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Schauf AJ, Jones MF, Oh P. Simulating the dynamics of dispersal and dispersal ability in fragmented populations with mate-finding Allee effects. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10021. [PMID: 37091574 PMCID: PMC10121235 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We consider the spatial propagation and genetic evolution of model populations comprising multiple subpopulations, each distinguished by its own characteristic dispersal rate. Mate finding is modeled in accord with the assumption that reproduction is based on random encounters between pairs of individuals, so that the frequency of interbreeding between two subpopulations is proportional to the product of local population densities of each. The resulting nonlinear growth term produces an Allee effect, whereby reproduction rates are lower in sparsely populated areas; the distribution of dispersal rates that evolves is then highly dependent upon the population's initial spatial distribution. In a series of numerical test cases, we consider how these dynamics affect lattice-like arrangements of population fragments, and investigate how a population's initial fragmentation determines the dispersal rates that evolve as a habitat is colonized. First, we consider a case where initial population fragments coincide with habitat islands, within which death rates differ from those that apply outside; the presence of inhospitable exterior regions exaggerates Allee effect-driven reductions in dispersal ability. We then examine how greater distances separating adjacent population fragments lead to more severe reductions in dispersal ability. For populations of a fixed initial magnitude, fragmentation into smaller, denser patches leads not only to greater losses of dispersal ability, but also helps ensure the population's long-term persistence, emphasizing the trade-offs between the benefits and risks of rapid dispersal under Allee effects. Next, simulations of well-established populations disrupted by localized depopulation events illustrate how mate-finding Allee effects and spatial heterogeneity can drive a population's dispersal ability to evolve either downward or upward depending on conditions, highlighting a qualitative distinction between population fragmentation and habitat heterogeneity. A final test case compares populations that are fragmented across multiple scales, demonstrating how differences in the relative scales of micro- and macro-level fragmentation can lead to qualitatively different evolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Schauf
- Department of PhysicsNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- NUS CitiesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Matthew F. Jones
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
- Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Poong Oh
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and InformationNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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2
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Jones MF, Hasiotis ST. Terrestrial locomotor behaviors of the big brown bat (Vespertilionidae: Eptesicus fuscus). MAMMAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-022-00669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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3
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Rietbergen TB, van den Hoek Ostende LW, Aase A, Jones MF, Medeiros ED, Simmons NB. The oldest known bat skeletons and their implications for Eocene chiropteran diversification. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283505. [PMID: 37043445 PMCID: PMC10096270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fossil Lake deposits of the Green River Formation of Wyoming, a remarkable early Eocene Lagerstätte (51.98 ±0.35 Ma), have produced nearly 30 bat fossils over the last 50 years. However, diversity has thus far been limited to only two bat species. Here, we describe a new species of Icaronycteris based on two articulated skeletons discovered in the American Fossil Quarry northwest of Kemmerer, Wyoming. The relative stratigraphic position of these fossils indicates that they are the oldest bat skeletons recovered to date anywhere in the world. Phylogenetic analysis of Eocene fossil bats and living taxa places the new species within the family Icaronycteridae as sister to Icaronycteris index, and additionally indicates that the two Green River archaic bat families (Icaronycteridae and Onychonycteridae) form a clade distinct from known Old World lineages of archaic bats. Our analyses found no evidence that Icaronycteris? menui (France) nor I. sigei (India) belong to this clade; accordingly, we therefore remove them from Icaronycteridae. Taken in sum, our results indicate that Green River bats represent a separate chiropteran radiation of basal bats, and provide additional support for the hypothesis of a rapid radiation of bats on multiple continents during the early Eocene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arvid Aase
- Fossil Butte National Monument, Kemmerer, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Matthew F Jones
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, The University of Kansas Lawrence, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Edward D Medeiros
- Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland, Canada
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
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4
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Jones MF, Li Q, Ni X, Beard KC. The earliest Asian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) address major gaps in bat evolution. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210185. [PMID: 34186001 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats dispersed widely after evolving the capacity for powered flight, and fossil bats are known from the early Eocene of most continents. Until now, however, bats have been conspicuously absent from the early Eocene of mainland Asia. Here, we report two teeth from the Junggar Basin of northern Xinjiang, China belonging to the first known early Eocene bats from Asia, representing arguably the most plesiomorphic bat molars currently recognized. These teeth combine certain bat synapomorphies with primitive traits found in other placental mammals, thereby potentially illuminating dental evolution among stem bats. The Junggar Basin teeth suggest that the dentition of the stem chiropteran family Onychonycteridae is surprisingly derived, although their postcranial anatomy is more primitive than that of any other Eocene bats. Additional comparisons with stem bat families Icaronycteridae and Archaeonycteridae fail to identify unambiguous synapomorphies for the latter taxa, raising the possibility that neither is monophyletic as currently recognized. The presence of highly plesiomorphic bats in the early Eocene of central Asia suggests that this region was an important locus for the earliest, transitional phases of bat evolution, as has been demonstrated for other placental mammal orders including Lagomorpha and Rodentia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Jones
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - K Christopher Beard
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Abstract
This paper outlines a creative Wikipedia-based project developed by the University of Kansas (KU) Libraries and the KU Biology Department. Inspired by the tenets of open pedagogy, the purpose of this project is to use Wikipedia as a way for students to learn about the scholarly peer review process while also producing material that can be shared and used by the world outside the classroom. The paper is divided into three sections, with the first summarizing pertinent related literature related to the paper’s topic. From here, the paper describes the proposed assignment, detailing a process wherein students write new articles for the encyclopedia which are then anonymously peer reviewed by other students in the class; when articles are deemed acceptable, they are published via Wikipedia. The parallels between this project and academic peer review are emphasized throughout. The paper closes by discussing the importance of this project, arguing that it fills a known scholarly need, actively produces knowledge, furthers the aims of the open access movement, and furthers scientific outreach initiatives.
