows: Bacterial pneumonia was the most frequent with 40.2%. The ratio of it has increased slightly, and the increased rate was 10% in patients with ages over 70 years compared with the results in 1997. Chronic bronchitis have decreased slightly with 27.6% in 1998. Number of strains isolated from patients before administration of antibiotics were more than those after administration of them in chronic bronchitis, but these were almost same number in bacterial pneumonia. Administration of antibiotics has changed the results of the frequency of isolation of bacterial species. Bacterial isolations before administration of antibiotics were as follows: S. pneumoniae 26.7%, H. influenzae 23.8%, S. aureus 13.3% and M. (B.) catarrhalis 10.8%. The frequencies of S. aureus decreased after antibiotics administration over 15 days, but the frequencies of P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid) was not affected. The frequencies of P. aeruginosa was 45.5% after administration over 15 days. The frequencies of S. pneumoniae decreased upon administration of antibiotics, these were only 4.5% over 15 days. The frequencies of H. (

[Case of stage IVb gastric cancer in which favorable anti-tumor effect and good QOL were observed due to UFTP therapy after low-dose CDDP-tegafur therapy]

A patient with stage IVb advanced gastric cancer, who was Group 4 lymph node metastasis positive, underwent two postoperative courses of low-dose CDDP-tegafur therapy (800 mg/body/day of tegafur + 5 mg/body/5 administrations, 2 days of rest, of cisplatin). UFTP therapy (400 mg/body/day of UFT + 5 mg/body/twice weekly of cisplatin) was thereafter given on an outpatient basis. The patient has now been receiving this therapy for one year and six months. The anti-tumor effect has been maintained and the tumor has been reduced in size by 89% without any adverse reactions. A good QOL has been observed. The present therapy can be performed safely at home and appears to be a favorable treatment from the viewpoint of QOL.

Overexpression of IL-1ra gene up-regulates interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) gene expression: possible mechanism underlying IL-1beta-resistance of cancer cells

We investigated the interaction of endogenous interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1ra, and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) in four human urological cancer cell lines, KU-19-19, KU-1, KU-2 and KU-19-20. Northern blot analysis showed that IL-1beta gene was expressed in all cell lines. On the other hand, in KU-19-19 and KU-19-20, the gene expressions of both IL-1ra and ICE were suppressed. MTT assay revealed that IL-1beta (10 ng ml(-1)) promoted cell growth in KU-19-19 and KU-19-20, while it inhibited in KU-1 and KU-2. An ICE inhibitor, Acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO (YVAD-CHO) blocked IL-1beta-induced growth inhibition in KU-1 and KU-2. Overexpression of the secretory type IL-1ra with adenovirus vector (AxlL-1ra) enhanced ICE gene expression, while exogenous IL-1ra (100 ng ml(-1)) did not enhance it. Furthermore, AxIL-1ra treatment promoted endogenous IL-1beta secretion and induced significant growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death on KU-19-19 and KU-19-20. Treatment with either IL-1ra (100 ng ml(-1)), IL-1beta antibody (100 microg ml(-1)), or YVAD-CHO blocked AxlL-1ra-induced cell death in KU-19-19 and KU-19-20. These results suggest that IL-1beta-sensitivity depends on the level of ICE gene expression, which is regulated by the level of endogenous slL-1ra expression. This is a first report on the intracellular function of slL-1ra and these findings may provide key insights into the mechanism underlying the viability of cancer cells.

The value of gamma-seminoprotein in combination with prostate specific antigen in detecting prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

The present study was undertaken to investigate the value of gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and the gamma-Sm/prostate specific antigen (PSA) ratio in combination with serum PSA in detecting prostate cancer.

METHODS

Prostate specific antigen, gamma-Sm and the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio were evaluated in 112 patients with untreated prostate cancer and 90 patients without prostate cancer who had serum PSA and gamma-Sm levels above their respective detection limits.

RESULTS

When data for all of the patients were analyzed, serum PSA and gamma-Sm levels were significantly higher and the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio was significantly lower in patients with prostate cancer than patients without prostate cancer. The serum PSA and gamma-Sm levels significantly increased and the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio significantly decreased with advancing clinical stage in patients with prostate cancer. Among the patients with serum PSA levels ranging from 1.8 to 6 ng/mL, the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and gamma-Sm levels were lower (P = 0.054) in the patients with prostate cancer than in those without prostate cancer, but serum PSA levels were not significantly different (P = 0.53). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the areas under the ROC curves were 0.54 for PSA, 0.65 for gamma-Sm and 0.69 for the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio for prediction of prostate cancer in the PSA range from 1.8 to 6 ng/mL, although the ROC analysis suggested that the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio does not provide significant advantage over PSA in detecting prostate cancer when all of the patients were analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the gamma-Sm/PSA ratio and gamma-Sm may facilitate differentiation between patients with and without prostate cancer who have intermediate PSA levels.

