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Hrovat B, Uurasjärvi E, Viitala M, Del Pino AF, Mänttäri M, Papamatthaiakis N, Haapala A, Peiponen K, Roussey M, Koistinen A. Preparation of synthetic micro- and nano plastics for method validation studies. Sci Total Environ 2024; 925:171821. [PMID: 38513866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a persisting global problem. Accurate analysis is essential in quantifying the effects of microplastic pollution and develop novel technologies that reliably and reproducibly measure microplastic content in various samples. The most common methods for this are FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Coloured, standardized beads are often used for method validation tests, which limits the conclusions to a very specific case rarely observed in the natural environment. This study focuses on the preparation of reference micro- and nanoplastics via cryogenic milling and shows their use for FTIR and Raman method validation studies. MPs can now be reproducibly milled from various plastics, offering the advantages of a better representation of MPs in real environment. Moreover, this study highlights issues with the current detection methods, up to now considered as the most reliable ones for MP detection and identification. Such issues, e.g. misidentification, will need to be addressed in the future. Additionally, milled MPs were used in experiments with commercial high-resolution imaging device, enabling a possible in-situ optical detection of microplastics. These experiments represent a step forward in understanding MPs in a water sample and provide a basis for a more accurate detection and identification directly from water, which would considerably reduce the time of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Hrovat
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Emilia Uurasjärvi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mirka Viitala
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Department of Separation Science, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Ana Franco Del Pino
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Department of Separation Science, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland; University of Cádiz, Department of Environmental Technology, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Department of Separation Science, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | | | - Antti Haapala
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland; FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Kai Peiponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Center for Photonics Sciences, Department of Physics and Mathematics, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matthieu Roussey
- University of Eastern Finland, Center for Photonics Sciences, Department of Physics and Mathematics, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Arto Koistinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Radmehr S, Kallioinen-Mänttäri M, Mänttäri M. Interplay role of microalgae and bio-carriers in hybrid membrane bioreactors on wastewater treatment, membrane fouling, and microbial communities. Environ Pollut 2023; 339:122764. [PMID: 37852316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Algal membrane bioreactors (algae-MBRs) and advanced hybrid biocarrier algal membrane bioreactors (hybrid algae-MBRs) have been investigated to improve the performance of conventional MBRs (C-MBRs). Maximum chemical oxygen demand and nutrient removal efficiencies, similar to the maximum biomass growth rate, chlorophyll-a concentration, and balanced microbial growth, were achieved in the hybrid algae-MBR inoculated with polyethylene biocarriers and algal cells. During the 90 days of operation, the hybrid algae-MBR demonstrated lower membrane fouling without membrane washing, whereas the C-MBR and algae-MBR were washed seven and four times, respectively. Compared to the C-MBR, both the algal MBR and hybrid algal MBR exhibited higher levels of nitrification, with 6 and 10 % greater rates, respectively. In addition, they displayed significant improvements in ammonium biomass uptake compared to the C-MBR, with increases of 30 and 37 %, respectively. In the algae-MBR, the chlorophyll-a results showed proliferation of algae over time. However, biocarriers that provide an additional surface for microbial growth, particularly algal strains, inhibit algal proliferation and result in balanced microbial growth (based on chlorophyll-a/MLVSS) in the bulk solution of the hybrid algae-MBR. In addition, the oxygen mass balance estimated that photosynthesis provided 45 % of the dissolved oxygen required in the studied algal reactors, whereas mixing provided the remainder. Additionally, microbial sequencing results indicated that the microbial communities (e.g., Candidatus, Cloacibacterium, and Falavobacterium) were altered by introducing microalgae and biocarriers that affected the activity of different microorganisms, changed the sludge and fouling layer properties, and improved the performance of the C-MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Radmehr
- Department of Separation and Purification Technology, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta, FIN-53851, Finland, Finland.
