1
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Liu J, Vernikovskaya D, Bora G, Carlo A, Burchett W, Jordan S, Tang LWT, Yang J, Che Y, Chang G, Troutman MD, Di L. Novel Multiplexed High Throughput Screening of Selective Inhibitors for Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Using Human Hepatocytes. AAPS J 2024; 26:36. [PMID: 38546903 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective chemical inhibitors are critical for reaction phenotyping to identify drug-metabolizing enzymes that are involved in the elimination of drug candidates. Although relatively selective inhibitors are available for the major cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), they are quite limited for the less common CYPs and non-CYPs. To address this gap, we developed a multiplexed high throughput screening (HTS) assay using 20 substrate reactions of multiple enzymes to simultaneously monitor the inhibition of enzymes in a 384-well format. Four 384-well assay plates can be run at the same time to maximize throughput. This is the first multiplexed HTS assay for drug-metabolizing enzymes reported. The HTS assay is technologically enabled with state-of-the-art robotic systems and highly sensitive modern LC-MS/MS instrumentation. Virtual screening is utilized to identify inhibitors for HTS based on known inhibitors and enzyme structures. Screening of ~4600 compounds generated many hits for many drug-metabolizing enzymes including the two time-dependent and selective aldehyde oxidase inhibitors, erlotinib and dibenzothiophene. The hit rate is much higher than that for the traditional HTS for biological targets due to the promiscuous nature of the drug-metabolizing enzymes and the biased compound selection process. Future efforts will focus on using this method to identify selective inhibitors for enzymes that do not currently have quality hits and thoroughly characterizing the newly identified selective inhibitors from our screen. We encourage colleagues from other organizations to explore their proprietary libraries using a similar approach to identify better inhibitors that can be used across the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daria Vernikovskaya
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary Bora
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony Carlo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Woodrow Burchett
- Global Biometrics and Data Management, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joy Yang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ye Che
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Chang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
- Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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2
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Yazdi AK, Perveen S, Dong C, Song X, Dong A, Szewczyk MM, Calabrese MF, Casimiro-Garcia A, Chakrapani S, Dowling MS, Ficici E, Lee J, Montgomery JI, O'Connell TN, Skrzypek GJ, Tran TP, Troutman MD, Wang F, Young JA, Min J, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Brown PJ, Santhakumar V, Arrowsmith CH, Vedadi M, Owen DR. Chemical tools for the Gid4 subunit of the human E3 ligase C-terminal to LisH (CTLH) degradation complex. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1066-1071. [PMID: 38516600 PMCID: PMC10953471 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00633f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel chemical handle (PFI-E3H1) and a chemical probe (PFI-7) as ligands for the Gid4 subunit of the human E3 ligase CTLH degradation complex. Through an efficient initial hit-ID campaign, structure-based drug design (SBDD) and leveraging the sizeable Pfizer compound library, we identified a 500 nM ligand for this E3 ligase through file screening alone. Further exploration identified a vector that is tolerant to addition of a linker for future chimeric molecule design. The chemotype was subsequently optimized to sub-100 nM Gid4 binding affinity for a chemical probe. These novel tools, alongside the suitable negative control also identified, should enable the interrogation of this complex human E3 ligase macromolecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumera Perveen
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Cheng Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Xiaosheng Song
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jisun Lee
- Pfizer Research & Development Groton CT USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Wang
- Pfizer Research & Development Groton CT USA
| | | | - Jinrong Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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3