[A clinical study of recurrence and progression of grade 3 superficial bladder tumor]

Forty-one patients who had grade 3, superficial, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor between January, 1986 and April, 1998. The clinicopathological studies were conducted on intravesical recurrence, disease progression, and prognosis using multivariate analyses. Intravesical recurrence was found in 18 patients (43.9%), and the recurrence-free rate was 77.0% for 1 year. The 3- and 5-year recurrence-free rates were 57.7% and 38.5% for patients with stage pTa disease, and 36.3% and 36.3% for patients with stawe pT1-disease. There was a significant difference between the recurrence-free rates in the patients with stage pTa disease and those with stage pT1 disease (p < 0.01). Disease progression was observed after a mean period of 14.2 months after treatment in 6 patients (14.6%) with pT1 tumors. Three of these patients died of cancer. In the multivariate analyses with clinical and pathological factors, bladder irritability, urine cytology after initial treatment, and tumor multiplicity were the factors contributing to a high risk for recurrence. Intravesical instillation with Calmette-Guerin bacillus was found to prevent recurrence. These results suggest that radical surgery should be performed in a timely manner in patients with G3-stage pT1 tumors because they have a higher risk of recurrence and progression as compared to patients with G3-stage pTa tumors.

An essential role for nuclear factor kappa B in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death in prostate cancer cells

PURPOSE

Although tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces a strong cytotoxic effect on cell growth, many authors have reported that various cancer cells are resistant to TNF-alpha and the basis for this sensitivity or resistance to TNF-alpha remains to be elucidated. Since nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation has recently been reported to inhibit TNF-alpha-induced cell death, we studied whether NF-kappaB also assumes a protective role in TNF-alpha-induced cell death in prostate cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used two human prostate cancer cell lines of DU145 and PC-3. We prepared two different NF-kappaB inhibitors, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and NF-kappaB decoy. NF-kappaB DNA binding activity was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Cell survivals were measured by MTT assay. Induction of apoptosis was detected by nuclear staining and measured by fragmented DNA ELISA.

RESULTS

EMSA showed that NF-kappaB inhibitors continuously inhibited TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. Cell growth was not inhibited by either TNF-alpha (50 ng./ml. or less) or NF-kappaB inhibitors. However, both PCA cells treated with TNF-alpha (20 ng./ml.) plus NF-kappaB inhibitors showed significant growth inhibition compared with controls (p<0.05). Nuclei of PCA cells appeared severely fragmented by this combination therapy. Furthermore, the levels of DNA fragmentation were significantly elevated in PCA cells treated with TNF-alpha (20 ng./ml.) plus NF-kappaB inhibitors compared with controls (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

NF-kappaB activation is suggested to produce the resistance of DU145 and PC-3 to TNF-alpha and that the combination of TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB inhibitors could be constituted an effective therapy to TNF-alpha-resistant human prostate cancer cells.

Induction of apoptosis of cytokine-producing bladder cancer cells by adenovirus-mediated IkappaBalpha overexpression

We investigated whether the cell growth and apoptosis of multiple cytokine-producing bladder cancer cells can be regulated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). The bladder cancer cell line KU-19-19, obtained from a 76-year-old man who demonstrated marked leukocytosis, produces multiple cytokines and demonstrates autocrine growth by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that NF-kappaB was activated in KU-19-19 but not in other bladder cancer cell lines (KU-1, KU-7, or T-24, respectively). The inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity with adenovirus vectors expressing the stable form of the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha (multiplicity of infection [MOI] of 10) inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of KU-19-19, but not KU-1, KU-7, or T-24. The production of several cytokines was suppressed significantly in KU-19-19 by this gene delivery. Although dexamethasone (10 microM) could also suppress cytokine production, it did not induce dramatic cell death in KU-19-19 because it could not inhibit NF-kappaB activation stably and strongly. These results suggest that NF-kappaB activation maintains the cell viability as well as regulates cytokine production in cytokine-producing cancer cells and therefore these in vitro experiments support a rationale for preclinical in vivo studies to demonstrate growth inhibition in established tumors.

