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Li Q, Wang X, Korzhev M, Schröder HC, Link T, Tahir MN, Diehl-Seifert B, Müller WE. Potential biological role of laccase from the sponge Suberites domuncula as an antibacterial defense component. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:118-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Müller WE, Schlossmacher U, Schröder HC, Lieberwirth I, Glasser G, Korzhev M, Neufurth M, Wang X. Enzyme-accelerated and structure-guided crystallization of calcium carbonate: role of the carbonic anhydrase in the homologous system. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:450-62. [PMID: 23978410 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The calcareous spicules from sponges, e.g. from Sycon raphanus, are composed of almost pure calcium carbonate. In order to elucidate the formation of those structural skeletal elements, the function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), isolated from this species, during the in vitro calcium carbonate-based spicule formation, was investigated. It is shown that the recombinant sponge CA substantially accelerates calcium carbonate formation in the in vitro diffusion assay. A stoichiometric calculation revealed that the turnover rate of the sponge CA during the calcification process amounts to 25 CO2s(-1) × molecule CA(-1). During this enzymatically driven process, initially pat-like particles are formed that are subsequently transformed to rhomboid/rhombohedroid crystals with a dimension of ~50 μm. The CA-catalyzed particles are smaller than those which are formed in the absence of the enzyme. The Martens hardness of the particles formed is ~4 GPa, a value which had been determined for other biogenic calcites. This conclusion is corroborated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which revealed that the particles synthesized are composed predominantly of the elements calcium, oxygen and carbon. Surprising was the finding, obtained by light and scanning electron microscopy, that the newly formed calcitic crystals associate with the calcareous spicules from S. raphanus in a highly ordered manner; the calcitic crystals almost perfectly arrange in an array orientation along the two opposing planes of the spicules, leaving the other two plane arrays uncovered. It is concluded that the CA is a key enzyme controlling the calcium carbonate biomineralization process, which directs the newly formed particles to existing calcareous spicular structures. It is expected that with the given tools new bioinspired materials can be fabricated.
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Müller WEG, Link T, Schröder HC, Korzhev M, Neufurth M, Brandt D, Wang X. Dissection of the structure-forming activity from the structure-guiding activity of silicatein: a biomimetic molecular approach to print optical fibers. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5368-5377. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00801d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatically inactive silicatein was used as the platform for the enzymatically active silicatein, which synthesized the silica waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorben Link
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Müller WE, Schröder HC, Schlossmacher U, Neufurth M, Geurtsen W, Korzhev M, Wang X. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase as an integral component of biogenic Ca-carbonate formation in sponge spicules. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:357-62. [PMID: 24251096 PMCID: PMC3821024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inorganic scaffold of the spicules, the skeletal elements of the calcareous sponges, is formed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The growth of the approximately 300-μm large spicules, such as those of the calcareous sponge Sycon raphanus used in the present study, is a rapid process with a rate of about 65 μm/h. The formation of CaCO3 is predominantly carried out by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). The enzyme from the sponge S. raphanus was isolated and prepared by recombination. The CA-driven deposition of CaCO3 crystallites is dependent on temperature (optimal at 52 °C), the pH value of the reaction assay (7.5/8.0), and the substrate concentration (CO2 and Ca(2+)). During the initial phase of crystallite formation, ≈40 μm large round-shaped deposits are formed that remodel to larger prisms. These crystal-like prisms associate to each other and form either rope-/bundle-like aggregates or arrange perfectly with their smaller planes along opposing surfaces of the sponge spicule rays. The CA-dependent CaCO3 deposition can be inhibited by the CA-specific inhibitor acetazolamide. The Michaelis-Menten constant for the CA-driven mineralization has been determined to be around 8 mM with respect to CaCO3. The deposits formed have a Martens hardness of ≈5 GPa. The data presented here highlights for the first time that calcite deposition in the sponge system is decisively controlled enzymatically. This data will contribute to the development of new strategies applicable for the fabrication of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E.G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Ute Schlossmacher
