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Chen C, Qin N, Wang M, Dong Q, Tithi SS, Hui Y, Chen W, Wu G, Kennetz D, Edmonson MN, Rusch MC, Thrasher A, Easton J, Mulder HL, Song N, Plonski NM, Shelton K, Im C, Ehrhardt MJ, Nichols KE, Leisenring WM, Stratton KL, Howell R, Yasui Y, Bhatia S, Armstrong GT, Ness KK, Hudson MM, Zhang J, Wang H, Srivastava DK, Robison LL, Wang Z. Cancer germline predisposing variants and late mortality from subsequent malignant neoplasms among long-term childhood cancer survivors: a report from the St Jude Lifetime Cohort and the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:1147-1156. [PMID: 37797633 PMCID: PMC10712938 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriers of cancer predisposing variants are at an increased risk of developing subsequent malignant neoplasms among those who have survived childhood cancer. We aimed to investigate whether cancer predisposing variants contribute to the risk of subsequent malignant neoplasm-related late mortality (5 years or more after diagnosis). METHODS In this analysis, data were included from two retrospective cohort studies, St Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE) and the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS), with prospective follow-up of patients who were alive for at least 5 years after diagnosis with childhood cancer (ie, long-term childhood cancer survivors) with corresponding germline whole genome or whole exome sequencing data. Cancer predisposing variants affecting 60 genes associated with well-established autosomal-dominant cancer-predisposition syndromes were characterised. Subsequent malignant neoplasms were graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03 with modifications. Cause-specific late mortality was based on linkage with the US National Death Index and systematic cohort follow up. Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to estimate subsequent malignant neoplasm-related late mortality starting from the first biospecimen collection, treating non-subsequent malignant neoplasm-related deaths as a competing risk, adjusting for genetic ancestry, sex, age at diagnosis, and cancer treatment exposures. SJLIFE (NCT00760656) and CCSS (NCT01120353) are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. FINDINGS 12 469 (6172 male and 6297 female) participants were included, 4402 from the SJLIFE cohort (median follow-up time since collection of the first biospecimen 7·4 years [IQR 3·1-9·4]) and 8067 from the CCSS cohort (median follow-up time since collection of the first biospecimen 12·6 years [2·2-16·6]). 641 (5·1%) of 12 469 participants carried cancer predisposing variants (294 [6·7%] in the SJLIFE cohort and 347 [4·3%] in the CCSS cohort), which were significantly associated with an increased severity of subsequent malignant neoplasms (CTCAE grade ≥4 vs grade <4: odds ratio 2·15, 95% CI 1·18-4·19, p=0·0085). 263 (2·1%) subsequent malignant neoplasm-related deaths (44 [1·0%] in the SJLIFE cohort; and 219 [2·7%] in the CCSS cohort) and 426 (3·4%) other-cause deaths (103 [2·3%] in SJLIFE; and 323 [4·0%] in CCSS) occurred. Cumulative subsequent malignant neoplasm-related mortality at 10 years after the first biospecimen collection in carriers of cancer predisposing variants was 3·7% (95% CI 1·2-8·5) in SJLIFE and 6·9% (4·1-10·7) in CCSS versus 1·5% (1·0-2·1) in SJLIFE and 2·1% (1·7-2·5) in CCSS in non-carriers. Carrying a cancer predisposing variant was associated with an increased risk of subsequent malignant neoplasm-related mortality (SJLIFE: subdistribution hazard ratio 3·40 [95% CI 1·37-8·43]; p=0·0082; CCSS: 3·58 [2·27-5·63]; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Identifying participants at increased risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms via genetic counselling and clinical genetic testing for cancer predisposing variants and implementing early personalised cancer surveillance and prevention strategies might reduce the substantial subsequent malignant neoplasm-related mortality burden. FUNDING American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjuan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Saima Sultana Tithi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yawei Hui
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wenan Chen
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dennis Kennetz
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Thrasher
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nan Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Noel-Marie Plonski
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kyla Shelton
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cindy Im
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Ehrhardt
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wendy M Leisenring
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayla L Stratton
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca Howell
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Smita Bhatia
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory T Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Deo Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Tripathi S, Shirnekhi HK, Gorman SD, Chandra B, Baggett DW, Park CG, Somjee R, Lang B, Hosseini SMH, Pioso BJ, Li Y, Iacobucci I, Gao Q, Edmonson MN, Rice SV, Zhou X, Bollinger J, Mitrea DM, White MR, McGrail DJ, Jarosz DF, Yi SS, Babu MM, Mullighan CG, Zhang J, Sahni N, Kriwacki RW. Defining the condensate landscape of fusion oncoproteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6008. [PMID: 37770423 PMCID: PMC10539325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion oncoproteins (FOs) arise from chromosomal translocations in ~17% of cancers and are often oncogenic drivers. Although some FOs can promote oncogenesis by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form aberrant biomolecular condensates, the generality of this phenomenon is unknown. We explored this question by testing 166 FOs in HeLa cells and found that 58% formed condensates. The condensate-forming FOs displayed physicochemical features distinct from those of condensate-negative FOs and segregated into distinct feature-based groups that aligned with their sub-cellular localization and biological function. Using Machine Learning, we developed a predictor of FO condensation behavior, and discovered that 67% of ~3000 additional FOs likely form condensates, with 35% of those predicted to function by altering gene expression. 47% of the predicted condensate-negative FOs were associated with cell signaling functions, suggesting a functional dichotomy between condensate-positive and -negative FOs. Our Datasets and reagents are rich resources to interrogate FO condensation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Tripathi
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hazheen K Shirnekhi
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott D Gorman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Arrakis Therapeutics, 830 Winter St, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Bappaditya Chandra
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David W Baggett
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cheon-Gil Park
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ramiz Somjee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Benjamin Lang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hadi Hosseini
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brittany J Pioso
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qingsong Gao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen V Rice
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Bollinger
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diana M Mitrea
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, 451 D Street, Suite 104, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Michael R White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel F Jarosz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Stephen Yi
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Rice SV, Edmonson MN, Tian L, Rusch M, Wheeler DA, Neary JL, Newman S, Wang L, Blackburn PR, Macias M, Thrasher A, Wang J, Wilkinson MR, Zhou X, Zhang J. Abstract 4092: Fuzzion2: Fast, sensitive detection of known gene fusions by fuzzy pattern matching for clinical testing and large-scale data mining. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Detection of gene fusions is important for discovery of cancer drivers and clinical oncology testing, but existing software tools for fusion detection usually take hours to run and may fail to find lowly expressed fusions. To overcome these limitations, we developed the Fuzzion2 program, which uses pattern matching to detect known gene fusions in unmapped paired-read RNA-Seq data. Given a set of patterns representing fusion transcript breakpoints, Fuzzion2 finds every read pair matching any of the patterns. Both exact and inexact (fuzzy) matches are detected; the fuzzy matching tolerates variations caused by sequencing errors, SNVs, and indels. By employing a novel index of frequency minimizers, Fuzzion2 needs only minutes to process a sample. We have also developed pipelines to produce patterns for Fuzzion2, from fusion contig sequences, from genomic breakpoints in DNA and RNA, and from fusion protein sequences.
To evaluate its applicability in clinical testing, we ran Fuzzion2 on ~2,000 RNA-seq samples profiled by the St. Jude clinical genomics program and confirmed its sensitivity in identifying lowly expressed fusions, such as KIAA1549-BRAF in low-grade glioma, which are frequently missed by commonly used fusion detection programs. Notably, Fuzzion2 detected a subclonal BCR-ABL1 fusion expressed at 1% and 6% of the wild-type BCR and ABL1 transcription level, respectively, in a B-lineage ALL sample that also has an IGH-CRLF fusion. Processing RNA-seq data from BCR-ABL1 cell lines, K562 with p210 fusion and OP1 with p190 fusion, diluted at 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000 showed that Fuzzion2 can detect the fusion at 1:10-1:100 dilution, achieving a sensitivity 10 times greater than that of other fusion detection programs.
We also evaluated the performance of Fuzzion2 for large-scale data mining in a study to compare the prevalence of gene fusions in pediatric versus adult cancers. We assembled a set of 15,474 patterns representing 5,480 fusions identified in the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, NCI TARGET, clinical sequencing, and the COSMIC database. Fuzzion2 was deployed to the NCI Cancer Genomics Cloud and analyzed 9,464 TCGA RNA-seq samples from adult solid and brain tumors. Processing took an average of 6 minutes at a cost of only US$0.16 per sample. Among the 105 recurrent fusions identified in pediatric cancers, only 11 were also found in adult cancers. These shared fusions can be classified into two categories: 1) gene fusions present in cancers that occur in both children and young adults, e.g., synovial sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma; and 2) kinase fusions involving ABL1, NTRK, and FGFR. Our experience with Fuzzion2 demonstrates that it is a powerful tool for time-critical clinical application and large-scale data mining. It is publicly available at https://github.com/stjude/fuzzion2.
