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Yang Y, Badura ML, O’Leary PC, Delavan HM, Robinson TM, Egusa EA, Zhong X, Swinderman JT, Li H, Zhang M, Kim M, Ashworth A, Feng FY, Chou J, Yang L. Large tandem duplications in cancer result from transcription and DNA replication collisions. medRxiv 2024:2023.05.17.23290140. [PMID: 38260434 PMCID: PMC10802642 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.23290140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of somatic structural variations (SVs) in cancer, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their formation remain unclear. Here, we use 6,193 whole-genome sequenced tumors to study the contributions of transcription and DNA replication collisions to genome instability. After deconvoluting robust SV signatures in three independent pan-cancer cohorts, we detect transcription-dependent replicated-strand bias, the expected footprint of transcription-replication collision (TRC), in large tandem duplications (TDs). Large TDs are abundant in female-enriched, upper gastrointestinal tract and prostate cancers. They are associated with poor patient survival and mutations in TP53, CDK12, and SPOP. Upon inactivating CDK12, cells display significantly more TRCs, R-loops, and large TDs. Inhibition of G2/M checkpoint proteins, such as WEE1, CHK1, and ATR, selectively inhibits the growth of cells deficient in CDK12. Our data suggest that large TDs in cancer form due to TRCs, and their presence can be used as a biomarker for prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle L. Badura
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick C. O’Leary
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry M. Delavan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Troy M. Robinson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily A. Egusa
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhong
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason T. Swinderman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haolong Li
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chou
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lixing Yang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Chou J, Egusa EA, Wang S, Badura ML, Lee F, Bidkar AP, Zhu J, Shenoy T, Trepka K, Robinson TM, Steri V, Huang J, Wang Y, Small EJ, Chan E, Stohr BA, Ashworth A, Delafontaine B, Rottey S, Cooke KS, Hashemi Sadraei N, Yu B, Salvati M, Bailis JM, Feng FY, Flavell RR, Aggarwal R. Immunotherapeutic Targeting and PET Imaging of DLL3 in Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:301-315. [PMID: 36351060 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatments for de novo and treatment-emergent small-cell/neuroendocrine (t-SCNC) prostate cancer represent an unmet need for this disease. Using metastatic biopsies from patients with advanced cancer, we demonstrate that delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) is expressed in de novo and t-SCNC and is associated with reduced survival. We develop a PET agent, [89Zr]-DFO-DLL3-scFv, that detects DLL3 levels in mouse SCNC models. In multiple patient-derived xenograft models, AMG 757 (tarlatamab), a half-life-extended bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) immunotherapy that redirects CD3-positive T cells to kill DLL3-expressing cells, exhibited potent and durable antitumor activity. Late relapsing tumors after AMG 757 treatment exhibited lower DLL3 levels, suggesting antigen loss as a resistance mechanism, particularly in tumors with heterogeneous DLL3 expression. These findings have been translated into an ongoing clinical trial of AMG 757 in de novo and t-SCNC, with a confirmed objective partial response in a patient with histologically confirmed SCNC. Overall, these results identify DLL3 as a therapeutic target in SCNC and demonstrate that DLL3-targeted BiTE immunotherapy has significant antitumor activity in this aggressive prostate cancer subtype. SIGNIFICANCE The preclinical and clinical evaluation of DLL3-directed immunotherapy, AMG 757, and development of a PET radiotracer for noninvasive DLL3 detection demonstrate the potential of targeting DLL3 in SCNC prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily A Egusa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sinan Wang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michelle L Badura
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
| | - Fei Lee
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen, South San Francisco, California
| | - Anil P Bidkar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jun Zhu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Tanushree Shenoy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Kai Trepka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Troy M Robinson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Veronica Steri
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric J Small
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily Chan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Bradley A Stohr
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Keegan S Cooke
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Brian Yu
- Global Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Mark Salvati
- Global Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen, South San Francisco, California
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
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3