| | - Mari Kallioinen-Mänttäri
- Department of Separation and Purification Technology, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta, FIN-53851, Finland, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Department of Separation and Purification Technology, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta, FIN-53851, Finland, Finland
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3
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Nakarmi KJ, Daneshvar E, Mänttäri M, Bhatnagar A. Removal and recovery of nutrients from septic tank wastewater using microalgae: Key factors and practical implications. J Environ Manage 2023; 345:118922. [PMID: 37688963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of septic tank wastewater (STWW) with high concentrations of ammonium (NH4+) and total phosphorus (TP), is challenging in decentralized areas. Utilizing microalgae for STWW treatment can simultaneously recover nutrients in the form of high-value microalgal biomass. However, despite the potential benefits, microalgal treatment of STWW is rarely reported. Therefore, this work utilized bench-scale photobioreactors (PBR) to investigate different factors that could affect microalgal cultivation in STWW and treatment efficiency. Accordingly, it was observed that suspended solids present in STWW did not significantly affect the microalgae growth and nutrient removal efficiencies in bubble column PBR. On the other hand, the effect of endemic microorganism could not be verified in this study due to observed fungal contamination and change in nutrient profile of STWW after autoclave. Nevertheless, the highest microalgal growth and nutrient removal efficiencies of NH4+-N = 79.14% and TP = 41.11% were observed within 14 days of photoautotrophic cultivation in raw STWW. Further, 25 days of upscaled photoautotrophic cultivation in 4-L bubble column PBR was performed to study biomass yield, nutrient removal kinetics, and nutrient removal efficiency. Consequently, 0.75 g‧L-1 dry biomass was produced with improved removal efficiency of NH4+-N (96.16%), and TP (69.57%). Elemental analysis of biomass revealed that 62.99 ± 1.46 mg‧L-1 TN and 11.41 ± 1.42 mg‧L-1 TP were recovered. Further, 1.02 geq carbon dioxide (CO2) was bio-fixed with every liter of STWW treated. The findings of this study revealed that microalgae can be successfully utilized for the removal and recovery of nutrients from STWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan J Nakarmi
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Ehsan Daneshvar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
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4
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Soto-Salcido LA, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M. Reuse of end-of-life membranes through accelerated polyamide degradation. Waste Manag 2023; 171:124-133. [PMID: 37657285 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life (EoL) thin-film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis membranes were converted into ultrafiltration-like (UF) membranes in an accelerated degradation process of the polyamide (PA) using an oxidant (NaOCl) in the presence of either MgCl2 or CaCl2. The PA degradation was evaluated by measuring pure water permeability (PWP), MgSO4 passage and molecular weight cut-off; the more PWP increased, and the less MgSO4 was retained after treatment, the more the PA was degraded. By adding 10 mM of metal ions, PWP increased 2.1 (MgCl2) and 3.1 (CaCl2) times compared to the increase achieved with hypochlorite alone (2560 ppm∙h of free chlorine). Changes in the membranes after treatment were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and by measuring their surface charge and contact angle. FTIR and FE-SEM confirmed the PA layer degradation. FE-SEM micrographs showed that full removal of the PA layer can be achieved by using an oxidation dose of 12,700 ppm∙h when Ca2+ is used but doses as high as 300,000 ppm*h are needed without catalyst. The results proved that by controlling the oxidation process it was possible to control the cut-off (MWCO) value of the membrane from 16,100 g∙mol-1 to 27,100 g∙mol-1. Before treatment, EoL membranes showed a MWCO of approximately 1200 g∙mol-1, meaning that molecules with that size could be retained in a 90%. In summary, the presented method enables reducing waste by the conversion EoL membranes into tailored UF-like membranes and by decreasing the amount of oxidant used in the conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Soto-Salcido
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Arto Pihlajamäki
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
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5
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Monteagudo JM, Durán A, Mänttäri M, López S. Insights into the adsorption of CO 2 generated from synthetic urban wastewater treatment on olive pomace biochar. J Environ Manage 2023; 339:117951. [PMID: 37080096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, a sustainable and low-cost method to capture CO2 generated from the treatment of urban wastewater was evaluated. We studied the adsorption of CO2 on olive pomace biochar. The experiments of degradation of synthetic wastewater mimicking effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with an initial Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentration of 10 mg L-1 were conducted by using the UV-C/H2O2 process in the absence or presence of biochar. The biochar was placed in a fixed bed column through which air from the UV reactor was circulated. First, the effects of different parameters such as H2O2 initial concentration and pH on wastewater mineralization efficiency were determined. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal was 87% in 2 h under optimal degradation conditions. The maximal concentration of CO2(gas) in air, in a closed system (air volume: 7.3 10-4 m3), after 11 h was 12,500 μmol mol-1 in the absence of biochar and only 150 μmol mol-1 when 10 g biochar were used. The results proved that by combining biochar with oxidative degradation of organic compounds, it is possible to mineralize organic compounds and reduce the requisite CO2 emissions by about 99%. The experimental equilibrium results were fit well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models concluding that CO2 adsorption on biochar followed both chemisorption and physisorption and both monolayer and multi-layer CO2 adsorption could occur. The total desorption of CO2 from biochar was reached in 120 min by simultaneously increasing the temperature to 150 °C and introducing a purge N2(gas).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Monteagudo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Grupo IMAES, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071 Ciudad Real Spain.