Citation Format: Stephen V. Rice, Michael N. Edmonson, Liqing Tian, Michael Rusch, David A. Wheeler, Jennifer L. Neary, Scott Newman, Lu Wang, Patrick R. Blackburn, Michael Macias, Andrew Thrasher, Jian Wang, Mark R. Wilkinson, Xin Zhou, Jinghui Zhang. Fuzzion2: Fast, sensitive detection of known gene fusions by fuzzy pattern matching for clinical testing and large-scale data mining [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4092.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liqing Tian
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Scott Newman
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Lu Wang
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Xin Zhou
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Hagiwara K, Edmonson MN, Wheeler DA, Zhang J. indelPost: harmonizing ambiguities in simple and complex indel alignments. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:549-551. [PMID: 34431982 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Small insertions and deletions (indels) in nucleotide sequence may be represented differently between mapping algorithms and variant callers, or in the flanking sequence context. Representational ambiguity is especially profound for complex indels, complicating comparisons between multiple mappings and call sets. Complex indels may additionally suffer from incomplete allele representation, potentially leading to critical misannotation of variant effect. We present indelPost, a Python library that harmonizes these ambiguities for simple and complex indels via realignment and read-based phasing. We demonstrate that indelPost enables accurate analysis of ambiguous data and can derive the correct complex indel alleles from the simple indel predictions provided by standard small variant detectors, with improved performance over a specialized tool for complex indel analysis. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION indelPost is freely available at: https://github.com/stjude/indelPost. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hagiwara
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David A Wheeler
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Newman S, Nakitandwe J, Kesserwan CA, Azzato EM, Wheeler DA, Rusch M, Shurtleff S, Hedges DJ, Hamilton KV, Foy SG, Edmonson MN, Thrasher A, Bahrami A, Orr BA, Klco JM, Gu J, Harrison LW, Wang L, Clay MR, Ouma A, Silkov A, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Brady SW, Zhou X, Chang TC, Pande M, Davis E, Becksfort J, Patel A, Wilkinson MR, Rahbarinia D, Kubal M, Maciaszek JL, Pastor V, Knight J, Gout AM, Wang J, Gu Z, Mullighan CG, McGee RB, Quinn EA, Nuccio R, Mostafavi R, Gerhardt EL, Taylor LM, Valdez JM, Hines-Dowell SJ, Pappo AS, Robinson G, Johnson LM, Pui CH, Ellison DW, Downing JR, Zhang J, Nichols KE. Genomes for Kids: The scope of pathogenic mutations in pediatric cancer revealed by comprehensive DNA and RNA sequencing. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:3008-3027. [PMID: 34301788 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genomic studies of pediatric cancer have primarily focused on specific tumor types or high-risk disease. Here, we used a three-platform sequencing approach, including whole genome (WGS), exome, and RNA sequencing, to examine tumor and germline genomes from 309 prospectively identified children with newly diagnosed (85%) or relapsed/refractory (15%) cancers, unselected for tumor type. Eighty-six percent of patients harbored diagnostic (53%), prognostic (57%), therapeutically-relevant (25%), and/or cancer predisposing (18%) variants. Inclusion of WGS enabled detection of activating gene fusions and enhancer hijacks (36% and 8% of tumors, respectively), small intragenic deletions (15% of tumors) and mutational signatures revealing of pathogenic variant effects. Evaluation of paired tumor-normal data revealed relevance to tumor development for 55% of pathogenic germline variants. This study demonstrates the power of a three-platform approach that incorporates WGS to interrogate and interpret the full range of genomic variants across newly diagnosed as well as relapsed/refractory pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Newman
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Joy Nakitandwe
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | | | | | | | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Dale J Hedges
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Kayla V Hamilton
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Scott G Foy
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Andrew Thrasher
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Brent A Orr
- Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Jiali Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Lynn W Harrison
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Lu Wang
- Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Annastasia Ouma
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Antonina Silkov
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | - Yu Liu
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Xin Zhou
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Manjusha Pande
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Eric Davis
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Jared Becksfort
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Aman Patel
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | - Manish Kubal
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | - Jay Knight
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Emily A Quinn
- Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute
| | - Regina Nuccio
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Elsie L Gerhardt
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Leslie M Taylor
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - Liza-Marie Johnson
- Division of Quality of Life and Palliative Care, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
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Wheeler DA, Newman S, Nakitandwe J, Kesserwan CA, Azzato EM, Rusch MC, Shurtleff S, Bahrami A, Orr B, Klco JM, Hedges DJ, Hamilton KV, Foy SG, Edmonson MN, Thrasher A, Gu J, Harrison LW, Wang L, Mostafavi R, Kubal M, Maciaszek J, Clay M, Ouma A, Silkov A, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Brady SW, Zhou X, Wilkinson M, Rahbarinia D, Knight J, Wang J, Mullighan CG, McGee RB, Quinn EA, Gerhardt EL, Taylor LM, Nuccio R, Valdez JM, Hines-Dowell SJ, Pappo A, Robinson G, Johnson LM, Pui CH, Ellison DW, Downing JR, Zhang J, Nichols KE. Abstract 642: Genomes for Kids: Comprehensive DNA and RNA sequencing defining the scope of actionable mutations in pediatric cancer. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Clinical genomic studies of pediatric cancer have primarily focused on specific tumor types or high-risk disease. In the Genomes for Kids study (NCT02530658) we used a three-platform sequencing approach, including whole genome (WGS), whole exome (WES) and RNA sequencing, to examine tumor and paired germline genomes from prospectively identified children with cancer. The goal of the study was to assess the potential of comprehensive next generation sequencing to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor formation and investigate the potential of this information to influence clinical decision-making.The cohort, with a median age of 6 yrs, range 0 - 26 yrs, included 301 patients with newly diagnosed (85%) or relapsed/refractory (15%) cancers, unselected for tumor type or stage. Patients with hematologic malignancies accounted for 41% of cases, 31% had CNS tumors, and 28% had other non-CNS solid tumors. This cohort also included 18 patients with very rare tumor types, defined here as occurring in less than 2 cases per million person per year.Two hundred fifty three patients (84%) had sufficient tumor for three-platform sequencing and all 301 had adequate paired germline samples. Following analysis, 86% of patients harbored diagnostic (53%), prognostic (57%), therapeutically relevant (25%), and/or cancer predisposing (18%) variants. The inclusion of WGS enabled detection of oncogenic gene fusions, as well as 22 cases in which oncogenes were activated through enhancer hijacking, a particularly frequent occurrence in hematologic malignancies. In addition, WGS effectively detected clinically relevant small intragenic deletions (15% of tumors) and a variety of mutational signatures, which were not detectable through analysis of whole exome data. Evaluation of 56 pathogenic germline variants in the context of paired tumor sequence data helped establish the disease relevance of several genes that are not typically associated with the cancer type in question, providing critical insights on a case-by-case basis. Examples include a pathogenic germline variant in MUTYH in a patient with retinoblastoma whose tumor exhibited a mutation signature associated with reactive oxygen species indicative of loss of MUTYH function; and conversely, a likely pathogenic variant in PMS2 in a rare brain cancer, which did not exhibit a mutation signature associated with microsatellite instability. This study successfully demonstrated the power of this three-platform approach to interrogate and interpret the full range of genomic variants across newly diagnosed as well as relapsed/refractory pediatric cancers. As a result of these findings, we have incorporated this three-platform approach into our routine real-time clinical service at St. Jude Children's Hospital.
Citation Format: David A. Wheeler, Scott Newman, Joy Nakitandwe, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Elizabeth M. Azzato, Michael C. Rusch, Sheila Shurtleff, Armita Bahrami, Brent Orr, Jeffery M. Klco, Dale J. Hedges, Kayla V. Hamilton, Scott G. Foy, Michael N. Edmonson, Andrew Thrasher, Jiali Gu, Lynn W. Harrison, Lu Wang, Roya Mostafavi, Manish Kubal, Jamie Maciaszek, Michael Clay, Annastasia Ouma, Antonina Silkov, Yanling Liu, Zhaojie Zhang, Yu Liu, Samuel W. Brady, Xin Zhou, Mark Wilkinson, Delaram Rahbarinia, Jay Knight, Jian Wang, Charles G. Mullighan, Rose B. McGee, Emily A. Quinn, Elsie L. Gerhardt, Leslie M. Taylor, Regina Nuccio, Jessica M. Valdez, Stacy J. Hines-Dowell, Alberto Pappo, Giles Robinson, Liza-Marie Johnson, Ching-Hon Pui, David W. Ellison, James R. Downing, Jinghui Zhang, Kim E. Nichols. Genomes for Kids: Comprehensive DNA and RNA sequencing defining the scope of actionable mutations in pediatric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 642.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Newman
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brent Orr
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Scott G. Foy
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Jiali Gu
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Lu Wang
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Manish Kubal
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Michael Clay
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Yanling Liu
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Yu Liu
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Xin Zhou
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Jay Knight
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jian Wang
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Zhou X, Wang J, Patel J, Valentine M, Shao Y, Newman S, Sioson E, Tian L, Liu Y, Brady SW, Flasch D, Ma X, Liu Y, Paul R, Edmonson MN, Rusch MC, Li C, Baker SJ, Easton J, Zhang J. Exploration of Coding and Non-coding Variants in Cancer Using GenomePaint. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:83-95.e4. [PMID: 33434514 PMCID: PMC7884056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GenomePaint (https://genomepaint.stjude.cloud/) is an interactive visualization platform for whole-genome, whole-exome, transcriptome, and epigenomic data of tumor samples. Its design captures the inter-relatedness between DNA variations and RNA expression, supporting in-depth exploration of both individual cancer genomes and full cohorts. Regulatory non-coding variants can be inspected and analyzed along with coding variants, and their functional impact further explored by examining 3D genome data from cancer cell lines. Further, GenomePaint correlates mutation and expression patterns with patient outcomes, and supports custom data upload. We used GenomePaint to unveil aberrant splicing that disrupts the RING domain of CREBBP, discover cis activation of the MYC oncogene by duplication of the NOTCH1-MYC enhancer in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and explore the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity at EGFR in adult glioblastomas. These examples demonstrate that deep multi-omics exploration of individual cancer genomes enabled by GenomePaint can lead to biological insights for follow-up validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jaimin Patel
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marc Valentine
- Cytogenetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Diane Flasch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robin Paul
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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McLeod C, Gout AM, Zhou X, Thrasher A, Rahbarinia D, Brady SW, Macias M, Birch K, Finkelstein D, Sunny J, Mudunuri R, Orr BA, Treadway M, Davidson B, Ard TK, Chiao A, Swistak A, Wiggins S, Foy S, Wang J, Sioson E, Wang S, Michael JR, Liu Y, Ma X, Patel A, Edmonson MN, Wilkinson MR, Frantz AM, Chang TC, Tian L, Lei S, Islam SMA, Meyer C, Thangaraj N, Tater P, Kandali V, Ma S, Nguyen T, Serang O, McGuire I, Robison N, Gentry D, Tang X, Palmer LE, Wu G, Suh E, Tanner L, McMurry J, Lear M, Pappo AS, Wang Z, Wilson CL, Cheng Y, Meshinchi S, Alexandrov LB, Weiss MJ, Armstrong GT, Robison LL, Yasui Y, Nichols KE, Ellison DW, Bangur C, Mullighan CG, Baker SJ, Dyer MA, Miller G, Newman S, Rusch M, Daly R, Perry K, Downing JR, Zhang J. St. Jude Cloud: A Pediatric Cancer Genomic Data-Sharing Ecosystem. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1082-1099. [PMID: 33408242 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective data sharing is key to accelerating research to improve diagnostic precision, treatment efficacy, and long-term survival in pediatric cancer and other childhood catastrophic diseases. We present St. Jude Cloud (https://www.stjude.cloud), a cloud-based data-sharing ecosystem for accessing, analyzing, and visualizing genomic data from >10,000 pediatric patients with cancer and long-term survivors, and >800 pediatric sickle cell patients. Harmonized genomic data totaling 1.25 petabytes are freely available, including 12,104 whole genomes, 7,697 whole exomes, and 2,202 transcriptomes. The resource is expanding rapidly, with regular data uploads from St. Jude's prospective clinical genomics programs. Three interconnected apps within the ecosystem-Genomics Platform, Pediatric Cancer Knowledgebase, and Visualization Community-enable simultaneously performing advanced data analysis in the cloud and enhancing the Pediatric Cancer knowledgebase. We demonstrate the value of the ecosystem through use cases that classify 135 pediatric cancer subtypes by gene expression profiling and map mutational signatures across 35 pediatric cancer subtypes. SIGNIFICANCE: To advance research and treatment of pediatric cancer, we developed St. Jude Cloud, a data-sharing ecosystem for accessing >1.2 petabytes of raw genomic data from >10,000 pediatric patients and survivors, innovative analysis workflows, integrative multiomics visualizations, and a knowledgebase of published data contributed by the global pediatric cancer community.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay McLeod
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexander M Gout
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew Thrasher
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Delaram Rahbarinia
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Macias
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kirby Birch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jobin Sunny
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rahul Mudunuri
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Madison Treadway
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Arthur Chiao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew Swistak
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephanie Wiggins
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott Foy
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shuoguo Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - J Robert Michael
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aman Patel
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew M Frantz
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - S M Ashiqul Islam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Irina McGuire
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nedra Robison
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Darrell Gentry
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lance E Palmer
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ed Suh
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Leigh Tanner
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James McMurry
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Matthew Lear
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Carmen L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Soheil Meshinchi
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gregory T Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Keith Perry
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Hagiwara K, Ding L, Edmonson MN, Rice SV, Newman S, Easton J, Dai J, Meshinchi S, Ries RE, Rusch M, Zhang J. RNAIndel: discovering somatic coding indels from tumor RNA-Seq data. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:1382-1390. [PMID: 31593214 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Reliable identification of expressed somatic insertions/deletions (indels) is an unmet need due to artifacts generated in PCR-based RNA-Seq library preparation and the lack of normal RNA-Seq data, presenting analytical challenges for discovery of somatic indels in tumor transcriptome. RESULTS We present RNAIndel, a tool for predicting somatic, germline and artifact indels from tumor RNA-Seq data. RNAIndel leverages features derived from indel sequence context and biological effect in a machine-learning framework. Except for tumor samples with microsatellite instability, RNAIndel robustly predicts 88-100% of somatic indels in five diverse test datasets of pediatric and adult cancers, even recovering subclonal (VAF range 0.01-0.15) driver indels missed by targeted deep-sequencing, outperforming the current best-practice for RNA-Seq variant calling which had 57% sensitivity but with 14 times more false positives. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION RNAIndel is freely available at https://github.com/stjude/RNAIndel. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hagiwara
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liang Ding
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen V Rice
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Soheil Meshinchi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rhonda E Ries
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Qin N, Wang Z, Liu Q, Song N, Wilson CL, Ehrhardt MJ, Shelton K, Easton J, Mulder H, Kennetz D, Edmonson MN, Rusch MC, Downing JR, Hudson MM, Nichols KE, Zhang J, Robison LL, Yasui Y. Pathogenic Germline Mutations in DNA Repair Genes in Combination With Cancer Treatment Exposures and Risk of Subsequent Neoplasms Among Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:2728-2740. [PMID: 32496904 PMCID: PMC7430217 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate cancer treatment plus pathogenic germline mutations (PGMs) in DNA repair genes (DRGs) for identification of childhood cancer survivors at increased risk of subsequent neoplasms (SNs). METHODS Whole-genome sequencing was performed on blood-derived DNA from survivors in the St Jude Lifetime Cohort. PGMs were evaluated in 127 genes from 6 major DNA repair pathways. Cumulative doses of chemotherapy and body region-specific radiotherapy (RT) were abstracted from medical records. Relative rates (RRs) and 95% CIs of SNs by mutation status were estimated using multivariable piecewise exponential models. RESULTS Of 4,402 survivors, 495 (11.2%) developed 1,269 SNs. We identified 538 PGMs in 98 DRGs (POLG, MUTYH, ERCC2, and BRCA2, among others) in 508 (11.5%) survivors. Mutations in homologous recombination (HR) genes were significantly associated with an increased rate of subsequent female breast cancer (RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8 to 7.7), especially among survivors with chest RT ≥ 20 Gy (RR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.6 to 12.4), or with a cumulative dose of anthracyclines in the second or third tertile (RR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.7 to 11.4). Mutations in HR genes were also associated with an increased rate of subsequent sarcoma among those who received alkylating agent doses in the third tertile (RR, 14.9; 95% CI, 4.0 to 38.0). Mutations in nucleotide excision repair genes were associated with subsequent thyroid cancer for those treated with neck RT ≥ 30 Gy (RR, 12.9; 95% CI, 1.6 to 46.6) with marginal statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our study provides novel insights regarding the contribution of genetics, in combination with known treatment-related risks, for the development of SNs. These findings have the potential to facilitate identification of high-risk survivors who may benefit from genetic counseling and/or testing of DRGs, which may further inform personalized cancer surveillance and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nan Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Carmen L. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Matthew J. Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kyla Shelton
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Dennis Kennetz
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Michael N. Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Michael C. Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kim E. Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Tian L, Li Y, Edmonson MN, Zhou X, Newman S, McLeod C, Liu Y, Tang B, Rusch MC, Easton J, Ma J, Trull A, Michael JR, Thrasher A, Mullighan C, Baker SJ, Downing JR, Ellison DW, Zhang J. Abstract 5478: CICERO: An accurate method for detecting complex and diverse driver fusions using cancer transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gene fusions are important biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, subtype classification and therapeutic decision-making. While fusion detection using RNA-seq data has become a standard practice, existing computational methods primarily focus on identifying canonical exon-to-exon fusions. However, more complex events such as multi-partner fusions, truncations, enhancer hijacking and internal tandem duplications (ITD) can also lead to abnormal function or aberrant transcription of cancer driver genes.