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Xu Y, West GM, Abdelmessih M, Troutman MD, Everley RA. A Comparison of Two Stability Proteomics Methods for Drug Target Identification in OnePot 2D Format. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1445-1455. [PMID: 34374519 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stability proteomics techniques that do not require drug modifications have emerged as an attractive alternative to affinity purification methods in drug target engagement studies. Two representative techniques include the chemical-denaturation-based SPROX (Stability of Proteins from Rates of Oxidation), which utilizes peptide-level quantification and thermal-denaturation-based TPP (Thermal Proteome Profiling), which utilizes protein-level quantification. Recently, the "OnePot" strategy was adapted for both SPROX and TPP to increase the throughput. When combined with the 2D setup which measures both the denaturation and the drug dose dimensions, the OnePot 2D format offers improved analysis specificity with higher resource efficiency. However, a systematic evaluation of the OnePot 2D format and a comparison between SPROX and TPP are still lacking. Here, we performed SPROX and TPP to identify protein targets of a well-studied pan-kinase inhibitor staurosporine with K562 lysate, in curve-fitting and OnePot 2D formats. We found that the OnePot 2D format provided ∼10× throughput, achieved ∼1.6× protein coverage and involves more straightforward data analysis. We also compared SPROX with the current "gold-standard" stability proteomics technique TPP in the OnePot 2D format. The protein coverage of TPP is ∼1.5 fold of SPROX; however, SPROX offers protein domain-level information, identifies comparable numbers of kinase hits, has higher signal (R value), and requires ∼3× less MS time. Unique SPROX hits encompass higher-molecular-weight proteins, compared to the unique TPP hits, and include atypical kinases. We also discuss hit stratification and prioritization strategies to promote the efficiency of hit followup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrong Xu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Graham M. West
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mario Abdelmessih
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew D. Troutman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A. Everley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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4
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Zhang H, Liu C, Hua W, Ghislain LP, Liu J, Aschenbrenner L, Noell S, Dirico KJ, Lanyon LF, Steppan CM, West M, Arnold DW, Covey TR, Datwani SS, Troutman MD. Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10850-10861. [PMID: 34320311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a mass spectrometry (MS) analytical platform resulting from the novel integration of acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) technology, an open-port interface (OPI), and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS that creates a transformative system enabling high-speed sampling and label-free analysis. The ADE technology delivers nanoliter droplets in a touchless manner with high speed, precision, and accuracy. Subsequent sample dilution within the OPI, in concert with the capabilities of modern ESI-MS, eliminates the laborious sample preparation and method development required in current approaches. This platform is applied to a variety of experiments, including high-throughput (HT) pharmacology screening, label-free in situ enzyme kinetics, in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, pharmacokinetic and biomarker analysis, and HT parallel medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Wenyi Hua
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lucien P Ghislain
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lisa Aschenbrenner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kenneth J Dirico
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mike West
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Don W Arnold
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Sammy S Datwani
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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5
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DiRico K, Hua W, Liu C, Tucker JW, Ratnayake AS, Flanagan ME, Troutman MD, Noe MC, Zhang H. Ultra-High-Throughput Acoustic Droplet Ejection-Open Port Interface-Mass Spectrometry for Parallel Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1101-1110. [PMID: 32550988 PMCID: PMC7294554 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput experimentation (HTE) has emerged as an important tool in drug discovery, providing a platform for preparing large compound libraries and enabling swift reaction screening over wide-ranging conditions. Recent advances in automated high-density, material-sparing HTE have necessitated the development of rapid analytics with sensitivity and resolution sufficient to identify products and/or assess reaction performance in a timely and data-rich manner. Combination of an ultrathroughput (UT) reader platform with Acoustic Droplet Ejection-Open Port Interface-Mass Spectrometry (ADE-OPI-MS) provides the requisite speed and sensitivity. Herein, we report the application of ADE-OPI-MS to HTE in the areas of parallel medicinal chemistry and reaction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth
J. DiRico
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wenyi Hua
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Joseph W. Tucker
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anokha S. Ratnayake
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark E. Flanagan
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew D. Troutman
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark C. Noe
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pfizer
Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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6