[Clinical background and treatment of brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma]

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and the effect of therapy of brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma.

METHOD

Of 306 cases with renal cell carcinoma treated at Keio University Hospital from June, 1976 to May, 1996, 20 (6.5%) developed brain metastasis. Metastasis-free rate and survival rate were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier's method and tested statistically with Long-rank test.

RESULT

As for the time of the brain metastasis, it was already at the time of initial diagnosis in 6 cases, and in the other 14, it was after the diagnosis of original disease. The average interval between the diagnosis of original disease and metastasis was 53.9 months. Only 2 cases have no metastasis without brain, and 17 of 20 cases (85.0%) were complicated by pulmonary metastasis and 10 (50.0%) by bone metastasis. It was considered that the brain metastasis was accompanied with other metastases. As for the treatment, cytokine therapy was performed on 18 cases without efficacy. It was supposed that in cases with pulmonary metastasis, IL-2 therapy may have the possibility of increasing the frequency of brain metastasis. 9 of 20 cases were subjected to surgical treatment with significantly better prognosis than the cases without the operation. Two cases were long-term survivors more than 5 years after the diagnosis of brain metastasis and both underwent surgical treatment to brain metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Cytokine therapy was not effective to brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. On the other hand, however, it was suggested that surgical treatment could improve prognosis if the metastatic lesions could be resected.

[Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor I in asthmatic patients and patients with chronic respiratory tract infection]

In order to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in bronchial asthma or chronic respiratory infection, we measured serum levels of TNF-alpha and serum soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor I (sTNF-RI) in asthmatic patients (n = 11) and patients (n = 10) with chronic respiratory infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also measured serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the asthmatic patients. The serum levels of TNF-alpha in the asthmatic patients, patients with chronic respiratory tract infection and control group were 2.864 +/- 0.719 g/ml, 2.564-1.384 pg/ml and 0.681 +/- 0.453 pg/ml respectively. The levels of the former two groups were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The serum levels of sTNF-RI in the asthmatic patients, the patients with chronic respiratory tract infection, and the control group was 758 +/- 268 pg/ml, 999 +/- 242 pg/ml and 909 +/- 268 pg/ml respectively. The levels of the former two groups did not differ significantly from those of the control group. There were significant correlations between TNF-alpha and sTNF-RI in the control group and in the patients with chronic respiratory tract infection, but there was no significant correlation in the asthmatic patients. In the asthmatic patients. TNF-alpha/s TNF-RI correlated with %best of PEF (r = 0.691, n = 9, p 0.0373). The serum levels of ECP correlated significantly with TNF-alpha, but not with sTNF-RI in the asthmatic patients. It is suggested that TNF-alpha plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and chronic respiratory tract infection as a factor causing inflammation and that the increase of TNF-alpha/sTNF-RI reflects the activation of eosinophil functions in an asthmatic attack.

The value of serum carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen in predicting bone metastases in prostate cancer

PURPOSE

Carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1CP) is believed to be a marker of new bone formation. We investigated the possible application of serum P1CP as a biochemical marker for bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), P1CP and alkaline phosphatase were measured in 136 serum samples from 79 patients with untreated prostate cancer, 29 with stage D2 disease in remission and 28 with progressive stage D2 carcinoma.

RESULTS

Serum P1CP and alkaline phosphatase were significantly elevated in untreated patients with a positive bone scan (278.9 +/- 61.9 ng./ml. and 826.5 +/- 176.3 international units per 1., respectively) compared to those with a negative bone scan (104.2 +/- 4.2 and 200.8 +/- 9.1, respectively, p <0.05). The areas under receiver operating characteristics curves were 0.86 for P1CP, 0.87 for alkaline phosphatase, 0.88 for PSA and 0.85 for PAP. The best accuracy rates for P1CP, alkaline phosphatase, PSA and PAP to predict bone lesions were 84, 87, 86 and 84%, respectively. P1CP provided a greater specificity and positive predictive value. These serum markers correlated significantly with the extent of disease on bone scan (p <0.05). The incidence of positive serum P1CP and alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in response to endocrine therapy in patients with bone metastasis, and increased progressively in association with progression of the tumor (p <0.05) parallel to PSA and PAP.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that serum P1CP is a useful indicator for predicting bone metastases.

Invasive thymoma with endobronchial polypoid growth

A rare case of invasive thymoma with endobronchial polypoid growth is presented. A 68-year-old woman presented with coughing and sputum. The chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) findings demonstrated a large mass with a calcified lesion in the left hilar region. A bronchoscopic examination showed a polypoid tumor in the left B3b bronchus. The tumor was surgically resected and revealed a unique polypoid endobronchial extension. This tumor was pathologically diagnosed to be invasive thymoma.