To aid discovery of complex and diverse driver fusions, we developed CICERO (CICERO Is Clipping Extended for RNA Optimization), a local assembly-based algorithm that integrates RNA-seq reads bearing aberrant mapping signatures with extensive annotation for ranking candidate fusions. Our benchmark data set, designed to support the main application of RNA-seq fusion analysis, consists of 184 driver fusions from 170 pediatric leukemia, solid tumor and brain tumor detected by paired tumor-normal WGS and orthogonally validated by capture sequencing, RT-PCR and/or FISH. CICERO detected 95% of these fusions with an average ranking of 1.9, whereas ChimeraScan, deFuse, FusionCatcher and STAR-Fusion detected only 63%, 66%, 77% and 63% with an average ranking of 37.0, 9.0, 18.1 and 4.4, respectively. Notably, events such as ITD and rearrangements involving the highly repetitive IGH locus were detected almost exclusively by CICERO.
Our re-analysis of 167 RNA-seq data from the TCGA Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) cohort unveiled 158 fusions of cancer genes that were not reported previously. These include kinase fusions (KLHL7-BRAF), ITD of EGFR kinase domain and a 13% prevalence of EGFR C-terminal truncation compared to the 6% reported by the TCGA Network.
CICERO has greatly improved our ability to discover non-canonical fusions which are overlooked by existing fusion detection methods, and has been used to analyze >2,000 RNA-seq samples generated by the two largest pediatric cancer genomics initiatives: the St. Jude/Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (PCGP) and the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) project. We anticipate that CICERO will also improve fusion analysis for adult cancer RNA-seq data, as demonstrated through our re-analysis of TCGA-GBM and our recent discovery of MAP3K8 C-terminal truncation fusion in 2% of TCGA melanoma samples.
CICERO is accessible via standard (https://github.com/stjude/Cicero) or cloud-based (https://platform.stjude.cloud/tools/rapid_rna-seq) implementation. To further improve accuracy, fusions predicted by CICERO can be curated by FusionEditor (https://proteinpaint.stjude.org/FusionEditor/), an interactive viewer allowing inspection of protein domains involved in the fusion and the gene expression status of fusion-positive samples.
Citation Format: Liqing Tian, Yongjin Li, Michael N. Edmonson, Xin Zhou, Scott Newman, Clay McLeod, Yu Liu, Bo Tang, Michael C. Rusch, John Easton, Jing Ma, Austyn Trull, J. Robert Michael, Andrew Thrasher, Charles Mullighan, Suzanne J. Baker, James R. Downing, David W. Ellison, Jinghui Zhang. CICERO: An accurate method for detecting complex and diverse driver fusions using cancer transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5478.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Tian
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yongjin Li
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Xin Zhou
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Scott Newman
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Clay McLeod
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yu Liu
- 2Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Bo Tang
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - John Easton
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jing Ma
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Austyn Trull
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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12
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Hagiwara K, Ding L, Edmonson MN, Rice SV, Newman S, Easton J, Dai J, Meshinchi S, Ries RE, Rusch M, Zhang J. RNAIndel: discovering somatic coding indels from tumor RNA-Seq data. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:4231. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Liu Y, Li C, Shen S, Chen X, Szlachta K, Edmonson MN, Shao Y, Ma X, Hyle J, Wright S, Ju B, Rusch MC, Liu Y, Li B, Macias M, Tian L, Easton J, Qian M, Yang JJ, Hu S, Look AT, Zhang J. Discovery of regulatory noncoding variants in individual cancer genomes by using cis-X. Nat Genet 2020; 52:811-818. [PMID: 32632335 PMCID: PMC7679232 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed cis-X, a computational method for discovering regulatory noncoding variants in cancer by integrating whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data from a single cancer sample. cis-X first finds aberrantly cis-activated genes that exhibit allele-specific expression accompanied by an elevated outlier expression. It then searches for causal noncoding variants that may introduce aberrant transcription factor binding motifs or enhancer hijacking by structural variations. Analysis of 13 T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias identified a recurrent intronic variant predicted to cis-activate the TAL1 oncogene, a finding validated in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing of a patient-derived xenograft. Candidate oncogenes include the prolactin receptor PRLR activated by a focal deletion that removes a CTCF-insulated neighborhood boundary. cis-X may be applied to pediatric and adult solid tumors that are aneuploid and heterogeneous. In contrast to existing approaches, which require large sample cohorts, cis-X enables the discovery of regulatory noncoding variants in individual cancer genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shuhong Shen
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karol Szlachta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Judith Hyle
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shaela Wright
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bensheng Ju
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Benshang Li
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Macias
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maoxiang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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14
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Wang Z, Rice SV, Chang TC, Liu Y, Liu Q, Qin N, Putnam DK, Shelton K, Lanctot JQ, Wilson CL, Ness KK, Rusch MC, Edmonson MN, Wu G, Easton J, Kesserwan CA, Downing JR, Chen X, Nichols KE, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Zhang J. Molecular Mechanism of Telomere Length Dynamics and Its Prognostic Value in Pediatric Cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:756-764. [PMID: 31647544 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to systematically evaluate telomere dynamics across a spectrum of pediatric cancers, search for underlying molecular mechanisms, and assess potential prognostic value. METHODS The fraction of telomeric reads was determined from whole-genome sequencing data for paired tumor and normal samples from 653 patients with 23 cancer types from the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project. Telomere dynamics were characterized as the ratio of telomere fractions between tumor and normal samples. Somatic mutations were gathered, RNA sequencing data for 330 patients were analyzed for gene expression, and Cox regression was used to assess the telomere dynamics on patient survival. RESULTS Telomere lengthening was observed in 28.7% of solid tumors, 10.5% of brain tumors, and 4.3% of hematological cancers. Among 81 samples with telomere lengthening, 26 had somatic mutations in alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked gene, corroborated by a low level of the gene expression in the subset of tumors with RNA sequencing. Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene amplification and/or activation was observed in 10 tumors with telomere lengthening, including two leukemias of the E2A-PBX1 subtype. Among hematological cancers, pathway analysis for genes with expressions most negatively correlated with telomere fractions suggests the implication of a gene ontology process of antigen presentation by Major histocompatibility complex class II. A higher ratio of telomere fractions was statistically significantly associated with poorer survival for patients with brain tumors (hazard ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval = 1.37 to 3.46). CONCLUSION Because telomerase inhibitors are currently being explored as potential agents to treat pediatric cancer, these data are valuable because they identify a subpopulation of patients with reactivation of telomerase who are most likely to benefit from this novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control.,Department of Computational Biology
| | | | | | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology
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15
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Tian L, Li Y, Edmonson MN, Zhou X, Newman S, McLeod C, Thrasher A, Liu Y, Tang B, Rusch MC, Easton J, Ma J, Davis E, Trull A, Michael JR, Szlachta K, Mullighan C, Baker SJ, Downing JR, Ellison DW, Zhang J. CICERO: a versatile method for detecting complex and diverse driver fusions using cancer RNA sequencing data. Genome Biol 2020; 21:126. [PMID: 32466770 PMCID: PMC7325161 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover driver fusions beyond canonical exon-to-exon chimeric transcripts, we develop CICERO, a local assembly-based algorithm that integrates RNA-seq read support with extensive annotation for candidate ranking. CICERO outperforms commonly used methods, achieving a 95% detection rate for 184 independently validated driver fusions including internal tandem duplications and other non-canonical events in 170 pediatric cancer transcriptomes. Re-analysis of TCGA glioblastoma RNA-seq unveils previously unreported kinase fusions (KLHL7-BRAF) and a 13% prevalence of EGFR C-terminal truncation. Accessible via standard or cloud-based implementation, CICERO enhances driver fusion detection for research and precision oncology. The CICERO source code is available at https://github.com/stjude/Cicero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clay McLeod
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Andrew Thrasher
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Eric Davis
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Austyn Trull
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - J Robert Michael
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Karol Szlachta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Charles Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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16
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Dobson SM, García-Prat L, Vanner RJ, Wintersinger J, Waanders E, Gu Z, McLeod J, Gan OI, Grandal I, Payne-Turner D, Edmonson MN, Ma X, Fan Y, Voisin V, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Xie SZ, Hosseini M, Abelson S, Gupta P, Rusch M, Shao Y, Olsen SR, Neale G, Chan SM, Bader G, Easton J, Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Zhang J, Minden MD, Morris Q, Mullighan CG, Dick JE. Relapse-Fated Latent Diagnosis Subclones in Acute B Lineage Leukemia Are Drug Tolerant and Possess Distinct Metabolic Programs. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:568-587. [PMID: 32086311 PMCID: PMC7122013 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Disease recurrence causes significant mortality in B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Genomic analysis of matched diagnosis and relapse samples shows relapse often arising from minor diagnosis subclones. However, why therapy eradicates some subclones while others survive and progress to relapse remains obscure. Elucidation of mechanisms underlying these differing fates requires functional analysis of isolated subclones. Here, large-scale limiting dilution xenografting of diagnosis and relapse samples, combined with targeted sequencing, identified and isolated minor diagnosis subclones that initiate an evolutionary trajectory toward relapse [termed diagnosis Relapse Initiating clones (dRI)]. Compared with other diagnosis subclones, dRIs were drug-tolerant with distinct engraftment and metabolic properties. Transcriptionally, dRIs displayed enrichment for chromatin remodeling, mitochondrial metabolism, proteostasis programs, and an increase in stemness pathways. The isolation and characterization of dRI subclones reveals new avenues for eradicating dRI cells by targeting their distinct metabolic and transcriptional pathways before further evolution renders them fully therapy-resistant. SIGNIFICANCE: Isolation and characterization of subclones from diagnosis samples of patients with B-ALL who relapsed showed that relapse-fated subclones had increased drug tolerance and distinct metabolic and survival transcriptional programs compared with other diagnosis subclones. This study provides strategies to identify and target clinically relevant subclones before further evolution toward relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dobson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura García-Prat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Vanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Esmé Waanders
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jessica McLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga I Gan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debbie Payne-Turner
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Z Xie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sagi Abelson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ying Shao
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott R Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Steven M Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Easton
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quaid Morris
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - John E Dick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Song N, Li Z, Qin N, Howell CR, Wilson CL, Easton J, Mulder HL, Edmonson MN, Rusch MC, Zhang J, Hudson MM, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Ness KK, Wang Z. Shortened Leukocyte Telomere Length Associates with an Increased Prevalence of Chronic Health Conditions among Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2362-2371. [PMID: 31969337 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to analyze and compare leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and age-dependent LTL attrition between childhood cancer survivors and noncancer controls, and to evaluate the associations of LTL with treatment exposures, chronic health conditions (CHC), and health behaviors among survivors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We included 2,427 survivors and 293 noncancer controls of European ancestry, drawn from the participants in St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE), a retrospective hospital-based study with prospective follow-up (2007-2016). Common nonneoplastic CHCs (59 types) and subsequent malignant neoplasms (5 types) were clinically assessed. LTL was measured with whole-genome sequencing data. RESULTS After adjusting for age at DNA sampling, gender, genetic risk score based on 9 SNPs known to be associated with telomere length, and eigenvectors, LTL among survivors was significantly shorter both overall [adjusted mean (AM) = 6.20 kb; SE = 0.03 kb] and across diagnoses than controls (AM = 6.69 kb; SE = 0.07 kb). Among survivors, specific treatment exposures associated with shorter LTL included chest or abdominal irradiation, glucocorticoid, and vincristine chemotherapies. Significant negative associations of LTL with 14 different CHCs, and a positive association with subsequent thyroid cancer occurring out of irradiation field were identified. Health behaviors were significantly associated with LTL among survivors aged 18 to 35 years (P trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS LTL is significantly shorter among childhood cancer survivors than noncancer controls, and is associated with CHCs and health behaviors, suggesting LTL as an aging biomarker may be a potential mechanistic target for future intervention studies designed to prevent or delay onset of CHCs in childhood cancer survivors.See related commentary by Walsh, p. 2281.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Carrie R Howell