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Trapa PE, Troutman MD, Lau TY, Wager TT, Maurer TS, Patel NC, West MA, Umland JP, Carlo AA, Feng B, Liras JL. In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation of Key Transporter Activity at the Blood–Brain Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:405-411. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Fu C, Di L, Han X, Soderstrom C, Snyder M, Troutman MD, Obach RS, Zhang H. Aldehyde Oxidase 1 (AOX1) in Human Liver Cytosols: Quantitative Characterization of AOX1 Expression Level and Activity Relationship. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1797-804. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Di L, Keefer C, Scott DO, Strelevitz TJ, Chang G, Bi YA, Lai Y, Duckworth J, Fenner K, Troutman MD, Obach RS. Mechanistic insights from comparing intrinsic clearance values between human liver microsomes and hepatocytes to guide drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Di L, Whitney‐Pickett C, Umland JP, Zhang H, Zhang X, Gebhard DF, Lai Y, Federico JJ, Davidson RE, Smith R, Reyner EL, Lee C, Feng B, Rotter C, Varma MV, Kempshall S, Fenner K, El‐kattan AF, Liston TE, Troutman MD. Development of a new permeability assay using low‐efflux MDCKII cells. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4974-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Di L, Umland JP, Chang G, Huang Y, Lin Z, Scott DO, Troutman MD, Liston TE. Species Independence in Brain Tissue Binding Using Brain Homogenates. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1270-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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11
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Cook JA, Feng B, Fenner KS, Kempshall S, Liu R, Rotter C, Smith DA, Troutman MD, Ullah M, Lee CA. Refining the in vitro and in vivo critical parameters for P-glycoprotein, [I]/IC50 and [I2]/IC50, that allow for the exclusion of drug candidates from clinical digoxin interaction studies. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:398-411. [PMID: 20025245 DOI: 10.1021/mp900174z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to further investigate the reasons for disconcordant clinical digoxin drug interactions (DDIs) particularly for false negative where in vitro data suggests no P-glycoprotein (P-gp) related DDI but a clinically relevant DDI is evident. Applying statistical analyses of binary classification and receiver operating characteristic (ROC), revised cutoff values for ratio of [I]/IC(50) < 0.1 and [I(2)]/IC(50) < 5 were identified to minimize the error rate, a reduction of false negative rate to 9% from 36% (based on individual ratios). The steady state total C(max) at highest dose of the inhibitor is defined as [I] and the ratio of the nominal maximal gastrointestinal concentration determined for highest dose per 250 mL volume defined [I(2)](.) We also investigated the reliability of the clinical data to see if recommendations can be made on values that would allow predictions of 25% change in digoxin exposure. The literature derived clinical digoxin interaction studies were statistically powered to detect relevant changes in exposure associated with digitalis toxicities. Our analysis identified that many co-meds administered with digoxin are cardiovascular (CV) agents. Moreover, our investigations also suggest that the presence of CV agents may alter cardiac output and/or kidney function that may act alone or are additional components to enhance digoxin exposure along with P-gp interaction. While we recommend digoxin as the probe substrate to define P-gp inhibitory potency for clinical assessment, we observed high concordance in P-gp inhibitory potency for calcein AM as a probe substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Cook
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Groton/New London, Connecticut, Sandwich, UK
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12
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Wager TT, Chandrasekaran RY, Hou X, Troutman MD, Verhoest PR, Villalobos A, Will Y. Defining desirable central nervous system drug space through the alignment of molecular properties, in vitro ADME, and safety attributes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:420-34. [PMID: 22778836 PMCID: PMC3368653 DOI: 10.1021/cn100007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our effort to increase survival of drug candidates and to move our medicinal chemistry design to higher probability space for success in the Neuroscience therapeutic area, we embarked on a detailed study of the property space for a collection of central nervous system (CNS) molecules. We carried out a thorough analysis of properties for 119 marketed CNS drugs and a set of 108 Pfizer CNS candidates. In particular, we focused on understanding the relationships between physicochemical properties, in vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) attributes, primary pharmacology binding efficiencies, and in vitro safety data for these two sets of compounds. This scholarship provides guidance for the design of CNS molecules in a property space with increased probability of success and may lead to the identification of druglike candidates with favorable safety profiles that can successfully test hypotheses in the clinic.