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Chou J, Trepka K, Sjöström M, Egusa EA, Chu CE, Zhu J, Chan E, Gibb EA, Badura ML, Contreras-Sanz A, Stohr BA, Meng MV, Pruthi RS, Lotan Y, Black PC, Porten SP, Koshkin VS, Friedlander TW, Feng FY. TROP2 Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Urothelial Carcinoma and Enfortumab Vedotin-resistant Cells. Eur Urol Oncol 2022; 5:714-718. [PMID: 35216942 PMCID: PMC10262920 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting TROP2, which has recently been approved for treatment-refractory metastatic urothelial cancer (UC). However, the variability of TROP2 expression across different bladder cancer (BC) subtypes, as well as after enfortumab vedotin (EV) exposure, remains unknown. Using gene expression data from four clinical cohorts with >1400 patient samples of muscle-invasive BC and a BC tissue microarray, we found that TROP2 mRNA and protein are highly expressed across basal, luminal, and stroma-rich subtypes, but depleted in the neuroendocrine subtype. In addition, TROP2 mRNA levels are correlated with NECTIN4 mRNA but are more highly expressed than NECTIN4 mRNA in patient cohorts and BC cell lines. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of TROP2 demonstrates that its expression is one factor governing SG sensitivity. After prolonged EV exposure, cells can downregulate NECTIN4, leading to EV resistance, but retain TROP2 expression and remain sensitive to SG, suggesting nonoverlapping resistance mechanisms to these ADCs. While our findings warrant further validation, they have significant implications for biomarker development, patient selection, and treatment sequencing in the clinic as well as clinical trial design and stratification for metastatic BC patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report, we investigated the expression levels of the drug target TROP2 across different molecular subtypes of bladder cancer in multiple patient cohorts and cell lines. We found high levels of TROP2 in most subtypes except in the neuroendocrine subtype. Overall, TROP2 gene expression is higher than NECTIN4 gene expression, and cells resistant to enfortumab vedotin (EV), a NECTIN4-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, remain sensitive to sacituzumab govitecan (SG). Our findings suggest that SG may be effective across most bladder cancer subtypes, including the bladder cancers previously treated with EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kai Trepka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sjöström
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Egusa
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carissa E Chu
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Chan
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewan A Gibb
- Decipher Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L Badura
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bradley A Stohr
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell V Meng
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raj S Pruthi
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sima P Porten
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vadim S Koshkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terence W Friedlander
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Chu CE, Sjöström M, Egusa EA, Gibb EA, Badura ML, Zhu J, Koshkin VS, Stohr BA, Meng MV, Pruthi RS, Friedlander TW, Lotan Y, Black PC, Porten SP, Feng FY, Chou J. Heterogeneity in NECTIN4 Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Urothelial Cancer Mediates Sensitivity to Enfortumab Vedotin. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5123-5130. [PMID: 34108177 PMCID: PMC8634828 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting NECTIN4 (encoded by the PVRL4/NECTIN4 gene) approved for treatment-refractory metastatic urothelial cancer. Factors that mediate sensitivity or resistance to EV are unknown. In this study, we sought to (i) examine heterogeneity of NECTIN4 gene expression across molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and (ii) determine whether NECTIN4 expression mediates EV sensitivity or resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Molecular subtyping and NECTIN4 expression data from seven muscle-invasive bladder cancer clinical cohorts (n = 1,915 total specimens) were used to assess NECTIN4 expression across molecular subtypes. The outcome of the transcriptomic analysis was relative NECTIN4 expression in the consensus molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. Expression of NECTIN4 was validated in bladder cancer cell lines. NECTIN4 was stably overexpressed or knocked down in basal and luminal bladder cancer cell lines and EV drug sensitivity assays were performed, as measured by cell proliferation and clonogenic assays. RESULTS NECTIN4 expression is heterogenous across molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and significantly enriched in luminal subtypes. NECTIN4 expression is positively correlated with luminal markers GATA3, FOXA1, and PPARG across all cohorts. NECTIN4 expression is both necessary and sufficient for EV sensitivity in luminal and basal subtypes of urothelial bladder cancer cells. Downregulation of NECTIN4 leads to EV resistance. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity to EV is mediated by expression of NECTIN4, which is enriched in luminal subtypes of bladder cancer. These findings may have implications for biomarker development, patient selection, and the inclusion of molecular subtyping in ongoing and future EV clinical trials.See related commentary by Teo and Rosenberg, p. 4950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa E Chu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Sjöström
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily A Egusa
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ewan A Gibb
- Decipher Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Michelle L Badura
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jun Zhu
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Vadim S Koshkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Bradley A Stohr
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Maxwell V Meng
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Raj S Pruthi
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Terence W Friedlander
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sima P Porten