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Markl JS, Grebenjuk VA, Korzhev M, Steffen R, Wang X. Cryptochrome in sponges: a key molecule linking photoreception with phototransduction. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:814-32. [PMID: 23920109 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413502652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum: Porifera) react to external light or mechanical signals with contractile or metabolic reactions and are devoid of any nervous or muscular system. Furthermore, elements of a photoreception/phototransduction system exist in those animals. Recently, a cryptochrome-based photoreceptor system has been discovered in the demosponge. The assumption that in sponges the siliceous skeleton acts as a substitution for the lack of a nervous system and allows light signals to be transmitted through its glass fiber network is supported by the findings that the first spicules are efficient light waveguides and the second sponges have the enzymatic machinery for the generation of light. Now, we have identified/cloned in Suberites domuncula two additional potential molecules of the sponge cryptochrome photoreception system, the guanine nucleotide-binding protein β subunit, related to β-transducin, and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-interacting protein. Cryptochrome and NOSIP are light-inducible genes. The studies show that the NOS inhibitor L-NMMA impairs both morphogenesis and motility of the cells. Finally, we report that the function of primmorphs to produce reactive nitrogen species can be abolished by a NOS inhibitor. We propose that the sponge cryptochrome-based photoreception system, through which photon signals are converted into radicals, is coupled to the NOS apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (WEGM,HCS,JSM,VAG,MK,RS,XW)
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Wang X, Schröder HC, Schloßmacher U, Jiang L, Korzhev M, Müller WE. Biosilica aging: From enzyme-driven gelation via syneresis to chemical/biochemical hardening. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3437-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Muth S, Gietzen S, Korzhev M, Grebenjuk VA, Wiens M, Schloßmacher U, Wang X. The silicatein propeptide acts as inhibitor/modulator of self-organization during spicule axial filament formation. FEBS J 2013; 280:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sandra Muth
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sabine Gietzen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Vlad A. Grebenjuk
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Ute Schloßmacher
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
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Schröder HC, Wang X, Manfrin A, Yu SH, Grebenjuk VA, Korzhev M, Wiens M, Schlossmacher U, Müller WEG. Acquisition of structure-guiding and structure-forming properties during maturation from the pro-silicatein to the silicatein form. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22196-205. [PMID: 22544742 PMCID: PMC3381181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicateins are the key enzymes involved in the enzymatic polycondensation of the inorganic scaffold of the skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, the spicules. The gene encoding pro-silicatein is inserted into the pCold TF vector, comprising the gene for the bacterial trigger factor. This hybrid gene is expressed in Escherichia coli and the synthesized fusion protein is purified. The fusion protein is split into the single proteins with thrombin by cleavage of the linker sequence present between the two proteins. At 23 °C, the 87 kDa trigger factor-pro-silicatein fusion protein is cleaved to the 51 kDa trigger factor and the 35 kDa pro-silicatein. The cleavage process proceeds and results in the release of the 23 kDa mature silicatein, a process which very likely proceeds by autocatalysis. Almost in parallel with its formation, the mature enzyme precipitates as pure 23 kDa protein. When the precipitate is dissolved in an urea buffer, the solubilized protein displays its full enzymatic activity which is enhanced multi-fold in the presence of the silicatein interactor silintaphin-1 or of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The biosilica product formed increases its compactness if silicatein is supplemented with silintaphin-1 or PEG. The elastic modulus of the silicatein-mediated biosilica product increases in parallel with the addition of silintaphin-1 and/or PEG from 17 MPa (silicatein) via 61 MPa (silicatein:silintaphin-1) to 101 MPa (silicatein:silintaphin-1 and PEG). These data show that the maturation process from the pro-silicatein state to the mature form is the crucial step during which silicatein acquires its structure-guiding and structure-forming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C. Schröder
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- the National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China, and
| | - Alberto Manfrin
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- the The Cheung Kong Chair Professor, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Vlad A. Grebenjuk
