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Macintyre AN, French MJ, Sanders BR, Riebe KJ, Shterev ID, Wiehe K, Hora B, Evangelous T, Dugan G, Bourland JD, Cline JM, Sempowski GD. Long-Term Recovery of the Adaptive Immune System in Rhesus Macaques After Total Body Irradiation. Adv Radiat Oncol 2021; 6:100677. [PMID: 34646962 PMCID: PMC8498734 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation causes acute damage to hematopoietic and immune cells, but the long-term immunologic consequences of irradiation are poorly understood. We therefore performed a prospective study of the delayed immune effects of radiation using a rhesus macaque model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Ten macaques received 4 Gy high-energy x-ray total body irradiation (TBI) and 6 control animals received sham irradiation. TBI caused transient lymphopenia that resolved over several weeks. Once white blood cell counts recovered, flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype the circulating adaptive immune cell populations 4, 9, and 21 months after TBI. Data were fit using a mixed-effects model to determine age-dependent, radiation-dependent, and interacting effects. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and quantification of TCR Excision Circles were used to determine relative contributions of thymopoiesis and peripheral expansion to T cell repopulation. Two years after TBI, the cohort was vaccinated with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and a tetravalent influenza hemagglutinin vaccine. RESULTS Aging, but not TBI, led to significant changes in the frequencies of dendritic cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and B cells. However, irradiated animals exhibited increased frequencies of central memory T cells and decreased frequencies of naïve T cells. These consequences of irradiation were time-dependent and more prolonged in the CD8 T cell population. Irradiation led to transient increases in CD8+ T cell TCR Excision Circles and had no significant effect on TCR sequence entropy, indicating T cell recovery was partially mediated by thymopoiesis. Animals that were irradiated and then vaccinated showed normal immunoglobulin G binding and influenza neutralization titers in response to the 4 protein antigens but weaker immunoglobulin G binding titers to 10 of the 23 polysaccharide antigens. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that TBI causes subtle but long-lasting immune defects that are evident years after recovery from lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J. French
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brittany R. Sanders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristina J. Riebe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ivo D. Shterev
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tyler Evangelous
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Greg Dugan
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Daniel Bourland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Guo H, Chou WC, Lai Y, Liang K, Tam J, Brickey WJ, Chen L, Montgomery ND, Li X, Bohannon LM, Sung AD, Chao NJ, Peled JU, Gomes AL, van den Brink MR, French MJ, Macintyre AN, Sempowski GD, Tan X, Sartor RB, Lu K, Ting JP. Multi-omics analyses of radiation survivors identify radioprotective microbes and metabolites. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.99.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ionizing-radiation causes acute radiation syndrome leading to hematopoietic, gastrointestinal and cerebrovascular injuries. Substantial federal efforts have been made to develop therapeutic radioprotectants for routine clinical use, however it remains a long-standing and unresolved problem.
We investigated a population of mice that recovered from high-dose radiation to live normal lifespans. These elite-survivors harbored distinct gut microbiota that developed post-radiation and protected against radiation-induced damage and death in germ-free and conventionally housed recipients. Elevated abundances of members of the bacterial taxa Lachnospiraceae and Enterococcaceae were associated with post-radiation restoration of hematopoiesis and gastrointestinal repair. These bacteria were also found to be more abundant in leukemia patients undergoing radiotherapy who also displayed milder gastrointestinal dysfunction. Metabolomics revealed increased fecal concentrations of microbially derived propionate and tryptophan metabolites in elite-survivors. The concentrations of these metabolites correlated with long-term radioprotection, mitigation of hematopoietic and gastrointestinal syndromes, and a reduction in pro-inflammatory responses.
The novelty of our work lies in the first identification of gut microbiota and downstream metabolites in providing protection against lethal radiation. Furthermore, our work provides a comprehensive omics dataset at the bacteria and metabolite levels that is of broad interest and serves as a powerful resource and example for the identification of actionable therapeutic targets derived from microbiome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Yunjia Lai
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Li
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kun Lu
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Guo H, Chou WC, Lai Y, Liang K, Tam JW, Brickey WJ, Chen L, Montgomery ND, Li X, Bohannon LM, Sung AD, Chao NJ, Peled JU, Gomes ALC, van den Brink MRM, French MJ, Macintyre AN, Sempowski GD, Tan X, Sartor RB, Lu K, Ting JPY. Multi-omics analyses of radiation survivors identify radioprotective microbes and metabolites. Science 2020; 370:370/6516/eaay9097. [PMID: 33122357 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes acute radiation syndrome, which leads to hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular injuries. We investigated a population of mice that recovered from high-dose radiation to live normal life spans. These "elite-survivors" harbored distinct gut microbiota that developed after radiation and protected against radiation-induced damage and death in both germ-free and conventionally housed recipients. Elevated abundances of members of the bacterial taxa Lachnospiraceae and Enterococcaceae were associated with postradiation restoration of hematopoiesis and gastrointestinal repair. These bacteria were also found to be more abundant in leukemia patients undergoing radiotherapy, who also displayed milder gastrointestinal dysfunction. In our study in mice, metabolomics revealed increased fecal concentrations of microbially derived propionate and tryptophan metabolites in elite-survivors. The administration of these metabolites caused long-term radioprotection, mitigation of hematopoietic and gastrointestinal syndromes, and a reduction in proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kaixin Liang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason W Tam
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W June Brickey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathan D Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren M Bohannon
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy/BMT, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony D Sung
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy/BMT, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nelson J Chao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy/BMT, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan U Peled
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio L C Gomes
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xianming Tan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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