| | - A Durán
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Grupo IMAES, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - S López
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Grupo IMAES, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
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6
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Radmehr S, Peltomaa E, Kallioinen-Mänttäri M, Mänttäri M. Effects of monospecific and mixed-algae culture on performance of algae-sludge membrane bioreactors. Bioresour Technol 2023; 371:128605. [PMID: 36638897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To increase wastewater treatment efficiency and biofuel production, seven microalgae were mixed with activated sludge in batch bioreactors. Based on batch results, two microalgae (Chlamydomonas and Selenastrum) and their mixture were inoculated into conventional-membrane-bioreactors (CMBRs) to evaluate effects of monospecific and mixed-algae culture on the performance of algae-sludge-MBRs. The best nutrient removal, highest chlorophyll-a, and lowest membrane fouling were achieved by the mixed-algae membrane bioreactor. In comparison to activated sludge, the algae-sludge mixture had fivefold higher lipid contents during batch experiments. Additionally, using confocal microscopy, autofluorescence and staining were combined to distinguish algae from bacteria on membrane surfaces, revealing a greater role for bacteria in membrane fouling. Furthermore, sequencing analysis showed that the microbial community (e.g. Nitrospira and Falavobacterium) changed by inoculating algae which benefits CMBRs. Consequently, the stimulation or inhibition of different species might be the reason that the mixed-algae-MBR achieves superior performance compared to CMBR and single-algae-MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Radmehr
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti FI-15140, Finland
| | - Mari Kallioinen-Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
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7
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Lopatina A, Esmaeili M, Anugwom I, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen-Mänttäri M. Effect of Low Concentrations of Lithium Chloride Additive on Cellulose-Rich Ultrafiltration Membrane Performance. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:198. [PMID: 36837701 PMCID: PMC9964057 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various water treatment processes make extensive use of porous polymeric membranes. A key objective in membrane fabrication is to improve membrane selectivity without sacrificing other properties such as permeability. Herein, LiCl (0-2 wt.%) was utilised as a preforming agent in fabricating biomass-derived cellulosic membranes. The fabricated membranes were characterised by dope solution viscosity, surface and cross-sectional morphology, pure water flux, relative molecular mass cut-off (MWCO, 35 kDa), membrane chemistry, and hydrophilicity. The results demonstrated that at the optimum LiCl concentration (0.4 wt.%), there is an interplay of thermodynamic instability and kinetic effects during membrane formation, wherein the membrane morphology and hydrophilicity can be preferably altered and thus lead to the formation of the membrane with better rejection at no detriment to its permeability.