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Li XL, Pongor L, Tang W, Das S, Muys BR, Jones MF, Lazar SB, Dangelmaier EA, Hartford CCR, Grammatikakis I, Hao Q, Sun Q, Schetter A, Martindale JL, Tang B, Jenkins LM, Robles AI, Walker RL, Ambs S, Chari R, Shabalina SA, Gorospe M, Hussain SP, Harris CC, Meltzer PS, Prasanth KV, Aladjem MI, Andresson T, Lal A. A small protein encoded by a putative lncRNA regulates apoptosis and tumorigenicity in human colorectal cancer cells. eLife 2020; 9:e53734. [PMID: 33112233 PMCID: PMC7673786 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are often associated with polysomes, indicating coding potential. However, only a handful of endogenous proteins encoded by putative lncRNAs have been identified and assigned a function. Here, we report the discovery of a putative gastrointestinal-tract-specific lncRNA (LINC00675) that is regulated by the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1 and encodes a conserved small protein of 79 amino acids which we termed FORCP (FOXA1-Regulated Conserved Small Protein). FORCP transcript is undetectable in most cell types but is abundant in well-differentiated colorectal cancer (CRC) cells where it functions to inhibit proliferation, clonogenicity, and tumorigenesis. The epitope-tagged and endogenous FORCP protein predominantly localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In response to ER stress, FORCP depletion results in decreased apoptosis. Our findings on the initial characterization of FORCP demonstrate that FORCP is a novel, conserved small protein encoded by a mis-annotated lncRNA that regulates apoptosis and tumorigenicity in well-differentiated CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ling Li
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Lőrinc Pongor
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Wei Tang
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Sudipto Das
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, IncFrederickUnited States
| | - Bruna R Muys
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Matthew F Jones
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Sarah B Lazar
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Emily A Dangelmaier
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Corrine CR Hartford
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Ioannis Grammatikakis
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
| | - Qinyu Hao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cancer Center at Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Qinyu Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cancer Center at Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Aaron Schetter
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jennifer L Martindale
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIHBaltimoreUnited States
| | - BinWu Tang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Ana I Robles
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Robert L Walker
- Molecular Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIHBaltimoreUnited States
| | - S Perwez Hussain
- Pancreatic Cancer Unit, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Molecular Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kannanganattu V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cancer Center at Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, IncFrederickUnited States
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUnited States
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Jones
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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8
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Li XL, Subramanian M, Jones MF, Chaudhary R, Singh DK, Zong X, Gryder B, Sindri S, Mo M, Schetter A, Wen X, Parvathaneni S, Kazandjian D, Jenkins LM, Tang W, Elloumi F, Martindale JL, Huarte M, Zhu Y, Robles AI, Frier SM, Rigo F, Cam M, Ambs S, Sharma S, Harris CC, Dasso M, Prasanth KV, Lal A. Long Noncoding RNA PURPL Suppresses Basal p53 Levels and Promotes Tumorigenicity in Colorectal Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2408-2423. [PMID: 28877474 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal p53 levels are tightly suppressed under normal conditions. Disrupting this regulation results in elevated p53 levels to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. Here, we report the suppression of basal p53 levels by a nuclear, p53-regulated long noncoding RNA that we termed PURPL (p53 upregulated regulator of p53 levels). Targeted depletion of PURPL in colorectal cancer cells results in elevated basal p53 levels and induces growth defects in cell culture and in mouse xenografts. PURPL associates with MYBBP1A, a protein that binds to and stabilizes p53, and inhibits the formation of the p53-MYBBP1A complex. In the absence of PURPL, MYBBP1A interacts with and stabilizes p53. Silencing MYBBP1A significantly rescues basal p53 levels and proliferation in PURPL-deficient cells, suggesting that MYBBP1A mediates the effect of PURPL in regulating p53. These results reveal a p53-PURPL auto-regulatory feedback loop and demonstrate a role for PURPL in maintaining basal p53 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ling Li
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Murugan Subramanian
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew F Jones
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deepak K Singh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinying Zong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sivasish Sindri
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Min Mo
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron Schetter
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Swetha Parvathaneni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Dickran Kazandjian
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fathi Elloumi
- Office of Science and Technology Resources, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Martindale
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maite Huarte