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Schlossmacher
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Wiens M, Schröder HC, Korzhev M, Wang XH, Batel R, Müller WEG. Inducible ASABF-type antimicrobial peptide from the sponge Suberites domuncula: microbicidal and hemolytic activity in vitro and toxic effect on molluscs in vivo. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1969-1994. [PMID: 22073005 PMCID: PMC3210614 DOI: 10.3390/md9101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since sponges, as typical filter-feeders, are exposed to a high load of attacking prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, they are armed with a wide arsenal of antimicrobial/cytostatic low-molecular-weight, non-proteinaceous bioactive compounds. Here we present the first sponge agent belonging to the group of ASABF-type antimicrobial peptides. The ASABF gene was identified and cloned from the demosponge Suberites domuncula. The mature peptide, with a length of 64 aa residues has a predicted pI of 9.24, and comprises the characteristic CSα β structural motif. Consequently, the S. domuncula ASABF shares high similarity with the nematode ASABFs; it is distantly related to the defensins. The recombinant peptide was found to display besides microbicidal activity, anti-fungal activity. In addition, the peptide lyses human erythrocytes. The expression of ASABF is upregulated after exposure to the apoptosis-inducing agent 2,2′-dipyridyl. During the process of apoptosis of surface tissue of S. domuncula, grazing gastropods (Bittium sp.) are attracted by quinolinic acid which is synthesized through the kynurenine pathway by the enzyme 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HAD). Finally, the gastropods are repelled from the sponge tissue by the ASABF. It is shown that the effector peptide ASABF is sequentially expressed after the induction of the HAD gene and a caspase, as a central enzyme executing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiens
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Renato Batel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Center for Marine Research, Giordano Paliaga 5, Rovinj HR-52210, Croatia; E-Mail:
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-611-3925910; Fax: +49-611-3925243
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Müller WEG, Wang X, Schröder HC, Korzhev M, Grebenjuk VA, Markl JS, Jochum KP, Pisignano D, Wiens M. A cryptochrome-based photosensory system in the siliceous sponge Suberites domuncula (Demospongiae). FEBS J 2010; 277:1182-201. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wiens M, Korzhev M, Perovic-Ottstadt S, Luthringer B, Brandt D, Klein S, Müller WEG. Toll-like receptors are part of the innate immune defense system of sponges (demospongiae: Porifera). Mol Biol Evol 2006; 24:792-804. [PMID: 17190971 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msl208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution and with the emergence of multicellular animals, the need arose to ward off foreign organisms that threaten the integrity of the animal body. Among many different receptors that participate in the recognition of microbial invaders, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in mediating the innate immune response. After binding distinct microbial components, TLRs activate intracellular signaling cascades that result in an induced expression of diverse antimicrobial molecules. Because sponges (phylum Porifera) are filter feeders, they are abundantly exposed to microorganisms that represent a potential threat. Here, we describe the identification, cloning, and deduced protein sequence from 3 major elements of the poriferan innate response (to bacterial lipopeptides): the TLR, the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4-like protein (IRAK-4l), and a novel effector caspase from the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Each molecule shares significant sequence similarity with its homologues in higher Metazoa. Sequence homologies were found in particular within the family-specific domains toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance (TLR family), Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase domain (IRAK family), and CASc (caspase family). In addition, in situ hybridization and immunohistological analyses revealed an abundance of SDTLR (TLR) transcripts in epithelial layers of the sponge surface (exopinacoderm and endopinacoderm). Furthermore, it is shown that both SDTLR and SDIRAK-4 like (IRAK) are expressed constitutively, regardless of treatment with synthetic triacyl lipopeptide Pam(3)Cys-Ser-(Lys)(4). In contrast, SDCASL (caspase) expression is highly Pam(3)Cys-Ser-(Lys)(4) inducible. However, blocking of the lipopeptide with recombinant TLR prior to its application completely prevented the induced expression of this poriferan caspase. These results underscore that the phylogenetically oldest extant metazoan phylum is provided already with the signaling pathways of the antimicrobial host-defense system of Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiens
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany.