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan Chou
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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5
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Chu C, Sjöström M, Egusa EA, Gibb E, Badura ML, Koshkin VS, Stohr BA, Meng M, Pruthi R, Friedlander TW, Lotan Y, Black PC, Porten SP, Feng FY, Chou J. Heterogeneity in Nectin-4 expression across molecular subtypes of urothelial cancer mediates sensitivity to enfortumab vedotin. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.6_suppl.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
463 Background: Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting Nectin-4 (encoded by the PVRL4/NECTIN4 gene ) approved for treatment-refractory metastatic urothelial cancer. Factors that mediate sensitivity or resistance to EV are unknown. In the present study, we sought to 1) examine heterogeneity of NECTIN4 gene expression across molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and 2) determine if Nectin-4 expression mediates EV sensitivity or resistance. Methods: NECTIN4 expression data from seven muscle-invasive bladder cancer clinical cohorts (n = 1912 total patients) were used to compare relative NECTIN4 expression across molecular subtypes. The outcome of the gene expression analysis was relative NECTIN4 expression in the consensus molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. Expression of NECTIN4 was validated in multiple bladder cancer cell lines. NECTIN4 was stably over-expressed or knocked down in basal (TCCSUP and UMUC-3) and luminal (HT-1376, HT-1197 and UMUC-9) bladder cancer cell lines, respectively, and EV dose-response assays were performed, as measured by cell proliferation and clonogenic assays. Results: NECTIN4 expression is heterogenous across molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and significantly enriched in luminal subtypes (p < 0.001). NECTIN4 expression is positively correlated with the luminal markers GATA3, FOXA1, and PPARG across cohorts (Spearman’s rank correlation r = 0.57, p < 0.0001 for GATA3, r = 0.37, p < 0.0001 for FOXA1, and r = 0.56, p < 0.0001 for PPARG). NECTIN4 expression is both necessary and sufficient for EV sensitivity in luminal and basal subtypes of urothelial bladder cancer cells. Downregulation of NECTIN4 led to EV resistance, and EV-resistant cell lines expressed decreased levels of Nectin-4. Conclusions: Results of this pre-clinical study suggest that sensitivity to EV is mediated by expression of NECTIN4, which is significantly enriched in luminal subtypes of bladder cancer. Downregulation of NECTIN4 leads to resistance to EV. These findings have implications for biomarker development, patient selection and the inclusion of molecular subtyping in ongoing and future EV clinical trials. Further investigation into Nectin-4 loss as a mechanism of resistance in patients treated on EV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Sjöström
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Ewan Gibb
- GenomeDx Biosciences Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Vadim S Koshkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bradley A. Stohr
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Maxwell Meng
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Raj Pruthi
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Terence W. Friedlander
- University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yair Lotan
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Peter C. Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sima P. Porten
- University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonathan Chou
- University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
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6
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Ramírez-Valle F, Badura ML, Braunstein S, Narasimhan M, Schneider RJ. Mitotic raptor promotes mTORC1 activity, G(2)/M cell cycle progression, and internal ribosome entry site-mediated mRNA translation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:3151-64. [PMID: 20439490 PMCID: PMC2897579 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00322-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling complex integrates signals from growth factors and nutrient availability to control cell growth and proliferation, in part through effects on the protein-synthetic machinery. Protein synthesis rates fluctuate throughout the cell cycle but diminish significantly during the G(2)/M transition. The fate of the mTOR complex and its role in coordinating cell growth and proliferation signals with protein synthesis during mitosis remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, which stimulates protein synthesis, is actually hyperactive during mitosis despite decreased protein synthesis and reduced activity of mTORC1 upstream activators. We describe previously unknown G(2)/M-specific phosphorylation of a component of mTORC1, the protein raptor, and demonstrate that mitotic raptor phosphorylation alters mTORC1 function during mitosis. Phosphopeptide mapping and mutational analysis demonstrate that mitotic phosphorylation of raptor facilitates cell cycle transit through G(2)/M. Phosphorylation-deficient mutants of raptor cause cells to delay in G(2)/M, whereas depletion of raptor causes cells to accumulate in G(1). We identify cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1 [cdc2]) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) pathways as two probable mitosis-regulated protein kinase pathways involved in mitosis-specific raptor phosphorylation and altered mTORC1 activity. In addition, mitotic raptor promotes translation by internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) on mRNA during mitosis and is demonstrated to be associated with rapamycin resistance. These data suggest that this pathway may play a role in increased IRES-dependent mRNA translation during mitosis and in rapamycin insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ramírez-Valle