- Center for Applied Medical Research, Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- Molecular Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 28092, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- Office of Science and Technology Resources, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sudha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Molecular Genetics and Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary Dasso
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kannanganattu V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chaudhary R, Gryder B, Woods WS, Subramanian M, Jones MF, Li XL, Jenkins LM, Shabalina SA, Mo M, Dasso M, Yang Y, Wakefield LM, Zhu Y, Frier SM, Moriarity BS, Prasanth KV, Perez-Pinera P, Lal A. Prosurvival long noncoding RNA PINCR regulates a subset of p53 targets in human colorectal cancer cells by binding to Matrin 3. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28580901 PMCID: PMC5470874 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered, yet the function of the vast majority remains unclear. Here, we show that a p53-regulated lncRNA which we named PINCR (p53-induced noncoding RNA), is induced ~100-fold after DNA damage and exerts a prosurvival function in human colorectal cancer cells (CRC) in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Targeted deletion of PINCR in CRC cells significantly impaired G1 arrest and induced hypersensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. PINCR regulates the induction of a subset of p53 targets involved in G1 arrest and apoptosis, including BTG2, RRM2B and GPX1. Using a novel RNA pulldown approach that utilized endogenous S1-tagged PINCR, we show that PINCR associates with the enhancer region of these genes by binding to RNA-binding protein Matrin 3 that, in turn, associates with p53. Our findings uncover a critical prosurvival function of a p53/PINCR/Matrin 3 axis in response to DNA damage in CRC cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23244.001 Though DNA contains the information needed to build the proteins that keep cells alive, only 2% of the DNA in a human cell codes for proteins. The remaining 98% is referred to as non-coding DNA. The information in some of these non-coding regions can still be copied into molecules of RNA, including long molecules called lncRNAs. Little is known about what lncRNAs actually do, but growing evidence suggests that these molecules are important for a number of vital processes including cell growth and survival. When the DNA in an animal cell gets damaged, the cell needs to decide whether to pause growth and repair the damage, or to kill itself if the harm is too great. One of the best-studied proteins guiding this decision is the p53 protein, which increases the number of protein-coding genes needed to carry out either option in this decision. That is to say that, p53 regulates the genes needed to kill the cell and the genes needed to temporarily pause its growth and repair the damage, which instead keeps the cell alive. So, how does the p53 protein guide the decision, and are lncRNA molecules involved? Using human colon cancer cells, Chaudhary et al. now report that when DNA is damaged, the levels of a specific lncRNA increase 100-fold. Further experiments showed that this lncRNA – named PINCR, which refers to p53-induced noncoding RNA – promotes the survival of cells. Chaudhary et al. showed that PINCR molecules do this by recruiting a protein called Matrin 3 to a certain region in the DNA called an enhancer and then links it to promoter region in the DNA of specific genes that temporarily pause cell growth but keep the cell alive. This in turn activates these ‘pro-survival genes’. In further experiments, when the PINCR molecules were essentially deleted, p53 was not able to fully activate these genes and as a result more of the cells died. Together these findings increase our knowledge of how lncRNAs can work, especially in the context of DNA damage in cancer cells. A next important step will be to uncover other roles for the PINCR molecule in both cancer and healthy cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23244.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Chaudhary
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Wendy S Woods
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Murugan Subramanian
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Matthew F Jones
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Xiao Ling Li
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Min Mo
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mary Dasso
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- Molecular Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States
| | - Kannanganattu V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Pablo Perez-Pinera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Abstract
In a recent issue of Nature Methods, Shechner et al. (2015) reported the development of CRISPR Display (CRISP-Disp), which is a sophisticated, flexible, modular, and multiplexable platform for targeting different types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to genomic loci. CRISP-Disp will facilitate synthetic-biology applications and enable the elucidation of ncRNA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Perez-Pinera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew F Jones
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Biological Engineering, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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11