A transient increase in serum procollagen 1 carboxyterminal peptide following effective treatment in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases

Procollagen 1 carboxyterminal peptide (P1CP) is thought to be an indicator of new bone formation. The present report demonstrates that effective endocrine therapy induced an initial increase followed by a delayed decrease in serum levels of P1CP and alkaline phosphatase in spite of an immediate decrease in serum PSA and PAP and improvement of clinical symptoms in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. The transient increase in P1CP and alkaline phosphatase is a healing reaction and is followed by apparent improvement. Short-term effects of endocrine therapy on prostate cancer patients with bone metastases should be comprehensively evaluated based upon the entire spectrum of clinical and laboratory findings including serial changes of serum prostate markers and bone markers as well.

Priming effect of platelet activating factor on leukotriene C4 from stimulated eosinophils of asthmatic patients

BACKGROUND

Eosinophils from asthmatic patients are known to release greater amounts of leukotrienes than normal eosinophils when stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187. The effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) in priming eosinophils was investigated.

METHODS

Eosinophils were obtained from 18 asthmatic patients and 18 healthy donors. Cells separated by the Percoll gradients were incubated with PAF (C-18) for 30 minutes and then stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM) for 15 minutes. The amount of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in supernatants was measured using a combination of high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS

The mean (SD) amount of LTC4 released by eosinophils from asthmatic patients upon stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 alone was 27.9 (9.9) ng/10(6) cells (n = 6). The amount of LTC4 released following stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 after pretreatment with PAF (1, 5, and 10 microM) was 57.2 (8.9), 75.1 (14.3), and 52.6 (10.7) ng/10(6) cells (n = 6), respectively. Trace amounts of LTC4 (0.9 (0.02) ng/10(6) cells, n = 6) were detected in the supernatant of the cells after stimulation by PAF alone (5 microM). The amount of LTC4 released upon stimulation by calcium ionophore A23187 alone in eosinophils from healthy donors was 10.3 (3.7) ng/10(6) cells (n = 4). The amounts of LTC4 released upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 after pretreatment with PAF at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 microM were 11.9 (3.5), 17.8 (5.6), and 12.7 (5.1) ng/10(6) cells (n = 4), respectively. Trace amounts of LTC4 (0.6 (0.02) ng/10(6) cells, n = 4) were detected in the supernatant of the cells upon stimulation with PAF alone (5 microM). The amounts of LTC4 released upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 after pretreatment with lyso-PAF at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 microM (n = 4 or 6) were 30.8 (5.2), 22.9 (5.1), and 27.3 (4.3) ng/10(6) cells (n = 6) from the eosinophils of asthmatic patients and 13.7 (3.3), 15.2 (4.9), and 14.7 (3.8) ng/10(6) cells (n = 4) from the eosinophils of healthy donors.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated that PAF enhanced LTC4 formation by eosinophils obtained from asthmatic patients stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187, but not those obtained from normal subjects.

[Hansenula anomala fungemia in a patient undergoing IVH-treatment with ascending colon carcinoma]

A case of catheter-related fungemia due to Hansenula anomala is reported. A 61-year-old male was diagnosed as having stage 3 ascending colon carcinoma stenosing the colon severely and was admitted to our hospital to receive an operation of the carcinoma. Just after admission, an intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) catheter was inserted and IVH was started to prevent development of ileus and to prepare for laparotomy. Nine days later, he developed a fever. On the next day, the IVH catheter was removed and cultures of blood and the catheter revealed the presence of yeast-like organisms that were identified as H. anomala. Laboratory data showed hypogranulocytemia, slight disturbances of liver and kidney, a prolongation of PT, an increase of FDP and positive reaction of candida antigen by CAND-TEC. He improved after the removal of the catheter, and treatment with intravenous infusion of fluconazole 2 days after the removal was thought to be useful for recovery and to prevent the reappearance of infection though susceptibility to fluconazole was not good. Human infections due to H. anomala are rare and this is the 8th case of H. anomala fungemia in Japan. From this report and a review of the literature, risk factors for developing this fungemia include the use and abuse of central venous catheters such as IVH-catheter. It appears that H. anomala has recently emerged as a potential pathogen in the immunocompromised hosts and patients after insertion of central venous catheters and that these organisms should be added to the growing list of unusual fungal pathogens in these patients.