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13
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Kalgutkar AS, Frederick KS, Chupka J, Feng B, Kempshall S, Mireles RJ, Fenner KS, Troutman MD. N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2[1H]-yl)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-amine (CP-100,356) as a "chemical knock-out equivalent" to assess the impact of efflux transporters on oral drug absorption in the rat. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:4914-27. [PMID: 19373887 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The utility of the diaminoquinazoline derivative CP-100,356 as an in vivo probe to selectively assess MDR1/BCRP-mediated drug efflux was examined in the rat. CP-100,356 was devoid of inhibition (IC(50) >50 microM) against major human P450 enzymes including P4503A4. In human MDR1-transfected MDCKII cells, CP-100,356 inhibited acetoxymethyl calcein (calcein-AM) uptake (IC(50) approximately 0.5 +/- 0.07 microM) and digoxin transport (IC(50) approximately 1.2 +/- 0.1 microM). Inhibition of prazosin transport (IC(50) approximately 1.5 +/- 0.3 microM) in human BCRP-transfected MDCKII cells by CP-100,356 confirmed the dual MDR1/BCRP inhibitory properties. CP-100,356 was a weak inhibitor of OATP1B1 (IC(50) approximately 66 +/- 1.1 microM) and was devoid of MRP2 inhibition (IC(50) >15 microM). In vivo inhibitory effects of CP-100,356 in rats were examined after coadministration with MDR1 substrate fexofenadine and dual MDR1/BCRP substrate prazosin. Coadministration with increasing doses of CP-100,356 resulted in dramatic increases in systemic exposure of fexofenadine (36- and 80-fold increase in C(max) and AUC at a CP-100,356 dose of 24 mg/kg). Significant differences in prazosin pharmacokinetics were also discernible in CP-100,356-pretreated rats as reflected from a 2.6-fold increase in AUC. Coadministration of CP-100,356 and P4503A substrate midazolam did not result in elevations in systemic exposure of midazolam in the rat. The in vivo methodology should have utility in drug discovery in selective and facile assessment of the role of MDR1 and BCRP efflux transporters in oral absorption of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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14
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Varma MVS, Obach RS, Rotter C, Miller HR, Chang G, Steyn SJ, El-Kattan A, Troutman MD. Physicochemical Space for Optimum Oral Bioavailability: Contribution of Human Intestinal Absorption and First-Pass Elimination. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1098-108. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901371v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. S. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Charles Rotter
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Howard R. Miller
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - George Chang
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Stefanus J. Steyn
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Matthew D. Troutman
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
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15
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Varma MVS, Feng B, Obach RS, Troutman MD, Chupka J, Miller HR, El-Kattan A. Physicochemical Determinants of Human Renal Clearance. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4844-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. S. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Bo Feng
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Matthew D. Troutman
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Chupka
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Howard R. Miller
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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16
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Zhou L, Schmidt K, Nelson FR, Zelesky V, Troutman MD, Feng B. The effect of breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein on the brain penetration of flavopiridol, imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), prazosin, and 2-methoxy-3-(4-(2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)propanoic acid (PF-407288) in mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:946-55. [PMID: 19225039 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) and the combined activities of Bcrp and P-glycoprotein (P-gp, Mdr1a/1b) in limiting the brain penetration of drugs at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were investigated using wild-type FVB, Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-), Bcrp(-/-), and Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-)Bcrp(-/-) mice. Four drugs, flavopiridol, imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), PF-407288, and prazosin, with different transport specificity for BCRP/Bcrp and MDR1/Mdr1a were selected, and the drug levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain of mice were determined. Flavopiridol and prazosin were identified as substrates for both mouse Bcrp and Mdr1a