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Jones MF, Ling Li X, Subramanian M, Shabalina SA, Hara T, Zhu Y, Huang J, Yang Y, Wakefield LM, Prasanth KV, Lal A. Growth differentiation factor-15 encodes a novel microRNA 3189 that functions as a potent regulator of cell death. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1641-53. [PMID: 25698447 PMCID: PMC4563789 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the latest version of miRBase, approximately 30% of microRNAs (miRNAs) are unique to primates, but the physiological function of the vast majority remains unknown. In this study, we identified miR-3189 as a novel, p53-regulated, primate-specific miRNA embedded in the intron of the p53-target gene GDF15. Antagonizing miR-3189 increased proliferation and sensitized cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, suggesting a tumor suppressor function for endogenous miR-3189. Identification of genome-wide miR-3189 targets revealed that miR-3189 directly inhibits the expression of a large number of genes involved in cell cycle control and cell survival. In addition, miR-3189 downregulated the expression of multiple p53 inhibitors resulting in elevated p53 levels and upregulation of several p53 targets including p21 (CDKN1A), GADD45A and the miR-3189 host gene GDF15, suggesting miR-3189 auto-regulation. Surprisingly, miR-3189 overexpression in p53-/- cells upregulated a subset of p53-targets including GDF15, GADD45A, and NOXA, but not CDKN1A. Consistent with these results, overexpression of miR-3189 potently induced apoptosis and inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo in a p53-independent manner. Collectively, our study identified miR-3189 as a novel, primate-specific miRNA whose effects are mediated by both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. miR-3189 may, therefore, represent a novel tool that can be utilized therapeutically to induce a potent proapoptotic effect even in p53-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Jones
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - X Ling Li
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Subramanian
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Hara
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Molecular Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Huang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Cancer Biology of TGF-beta Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L M Wakefield
- Cancer Biology of TGF-beta Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 37 Convent Dr, Building 37, Room 6134, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA, Tel: +1 301 496 1200; Fax: +1 301 402 3241; E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
Human cancers are driven by genetic mutations which cause aberrant activation of pro-growth pathways. Although cancers are uniquely dependent on the pro-growth signaling from oncogenic pathways, efforts to directly target these have been largely unsuccessful. One of the most common and drug resistant oncogenic drivers in colon cancer is the GTPase KRAS. It has been shown that colon cancers with KRAS driver mutations are also 'addicted' to proteins outside of the KRAS pathway due to aberrant re-wiring of cell signaling. A number of genes with a synthetic lethal relationship to mutant KRAS have been previously identified by RNAi screens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and their expression is frequently dysregulated in cancers. Recently, we have used an innovative functional miRNA screening approach to identify miRNAs that inhibit the survival of KRAS-mutant cells but not KRAS-wild-type cells. MiR-126 was one of the miRNAs that displayed this selective effect. We found that miR-126 induced synthetic lethality in KRAS-Mutant cells via the down-regulation of the polo-like kinase signaling network and a number of genes specifically necessary for the growth of KRAS-Mutant tumors. This study offers a new way forward for exploiting the regulatory power of miRNAs to specifically target aberrant cell signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Jones
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toshifumi Hara
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Division of Virology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Subramanian M, Francis P, Bilke S, Li XL, Hara T, Lu X, Jones MF, Walker RL, Zhu Y, Pineda M, Lee C, Varanasi L, Yang Y, Martinez LA, Luo J, Ambs S, Sharma S, Wakefield LM, Meltzer PS, Lal A. A mutant p53/let-7i-axis-regulated gene network drives cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Oncogene 2014; 34:1094-104. [PMID: 24662829 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most p53 mutations in human cancers are missense mutations resulting in a full-length mutant p53 protein. Besides losing tumor suppressor activity, some hotspot p53 mutants gain oncogenic functions. This effect is mediated in part, through gene expression changes due to inhibition of p63 and p73 by mutant p53 at their target gene promoters. Here, we report that the tumor suppressor microRNA let-7i is downregulated by mutant p53 in multiple cell lines expressing endogenous mutant p53. In breast cancer patients, significantly decreased let-7i levels were associated with missense mutations in p53. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter luciferase assays established let-7i as a transcriptional target of mutant p53 through p63. Introduction of let-7i to mutant p53 cells significantly inhibited migration, invasion and metastasis by repressing a network of oncogenes including E2F5, LIN28B, MYC and NRAS. Our findings demonstrate that repression of let-7i expression by mutant p53 has a key role in enhancing migration, invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Subramanian
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Francis
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Bilke
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - X L Li
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Hara
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - X Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M F Jones
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R L Walker
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Pineda
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Varanasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L A Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J Luo
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Lal