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Carmen L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. .,Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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18
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Waanders E, Gu Z, Dobson SM, Antić Ž, Crawford JC, Ma X, Edmonson MN, Payne-Turner D, van der Vorst M, Jongmans MCJ, McGuire I, Zhou X, Wang J, Shi L, Pounds S, Pei D, Cheng C, Song G, Fan Y, Shao Y, Rusch M, McCastlain K, Yu J, van Boxtel R, Blokzijl F, Iacobucci I, Roberts KG, Wen J, Wu G, Ma J, Easton J, Neale G, Olsen SR, Nichols KE, Pui CH, Zhang J, Evans WE, Relling MV, Yang JJ, Thomas PG, Dick JE, Kuiper RP, Mullighan CG. Mutational landscape and patterns of clonal evolution in relapsed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:96-111. [PMID: 32793890 PMCID: PMC7418874 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.bcd-19-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains a leading cause of childhood death. Prior studies have shown clonal mutations at relapse often arise from relapse-fated subclones that exist at diagnosis. However, the genomic landscape, evolutionary trajectories and mutational mechanisms driving relapse are incompletely understood. In an analysis of 92 cases of relapsed childhood ALL, incorporating multimodal DNA and RNA sequencing, deep digital mutational tracking and xenografting to formally define clonal structure, we identify 50 significant targets of mutation with distinct patterns of mutational acquisition or enrichment. CREBBP, NOTCH1, and Ras signaling mutations rose from diagnosis subclones, whereas variants in NCOR2, USH2A and NT5C2 were exclusively observed at relapse. Evolutionary modeling and xenografting demonstrated that relapse-fated clones were minor (50%), major (27%) or multiclonal (18%) at diagnosis. Putative second leukemias, including those with lineage shift, were shown to most commonly represent relapse from an ancestral clone rather than a truly independent second primary leukemia. A subset of leukemias prone to repeated relapse exhibited hypermutation driven by at least three distinct mutational processes, resulting in heightened neoepitope burden and potential vulnerability to immunotherapy. Finally, relapse-driving sequence mutations were detected prior to relapse using deep digital PCR at levels comparable to orthogonal approaches to monitor levels of measurable residual disease. These results provide a genomic framework to anticipate and circumvent relapse by earlier detection and targeting of relapse-fated clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmé Waanders
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie M Dobson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Željko Antić
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Debbie Payne-Turner
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maartje van der Vorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn C J Jongmans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irina McGuire
- Department of Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelly McCastlain
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiangyan Yu
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Blokzijl
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ji Wen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- The Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Scott R Olsen
- The Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Li B, Brady SW, Ma X, Shen S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Szlachta K, Dong L, Liu Y, Yang F, Wang N, Flasch DA, Myers MA, Mulder HL, Ding L, Liu Y, Tian L, Hagiwara K, Xu K, Zhou X, Sioson E, Wang T, Yang L, Zhao J, Zhang H, Shao Y, Sun H, Sun L, Cai J, Sun HY, Lin TN, Du L, Li H, Rusch M, Edmonson MN, Easton J, Zhu X, Zhang J, Cheng C, Raphael BJ, Tang J, Downing JR, Alexandrov LB, Zhou BBS, Pui CH, Yang JJ, Zhang J. Therapy-induced mutations drive the genomic landscape of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2020; 135:41-55. [PMID: 31697823 PMCID: PMC6940198 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the mechanisms of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we performed whole-genome sequencing of 103 diagnosis-relapse-germline trios and ultra-deep sequencing of 208 serial samples in 16 patients. Relapse-specific somatic alterations were enriched in 12 genes (NR3C1, NR3C2, TP53, NT5C2, FPGS, CREBBP, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, WHSC1, PRPS1, and PRPS2) involved in drug response. Their prevalence was 17% in very early relapse (<9 months from diagnosis), 65% in early relapse (9-36 months), and 32% in late relapse (>36 months) groups. Convergent evolution, in which multiple subclones harbor mutations in the same drug resistance gene, was observed in 6 relapses and confirmed by single-cell sequencing in 1 case. Mathematical modeling and mutational signature analysis indicated that early relapse resistance acquisition was frequently a 2-step process in which a persistent clone survived initial therapy and later acquired bona fide resistance mutations during therapy. In contrast, very early relapses arose from preexisting resistant clone(s). Two novel relapse-specific mutational signatures, one of which was caused by thiopurine treatment based on in vitro drug exposure experiments, were identified in early and late relapses but were absent from 2540 pan-cancer diagnosis samples and 129 non-ALL relapses. The novel signatures were detected in 27% of relapsed ALLs and were responsible for 46% of acquired resistance mutations in NT5C2, PRPS1, NR3C1, and TP53. These results suggest that chemotherapy-induced drug resistance mutations facilitate a subset of pediatric ALL relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Shuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital-Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Karol Szlachta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningling Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Diane A Flasch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Matthew A Myers
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Lixia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kohei Hagiwara
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Lele Sun
- WuXi NextCODE Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoyang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
| | - Hui-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
| | | | - Lijuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital-Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingliao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital-Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | - Jingyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, TN
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Bin-Bing S Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center-National Children's Medical Center, and
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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20
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Maciaszek JL, Oak N, Chen W, Hamilton KV, McGee RB, Nuccio R, Mostafavi R, Hines-Dowell S, Harrison L, Taylor L, Gerhardt EL, Ouma A, Edmonson MN, Patel A, Nakitandwe J, Pappo AS, Azzato EM, Shurtleff SA, Ellison DW, Downing JR, Hudson MM, Robison LL, Santana V, Newman S, Zhang J, Wang Z, Wu G, Nichols KE, Kesserwan CA. Enrichment of heterozygous germline RECQL4 loss-of-function variants in pediatric osteosarcoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a004218. [PMID: 31604778 PMCID: PMC6824257 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients harboring germline pathogenic biallelic variants in genes involved in the recognition and repair of DNA damage are known to have a substantially increased cancer risk. Emerging evidence suggests that individuals harboring heterozygous variants in these same genes may also be at heightened, albeit lesser, risk for cancer. Herein, we sought to determine whether heterozygous variants in RECQL4, the gene encoding an essential DNA helicase that is defective in children with the autosomal recessive cancer-predisposing condition Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), are associated with increased risk for childhood cancer. To address this question, we interrogated germline sequence data from 4435 pediatric cancer patients at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and 1127 from the National Cancer Institute Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatment (TARGET) database and identified 24 (0.43%) who harbored loss-of-function (LOF) RECQL4 variants, including five of 249 (2.0%) with osteosarcoma (OS). These RECQL4 variants were significantly overrepresented in children with OS, the cancer most frequently observed in patients with RTS, as compared to 134,187 noncancer controls in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD v2.1; P = 0.00087, odds ratio [OR] = 7.1, 95% CI, 2.9-17). Nine of the 24 (38%) individuals possessed the same c.1573delT (p.Cys525Alafs) variant located in the highly conserved DNA helicase domain, suggesting that disruption of this domain is central to oncogenesis. Altogether these data expand our understanding of the genetic factors predisposing to childhood cancer and reveal a novel association between heterozygous RECQL4 LOF variants and development of pediatric OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Maciaszek
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Ninad Oak
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Wenan Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Kayla V Hamilton
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Rose B McGee
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Regina Nuccio
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Roya Mostafavi
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Stacy Hines-Dowell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Lynn Harrison
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Leslie Taylor
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elsie L Gerhardt
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Annastasia Ouma
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Aman Patel
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Joy Nakitandwe
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Azzato
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Sheila A Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Victor Santana
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Chimene A Kesserwan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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21
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Edmonson MN, Patel AN, Hedges DJ, Wang Z, Rampersaud E, Kesserwan CA, Zhou X, Liu Y, Newman S, Rusch MC, McLeod CL, Wilkinson MR, Rice SV, Soussi T, Taylor JP, Benatar M, Becksfort JB, Nichols KE, Robison LL, Downing JR, Zhang J. Pediatric Cancer Variant Pathogenicity Information Exchange (PeCanPIE): a cloud-based platform for curating and classifying germline variants. Genome Res 2019; 29:1555-1565. [PMID: 31439692 PMCID: PMC6724669 DOI: 10.1101/gr.250357.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Variant interpretation in the era of massively parallel sequencing is challenging. Although many resources and guidelines are available to assist with this task, few integrated end-to-end tools exist. Here, we present the Pediatric Cancer Variant Pathogenicity Information Exchange (PeCanPIE), a web- and cloud-based platform for annotation, identification, and classification of variations in known or putative disease genes. Starting from a set of variants in variant call format (VCF), variants are annotated, ranked by putative pathogenicity, and presented for formal classification using a decision-support interface based on published guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). The system can accept files containing millions of variants and handle single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), simple insertions/deletions (indels), multiple-nucleotide variants (MNVs), and complex substitutions. PeCanPIE has been applied to classify variant pathogenicity in cancer predisposition genes in two large-scale investigations involving >4000 pediatric cancer patients and serves as a repository for the expert-reviewed results. PeCanPIE was originally developed for pediatric cancer but can be easily extended for use for nonpediatric cancers and noncancer genetic diseases. Although PeCanPIE's web-based interface was designed to be accessible to non-bioinformaticians, its back-end pipelines may also be run independently on the cloud, facilitating direct integration and broader adoption. PeCanPIE is publicly available and free for research use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Aman N Patel
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Dale J Hedges
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Chimene A Kesserwan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Clay L McLeod
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Stephen V Rice
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Thierry Soussi
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden.,INSERM, U1138, Équipe 11, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Jared B Becksfort
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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22
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Wang Z, Chang TC, Wilson CL, Kesserwan CA, Gibson TM, Li N, Easton J, Mulder HL, Wu G, Edmonson MN, Rusch MC, Downing JR, Nichols KE, Bhatia S, Armstrong GT, Hudson MM, Zhang J, Yasui Y, Robison LL. Abstract 4178: Germline mutations in BRCA2 and pediatric/adolescent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime (SJLIFE) and Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) cohorts. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) monoallelic germline mutations in BRCA2 increase risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. In a prior report from the SJLIFE study, BRCA2 was the third most frequently mutated gene (14 occurrences) among 3006 survivors of childhood cancer with the highest number observed among lymphoma survivors (7/586). To further investigate BRCA2 as a potential predisposition gene for pediatric/adolescent lymphoma, we analyzed 781 additional lymphoma survivors in the SJLIFE and CCSS cohorts with whole-genome sequencing (30X coverage). In the combined set of 1367 survivors (808 Hodgkin’s lymphoma [HL], 559 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [NHL]; 54% male; median age at diagnosis 12.6 [range 1.1-22.7] years), 13 P/LP mutations in BRCA2 were identified, with 7 mapped to the breast or ovarian cancer cluster regions defined by the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2. Compared to reference controls in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) (Table 1), a significant association was observed between lymphoma and mutations in BRCA2 (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% CI, 1.7-5.5) but not BRCA1. When stratified by diagnosis, the association was significant for NHL (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.0-9.6) but not for HL. BRCA2 mutation carriers included a broad spectrum of NHL histological subtypes. Our findings support inclusion of pediatric/adolescent NHL in the spectrum of cancers associated with germline BRCA2 mutations. Approximately 1.4% of survivors of pediatric/adolescent NHL are carriers of a P/LP mutation in BRCA2, which may be the underlying etiology of their primary diagnosis. Clinically, counselling regarding BRCA2 mutation status should be considered for pediatric/adolescent NHL patients. Large scale genetic studies of newly diagnosed pediatric/adolescent lymphoma patients are warranted to replicate and refine diagnosis-specific risk estimates.