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8
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Viitala M, Steinmetz Z, Sillanpää M, Mänttäri M, Sillanpää M. Historical and current occurrence of microplastics in water and sediment of a Finnish lake affected by WWTP effluents. Environ Pollut 2022; 314:120298. [PMID: 36181939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Only scarce information is available about the abundance of microplastics (MPs) in Nordic lakes. In this study, the occurrence, types, and distribution of MPs were assessed based on the lake water and sediment samples collected from a sub-basin of Lake Saimaa, Finland. The main goal was to estimate the possible effect of the local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on the abundance of MPs in different compartments of the recipient lake area. Collected bottom sediment samples were Cs-137 dated and the chronological structure was utilized to relate the concentrations of MPs to their sedimentation years. Raman microspectroscopy was used for the MPs' identification from both sample matrices. In addition, MPs consisting of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) were quantified from lake water samples by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to provide a complementary assessment of MPs based on two different analysis methods, which provide different metrics of the abundance of microplastics. MPs concentrations were highest in sediment samples closest to the discharge site of WWTP effluents (4400 ± 620 n/kg dw) compared to other sites. However, such a trend was not found in lake water samples (0.7 ± 0.1 n/L). Overall, microplastic fibers were relatively more abundant in sediment (70%) than in water (40%), and the majority of detected microplastic fibers were identified as polyester. This indicates that a part of textile fibers passing the WWTP processes accumulate in the sediment close to the discharge site. In addition, the abundance of MPs was revealed to have increased slightly during the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirka Viitala
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation Science, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Zacharias Steinmetz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraβe 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation Science, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Markus Sillanpää
- Finnish Environment Institute, Laboratory Centre, Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
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Soto-Salcido LA, Anugwom I, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen-Mänttäri M. Cellulose Nanofibers Derived Surface Coating in Enhancing the Dye Removal with Cellulosic Ultrafiltration Membrane. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12111082. [PMID: 36363637 PMCID: PMC9696527 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available ultrafiltration membranes were coated with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) produced from softwood pulp by a two-step process: a non-derivatizing DES treatment and a simple mechanical treatment (high-speed homogenization and sonification). The CNFs coating aimed at enhancement of the removal of methylene blue (MB) from water and was investigated at different concentrations of the coating, quantified in grams of CNFs per square meter of the membrane (1.3, 6.5, 13, and 19.5 g/m2). The pure water permeability (PWP) was unaffected up to the concentration of 6.5 g/m2 but the dye retention increased approximately 2.5-fold. Even higher improvement of MB removal, about 4-fold, was observed when 19.5 g/m2 were used, however, the pure water permeability also decreased by about 30%. In addition, it was proved that the coating can be removed and created again several times which shows that the concept could be used to improve the retention of organic compounds when high permeability membranes are used.
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Tsering T, Viitala M, Hyvönen M, Reinikainen SP, Mänttäri M. The assessment of particle selection and blank correction to enhance the analysis of microplastics with Raman microspectroscopy. Sci Total Environ 2022; 842:156804. [PMID: 35724785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although microplastics research has received enormous attention in the last decade, both the research practices and the quality of produced data should still be improved. In this study, the identification process of microplastics with Raman imaging microscope was improved by decreasing the time needed for the analysis. To do that, new features, including terrain mosaic and automatic particle selection, were utilized and various ways of handling the produced microplastics data were implemented and discussed. Furthermore, blank correction of microplastic concentrations was demonstrated and its effects on the recovery of spiked microplastics was assessed with aqueous and solid samples. Six types of microplastics, including fragments and fibers, were spiked in triplicates of ultra-pure water and reference sediment samples. The spiked samples were pretreated by a modified method of the universal enzymatic purification protocol. Microplastics were analyzed with Raman imaging microscope, using terrain mosaic combined with automatic particle selection. The microplastics data were subjected to different identification steps to estimate the potential overestimation and underestimation of microplastics counts. With the complete correction of Raman-based data, the average recovery rates of fragments (77-80%) were higher than fibers (20-33%). The decrease in recovery rates of spiked microplastics (49-57%) were observed when blank correction was applied (28-47%). The impact of the blank correction depended on the polymer, causing exclusion of PE, PET, and PP from sediment samples. For the completely corrected Raman-based data, the average recovery rates of microplastics were higher for water than sediment samples both with and without blank correction. The results demonstrated the impact of blank correction on the microplastics recovery rates. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the use of automatic particle selection of Raman imaging microscope for microplastics analysis. Hence, potential drawbacks and advantages of the new features of Raman imaging microscope were explicitly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Tsering
- LUT School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Mirka Viitala
- LUT School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Maria Hyvönen