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, Buckwalter SP, Jones MF, Vetter EA, Yao JDC, Wengenack NL, Rosenblatt JE, Cockerill FR, Smith TF. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:165-256. [PMID: 16418529 PMCID: PMC1360278 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.165-256.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR has revolutionized the way clinical microbiology laboratories diagnose many human microbial infections. This testing method combines PCR chemistry with fluorescent probe detection of amplified product in the same reaction vessel. In general, both PCR and amplified product detection are completed in an hour or less, which is considerably faster than conventional PCR detection methods. Real-time PCR assays provide sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of conventional PCR combined with Southern blot analysis, and since amplification and detection steps are performed in the same closed vessel, the risk of releasing amplified nucleic acids into the environment is negligible. The combination of excellent sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, and speed has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to culture- or immunoassay-based testing methods for diagnosing many infectious diseases. This review focuses on the application of real-time PCR in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Espy
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Hilton 470, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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15
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Hudson SJ, Jones MF, Nolan S, Ellis H, Duncombe R, Alexander-Williams JM. Stability of premixed syringes of diamorphine and hyperbaric bupivacaine. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005; 14:284-7. [PMID: 16140518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common clinical practice to add diamorphine to heavy bupivacaine when performing spinal anaesthesia for either obstetric or general surgical procedures. If pre-filled syringes were available potential problems arising due to the wrong mixture being administered could be reduced, whilst also providing greater assurances of sterility and accuracy of dosage. It is therefore necessary to establish whether diamorphine 100 microg/mL is stable in solution with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, to allow production of pre-filled syringes for use in spinal anaesthesia. METHOD Diamorphine hydrochloride was dissolved in water for injection, and added to hyperbaric bupivacaine then stored in 5-mL plastic syringes. Eleven syringes were stored at 40 degrees C/75% relative humidity, 25 degrees C/60% relative humidity and 7 degrees C for 90 days. Samples were taken at five time points for measurement of diamorphine and bupivacaine concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Diamorphine concentrations fell over the study period. No significant changes were observed the bupivacaine content of the samples. There was 10% degradation of diamorphine after 4 days at 40 degrees C, after 7 days at 25 degrees C, and after 26 days at 7 degrees C. CONCLUSION Diamorphine is stable in hyperbaric bupivacaine at 7 degrees C for long enough to allow preparation of pre-filled syringes in advance (by hospital pharmacy aseptic units) for use in spinal anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hudson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pharmacy, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford and Quality Control North West, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, UK.
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16
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Sánchez del Aguila MJ, Jones MF, Vohra A. Premixed solutions of diamorphine in ropivacaine for epidural anaesthesia: a study on their long-term stability. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:179-82. [PMID: 12538374 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local anaesthetics and opioid mixtures are commonly used to provide anaesthesia or analgesia during the perioperative period. In order to facilitate their preparation and storage it is necessary to establish the stability of such solutions. METHODS In our study, diamorphine was added to ropivacaine 0.2% 200-ml polybags to give a concentration of 25 micro g ml(-1) and to ropivacaine 1% 50-ml syringes to give a concentration of 45 micro g ml(-1). The polybags and syringes were stored at 40 degrees C, 21 degrees C and 4 degrees C for up to 120 days. Samples were taken during this period for measurement of diamorphine and ropivacaine content and pH of the solutions. RESULTS We found that the storage temperature and the initial concentration influenced the rate of degradation of diamorphine in both the polybags and the syringes. In the syringes, 10% degradation of diamorphine [T (0.9)] was: 6 days at 40 degrees C, 16 days at 21 degrees C and 30 days at 4 degrees C. In the polybags, diamorphine T (0.9) was 6 days at 40 degrees C, 28 days at 21 degrees C and 70 days at 4 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to manufacture such solutions in pharmacy aseptic units and to store them for up to 1 month for routine use in epidural infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sánchez del Aguila
- Department of Anaesthesia, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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17
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Abstract
Both serologic and molecular assays are useful in the diagnosis of viral hepatitis. They may detect early infections before other signs of disease appear, differentiate acute from chronic infections, and detect persistence of viremia or verify development of immunity. Molecular assays may also be used to monitor responses to antiviral therapy, and in the future, be a primary method to screen blood and organ donors (NAT). EIA serologies are used to diagnose acute HAV infections or establish immune status. Similar immunoassays are used to detect HBV infections, verify persistence of antigenemia and degree of infectivity, and indicate immunity (including the response to vaccination). HBV molecular assays can shorten the diagnostic window period, verify persistence of viremia, including monitoring response to antiviral therapy, and be useful in NAT screening of donors. Molecular assays play a major role in HCV diagnosis where serologic tests can document past or present infection but cannot differentiate one from the other. A variety of molecular tests can be used as sensitive (and early) detectors of viremia (and serve as confirmatory tests for positive serologies and as donor NAT methods), document its persistence as an indicator of chronic infection, and monitor responses to antiviral therapy. Both qualitative and quantitative molecular assays are available, and their efficient use requires familiarity with the sensitivity and dynamic ranges of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wolk