with greater transport associated with Bcrp. The brain/plasma (B/P) ratios at 0.5 and 2 h in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-) and Bcrp(-/-) mice were 1- to 2-fold for both compounds, whereas the ratios in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-)Bcrp(-/-) mice were more than 5-fold of those observed in FVB mice. For imatinib, a better substrate of P-gp than Bcrp, the B/P ratios in Bcrp(-/-) were comparable to those in FVB mice, whereas the B/P ratios in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-) and Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-)Bcrp(-/-) mice were more than 4- and 28-fold of those in FVB mice at both time points, respectively. Finally, the Bcrp-specific substrate PF-407288 exhibited comparable B/P ratios in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-) and Bcrp(-/-) mice and slightly but significantly increased B/P ratios in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-)Bcrp(-/-) mice compared with those in FVB mice. The B/P ratios of compounds in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-)Bcrp(-/-) mice compared with those in Mdr1a/1b(-/-), (-/-) mice clearly demonstrate that Bcrp impairs the brain penetration of its substrates. Moreover, P-gp and Bcrp at BBB function synergistically to limit the brain penetration of shared substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, MS 8118W-131, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Gao H, Yao L, Mathieu HW, Zhang Y, Maurer TS, Troutman MD, Scott DO, Ruggeri RB, Lin J. In Silico Modeling of Nonspecific Binding to Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2130-5. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Feng B, Mills JB, Davidson RE, Mireles RJ, Janiszewski JS, Troutman MD, de Morais SM. In vitro P-glycoprotein assays to predict the in vivo interactions of P-glycoprotein with drugs in the central nervous system. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:268-75. [PMID: 17962372 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one structurally diverse marketed central nervous system (CNS)-active drugs, one active metabolite, and seven non-CNS-active compounds were tested in three P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro assays: transwell assays using MDCK, human MDR1-MDCK, and mouse Mdr1a-MDCK cells, ATPase, and calcein AM inhibition. Additionally, the permeability for these compounds was measured in two in vitro models: parallel artificial membrane permeation assay and apical-to-basolateral apparent permeability in MDCK. The exposure of the same set of compounds in brain and plasma was measured in P-gp knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice after subcutaneous administration. One drug and its metabolite, risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, of the 32 CNS compounds, and 6 of the 7 non-CNS drugs were determined to have positive efflux using ratio of ratios in MDR1-MDCK versus MDCK transwell assays. Data from transwell studies correlated well with the brain-to-plasma area under the curve ratios between P-gp KO and WT mice for the 32 CNS compounds. In addition, 3300 Pfizer compounds were tested in MDR1-MDCK and Mdr1a-MDCK transwell assays, with a good correlation (R(2) = 0.92) between the efflux ratios in human MDR1-MDCK and mouse Mdr1a-MDCK cells. Permeability data showed that the majority of the 32 CNS compounds have moderate to high passive permeability. This work has demonstrated that in vitro transporter assays help in understanding the role of P-gp-mediated efflux activity in determining the disposition of CNS drugs in vivo, and the transwell assay is a valuable in vitro assay to evaluate human P-gp interaction with compounds for assessing brain penetration of new chemical entities to treat CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Singleton DH, Boyd H, Steidl-Nichols JV, Deacon M, Groot MJD, Price D, Nettleton DO, Wallace NK, Troutman MD, Williams C, Boyd JG. Fluorescently Labeled Analogues of Dofetilide as High-Affinity Fluorescence Polarization Ligands for the Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) Channel. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2931-41. [PMID: 17536794 DOI: 10.1021/jm0700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel fluorescent derivatives of dofetilide (1) have been synthesized. Analogues that feature a fluorescent probe attached through an aliphatic spacer to the central tertiary nitrogen of 1 have high affinity for the hERG channel, and affinity is dependent on both linker length and pendent dye. These variables have been optimized to generate Cy3B derivative 10e, which has hERG channel affinity equivalent to that of dofetilide. When bound to cell membranes expressing the hERG channel, 10e shows a robust increase in fluorescence polarization (FP) signal. In a FP binding assay using 10e as tracer ligand, Ki values for several known hERG channel blockers were measured and excellent agreement with the literature Ki values was observed over an affinity range of 2 nM to 3 muM. 10e blocks hERG channel current in electrophysiological patch clamp experiments, and computational docking experiments predict that the dofetilide core of 10e binds hERG channel in a conformation similar to that previously predicted for 1. These analogues enable high-throughput hERG channel binding assays that are rapid, economical, and predictive of test compounds' potential for prolonged QT liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Singleton