- LUT School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Satu-Pia Reinikainen
- LUT School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
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11
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Nieminen J, Anugwom I, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M. TEMPO-mediated oxidation as surface modification for cellulosic ultrafiltration membranes: Enhancement of ion rejection and permeability. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Deb A, Gurung K, Rumky J, Sillanpää M, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Dynamics of microbial community and their effects on membrane fouling in an anoxic-oxic gravity-driven membrane bioreactor under varying solid retention time: A pilot-scale study. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150878. [PMID: 34627895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) is highly influenced by the characteristics of the influent, the mixed liquor microbial community and the operational parameters, all of which are environment specific. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of microbial community during the treatment of real municipal wastewater in a pilotscale anoxic-oxic (A/O) MBR equipped with a gravity-driven membrane filtration system. The MBR was operated at three different solid retention times (SRTs): 25, 40 and 10 days for a total period of 180 days in Nordic environmental conditions. Analysis of microbial community dynamics revealed a high diversity of microbial species at SRT of 40 days, whereas SRT of 25 days was superior with microbial richness. Production of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was found to be intensely connected with the SRT and food to microorganism (F/M) ratio. Relatively longer operational period with the lowest rate of membrane fouling was observed at SRT of 25 days, which was resulted from the superior microbial community, lowest production of SMP and loosely bound EPS as well as the lower filtration resistance of larger sludge flocs. Abundance of quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria and granular floc forming bacterial genera at SRT of 25 days provided relatively lower membrane fouling tendency and larger floc formation, respectively. On the other hand, substantial amount of various surface colonizing and EPS producing bacteria was found at SRT of 10 days, which promoted more rapid membrane fouling compared with the fouling rate seen at other tested SRTs. To sum up, this research provides a realistic insight into the impact of SRT on microbial community dynamics and resulting characteristics of mixed liquor, floc size distribution and membrane fouling for improved MBR operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Deb
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT University), Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Khum Gurung
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT University), Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Jannatul Rumky
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT University), Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), NO. 2006, Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, PR China; Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT University), Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT University), Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
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13
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Ippolitov V, Anugwom I, van Deun R, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen-Mänttäri M. Cellulose Membranes in the Treatment of Spent Deep Eutectic Solvent Used in the Recovery of Lignin from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12010086. [PMID: 35054613 PMCID: PMC8780560 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration was employed in the purification of spent Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES, a mixture of choline chloride and lactic acid, 1:10, respectively) used in the extraction of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass. The aim of this was to recover different lignin fractions and to purify spent solvent. The results revealed that the commercial regenerated cellulose membranes—RC70PP and Ultracel 5 kDa UF membranes—could be used in the treatment of the spent DES. The addition of cosolvent (ethanol) to the spent DES decreased solvent’s viscosity, which enabled filtration. With two-pass ultrafiltration process with 10 kDa and 5 kDa membranes about 95% of the dissolved polymeric compounds (lignin and hemicelluloses) were removed from the spent DES. The utilized membranes also showed the capability to fractionate polymeric compounds into two fractions—above and under 10,000 Da. Moreover, the 10 kDa cellulose-based membrane showed good stability during a continuous period of three weeks exposure to the solution of DES and ethanol. Its pure water permeability decreased only by 3%. The results presented here demonstrate the possibility to utilize cellulose membranes in the treatment of spent DES to purify the solvent and recover the interesting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Ippolitov
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland; (I.A.); (M.M.); (M.K.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-442417273
| | - Ikenna Anugwom
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland; (I.A.); (M.M.); (M.K.-M.)
| | - Robin van Deun
- Department of Applied Engineering, Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland; (I.A.); (M.M.); (M.K.-M.)
| | - Mari Kallioinen-Mänttäri
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland; (I.A.); (M.M.); (M.K.-M.)
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14