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratories, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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18
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Holmes JH, Jones MF, Anderson RP, Knopes KD, Guyton SW, Hall RA. The use of micro-dose aprotinin with continuous infusion in coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1999; 40:621-6. [PMID: 10596992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of aprotinin at a dose far less than standard. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Retrospective, case-control study. SETTING community-based, teaching hospital PATIENTS one hundred one patients undergoing primary, non-emergent, coronary artery bypass during two, six-month periods were studied. INTERVENTIONS during the first period aprotinin was not administered, and these patients served as controls (n = 52). During the second period all patients received aprotinin via a micro-dose regimen (n = 49). MEASURES postoperative bleeding and blood product usage served as determinants of efficacy. RESULTS A significant difference existed in postoperative bleeding with the mean thoracic drain outputs being reduced in the aprotinin group both at 6 hours (p = 0.0003) and in total (p = 0.0004). This was further supported by significantly higher hematocrits (p = 0.03) on the first postoperative day in patients receiving aprotinin. Likewise, there was a significant reduction in total blood product exposures (p = 0.04) and platelet usage (p = 0.02) in the aprotinin group with a tendency towards decreased red cell usage. Further, when all patients with a hematocrit < or =30% prior to bypass were excluded, the significant reduction in total blood product exposures persisted (p = 0.04), and there was a significant reduction in red cell usage (p = 0.04) with a trend towards decreased platelet usage (p = 0.06) in the aprotinin group. CONCLUSIONS Micro-dose aprotinin significantly reduces postoperative bleeding and blood product usage in primary, non-emergent, CABG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Holmes
- Department of General Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Halling VW, Jones MF, Bestrom JE, Wold AD, Rosenblatt JE, Smith TF, Cockerill FR. Clinical comparison of the Treponema pallidum CAPTIA syphilis-G enzyme immunoassay with the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption immunoglobulin G assay for syphilis testing. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3233-4. [PMID: 10488183 PMCID: PMC85535 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.10.3233-3234.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a treponema-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the CAPTIA Syphilis-G (Trinity Biotech, Jamestown, N.Y.), has become available as a diagnostic test for syphilis. A total of 89 stored sera previously tested by the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) IgG assay were evaluated by the CAPTIA EIA. The FTA-ABS IgG procedure was performed by technologists unblinded to results of rapid plasmid reagin (RPR) testing of the same specimens. Borderline CAPTIA-positive samples (antibody indices of >/=0.650 and </=0.900) were retested; if the second analysis produced an index of >0.900, the sample was considered positive. Thirteen of 89 (15%) samples had discrepant results. Compared to the FTA-ABS assay, the CAPTIA EIA had a sensitivity and specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 70.7, 97.9, 96.7, and 79.7%, respectively. In another analysis, discrepancies between results were resolved by repeated FTA-ABS testing (technologists were blinded to previous RPR results) and patient chart reviews. Seven CAPTIA-negative samples which were previously interpreted (unblinded) as minimally reactive by the FTA method were subsequently interpreted (blinded) as nonreactive. One other discrepant sample (CAPTIA negative and FTA-ABS positive [at an intensity of 3+], unblinded) was FTA negative with repeated testing (blinded). For the five remaining discrepant samples, chart reviews indicated that one patient (CAPTIA negative and FTA-ABS positive [minimally reactive], blinded) had possible syphilis. These five samples were also evaluated and found to be negative by another treponema-specific test, the Treponema pallidum microhemagglutination assay. Therefore, after repeated testing and chart reviews, 2 of the 89 (2%) samples had discrepant results; the adjusted sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 96.7, 98.3, 96.7, and 98.3%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the CAPTIA IgG EIA is a reliable method for syphilis testing and that personnel performing tests which require subjective interpretation, like the FTA-ABS test, may be biased by RPR test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Halling
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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20
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Mochizuki T, Jones MF, Levy JH. Effects of transgenically produced recombinant human antithrombin on activated clotting times. Anesth Analg 1998. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199804001-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mehta ID, Weinberg J, Jones MF, Tellides G, Kopf GS, Shaw RK, Zaret BL, Elefteriades JA. Should angiographically disease-free saphenous vein grafts be replaced at the time of redo coronary artery bypass grafting? Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65:17-22; discussion 22-3. [PMID: 9456088 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy exists regarding the management of angiographically disease-free saphenous vein grafts at the time of redo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Some authorities favor replacement of these disease-free grafts, arguing that occlusion is likely in the near future. Others believe that these grafts are "biologically privileged" and should not be replaced. METHODS One hundred thirty-two consecutive patients (113 men, 19 women, aged 46 to 88 years, mean 67 years) underwent redo revascularization with one or more angiographically disease-free saphenous vein grafts at the time of redo CABG. Thirty-six patients had the disease-free grafts replaced (R) and 96 did not (NR). The mean interval from the first CABG was 9.25 years. RESULTS Surgical mortality was comparable in the NR and R groups (5 of 96 or 5.2% versus 3 of 36 or 8.3%, respectively; p < 0.5). Survival at 1 and 3 years was higher in the NR group than the R group (98% versus 80%, and 95% vs. 66% respectively; p < 0.0001). Late myocardial infarction was less common in the NR group than in the R group (12 of 91 or 12.9% versus 12 of 33 or 36.4%; p < 0.003). Recurrent angina was less common in the NR than in the R group (21 of 91 or 23.1% versus 15 of 33 or 45.5%; p < 0.015). Cardiac hospitalization was required less commonly in the NR than in the R group (11 of 91 or 12.1% versus 12 of 33 or 36.4%; p < 0.002). In nondiseased grafts undergoing angiographic evaluation late after redo CABG, rate of new stenosis was lower in NR grafts than in R grafts (2 of 12 or 16.7% versus 2 of 3 or 66.7%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS With a conservative approach that does not replace nondiseased saphenous vein grafts at redo CABG (1) there is no increase in operative mortality, (2) good late survival is obtained, (3) clinical ischemia related to the NR saphenous vein grafts is uncommon, and (4) NR grafts continue to be patent. We conclude that disease-free vein grafts may not require routine replacement at redo CABG. A randomized study is required for definitive resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Mehta
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Dockrell DH, Prada J, Jones MF, Patel R, Badley AD, Harmsen WS, Ilstrup DM, Wiesner RH, Krom RA, Smith TF, Paya CV. Seroconversion to human herpesvirus 6 following liver transplantation is a marker of cytomegalovirus disease. J Infect Dis 1997; 176:1135-40. [PMID: 9359710 DOI: 10.1086/514104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection is common after transplantation; HHV-6 is known to interact with other viruses and induce immunosuppression. Whether HHV-6 plays a role in the occurrence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after transplantation was investigated. In a cohort of 247 liver transplant recipients, HHV-6 seroconversion was identified as a significant risk factor for development of symptomatic CMV infection (P < .001), including CMV organ involvement (P < .001), even in the presence of the other significant risk factors: D+/R- CMV serologic status (P < .001) or use of OKT3 after transplantation (P = .002). Subgroup analysis indicated that HHV-6 seroconversion was significantly associated with symptomatic CMV infection in the D+/R+ but not in the D+/R- CMV serologic group (P < .001 and P = .11, respectively). These results indicate that HHV-6 seroconversion is a marker for CMV disease after transplantation and suggest that additional studies using more sensitive diagnostic techniques are warranted to determine the relationship between HHV-6 and CMV infection after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Dockrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Dockrell
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55095, USA
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24
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Wilkinson SM, Jones MF. Corticosteroid usage and binding to arginine: determinants of corticosteroid hypersensitivity. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:225-30. [PMID: 8881664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to topical corticosteroids is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. The development of contact allergy is dependent on individual susceptibility, exposure to the potential allergen and the ability to penetrate the epidermis and react with epidermal protein. We looked at corticosteroid binding to arginine and relative usage of corticosteroids to see if these variables explain the number of allergic reactions seen to these structurally similar chemicals. A linear relationship was found between a measure of corticosteroid binding to arginine, the log of relative corticosteroid usage and the log of the relative number of corticosteroid allergies. Using multiple regression this association was significant (P = 0.01). Statistically, these two variables accounted for 73% of the variation in the results. Our results showed that the number of corticosteroid allergic reactions was dependent on usage and the intrinsic ability of the corticosteroid to degrade and bind to arginine. While total corticosteroid usage is unlikely to change, the prescription of individual corticosteroids with a reduced potential to degrade and bind to protein, but with equal efficacy, might reduce the overall prevalence of corticosteroid hypersensitivity.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Jones
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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26
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Espy MJ, Wold AD, Jespersen DJ, Jones MF, Smith TF. Comparison of shell vials and conventional tubes seeded with rhabdomyosarcoma and MRC-5 cells for the rapid detection of herpes simplex virus. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:2701-3. [PMID: 1661744 PMCID: PMC270417 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.12.2701-2703.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shell vials (SV) and conventional tubes (CT) were seeded with rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and MRC-5 cells and inoculated with clinical specimens, and the systems were evaluated for the rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections by detection of cytopathic effects (CPE) (for CT, for 7 days) and by using fluoresceinated monoclonal antibodies (for SV, 16 h postinoculation). Of 245 genital specimens (16 from males and 229 from females) 56 (23%) seeded with MRC-5 cells (14 type 1 and 42 type 2) and 55 (22%) seeded with RD cells were detected in CT; however, CPE were recognized in only 26 (46%) of the total HSV-positive cultures 1 day postinoculation. Forty-eight (86% sensitivity, MRC-5) and 46 (84% sensitivity, RD) HSV strains were detected immunologically in SV 16 h postinoculation. Early CPE in CT or fluorescent foci in SV were easier to detect in MRC-5 than in RD cell cultures. MRC-5 and RD cells were equally sensitive to infection with HSV. CT cell cultures were more sensitive than SV but less rapid for the detection of HSV infection (P less than 0.01). We recommend using SV for the rapid diagnosis of HSV infections, but in addition, CT must be inoculated with MRC-5 or RD to ensure maximum detection of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Espy