Table 1.Comparisons of Mutation Carriers for BRCA1/2 Genes Between Lymphoma Survivors and gnomAD ControlsLymphoma SurvivorsgnomAD Controls (Hu et al. JAMA 2018)Cancer Risk (Fisher''s Exact Test)GeneCancer DiagnosisCarriersNon-CarriersCarriersNon-CarriersOdds Ratio (95% CI)P ValueBRCA2HL+NHL1313543131024263.1 (1.7-5.5)0.00045HL58033131024262.0 (0.7-4.8)0.11NHL85513131024264.8 (2.0-9.6)0.00041BRCA1HL+NHL313642081039141.1 (0.2-3.3)0.76HL18072081039140.6 (0.02-3.5)1.0NHL25572081039141.8 (0.2-6.6)0.31
Citation Format: Zhaoming Wang, Ti-Cheng Chang, Carmen L. Wilson, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Todd M. Gibson, Nan Li, John Easton, Heather L. Mulder, Gang Wu, Michael N. Edmonson, Michael C. Rusch, James R. Downing, Kim E. Nichols, Smita Bhatia, Gregory T. Armstrong, Melissa M. Hudson, Jinghui Zhang, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison. Germline mutations in BRCA2 and pediatric/adolescent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime (SJLIFE) and Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) cohorts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4178.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nan Li
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John Easton
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Gang Wu
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | - Smita Bhatia
- 2University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | - Yutaka Yasui
- 1St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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23
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Zhou X, Mcleod C, Newman S, Wang Z, Rusch M, Birch K, Macias M, Sunny J, Wu G, Wang J, Sioson E, Lei S, Michael RJ, Patel A, Edmonson MN, Rice SV, Frantz A, Suh E, Perry K, Wilson C, Robinson LL, Yasui Y, Nichols KE, Armstrong GT, Downing JR, Zhang J. Abstract 3671: Visualize 10,000 whole-genomes from pediatric cancer patients on St. Jude Cloud. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is invaluable for investigating genetic abnormalities contributing to the initiation, progression and long-term clinical outcome of pediatric cancer. St. Jude Cloud (https://www.stjude.cloud/) hosts 10,000 (10K) harmonized WGS samples generated from: 1) St. Jude/Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, 2) the Genomes for Kids Clinical Trial, 3) the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, and 4) the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. To enable on-the-cloud discovery and eliminate the need for data download, we developed GenomePaint, an interactive genomics browser, to explore the somatic and germline variants of the 10K genomes with rich annotation.
Germline variants in cancer predisposition genes were annotated for pathogenicity. Using GenomePaint, users can compare pathogenic variants from a locus of interest across multiple cancers or test for association of a germline variant with a specific cancer type on the fly. By matching germline variants to somatic mutation hotspots from www.cancerhotspots.org, we annotated potential germline mosaic mutations including IDH1 R132H, FBXW7 R465C, and KRAS A146T. For noncoding variants, we investigated overlap with ATAC and DNase peaks in 50 cancer cell lines along with transcription factor motif change predictions. These features will enable exploration of the functional impact of genetic variations with potential clinical status such as genetic risk for a specific cancer type, genetic association with age of onset, or development of subsequent malignancies for pediatric cancer survivors.
GenomePaint also provides an integrated view of somatic SNV/indel, copy number variation, loss-of-heterozygosity, structural variation, and gene fusion. These are shown together with tumor gene expression at the single tumor level. GenomePaint also presents allele-specific expression (ASE) and outlier expression as an indicator for assessing dysfunction of regulatory regions caused by genomic variants. Cloud-based on-the-fly ASE analysis is also available for user’s samples with paired DNA and RNA sequencing results. Such gene expression integration will drive novel insights about the functional aspects of somatic coding and noncoding mutations in pediatric cancer.
The innovative visualization of whole-genome sequencing data generated from 10K pediatric cancer patients on the St. Jude Cloud enables genomic discovery by scientists and clinicians through exploration of this unprecedented resource.
Citation Format: Xin Zhou, Clay Mcleod, Scott Newman, Zhaoming Wang, Michael Rusch, Kirby Birch, Michael Macias, Jobin Sunny, Gang Wu, Jian Wang, Edgar Sioson, Shaohua Lei, Robert J. Michael, Aman Patel, Michael N. Edmonson, Stephen V. Rice, Andrew Frantz, Ed Suh, Keith Perry, Carmen Wilson, Leslie L. Robinson, Yutaka Yasui, Kim E. Nichols, Gregory T. Armstrong, James R. Downing, Jinghui Zhang. Visualize 10,000 whole-genomes from pediatric cancer patients on St. Jude Cloud [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3671.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Clay Mcleod
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Scott Newman
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Kirby Birch
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jobin Sunny
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Gang Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jian Wang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Edgar Sioson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Shaohua Lei
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Aman Patel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Ed Suh
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Keith Perry
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Yutaka Yasui
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Ma X, Shao Y, Tian L, Flasch DA, Mulder HL, Edmonson MN, Liu Y, Chen X, Newman S, Nakitandwe J, Li Y, Li B, Shen S, Wang Z, Shurtleff S, Robison LL, Levy S, Easton J, Zhang J. Analysis of error profiles in deep next-generation sequencing data. Genome Biol 2019; 20:50. [PMID: 30867008 PMCID: PMC6417284 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing errors are key confounding factors for detecting low-frequency genetic variants that are important for cancer molecular diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance using deep next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of errors introduced at various steps of a conventional NGS workflow, such as sample handling, library preparation, PCR enrichment, and sequencing. In this study, we use current NGS technology to systematically investigate these questions. RESULTS By evaluating read-specific error distributions, we discover that the substitution error rate can be computationally suppressed to 10-5 to 10-4, which is 10- to 100-fold lower than generally considered achievable (10-3) in the current literature. We then quantify substitution errors attributable to sample handling, library preparation, enrichment PCR, and sequencing by using multiple deep sequencing datasets. We find that error rates differ by nucleotide substitution types, ranging from 10-5 for A>C/T>G, C>A/G>T, and C>G/G>C changes to 10-4 for A>G/T>C changes. Furthermore, C>T/G>A errors exhibit strong sequence context dependency, sample-specific effects dominate elevated C>A/G>T errors, and target-enrichment PCR led to ~ 6-fold increase of overall error rate. We also find that more than 70% of hotspot variants can be detected at 0.1 ~ 0.01% frequency with the current NGS technology by applying in silico error suppression. CONCLUSIONS We present the first comprehensive analysis of sequencing error sources in conventional NGS workflows. The error profiles revealed by our study highlight new directions for further improving NGS analysis accuracy both experimentally and computationally, ultimately enhancing the precision of deep sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Diane A. Flasch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Heather L. Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Michael N. Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Joy Nakitandwe
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Benshang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Shuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Sheila Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
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Brady SW, Ma X, Bahrami A, Satas G, Wu G, Newman S, Rusch M, Putnam DK, Mulder HL, Yergeau DA, Edmonson MN, Easton J, Alexandrov LB, Chen X, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Pappo AS, Raphael BJ, Dyer MA, Zhang J. The Clonal Evolution of Metastatic Osteosarcoma as Shaped by Cisplatin Treatment. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:895-906. [PMID: 30651371 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the genomic evolution of metastatic pediatric osteosarcoma, we performed whole-genome and targeted deep sequencing on 14 osteosarcoma metastases and two primary tumors from four patients (two to eight samples per patient). All four patients harbored ancestral (truncal) somatic variants resulting in TP53 inactivation and cell-cycle aberrations, followed by divergence into relapse-specific lineages exhibiting a cisplatin-induced mutation signature. In three of the four patients, the cisplatin signature accounted for >40% of mutations detected in the metastatic samples. Mutations potentially acquired during cisplatin treatment included NF1 missense mutations of uncertain significance in two patients and a KIT G565R activating mutation in one patient. Three of four patients demonstrated widespread ploidy differences between samples from the sample patient. Single-cell seeding of metastasis was detected in most metastatic samples. Cross-seeding between metastatic sites was observed in one patient, whereas in another patient a minor clone from the primary tumor seeded both metastases analyzed. These results reveal extensive clonal heterogeneity in metastatic osteosarcoma, much of which is likely cisplatin-induced. IMPLICATIONS: The extent and consequences of chemotherapy-induced damage in pediatric cancers is unknown. We found that cisplatin treatment can potentially double the mutational burden in osteosarcoma, which has implications for optimizing therapy for recurrent, chemotherapy-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gryte Satas
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Daniel K Putnam
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Donald A Yergeau
- UB Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Benjamin J Raphael
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Wang Z, Liu Q, Wilson CL, Easton J, Mulder H, Chang TC, Rusch MC, Edmonson MN, Rice SV, Ehrhardt MJ, Howell RM, Kesserwan CA, Wu G, Nichols KE, Downing JR, Hudson MM, Zhang J, Yasui Y, Robison LL. Polygenic Determinants for Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE). Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6230-6235. [PMID: 30366939 PMCID: PMC6295266 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk of subsequent breast cancer among female childhood cancer survivors is markedly elevated. We aimed to determine genetic contributions to this risk, focusing on polygenic determinants implicated in breast cancer susceptibility in the general population. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Whole-genome sequencing (30×) was performed on survivors in the St Jude Lifetime Cohort, and germline mutations in breast cancer predisposition genes were classified for pathogenicity. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was constructed for each survivor using 170 established common risk variants. Relative rate (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of subsequent breast cancer incidence were estimated using multivariable piecewise exponential regression. RESULTS The analysis included 1,133 female survivors of European ancestry (median age at last follow-up = 35.4 years; range, 8.4-67.4), of whom 47 were diagnosed with one or more subsequent breast cancers (median age at subsequent breast cancer = 40.3 years; range, 24.5-53.0). Adjusting for attained age, age at primary diagnosis, chest irradiation, doses of alkylating agents and anthracyclines, and genotype eigenvectors, RRs for survivors with PRS in the highest versus lowest quintiles were 2.7 (95% CI, 1.0-7.3), 3.0 (95% CI, 1.1-8.1), and 2.4 (95% CI, 0.1-81.1) for all survivors and survivors with and without chest irradiation, respectively. Similar associations were observed after excluding carriers of pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations in breast cancer predisposition genes. Notably, the PRS was associated with the subsequent breast cancer rate under the age of 45 years (RR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2-8.3). CONCLUSIONS Genetic profiles comprised of small-effect common variants and large-effect predisposing mutations can inform personalized breast cancer risk and surveillance/intervention in female childhood cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carmen L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephen V Rice