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Arola K, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Two-stage nanofiltration for purification of membrane bioreactor treated municipal wastewater – Minimization of concentrate volume and simultaneous recovery of phosphorus. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Virtanen T, Lahti J, Kalliola A, Tamminen T, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Influence of laccase treatment on fouling layer formation in ultrafiltration of birch hot-water extract. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Nieminen J, Anugwom I, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M. Green solvents in recovery of aluminium and plastic from waste pharmaceutical blister packaging. Waste Manag 2020; 107:20-27. [PMID: 32251965 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical blister packages usually comprise of aluminium and plastic layers. Due to their multi-material structure, the discarded packages are typically landfilled, although when separated, both metallic and polymeric fractions would be recyclable. In the present study, separation of aluminium and polymeric layers of waste pharmaceutical blisters was conducted by exploitation of deep eutectic solvent (DES, lactic acid - choline chloride) and pure lactic acid, both of which are considered green solvents. The separation of aluminium and plastic was investigated at different temperatures, solvent concentrations, solid-liquid ratios and agitation speeds. The complete separation was achieved with both studied solvents. The fastest separation was obtained when temperature was increased, more solvent with respect to solid was used and when agitation was introduced to the system. The effect of solvent concentration varied depending on the used solvent. Separation by lactic acid was the fastest with pure solvent (90 wt%), and separation by DES was the fastest with diluted solvent (50 wt%) due to strong dissolution of aluminium and formation of aluminium lactate precipitate. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and acrylic based adhesive were detected in all the investigated samples. After the separation by pure DES, the recovered aluminium fraction was corroded, containing 65 wt% of aluminium and 23 wt% of oxygen whereas after lactic acid treatment, aluminium surfaces contained at its best about 95% of aluminium (aluminium foil contains 96% of Al). The results showed that the DES used and lactic acid can offer viable green separation methodology for aluminium and plastic from blister packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Nieminen
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland; LUT Re-Source Platform, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Ikenna Anugwom
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland; LUT Re-Source Platform, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland; LUT Re-Source Platform, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
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17
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John M, Choudhury T, Filimonov R, Kurvinen E, Saeed M, Mikkola A, Mänttäri M, Louhi-Kultanen M. Impurity separation efficiency of multi-component wastewater in a pilot-scale freeze crystallizer. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Azizi Namaghi H, Haghighi Asl A, Pourafshari Chenar M, Hesampour M, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M. Performance enhancement of thin‐film composite membranes in water desalination process by wood sawdust. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Azizi Namaghi
- Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas EngineeringSemnan University Semnan Iran
- LUT School of Engineering ScienceLappeenranta University of Technology P.O. Box 20, 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
| | - Ali Haghighi Asl
- Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas EngineeringSemnan University Semnan Iran
| | - Mahdi Pourafshari Chenar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringFerdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) Mashhad Iran
- Membrane Processes and Membrane Research Center, Faculty of EngineeringFerdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hesampour
- LUT School of Engineering ScienceLappeenranta University of Technology P.O. Box 20, 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
- R&D and Technology CenterKemira Oyj Helsinki Finland
| | - Arto Pihlajamäki
- LUT School of Engineering ScienceLappeenranta University of Technology P.O. Box 20, 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering ScienceLappeenranta University of Technology P.O. Box 20, 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
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19
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Arola K, Ward A, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M, Batstone D. Transport of pharmaceuticals during electrodialysis treatment of wastewater. Water Res 2019; 161:496-504. [PMID: 31229730 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising emerging electrochemical membrane technology for nutrient concentration and recovery from wastewater. However associated environmental safety aspects have to be assessed before utilizing concentrated nutrient produced by ED, for instance as fertilizer. Municipal wastewaters contain various micropollutants that have the potential of being concentrated during the ED treatment processes. This study quantified the transport of pharmaceuticals during ED nutrient recovery from synthetic centrate wastewater. Specifically, it is evaluated whether pharmaceutical micropollutants are mobile, and therefore able to transport across the cation exchange membranes and concentrate into the ED concentrate product. Results demonstrate that NH4+-N, PO43--P and K+ could be concentrated up to 5 times in the concentrated ED product (3700-4000 mg/L NH4+-N, 21-25 mg/L PO43--P, 990-1040 mg/L K+). Target micropollutants, such as diclofenac, carbamazepine and furosemide were largely retained in the diluent, with less than 8% being transported across to the concentrate product (feed micropollutant concentration 10 or 100 μg/L) based on the final target pharmaceutical amounts in the ED concentrate product (μg). Some transport of micropollutants such as atenolol, metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide was observed to the concentrate product. For instance a final concentration of 10.3, 9.4 and 8.6 μg/L on average was measured for these pollutants in the final ED concentrate product (final volume ∼1 L) in experiments with a feed water (initial volume 20 L) containing only 10 μg/L of target pharmaceuticals. Transport of pharmaceuticals across the ED membranes was concluded to be dominated mainly by the molecule hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity as well as electrostatic interactions between pharmaceutical molecules and ED membranes. Particularly excluded were those having a negative charge and high hydrophobicity such as diclofenac and ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Arola
- LUT University, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Andrew Ward
- University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Level 4, Gehrmann Laboratories Building (60), Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT University, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- LUT University, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Damien Batstone