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Schröder HC, Boreiko A, Korzhev M, Tahir MN, Tremel W, Eckert C, Ushijima H, Müller IM, Müller WEG. Co-expression and functional interaction of silicatein with galectin: matrix-guided formation of siliceous spicules in the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12001-9. [PMID: 16495220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512677200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) of the class of Demospongiae are stabilized by a siliceous skeleton. It is composed of silica needles (spicules), which provide the morphogenetic scaffold of these metazoans. In the center of the spicules there is an axial filament that consists predominantly of silicatein, an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of biosilica. By differential display of transcripts we identified additional proteins involved in silica formation. Two genes were isolated from the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula; one codes for a galectin and the other for a fibrillar collagen. The galectin forms aggregates to which silicatein molecules bind. The extent of the silicatein-mediated silica formation strongly increased if associated with the galectin. By applying a new and mild extraction procedure that avoids hydrogen fluoride treatment, native axial filaments were extracted from spicules of S. domuncula. These filaments contained, in addition to silicatein, the galectin and a few other proteins. Immunogold electron microscopic studies underscored the role of these additional proteins, in particular that of galectin, in spiculogenesis. Galectin, in addition to silicatein, presumably forms in the axial canal as well as on the surface of the spicules an organized net-like matrix. In the extraspicular space most of these complexes are arranged concentrically around the spicules. Taken together, these additional proteins, working together with silicatein, may also be relevant for potential (nano)-biotechnological applications of silicatein in the formation of surface coatings. Finally, we propose a scheme that outlines the matrix (galectin/silicatein)-guided appositional growth of spicules through centripetal and centrifugal synthesis and deposition of biosilica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Wiens M, Korzhev M, Krasko A, Thakur NL, Perović-Ottstadt S, Breter HJ, Ushijima H, Diehl-Seifert B, Müller IM, Müller WEG. Innate immune defense of the sponge Suberites domuncula against bacteria involves a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Induction of a perforin-like molecule. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27949-59. [PMID: 15923643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are the phylogenetically oldest metazoa; as filter feeders, they are abundantly exposed to marine microorganisms. Here we present data indicating that the demosponge Suberites domuncula is provided with a recognition system for gram-negative bacteria. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-interacting protein was identified as a receptor on the sponge cell surface, which recognizes the bacterial endotoxin LPS. The cDNA was isolated, and the protein (Mr 49,937) was expressed. During binding to LPS, the protein dimerizes and interacts with MyD88, which was also identified and cloned. The sponge MyD88 (Mr 28,441) is composed of two protein interaction domains, a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain (found in MyD88 and in Toll-like receptors) and a death domain (present in MyD88 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase). Northern blot experiments and in situ hybridization studies showed that after LPS treatment, the level of the LPS-interacting protein remains unchanged, whereas MyD88 is strongly up-regulated. A perforin-like molecule (Mr 74,171), the macrophage-expressed protein, was identified as an executing molecule of this pathway. This gene is highly expressed after LPS treatment, especially at the surfaces of the animals. The recombinant protein possesses biological activity and eliminates gram-negative bacteria; it is inactive against gram-positive bacteria. These data indicate that S. domuncula is provided with an innate immune system against gram-negative bacteria; the ligand LPS (a pathogen-associated molecular pattern) is recognized by the pattern recognition receptor (LPS-interacting protein), which interacts with MyD88. A signal transduction is established, which results in an elevated expression of MyD88 as well as of the macrophage-expressed protein as an executing protein.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/pharmacology
- Gene Library
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Hybridization
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Perforin
- Phylogeny
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Suberites/immunology
- Suberites/metabolism
- Suberites/microbiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiens
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Adell T, Gamulin V, Perović-Ottstadt S, Wiens M, Korzhev M, Müller IM, Müller WEG. Evolution of metazoan cell junction proteins: the scaffold protein MAGI and the transmembrane receptor tetraspanin in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. J Mol Evol 2005; 59:41-50. [PMID: 15383906 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-2602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Until recently the positioning of the sponges (phylum Porifera) within the metazoan systematics was hampered by the lack of molecular evidence for the existence of junctional structures in the surface cell layers. In this study two genes related to the tight junctions are characterized from the demosponge Suberites domuncula: tetraspanin (SDTM4SF), a cell surface receptor, and MAGI (SDMAGI), a MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologue) protein. Especially the MAGI protein is known in other metazoan animal phyla to exist exclusively in tight junctions. The characteristic domains of MAGI proteins (six PDZ domains, two WW domains, and a truncated guanylate kinase motif) are conserved in the sponge protein. The functional analysis of SDMAGI done by in situ hybridization shows its expression in the surface epithelial layers (exopinacoderm and endopinacoderm). Northern blot studies reveal that expression of SDMAGI and SDTM4SF increases after formation of the pinacoderm layer in the animals as well as in primmorphs. These results support earlier notions that sponges contain junctional structures. We conclude that sponges contain epithelia whose cells are organized by cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Adell
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
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15
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SCHRöDER HC, Perović-Ottstadt S, Rothenberger M, Wiens M, Schwertner H, Batel R, Korzhev M, MüLLER I, MüLLER W. Silica transport in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: fluorescence emission analysis using the PDMPO probe and cloning of a potential transporter. Biochem J 2004; 381:665-73. [PMID: 15128286 PMCID: PMC1133875 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon is, besides oxygen, the most abundant element on earth. Only two taxa use this element as a major constituent of their skeleton, namely sponges (phylum Porifera) and unicellular diatoms. Results from combined cytobiological and molecularbiological techniques suggest that, in the demosponge Suberites domuncula, silicic acid is taken up by a transporter. Incubation of cells with the fluorescent silica tracer PDMPO [2-(4-pyridyl)-5-[[4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)methoxy]phenyl]-oxazole] showed a response to silicic acid by an increase in fluorescence; this process is temperature-dependent and can be blocked by DIDS (4,4-di-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonic acid). The putative NBC (Na+/HCO3-) transporter was identified, cloned and analysed. The deduced protein comprises all signatures characteristic of those molecules, and phylogenetic analysis also classifies it to the NBC transporter family. This cDNA was used to demonstrate that the expression of the gene is strongly up-regulated after treatment of cells with silicic acid. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the expression of the sponge transporter occurs in those cells that are located adjacent to the spicules (the skeletal element of the animal) or in areas in which spicule formation occurs. We conclude that this transporter is involved in silica uptake and have therefore termed it the NBCSA [Na+/HCO3-[Si(OH)4]] co-transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-C. SCHRöDER
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Sanja Perović-Ottstadt
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Matthias Rothenberger
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Heiko Schwertner
- †DST, Hagenower Strasse 73, D-19061 Schwerin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Renato Batel
- ‡Center for Marine Research, ‘Ruder Boskovic’ Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Michael Korzhev
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Isabel M. MüLLER
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Werner E. G. MüLLER
- *Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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16
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Perović-Ottstadt S, Adell T, Proksch P, Wiens M, Korzhev M, Gamulin V, Müller IM, Müller WEG. A (13)-beta-d-glucan recognition protein from the sponge Suberites domuncula. Mediated activation of fibrinogen-like protein and epidermal growth factor gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1924-37. [PMID: 15128302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) live in a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms, primarily bacteria. Until now, molecular proof for the capacity of sponges to recognize fungi in the surrounding aqueous milieu has not been available. Here we demonstrate, for the demosponge Suberites domuncula (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida), a cell surface receptor that recognizes (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, e.g. curdlan or laminarin. This receptor, the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan-binding protein, was identified and its cDNA analysed. The gene coding for the 45 kDa protein was found to be upregulated in tissue after incubation with carbohydrate. Simultaneously with the increased expression of this gene, two further genes showed an elevated steady state level of expression; one codes for a fibrinogen-like protein and the other for the epidermal growth factor precursor. Expression of the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan-binding protein and the fibrinogen-like protein occurred in cells on the sponge surface, in the pinacoderm. By Western blotting, the product of the fibrinogen-like protein gene was identified, the recombinant protein isolated, and antibodies raised to this protein. Their application revealed that a 5 kDa factor is produced, which is apparently processed from the 77 kDa epidermal growth factor precursor. Finally, we provided evidence that a tyrosine kinase pathway is initiated in response to exposure to D-glucan; its phosphorylation activity could be blocked by aeroplysinin. In turn, the increased expression of the downstream genes was suppressed. We conclude that sponges possess a molecular mechanism for recognizing fungi via the d-glucan carbohydrates on their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Perović-Ottstadt