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Matthew J Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca M Howell
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chimene A Kesserwan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Wu G, Fan L, Edmonson MN, Shaw T, Boggs K, Easton J, Rusch MC, Webb TR, Zhang J, Potter PM. Corrigendum: Inhibition of SF3B1 by molecules targeting the spliceosome results in massive aberrant exon skipping. RNA 2018; 24:1886. [PMID: 30446591 PMCID: PMC6239181 DOI: 10.1261/rna.068544.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Wu G, Fan L, Edmonson MN, Shaw T, Boggs K, Easton J, Rusch MC, Webb TR, Zhang J, Potter PM. Inhibition of SF3B1 by molecules targeting the spliceosome results in massive aberrant exon skipping. RNA 2018; 24:1056-1066. [PMID: 29844105 PMCID: PMC6049506 DOI: 10.1261/rna.065383.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The recent identification of compounds that interact with the spliceosome (sudemycins, spliceostatin A, and meayamycin) indicates that these molecules modulate aberrant splicing via SF3B1 inhibition. Through whole transcriptome sequencing, we have demonstrated that treatment of Rh18 cells with sudemycin leads to exon skipping as the predominant aberrant splicing event. This was also observed following reanalysis of published RNA-seq data sets derived from HeLa cells after spliceostatin A exposure. These results are in contrast to previous reports that indicate that intron retention was the major consequence of SF3B1 inhibition. Analysis of the exon junctions up-regulated by these small molecules indicated that these sequences were absent in annotated human genes, suggesting that aberrant splicing events yielded novel RNA transcripts. Interestingly, the length of preferred downstream exons was significantly longer than the skipped exons, although there was no difference between the lengths of introns flanking skipped exons. The reading frame of the aberrantly skipped exons maintained a ratio of 2:1:1, close to that of the cassette exons (3:1:1) present in naturally occurring isoforms, suggesting negative selection by the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) machinery for out-of-frame transcripts. Accordingly, genes involved in NMD and RNAs encoding proteins involved in the splicing process were enriched in both data sets. Our findings, therefore, further elucidate the mechanisms by which SF3B1 inhibition modulates pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology
| | - Liying Fan
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas R Webb
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
| | | | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
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Wang Z, Wilson CL, Easton J, Thrasher A, Mulder H, Liu Q, Hedges DJ, Wang S, Rusch MC, Edmonson MN, Levy S, Lanctot JQ, Caron E, Shelton K, Currie K, Lear M, Patel A, Rosencrance C, Shao Y, Vadodaria B, Yergeau D, Sapkota Y, Brooke RJ, Moon W, Rampersaud E, Ma X, Chang TC, Rice SV, Pepper C, Zhou X, Chen X, Chen W, Jones A, Boone B, Ehrhardt MJ, Krasin MJ, Howell RM, Phillips NS, Lewis C, Srivastava D, Pui CH, Kesserwan CA, Wu G, Nichols KE, Downing JR, Hudson MM, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Zhang J. Genetic Risk for Subsequent Neoplasms Among Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:2078-2087. [PMID: 29847298 PMCID: PMC6036620 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.77.8589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of subsequent neoplasms (SNs), but the germline genetic contribution is largely unknown. We assessed the contribution of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) mutations in cancer predisposition genes to their SN risk. Patients and Methods Whole-genome sequencing (30-fold) was performed on samples from childhood cancer survivors who were ≥ 5 years since initial cancer diagnosis and participants in the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, a retrospective hospital-based study with prospective clinical follow-up. Germline mutations in 60 genes known to be associated with autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndromes with moderate to high penetrance were classified by their pathogenicity according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Relative rates (RRs) and 95% CIs of SN occurrence by mutation status were estimated using multivariable piecewise exponential regression stratified by radiation exposure. Results Participants were 3,006 survivors (53% male; median age, 35.8 years [range, 7.1 to 69.8 years]; 56% received radiotherapy), 1,120 SNs were diagnosed among 439 survivors (14.6%), and 175 P/LP mutations were identified in 5.8% (95% CI, 5.0% to 6.7%) of survivors. Mutations were associated with significantly increased rates of breast cancer (RR, 13.9; 95% CI, 6.0 to 32.2) and sarcoma (RR, 10.6; 95% CI, 4.3 to 26.3) among irradiated survivors and with increased rates of developing any SN (RR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.4 to 9.3), breast cancer (RR, 7.7; 95% CI, 2.4 to 24.4), nonmelanoma skin cancer (RR, 11.0; 95% CI, 2.9 to 41.4), and two or more histologically distinct SNs (RR, 18.6; 95% CI, 3.5 to 99.3) among nonirradiated survivors. Conclusion The findings support referral of all survivors for genetic counseling for potential clinical genetic testing, which should be prioritized for nonirradiated survivors with any SN and for those with breast cancer or sarcoma in the field of prior irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carmen L. Wilson
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - John Easton
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andrew Thrasher
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Heather Mulder
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Qi Liu
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dale J. Hedges
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shuoguo Wang
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michael C. Rusch
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michael N. Edmonson
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shawn Levy
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer Q. Lanctot
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eric Caron
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kyla Shelton
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelsey Currie
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew Lear
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aman Patel
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Celeste Rosencrance
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ying Shao
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Bhavin Vadodaria
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Russell J. Brooke
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wonjong Moon
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen V. Rice
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Cynthia Pepper
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xin Zhou
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiang Chen
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wenan Chen
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Angela Jones
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Braden Boone
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew J. Ehrhardt
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew J. Krasin
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rebecca M. Howell
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nicholas S. Phillips
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Courtney Lewis
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Deokumar Srivastava
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Chimene A. Kesserwan
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gang Wu
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kim E. Nichols
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James R. Downing
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Zhaoming Wang, Carmen L. Wilson, John Easton, Andrew Thrasher, Heather Mulder, Dale J. Hedges, Shuoguo Wang, Michael C. Rusch, Michael N. Edmonson, Jennifer Q. Lanctot, Eric Caron, Kyla Shelton, Kelsey Currie, Matthew Lear, Aman Patel, Celeste Rosencrance, Ying Shao, Bhavin Vadodaria, Donald Yergeau, Yadav Sapkota, Russell J. Brooke, Wonjong Moon, Evadnie Rampersaud, Xiaotu Ma, Ti-Cheng Chang, Stephen V. Rice, Cynthia Pepper, Xin Zhou, Xiang Chen, Wenan Chen, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Matthew J. Krasin, Rebecca M. Howell, Nicholas S. Phillips, Courtney Lewis, Deokumar Srivastava, Ching-Hon Pui, Chimene A. Kesserwan, Gang Wu, Kim E. Nichols, James R. Downing, Melissa M. Hudson, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L. Robison, and Jinghui Zhang, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Qi Liu, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Shawn Levy, Angela Jones, and Braden Boone, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL; and Rebecca M. Howell, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Newman S, Zhou X, McLeod C, Rusch M, Wu G, Sioson E, Wang S, Michael JR, Patel A, Edmonson MN, Frantz A, Chang TC, Li Y, Davidson RI, Ma S, McGuire I, Robison N, Tang X, Palmer L, Suh E, Tanner L, McMurry J, Perry K, Wang Z, Wilson C, Cheng Y, Weiss M, Robison LL, Yasui Y, Nichols KE, Ellison DW, Downing JR, Zhang J. Abstract 922: Access, visualize and analyze 5,000 whole-genomes from pediatric cancer patients on St. Jude Cloud. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While whole-genome (WGS), whole-exome (WES), and RNA-Seq data of patient samples are key resources for the development of precision medicine, major computing infrastructure is typically required to use them effectively. The St Jude Cloud (SJCloud, https://stjude.cloud), built in collaboration with DNAnexus and Microsoft, aims to remove this barrier by sharing genomic sequencing data generated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, making complex bioinformatics pipelines easily accessible, and providing intuitive visualizations for data mining in the cloud. Over 5000 WGS, 6000 WES and 1500 RNA-Seq from >5,000 pediatric cancer patients mapped to the latest reference genome are securely available in SJCloud. These data were generated from three St Jude-funded genomic initiatives: the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (PCGP), the St Jude Life Genome Project, and the Genomes for Kids Clinical Trial. SJCloud hosts BAM files, coding and non-coding somatic and germline SNVs and indels, copy number (CNV) and structural alterations (SV). Non-identifiable data (e.g. somatic alterations, genotype frequency, cancer diagnosis and demographics) can be viewed immediately using our interactive genome browser, while raw data and individual genotype access requires a simple online approval. Data synchronization and visualization enables novel discoveries by non-bioinformaticians. For example, a genomic view of the TERT locus shows enrichment of CNVs and SVs in neuroblastoma (NBL), consistent with reports of activation via rearrangement. The same view also shows a somatic promoter mutation, C228T, in one NBL; such mutations have not been reported in primary samples to our knowledge. This integrated view across somatic mutation types enables evaluation of the diverse genetic mechanisms deregulating cancer genes. SJCloud also facilitates data re-analysis. We ported the “MutationalPatterns” R package (Blokzijl et al. 2017) to the cloud to elucidate major mutational signatures in >500,000 PCGP WGS somatic variants. Inclusion of non-coding mutations was critical as the low number of exonic mutations in some pediatric cancers is insufficient for robust analysis. A surprising finding was a signature consistent with ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in a subset of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. End-to-end workflows to detect gene fusions, predict neoepitopes, classify mutations, process ChIP-seq, and identify differentially expressed genes are also freely accessible. By integrating analytic tools with the world's largest set of pediatric genomics data, SJCloud enables data sharing and mining, innovative genomic analysis, and development of new analytic methods. We anticipate that in 2019 we will host data from over 10,000 pediatric cancer patients, and we are actively exploring approaches to make this a federated data repository capable of interchange with the global pediatric cancer research community.