- University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Level 4, Gehrmann Laboratories Building (60), Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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20
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Moradi MR, Pihlajamäki A, Hesampour M, Ahlgren J, Mänttäri M. End-of-life RO membranes recycling: Reuse as NF membranes by polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Deviatkin I, Lyu L, Chen S, Havukainen J, Wang F, Horttanainen M, Mänttäri M. Technical implications and global warming potential of recovering nitrogen released during continuous thermal drying of sewage sludge. Waste Manag 2019; 90:132-140. [PMID: 31088668 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal drying and consequent incineration of sewage sludge result in an absolute loss of an important macronutrient - nitrogen. To fulfill the growing food demand, humanity relies more on industrial fixation of nitrogen, primarily via the Haber-Bosch process. The present paper examines the nitrogen release during continuous thermal drying of municipal sewage sludge and its consequent recovery for fertilization. Furthermore, the possibility of nitrogen recovery from condensate is assessed. Finally, the study assesses the global warming potential of the proposed nitrogen recovery system and compares it with the baseline system manufacturing fertilizers from industrially fixed nitrogen. The results of the drying experiments showed that 0.73-1.03 g N-NH3 kg-1 total solids of sewage sludge was released to off-gases during its continuous thermal drying under 160 °C, which corresponds to 41-58% of ionized nitrogen content in raw sewage sludge subjected to thermal drying. The global warming potential of the nitrogen recovery was 28% lower compared to that of the commercial fertilizer production of equivalent properties: 4.1 kg CO2-Equiv. kg-1 N versus 5.7 kg CO2-Equiv. kg-1 N. Still, the sensitivity analysis showed that the results might traverse and lead to a higher global warming potential of 6.2 kg CO2-Equiv. during the nitrogen recovery process under certain process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Deviatkin
- Department of Sustainability Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Finland(1).
| | - Lukai Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jouni Havukainen
- Department of Sustainability Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Finland(1)
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mika Horttanainen
- Department of Sustainability Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Finland(1)
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- School of Engineering Sciences, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Finland
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22
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Esmaeili M, Virtanen T, Lahti J, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Vanillin as an Antifouling and Hydrophilicity Promoter Agent in Surface Modification of Polyethersulfone Membrane. Membranes (Basel) 2019; 9:membranes9040056. [PMID: 31022907 PMCID: PMC6523077 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fouling as an intricate process is considered as the main obstacle in membrane technologies, and its control is one of the main areas of attention in membrane processes. In this study, a commercial polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane (MWCO: 4000 g/mol) was surface modified with different concentrations of vanillin as an antifouling and hydrophilicity promoter to improve its performance. The presence of vanillin and its increasing adsorption potential trends in higher vanillin concentrations were clearly confirmed by observable changes in FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra after modification. Membranes with better hydrophilicity (almost 30% lower contact angle in the best case) and higher polyethylene glycol solution (PEG) permeability were achieved after modification, where a 35–38% increase in permeability of aqueous solution of PEG was perceived when the membrane was modified at the highest exposure concentration of vanillin (2.8 g/L). After filtration of wood extract, surface modified membrane (2.8 g/L vanillin) showed better antifouling characteristics compared to unmodified membrane, as indicated by approximately 22% lower pure water flux reduction, which in turn improved the separation of lignin from the other organic compounds present in wood extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Esmaeili
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Tiina Virtanen
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Jussi Lahti
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
- LUT Re-Source Platform, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
- LUT Re-Source Platform, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
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23
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Virtanen T, Parkkila P, Koivuniemi A, Lahti J, Viitala T, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M, Bunker A. Characterization of membrane–foulant interactions with novel combination of Raman spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and molecular dynamics simulation. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Nevstrueva D, Pihlajamäki A, Nikkola J, Mänttäri M. Effect of Precipitation Temperature on the Properties of Cellulose Ultrafiltration Membranes Prepared via Immersion Precipitation with Ionic Liquid as Solvent. Membranes (Basel) 2018; 8:membranes8040087. [PMID: 30257430 PMCID: PMC6316705 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Supported cellulose ultrafiltration membranes are cast from a cellulose-ionic liquid solution by the immersion precipitation technique. The effects of coagulation bath temperature and polymer concentration in the casting solution on the membrane morphology, wettability, pure water flux, molecular weight cut-off, and fouling resistance are studied. Scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and filtration experiments are carried out in order to characterise the obtained ultrafiltration cellulose membranes. The results show the effect of coagulation bath temperature and polymer concentration on the surface morphology and properties of cellulose ultrafiltration membranes. Optimisation of the two parameters leads to the creation of dense membranes with good pure water fluxes and proven fouling resistance towards humic acid water solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nevstrueva
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Arto Pihlajamäki