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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A method for the analysis of hydrocarbons in exhaled human breath samples has been developed and its quantitative performance optimized and exhaustively validated. The method involves preconcentration on a solid absorbent at 0 degree C and desorption at 250 degrees C to a packed column gas chromatograph. Calibrations for ethane and pentane are reproducible and linear over the concentration ranges found in human breath samples. The technique is now available for study of conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, in which an oxidative stress component in tissue injury is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Seabra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Abstract
Cotton swabs were used to collect two specimens each from 416 patients (206 males, 210 females) attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. The first swab was transported in Specimen Storage Reagent and extracted in Specimen Dilution Buffer for enzyme immunoassay by Chlamydiazyme (Abbott Laboratories); the second swab was extracted into 2SP and inoculated into McCoy cell cultures. In the first phase of the study (215 patients: 111 males, 114 females) enzyme immunoassay results were positive (optical density greater than or equal to 0.1) in 30 of 35 instances in which Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated (sensitivity, 86%). Of 18 false-positive enzyme immunoassay results, 15 (83%) were cervical swabs (specificity, 90%). In a phase II study, using a modified Chlamydiazyme kit, 201 patients were tested (95 males, 106 females). Of 41 chlamydial isolates, 8 were not detected by the Chlamydiazyme test (sensitivity, 81%). Only three positive Chlamydiazyme test results could not be confirmed by culture (specificity, 98%). Overall, Chlamydiazyme assay provided a rapid (4 h), sensitive, and specific assay for the detection of chlamydial antigens.
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The anticonvulsant potencies (ED50) of alpha,alpha-diphenylsuccinimide, phenytoin, and phenobarbital were evaluated in mice by a standard maximal electroshock technique. Potencies were expressed in terms of intraperitoneal dosage and blood and brain concentrations. Overt neurotoxicity (TD50) was assessed by the rotorod method. These data were compared with relative hydrophobicities for the above compounds and three others [carbamazepine, cyheptamide, and (diphenylacetyl)urea] taken from the literature. An approximate parabolic dependence of anticonvulsant potency on hydrophobicity was observed regardless of the means of expressing potency (intraperitoneal dosage, blood concentration, or brain concentration); approximate optimal hydrophobicities were in the range of 2.18-2.23 (log P). Calculated therapeutic indices (TD50/ED50) also displayed a parabolic dependence on hydrophobicity, while toxic potency (TD50) displayed a linear dependence (within the limited range of log P values studied). Implications of the parabolic dependence of anticonvulsant potency and linear dependence of toxic potency on hydrophobicity are discussed with respect to the possible mechanisms involved.
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The decomposition of trifluorothymidine in aqueous solution, and borate and phosphate buffers has been studied using an h.p.l.c. method. In aqueous solution accelerated studies demonstrate that a storage life, to 10% loss, of more than 30 years at 4 degrees C is predicted, but steam sterilization causes extensive breakdown. Considerable differences occur in the kinetics and routes of decomposition in borate and phosphate buffers in the pH range 4-8. Hydroxide ion attack producing 5-carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine is suppressed in borate buffers. Complex kinetics of decomposition in phosphate buffer are found and possible explanations suggested. Steam sterilization in buffered solution also leads to unacceptable breakdown.
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Abstract
The quantitative determination of the 15-epimer content of prostaglandins by formation of their isotopically-labelled methyl esters is described. Either [3H]dimethyl sulphate or [14C]diazomethane are used as esterification reagents. The reaction products are separated by thin layer chromatography and the epimer ratio determined by scintillation counting of the labelled ester zones. The accuracy of the technique is illustrated by the determination of 15-epimer in ICI 74 205, a close analogue of PGF2α. Evidence for the uncatalysed reaction of diazomethane with the alcoholic hydroxyl groups of prostaglandin molecules, which could be significant in other prostaglandin analysis techniques (e.g. g.l.c.) which depend on quantitative esterification with this reagent, is also presented.
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Hudson HE, Jones MF. The use of radioisotopically labelled compounds in drug substance and formulated product stability studies. II. Application to pharmaceutical formulations. Analyst 1972; 97:726-7. [PMID: 5075673 DOI: 10.1039/an9729700726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hudson HE, Jones MF. The use of radioisotopically labelled compounds in drug substance and formulated product stability studies. I. Studies with the drug substance. Analyst 1972; 97:723-5. [PMID: 5075672 DOI: 10.1039/an9729700723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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