- Department of Microbiology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Michelle L. Badura
- Department of Microbiology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Steve Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Manisha Narasimhan
- Department of Microbiology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The adenosine/uridine-rich element (ARE)-binding protein AUF1 functions to regulate the inflammatory response through the targeted degradation of cytokine and other mRNAs that contain specific AREs in their 3' noncoding region (3' NCR). To investigate the role of AUF1 in the immune system, we characterized the lymphoid compartments of AUF1-deficient mice. RESULTS Mice lacking AUF1 exhibit an altered proportion and size of splenic B cell subsets. We show prominent apoptosis in splenic B cell follicles and reduced expression of Bcl-2, A1, and Bcl-XL correlate with increased turnover and significant reduction in the number and proportion of splenic FO B cells in AUF1-deficient mice. In addition, AUF1-deficient mice exhibit a sharp decrease in splenic size and lymphocyte cellularity. Bone marrow transfer studies demonstrate that AUF1 deficiency induces cell-autonomous defects in mature B cell subsets but not in the overall number of splenocytes. Reconstitution of irradiated adult AUF1-deficient mice with wild-type bone marrow restores the proportion of FO and marginal zone (MZ) B cells, but does not rescue the decrease in the number of splenocytes. Functionally, AUF1-deficient mice mount an attenuated response to T cell-independent (TI) antigen, which correlates with impaired MZ B cell function. CONCLUSION These data indicate that AUF1 is important in the maintenance of splenic FO B cells and adequate humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sadri
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Braunstein S, Badura ML, Xi Q, Formenti SC, Schneider RJ. Regulation of protein synthesis by ionizing radiation. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5645-56. [PMID: 19704005 PMCID: PMC2772731 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00711-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a physiologically important stress to which cells respond by the activation of multiple signaling pathways. Using a panel of immortalized and transformed breast epithelial cell lines, we demonstrate that IR regulation of protein synthesis occurs in nontransformed cells and is lost with transformation. In nontransformed cells, IR rapidly activates the MAP kinases ERK1/2, resulting in an early transient increase in cap-dependent mRNA translation that involves mTOR and is radioprotective, enhancing the translation of a subset of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in DNA repair and cell survival. Following a transient increase in translation, IR-sensitive (nontransformed) cells inhibit cap-dependent protein synthesis through a mechanism that involves activation of p53, induction of Sestrin 1 and 2 genes, and stimulation of AMP kinase, inhibiting mTOR and hypophosphorylating 4E-BP1. IR is shown to block proteasome-mediated decay of 4E-BP1, increasing its abundance and the sequestration of eIF4E. The IR signal that impairs mTOR-dependent protein synthesis at late times is assembly of the DNA damage response machinery, consisting of Mre11, Rad50, and NBS1 (MRN); activation of the MRN complex kinase ATM; and p53. These results link genotoxic signaling from the DNA damage response complex to the control of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology, 550 First Avenue, Department of Radiation Oncology, 160 East 34th Street, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Michelle L. Badura
- Department of Microbiology, 550 First Avenue, Department of Radiation Oncology, 160 East 34th Street, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Qiaoran Xi
- Department of Microbiology, 550 First Avenue, Department of Radiation Oncology, 160 East 34th Street, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Microbiology, 550 First Avenue, Department of Radiation Oncology, 160 East 34th Street, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, 550 First Avenue, Department of Radiation Oncology, 160 East 34th Street, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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Abstract
Many studies have positioned Notch signaling at various critical junctions during T-cell development. There is, however, debate regarding the role of Notch in the CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Because there are 4 Notch receptors and RBP-Jkappa-independent Notch signaling has been reported, we decided to eliminate gamma-secretase activity once its activity is required for all forms of Notch signaling. T-cell-specific elimination of gamma-secretase was carried out by crossing presenilin-1 (PS1) floxed mice with CD4-Cre mice and PS2 KO mice, generating PS KO mice. Thymic CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) cells from these mice were strikingly resistant to apoptosis by anti-CD3 treatment in vivo and expressed more Bcl-X(L) than control thymocytes, and deletion of only one allele of Bcl-X(L) gene restored wild-type levels of sensitivity to apoptosis. In addition, these PS KO animals displayed a significant decrease in the number of CD8+ T cells in the periphery, and these cells had higher level of phosphorylated p38 than cells from control littermates. Our results show that ablation of presenilins results in deficiency of CD8 cells in the periphery and a dramatic change in the physiology of thymocytes, bringing to our attention the potential side effects of presenilin inhibitors in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maraver
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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