- Exploratory Medicinal Sciences and ADME Technology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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Troutman MD, Thakker DR. Efflux ratio cannot assess P-glycoprotein-mediated attenuation of absorptive transport: asymmetric effect of P-glycoprotein on absorptive and secretory transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res 2003; 20:1200-9. [PMID: 12948018 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025049014674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to determine whether P-glycoprotein (P-gp) modulates absorptive and secretory transport equally across polarized epithelium (i.e., Caco-2 cell monolayers) for structurally diverse P-gp substrates, a requirement for the use of the efflux ratio to quantify P-gp-mediated attenuation of absorption across intestinal epithelium. METHODS Studies were performed in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Apparent permeability (P(app)) in absorptive (P(app,AB)) and secretory (P(app,BA)) directions as well as efflux ratios (P(app,BA)/P(app,AB)) were determined for substrates as a function of concentration. Transport of these compounds (10 microM) was measured under normal conditions and in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor, GW918 (1 microM), to dissect the effect of P-gp on absorptive and secretory transport. Apparent biochemical constants of P-gp-mediated efflux activity were calculated for both transport directions. RESULTS Efflux ratios for rhodamine 123 and digoxin were comparable (approx. 10). However, transport studies in the presence of GW918 revealed that P-gp attenuated absorptive transport of digoxin by approx. 8-fold but had no effect on absorptive transport of rhodamine 123 (presumably because absorptive transport of rhodamine 123 occurs via paracellular route). The apparent Km for P-gp-mediated efflux of digoxin was > 6-fold larger in absorptive vs. secretory direction. For structurally diverse P-gp substrates (acebutolol, colchicine, digoxin, etoposide, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, quinidine, and talinolol) apparent Km was approximately 3 to 8-fold greater in absorptive vs. secretory transport direction, whereas apparent J(max) was somewhat similar in both transport directions. CONCLUSIONS P-gp-mediated efflux activity observed during absorptive and secretory transport was asymmetric for all substrates tested. For substrates that crossed polarized epithelium via transcellular pathway in both directions, this difference appears to be caused by greater apparent Km of P-gp-mediated efflux activity in absorptive vs. secretory direction. These results clearly suggest that use of efflux ratios could be misleading in predicting the extent to which P-gp attenuates the absorptive transport of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Troutman
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Troutman MD, Thakker DR. Novel experimental parameters to quantify the modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds by P-glycoprotein in cell culture models of intestinal epithelium. Pharm Res 2003; 20:1210-24. [PMID: 12948019 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025001131513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to elucidate the asymmetric effect of P-gp on modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds across polarized epithelium, to develop experimental parameters to quantify P-gp-mediated modulation of absorptive and secretory transport, and to elucidate how P-gp-mediated modulation of transport is affected by passive diffusion properties, interaction of the substrate with P-gp, and P-gp expression. METHODS The permeability of a set of P-gp substrates was determined in absorptive and secretory directions in Madine-Darby Canine kidney (MDCK), Caco-2, and MDR-MDCK monolayers. The transport was also determined in the presence of GW918, a non-competitive P-gp inhibitor, to quantify the permeability without the influence of P-gp. From these two experimental permeability values in each direction, two new parameters, absorptive quotient (AQ) and the secretory quotient (SQ), were defined to express the functional activity of P-gp during absorptive and secretory transport, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to quantify P-gp expression in these monolayers and in normal human intestinal. RESULTS P-gp expression in Caco-2 and MDR-MDCK monolayers was comparable to that in normal intestine, and much less in MDCK cells. For all models, the substrates encompassed a wide range of apparent permeability due to passive diffusion (PPD). The parameters AQ and SQ, calculated for all compounds, assessed the attenuation in absorptive and enhancement of secretory transport, respectively, normalized to the permeability due to passive diffusion. Analysis of these parameters showed that 1) P-gp affected absorptive and secretory transport differentially and 2) compounds could be stratified into distinct groups with respect to the modulation of their absorptive and secretory transport by P-gp. Compounds could be identified whose absorptive transport was either strongly affected or poorly affected by changes in P-gp expression. For certain compounds, AQ values showed parabolic relationship with respect to passive diffusivity, and for others AQ was unaffected by changes in passive diffusivity. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between attenuation of absorptive transport and enhancement of secretory transport of compounds by P-gp is asymmetric, and different for different sets of compounds. The relationship between attenuation of absorption by P-gp and passive diffusivity of compounds, their interaction potential with P-gp, and levels of P-gp expression is complex; however, compounds can be classified into sets based on these relationships. A classification system that describes the functional activity of P-gp with respect to modulation of absorptive and secretory transport was developed from these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Troutman
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to elucidate transport pathways of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates rhodamine 123 (R123) and doxorubicin across Caco-2 cells. METHODS Experiments were designed to identify saturable and nonsaturable transport processes and transport barriers for R123 and doxorubicin transport across Caco-2 cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaged R123 transport under normal conditions and in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor, GW918 (used to abolish P-gp-mediated efflux activity). RESULTS R123 secretory P(app) (P(app,BA)) showed concentration dependence, whereas R123 absorptive P(app) (P(app,AB)) did not. Inhibition of P-gp efflux revealed that P-gp-mediated efflux had no effect on R123 or doxorubicin P(app,AB), but enhanced R123 and doxorubicin P(app,BA). In calcium-free medium, R123 P(app,AB) increased 15-fold, indicating intercellular junctions are a barrier to R123 absorption. CLSM of R123 fluorescence during absorptive transport under normal conditions and in the presence of GW918 was identical, and was limited to paracellular space, confirming that P-gp is not a barrier to R123 absorption. CLSM revealed that R123 fluorescence during secretory transport under normal conditions and in the presence of GW918 was localized intracellularly and in paracellular space. R123 and doxorubicin uptake across Caco-2 cells basolateral membrane was saturable. CONCLUSIONS R123 absorptive transport occurs primarily by paracellular route, whereas R123 secretory transport involves influx across BL membrane mediated solely by a saturable process followed by apically directed efflux via P-gp. Doxorubicin utilizes similar transport pathways to cross Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Troutman
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Ward PD, Klein RR, Troutman MD, Desai S, Thakker DR. Phospholipase C-gamma modulates epithelial tight junction permeability through hyperphosphorylation of tight junction proteins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35760-5. [PMID: 12101180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) is stimulated by epidermal growth factor via activation of the epidermal growth factor receptors. The PLC inhibitor, 3-nitrocoumarin (3-NC), selectively inhibited PLC-gamma in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells without affecting the activity of PLC-beta. In contrast, inhibitors of PLC-beta, hexadecylphosphocholine and, had no effect on the activity of PLC-gamma. Inhibition of PLC-gamma by 3-NC was associated with an increase in tight junction permeability across Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayers, as evidenced by 3-NC-induced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in mannitol flux over a concentration range that was inhibitory to PLC-gamma. An analog of 3-NC, 7-hydroxy-3-NC (7-OH-3-NC), which was inactive as an inhibitor of PLC-gamma, also had no effect on tight junction permeability. Treatment with 3-NC caused punctate disruption in the cortical actin filaments. The PLC-gamma inhibitor, 3-NC, but not the inactive analog, 7-OH-3-NC, caused hyperphosphorylation of the tight junction proteins, occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2. The serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, staurosporine (50-200 nm), significantly attenuated 3-NC-induced hyperphosphorylation of ZO-2. This corresponded with attenuation by staurosporine of 3-NC-induced increase in tight junction permeability, suggesting a relationship between ZO-2 phosphorylation and tight junction permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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