Citation Format: Scott Newman, Xin Zhou, Clay McLeod, Michael Rusch, Gang Wu, Edgar Sioson, Shuoguo Wang, J. Robert Michael, Aman Patel, Michael N. Edmonson, Andrew Frantz, Ti-Cheng Chang, Yongjin Li, Robert I. Davidson, Singer Ma, Irina McGuire, Nedra Robison, Xing Tang, Lance Palmer, Ed Suh, Leigh Tanner, James McMurry, Keith Perry, Zhaoming Wang, Carmen Wilson, Yong Cheng, Mitch Weiss, Leslie L. Robison, Yutaka Yasui, Kim E. Nichols, David W. Ellison, James R. Downing, Jinghui Zhang. Access, visualize and analyze 5,000 whole-genomes from pediatric cancer patients on St. Jude Cloud [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Newman
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xin Zhou
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Clay McLeod
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Gang Wu
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Edgar Sioson
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Shuoguo Wang
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Aman Patel
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Yongjin Li
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | - Xing Tang
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Lance Palmer
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ed Suh
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Leigh Tanner
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Keith Perry
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Yong Cheng
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Mitch Weiss
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Yutaka Yasui
- 1St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Chang TC, Carter RA, Li Y, Li Y, Wang H, Edmonson MN, Chen X, Arnold P, Geiger TL, Wu G, Peng J, Dyer M, Downing JR, Green DR, Thomas PG, Zhang J. The neoepitope landscape in pediatric cancers. Genome Med 2017; 9:78. [PMID: 28854978 PMCID: PMC5577668 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoepitopes derived from tumor-specific somatic mutations are promising targets for immunotherapy in childhood cancers. However, the potential for such therapies in targeting these epitopes remains uncertain due to a lack of knowledge of the neoepitope landscape in childhood cancer. Studies to date have focused primarily on missense mutations without exploring gene fusions, which are a major class of oncogenic drivers in pediatric cancer. METHODS We developed an analytical workflow for identification of putative neoepitopes based on somatic missense mutations and gene fusions using whole-genome sequencing data. Transcriptome sequencing data were incorporated to interrogate the expression status of the neoepitopes. RESULTS We present the neoepitope landscape of somatic alterations including missense mutations and oncogenic gene fusions identified in 540 childhood cancer genomes and transcriptomes representing 23 cancer subtypes. We found that 88% of leukemias, 78% of central nervous system tumors, and 90% of solid tumors had at least one predicted neoepitope. Mutation hotspots in KRAS and histone H3 genes encode potential epitopes in multiple patients. Additionally, the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion was found to encode putative neoepitopes in a high proportion (69.6%) of the pediatric leukemia harboring this fusion. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents a comprehensive repertoire of potential neoepitopes in childhood cancers, and will facilitate the development of immunotherapeutic approaches designed to exploit them. The source code of the workflow is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/zhanglabstjude/neoepitope ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Cheng Chang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.,St Jude Proteomics Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Paula Arnold
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.,St Jude Proteomics Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Michael Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.
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Zhang J, Rusch M, Nakitandwe J, Zhang Z, Edmonson MN, Parker M, Ma X, Becksfort J, Thrasher A, Gu J, Li Y, Hedlund E, Patel A, Easton J, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Chen X, Gruber TA, McGee R, Ellison D, Shurtleff S, Downing JR. Abstract 2628: Molecular diagnosis for pediatric cancer through integrative analysis of whole-genome, whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the whole genome, whole exome, and transcriptome has enabled characterization of genetic landscapes of multiple cancers. By analyzing over 2,000 pediatric cancer patients, we have developed a comprehensive database for recurrent somatic alterations and pathogenic germline mutations as part of the St. Jude/Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project. However, there is no systematic evaluation on whether NGS is able to identify germline and somatic lesions reported by existing molecular diagnostic assays and what combination of NGS platforms is best suited for clinical sequencing. Here we report the first comprehensive study that employs whole-genome sequencing at 30-45X coverage, whole-exome sequencing at 100X coverage and transcriptome sequencing using matched tumor/normal samples from cancer patients. A pilot study was carried out to perform NGS analysis on 78 children of leukemia, solid tumor or brain tumor with a total of 112 diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers previously characterized by multiple molecular diagnostic assays. We implemented an analysis pipeline that integrates the genetic lesions detected by all three NGS platforms to characterize somatic and germline single nucleotide variations (SNVs), short insertions and deletions (indels), structural variations including fusions, karyotypes, copy number alterations, loss of heterozygosity, tumor purity and tumor-in-normal contamination. The turn-around time for data analysis is 2 weeks with an overall sensitivity of 99% on detecting known biomarkers. Extensive validation of >3,000 somatic sequence mutations or structural variations from 38 cases shows that the specificity for somatic SNV, indel and structural variation is at 98%, 95% and 84% across the genome. We demonstrate that in addition to providing cross-validation, multi-platform NGS is required for detecting all genetic lesions of pathological significance including complex re-arrangements such as chromothripsis. In addition to known pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations, our analysis has also unveiled novel pathogenic mutations (e.g. a germline deletion in TP53 in one patient with medulloblastoma) and identified multiple variants of unknown significance that may be worth further exploration (e.g. an in-frame deletion of exons 3-9 of DNMT3A in one neuroblastoma). Our study demonstrates that NGS is able to detect a wide range of genetic lesions currently characterized by multiple molecular diagnostic assays, providing critical insight into the design of clinical sequencing for ongoing studies.
Citation Format: Jinghui Zhang, Michael Rusch, Joy Nakitandwe, Zhaojie Zhang, Michael N. Edmonson, Matthew Parker, Xiaotu Ma, Jared Becksfort, Andrew Thrasher, Jiali Gu, Yongjin Li, Erin Hedlund, Aman Patel, John Easton, Donald Yergeau, Bhavin Vadodaria, Xiang Chen, Tanja A. Gruber, Rose McGee, David Ellison, Sheila Shurtleff, James R. Downing. Molecular diagnosis for pediatric cancer through integrative analysis of whole-genome, whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2628.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaotu Ma
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Jiali Gu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yongjin Li
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Erin Hedlund
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Aman Patel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John Easton
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Xiang Chen
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Rose McGee
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Zhou X, Edmonson MN, Wilkinson MR, Patel A, Wu G, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Rusch M, Parker M, Becksfort J, Downing JR, Zhang J. Abstract 2436: Exploring genomic alterations in pediatric cancer using ProteinPaint. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Current cancer genome data portals have focused primarily on presenting data generated from adult cancer studies. These portals typically lack features for exploring pathogenic germline mutations, somatic gene fusions, and gene expression profiling, all of which are important biomarkers for risk stratification of pediatric cancer. We have developed ProteinPaint (https://pecan.stjude.org/proteinpaint/), a web service hosting 30,000+ validated somatic SNV/indels and fusion transcripts detected in 1,654 pediatric tumor samples from 17 subtypes, 252 pathogenic or loss-of-function germline lesions detected in >1000 pediatric cancer patients of 21 subtypes, and gene expression profiles derived from RNA-Seq of 928 pediatric tumors. Cancer genomic alterations are shown on novel “disc-on-stem” skewer graphs which were designed to depict the diverse prevalence, complex allelic alteration, and temporal origin of sequence mutations and gene fusions. Adult somatic cancer mutation data from the COSMIC database can be displayed in parallel with pediatric cancer data sets for cross-study comparison. We will demonstrate examples of how ProteinPaint's integrative view of genomic alteration, gene expression and pediatric-adult data comparison has facilitated the evaluation of somatic and germline mutation pathogenicity in a clinical setting. Custom data including sequence mutations in the MAF format used by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, copy number alterations, and structural variations can all be imported and visualized alongside published pediatric and adult cancer data sets. Furthermore, ProteinPaint supports curation and annotation of fusion transcripts predicted from RNASeq data and analysis of tumor clonal evolution with a 2-D plot of mutation frequency of paired diagnosis and relapse samples. ProteinPaint delivers a premium user experience with animation and interactive features for visualizing large cancer mutation datasets, and can serve as a workbench to import, explore and interpret user data. Its framework continues to expand as its intuitive visualization has enabled non-bioinformatics scientists and clinicians to access and manipulate genomic data for discovery and clinical reporting.
Citation Format: Xin Zhou, Michael N. Edmonson, Mark R. Wilkinson, Aman Patel, Gang Wu, Yu Liu, Yongjin Li, Zhaojie Zhang, Michael Rusch, Matthew Parker, Jared Becksfort, James R. Downing, Jinghui Zhang. Exploring genomic alterations in pediatric cancer using ProteinPaint. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Aman Patel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Gang Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yu Liu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yongjin Li
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Zhou X, Edmonson MN, Wilkinson MR, Patel A, Wu G, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Rusch MC, Parker M, Becksfort J, Downing JR, Zhang J. Exploring genomic alteration in pediatric cancer using ProteinPaint. Nat Genet 2016; 48:4-6. [PMID: 26711108 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aman Patel
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jared Becksfort
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Zhang J, Walsh MF, Wu G, Edmonson MN, Gruber TA, Easton J, Hedges D, Ma X, Zhou X, Yergeau DA, Wilkinson MR, Vadodaria B, Chen X, McGee RB, Hines-Dowell S, Nuccio R, Quinn E, Shurtleff SA, Rusch M, Patel A, Becksfort JB, Wang S, Weaver MS, Ding L, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Pappo AS, Pui CH, Nichols KE, Downing JR. Germline Mutations in Predisposition Genes in Pediatric Cancer. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2336-2346. [PMID: 26580448 PMCID: PMC4734119 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1508054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and spectrum of predisposing mutations among children and adolescents with cancer are largely unknown. Knowledge of such mutations may improve the understanding of tumorigenesis, direct patient care, and enable genetic counseling of patients and families. METHODS In 1120 patients younger than 20 years of age, we sequenced the whole genomes (in 595 patients), whole exomes (in 456), or both (in 69). We analyzed the DNA sequences of 565 genes, including 60 that have been associated with autosomal dominant cancer-predisposition syndromes, for the presence of germline mutations. The pathogenicity of the mutations was determined by a panel of medical experts with the use of cancer-specific and locus-specific genetic databases, the medical literature, computational predictions, and second hits identified in the tumor genome. The same approach was used to analyze data from 966 persons who did not have known cancer in the 1000 Genomes Project, and a similar approach was used to analyze data from an autism study (from 515 persons with autism and 208 persons without autism). RESULTS Mutations that were deemed to be pathogenic or probably pathogenic were identified in 95 patients with cancer (8.5%), as compared with 1.1% of the persons in the 1000 Genomes Project and 0.6% of the participants in the autism study. The most commonly mutated genes in the affected patients were TP53 (in 50 patients), APC (in 6), BRCA2 (in 6), NF1 (in 4), PMS2 (in 4), RB1 (in 3), and RUNX1 (in 3). A total of 18 additional patients had protein-truncating mutations in tumor-suppressor genes. Of the 58 patients with a predisposing mutation and available information on family history, 23 (40%) had a family history of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Germline mutations in cancer-predisposing genes were identified in 8.5% of the children and adolescents with cancer. Family history did not predict the presence of an underlying predisposition syndrome in most patients. (Funded by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and the National Cancer Institute.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Michael F Walsh
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Gang Wu
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - John Easton
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Dale Hedges
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Donald A Yergeau
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Bhavin Vadodaria
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Xiang Chen
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Rose B McGee
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Stacy Hines-Dowell
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Regina Nuccio
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Emily Quinn
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Sheila A Shurtleff
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Michael Rusch
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Aman Patel
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Jared B Becksfort
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Shuoguo Wang
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Meaghann S Weaver
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Li Ding
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - David W Ellison
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
| | - James R Downing
- Departments of Computational Biology (J.Z., G.W., M.N.E., D.H., X.M., X.Z., M.R.W., X.C., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W.), Oncology (M.F.W., T.A.G., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., A.G., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N.), and Pathology (T.A.G., M.R.W., S.A.S., D.W.E., C.-H.P., J.R.D.) and the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (J.Z., M.F.W., G.W., M.N.E., T.A.G., J.E., X.M., D.A.Y., B.V., X.C., R.B.M., S.H.-D., R.N., E.Q., S.A.S., M.R., A.P., J.B.B., S.W., M.S.W., A.G., D.W.E., A.S.P., C.-H.P., K.E.N., J.R.D.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis (L.D., E.R.M., R.K.W.)