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Perović-Ottstadt S, Cetković H, Gamulin V, Schröder HC, Kropf K, Moss C, Korzhev M, Diehl-Seifert B, Müller IM, Müller WEG. Molecular markers for germ cell differentiation in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Int J Dev Biol 2004; 48:293-305. [PMID: 15300510 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.041813sp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are simple metazoans for which no molecular information on gametogenesis and larval development is available. To support the current study, it was confirmed by histology that oocytes and larvae were produced by the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Three genes/expressed products from S. domuncula whose expression correlated with sexual reproduction were identified and characterized (they are used here as marker genes): i) a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) with sequence similarity in the tyrosine kinase domain to fibroblast growth factor receptors; ii) the sex-determining protein FEM1 and iii) the sperm associated antigen (SAA) of triploblasts. Antibodies against the extracellular domain of the RTK specifically stained oocytes and larvae in S. domuncula tissue sections. Induction of these three genes was successful at elevated temperature, a factor which also promotes natural gametogenesis. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that FEM1 and SAA were expressed in those areas in which gametogenesis begins. Our results indicate that genes which play a role in sex determination may be present in Porifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Perović-Ottstadt
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Abstract
To date no nuclear receptors have been identified or cloned from the phylogenetically oldest metazoan phylum, the Porifera (sponges). We show that retinoic acid causes tissue regression in intact individuals of the demosponge Suberites domuncula and in primmorphs, special three-dimensional cell aggregates. Primmorphs were cultivated on a galectin/poly-L-lysine matrix in order to induce canal formation. In the presence of 1 or 50 micromol l(-1) retinoic acid these canals undergo regression, a process that is reversible. We also cloned the cDNA from S. domuncula encoding the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which displays the two motifs of nuclear hormone receptors, the ligand-binding and the DNA-binding domains, and performed phylogenetic analyses of this receptor. RXR expression undergoes strong upregulation in response to treatment with retinoic acid, whereas the expression of the sponge caspase is not increased. The gene encoding the LIM homeodomain protein was found to be strongly upregulated in response to retinoic acid treatment. These data indicate that the RXR and its ligand retinoic acid play a role in the control of morphogenetic events in sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiens
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Müller WEG, Korzhev M, Le Pennec G, Müller IM, Schröder HC. Origin of metazoan stem cell system in sponges: first approach to establish the model (Suberites domuncula). Biomol Eng 2003; 20:369-79. [PMID: 12919822 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(03)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is established that Porifera (sponges) represent the earliest phylum which branched off from the common ancestor of all multicellular animals, the Urmetazoa. In the present study, the hypothesis is tested if, during this transition, pluripotent stem cells were formed which are provided-similar to the totipotent cells (archaeocytes/germ cells)-with a self-renewal capacity. As a model system, primmorphs from the sponge Suberites domuncula were used. These 3D-cell aggregates were cultivated in medium (RPMI 1640/seawater) either lacking silicate and ferric iron or in medium which was supplemented with these 'morphogenetic' factors. As molecular markers for the potential existence of stem cells in primmorphs, two genes which encode proteins found in stem cells of higher metazoan species, were cloned from S. domuncula. First, the noggin gene, which is present in the Spemann organizer of amphibians and whose translation product acts during the formation of dorsal mesoderm derivatives. The second gene encodes the mesenchymal stem cell-like protein. Both cDNAs were used to study their expression in primmorphs in dependence on the incubation conditions. It was found that noggin expression is strongly upregulated in primmorphs kept in the presence of silicate and ferric iron, while the expression of the mesenchymal stem cell-like protein was downregulated. These data are discussed with respect to the existence of stem cells in sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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