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Huether R, Dong L, Chen X, Wu G, Parker M, Wei L, Ma J, Edmonson MN, Hedlund EK, Rusch MC, Shurtleff SA, Mulder HL, Boggs K, Vadordaria B, Cheng J, Yergeau D, Song G, Becksfort J, Lemmon G, Weber C, Cai Z, Dang J, Walsh M, Gedman AL, Faber Z, Easton J, Gruber T, Kriwacki RW, Partridge JF, Ding L, Wilson RK, Mardis ER, Mullighan CG, Gilbertson RJ, Baker SJ, Zambetti G, Ellison DW, Zhang J, Downing JR. The landscape of somatic mutations in epigenetic regulators across 1,000 paediatric cancer genomes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3630. [PMID: 24710217 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of paediatric cancers have shown a high frequency of mutation across epigenetic regulators. Here we sequence 633 genes, encoding the majority of known epigenetic regulatory proteins, in over 1,000 paediatric tumours to define the landscape of somatic mutations in epigenetic regulators in paediatric cancer. Our results demonstrate a marked variation in the frequency of gene mutations across 21 different paediatric cancer subtypes, with the highest frequency of mutations detected in high-grade gliomas, T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and medulloblastoma, and a paucity of mutations in low-grade glioma and retinoblastoma. The most frequently mutated genes are H3F3A, PHF6, ATRX, KDM6A, SMARCA4, ASXL2, CREBBP, EZH2, MLL2, USP7, ASXL1, NSD2, SETD2, SMC1A and ZMYM3. We identify novel loss-of-function mutations in the ubiquitin-specific processing protease 7 (USP7) in paediatric leukaemia, which result in decreased deubiquitination activity. Collectively, our results help to define the landscape of mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes in paediatric cancer and yield a valuable new database for investigating the role of epigenetic dysregulations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Huether
- 1] Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA [2]
| | - Li Dong
- 1] Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA [2]
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Erin K Hedlund
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael C Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Sheila A Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Heather L Mulder
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Kristy Boggs
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Bhavin Vadordaria
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jared Becksfort
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gordon Lemmon
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Catherine Weber
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Zhongling Cai
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jinjun Dang
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Amanda L Gedman
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Zachary Faber
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Tanja Gruber
- 1] Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA [2] Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Janet F Partridge
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Li Ding
- 1] The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [3] Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- 1] The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [3] Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- 1] The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [3] Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gerard Zambetti
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Meerzaman DM, Yan C, Chen QR, Edmonson MN, Schaefer CF, Clifford RJ, Dunn BK, Dong L, Finney RP, Cultraro CM, Hu Y, Yang Z, Nguyen CV, Kelley JM, Cai S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Wilson R, Messmer L, Chung YH, Kim JA, Park NH, Lyu MS, Song IH, Komatsoulis G, Buetow KH. Genome-wide transcriptional sequencing identifies novel mutations in metabolic genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2014; 11:1-12. [PMID: 24633315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on next-generation transcriptome sequencing results of three human hepatocellular carcinoma tumor/tumor-adjacent pairs. This analysis robustly examined ∼12,000 genes for both expression differences and molecular alterations. We observed 4,513 and 1,182 genes demonstrating 2-fold or greater increase or decrease in expression relative to their normal, respectively. Network analysis of expression data identified the Aurora B signaling, FOXM1 transcription factor network and Wnt signaling pathways pairs being altered in HCC. We validated as differential gene expression findings in a large data set containing of 434 liver normal/tumor sample pairs. In addition to known driver mutations in TP53 and CTNNB1, our mutation analysis identified non-synonymous mutations in genes implicated in metabolic diseases, i.e. diabetes and obesity: IRS1, HMGCS1, ATP8B1, PRMT6 and CLU, suggesting a common molecular etiology for HCC of alternative pathogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoud M Meerzaman
- Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 1W466, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A.
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38
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Roberts KG, Morin RD, Zhang J, Hirst M, Zhao Y, Su X, Chen SC, Payne-Turner D, Churchman M, Harvey RC, Chen X, Kasap C, Yan C, Becksfort J, Finney RP, Teachey DT, Maude SL, Tse K, Moore R, Jones S, Mungall K, Birol I, Edmonson MN, Hu Y, Buetow KE, Chen IM, Carroll WL, Wei L, Ma J, Kleppe M, Levine RL, Garcia-Manero G, Larsen E, Shah NP, Devidas M, Reaman G, Smith M, Paugh SW, Evans WE, Grupp SA, Jeha S, Pui CH, Gerhard DS, Downing JR, Willman CL, Loh M, Hunger SP, Marra M, Mullighan CG. Genetic alterations activating kinase and cytokine receptor signaling in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:153-66. [PMID: 22897847 PMCID: PMC3422513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genomic profiling has identified a subtype of high-risk B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with alteration of IKZF1, a gene expression profile similar to BCR-ABL1-positive ALL and poor outcome (Ph-like ALL). The genetic alterations that activate kinase signaling in Ph-like ALL are poorly understood. We performed transcriptome and whole genome sequencing on 15 cases of Ph-like ALL and identified rearrangements involving ABL1, JAK2, PDGFRB, CRLF2, and EPOR, activating mutations of IL7R and FLT3, and deletion of SH2B3, which encodes the JAK2-negative regulator LNK. Importantly, several of these alterations induce transformation that is attenuated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, suggesting the treatment outcome of these patients may be improved with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Ryan D. Morin
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Martin Hirst
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Shann-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Debbie Payne-Turner
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Michelle Churchman
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard C. Harvey
- University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Corynn Kasap
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Chunhua Yan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jared Becksfort
- Department of Information Sciences, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard P. Finney
- Center for Bioinformatics and Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David T. Teachey
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shannon L. Maude
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kane Tse
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Richard Moore
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Steven Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Karen Mungall
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Inanc Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
| | - Michael N. Edmonson
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ying Hu
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth E. Buetow
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - I-Ming Chen
- University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | - Lei Wei
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Maria Kleppe
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Eric Larsen
- Maine Children’s Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME 04074
| | - Neil P. Shah
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601
| | - Gregory Reaman
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Malcolm Smith
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven W. Paugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - William E. Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Stephan A. Grupp
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Daniela S. Gerhard
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Cheryl L. Willman
- University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Mignon Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Stephen P. Hunger
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Marco Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC VSZ 1L3
| | - Charles G. Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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39
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Edmonson MN, Zhang J, Yan C, Finney RP, Meerzaman DM, Buetow KH. Bambino: a variant detector and alignment viewer for next-generation sequencing data in the SAM/BAM format. Bioinformatics 2011; 27:865-6. [PMID: 21278191 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Bambino is a variant detector and graphical alignment viewer for next-generation sequencing data in the SAM/BAM format, which is capable of pooling data from multiple source files. The variant detector takes advantage of SAM-specific annotations, and produces detailed output suitable for genotyping and identification of somatic mutations. The assembly viewer can display reads in the context of either a user-provided or automatically generated reference sequence, retrieve genome annotation features from a UCSC genome annotation database, display histograms of non-reference allele frequencies, and predict protein-coding changes caused by SNPs. AVAILABILITY Bambino is written in platform-independent Java and available from https://cgwb.nci.nih.gov/goldenPath/bamview/documentation/index.html, along with documentation and example data. Bambino may be launched online via Java Web Start or downloaded and run locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Edmonson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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40
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Clifford RJ, Edmonson MN, Nguyen C, Scherpbier T, Hu Y, Buetow KH. Bioinformatics Tools for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Discovery and Analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1020:101-9. [PMID: 15208187 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1310.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a valuable resource for investigating the genetic basis of disease. These variants can serve as markers for fine-scale genetic mapping experiments and genome-wide association studies. Certain of these nucleotide polymorphisms may predispose individuals to illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, or cancer, or affect disease progression. Bioinformatics techniques can play an important role in SNP discovery and analysis. We use computational methods to identify SNPs and to predict whether they are likely to be neutral or deleterious. We also use informatics to annotate genes that contain SNPs. To make this information available to the research community, we provide a variety of Internet-accessible tools for data access and display. These tools allow researchers to retrieve data about SNPs based on gene of interest, genetic or physical map location, or expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Clifford
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
MOTIVATION Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variant in humans. SNPs causing amino acid substitutions are of particular interest as candidates for loci affecting susceptibility to complex diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension. To efficiently screen SNPs for disease association, it is important to distinguish neutral variants from deleterious ones. RESULTS We describe the use of Pfam protein motif models and the HMMER program to predict whether amino acid changes in conserved domains are likely to affect protein function. We find that the magnitude of the change in the HMMER E-value caused by an amino acid substitution is a good predictor of whether it is deleterious. We provide internet-accessible display tools for a genomewide collection of SNPs, including 7391 distinct non-synonymous coding region SNPs in 2683 genes. AVAILABILITY http://lpgws.nci.nih.gov/cgi-bin/GeneViewer.cgi
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Clifford
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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42
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McGlynn KA, Edmonson MN, Michielli RA, London WT, Lin WY, Chen GC, Shen FM, Buetow KH. A phylogenetic analysis identifies heterogeneity among hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2002; 36:1341-8. [PMID: 12447857 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.37261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality on the global scale. Although epidemiologic studies have identified major risk factors for HCC, the sequence of oncogenic events at the molecular level remains poorly understood. While genetic allele loss appears to be a common event, the significance of the loss is not clear. In order to determine whether allele loss appears to be a random event among HCCs or whether patterns of loss cluster in groups of tumors, a phylogenetic approach was used to examine 32 tumors for genome-wide loss of heterozygosity employing 391 markers. Clusters identified by the phylogenetic analysis were then contrasted to compare candidate locus variation among individuals and to determine whether certain clusters exhibited higher loss rates than other clusters. The analysis found that 3 major and 1 minor cluster of loss could be identified and, further, these clusters were distinguished by variable rates of loss (cluster 1, 29%; cluster 2, 21%; cluster 3, 16%). The analyses also indicated that the allele loss rates in HCC were not insignificant and that the patterns of allele loss were complex. In addition, the results indicated that an individual's constitutional genotype at the EPHX1 locus may be a critical factor in determining the path of tumor evolution. In conclusion, it appears that in HCC, allele loss is not random, but clusters into definable groups that are characterized by distinctive rates of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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McGlynn KA, Edmonson MN, Michielli RA, London WT, Lin WY, Chen GC, Shen FM, Buetow KH. A phylogenetic analysis identifies heterogeneity among hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2002. [PMID: 12447857 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840360608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality on the global scale. Although epidemiologic studies have identified major risk factors for HCC, the sequence of oncogenic events at the molecular level remains poorly understood. While genetic allele loss appears to be a common event, the significance of the loss is not clear. In order to determine whether allele loss appears to be a random event among HCCs or whether patterns of loss cluster in groups of tumors, a phylogenetic approach was used to examine 32 tumors for genome-wide loss of heterozygosity employing 391 markers. Clusters identified by the phylogenetic analysis were then contrasted to compare candidate locus variation among individuals and to determine whether certain clusters exhibited higher loss rates than other clusters. The analysis found that 3 major and 1 minor cluster of loss could be identified and, further, these clusters were distinguished by variable rates of loss (cluster 1, 29%; cluster 2, 21%; cluster 3, 16%). The analyses also indicated that the allele loss rates in HCC were not insignificant and that the patterns of allele loss were complex. In addition, the results indicated that an individual's constitutional genotype at the EPHX1 locus may be a critical factor in determining the path of tumor evolution. In conclusion, it appears that in HCC, allele loss is not random, but clusters into definable groups that are characterized by distinctive rates of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
High-resolution genetic analysis of the human genome promises to provide insight into common disease susceptibility. To perform such analysis will require a collection of high-throughput, high-density analysis reagents. We have developed a polymorphism detection system that uses public-domain sequence data. This detection system is called the single nucleotide polymorphism pipeline (SNPpipeline). The analytic core of the SNPpipeline is composed of three components: PHRED, PHRAP and DEMIGLACE. PHRED and PHRAP are components of a sequence analysis suite developed to perform the semi-automated analysis required for large-scale genomes (provided courtesy of P. Green). Using these informatics tools, which examine redundant raw expressed sequence tag (EST) data, we have identified more than 3,000 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Empiric validation studies of a set of 192 candidates indicate that 82% identify variation in a sample of ten Centre d'Etudes Polymorphism Humain (CEPH) individuals. Our results suggest that existing sequence resources may serve as a valuable source for identifying genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Buetow
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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