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Juha Nikkola
- VTT Advanced Materials, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
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25
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Esmaeili M, Anugwom I, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Utilization of DES-Lignin as a Bio-Based Hydrophilicity Promoter in the Fabrication of Antioxidant Polyethersulfone Membranes. Membranes (Basel) 2018; 8:membranes8030080. [PMID: 30205583 PMCID: PMC6161178 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of membrane permeability at no detriment of its other performances, e.g., selectivity, is a goal-directed objective in membrane fabrication. A novel antioxidant DES-lignin (lignin extracted from birch wood by using a deep eutectic solvent) polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, containing 0–1 wt % DES-lignin, was fabricated with the phase inversion technique. The performance and morphology of the fabricated membranes were characterized by a pure water flux, polyethylene glycol (PEG) retention, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Membranes with less negative charge and better hydrophilicity were obtained when the DES-lignin content in the polymer solution was increased. With the highest dosage, the incorporation of DES-lignin in the membrane matrix improved the membrane permeability by 29.4% compared to a pure PES membrane. Moreover, no leakage of DES-lignin from the membrane structure was observed, indicating good compatibility of DES-lignin with the PES structure. It was also found that the improvement of both rejection and pure water flux could be achieved by using a small dosage of DES-lignin (0.25 wt %) in membrane fabrication. The membranes incorporated with DES-lignin showed higher DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) scavenging activity compared to the pure membrane, where 2.6 and 1.1 times higher DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity was observed with the highest DES-lignin content (1 wt %). Thus, the results of this study demonstrate well the feasibility of utilizing DES-lignin as an antioxidant bio-based hydrophilicity promoter in the fabrication of ultrafiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Esmaeili
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FIN-53851, Finland.
| | - Ikenna Anugwom
- LUT Re-Source Platform, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O.Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation and Purification Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FIN-53851, Finland.
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- LUT Re-Source Platform, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O.Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
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26
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Nevstrueva D, Murashko K, Vunder V, Aabloo A, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M, Pyrhönen J, Koiranen T, Torop J. Natural cellulose ionogels for soft artificial muscles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 161:244-251. [PMID: 29080509 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid development of soft micromanipulation techniques for human friendly electronics has raised the demand for the devices to be able to carry out mechanical work on a micro- and macroscale. The natural cellulose-based ionogels (CEL-iGEL) hold a great potential for soft artificial muscle application, due to its flexibility, low driving voltage and biocompatibility. The CEL-iGEL composites undergo reversible bending already at ±500mV step-voltage values. A fast response to the voltage applied and high ionic conductivity of membranous actuator is achieved by a complete dissolution of cellulose in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIm][OAc]. The CEL-iGEL supported cellulose actuator films were cast out of cellulose-[EMIm][OAc] solution via phase inversion in H2O. The facile preparation method ensured uniform morphology along the layers and stand for the high ionic-liquid loading in a porous cellulose scaffold. During the electromechanical characterization, the CEL-iGEL actuators showed exponential dependence to the voltage applied with the max strain difference values reaching up to 0.6% at 2 V. Electrochemical analysis confirmed the good stability of CEL-iGEL actuators and determined the safe working voltage value to be below 2.5V. To predict and estimate the deformation for various step input voltages, a mathematical model was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nevstrueva
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Kirill Murashko
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Veiko Vunder
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, IMS Lab, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alvo Aabloo
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, IMS Lab, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arto Pihlajamäki
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Juha Pyrhönen
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Tuomas Koiranen
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Janno Torop
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, LUT School of Engineering Science, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland; University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, IMS Lab, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Arola K, Hatakka H, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Novel process concept alternatives for improved removal of micropollutants in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Irigoyen J, Laakso T, Politakos N, Dahne L, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M, Moya SE. Design and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Nanofiltration Membranes Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Larger Ion Rejection and Separation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseba Irigoyen
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group; CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo Miramón 182 C 20009 San Sebastián Gipuzkoa Spain
| | - Timo Laakso
- Lappeenranta University of Technology; Skinnarilankatu 34 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
| | - Nikolaos Politakos
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group; CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo Miramón 182 C 20009 San Sebastián Gipuzkoa Spain
| | - Lars Dahne
- Surflay Nanotech GmbH; Max-Planck-Straße 3 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Artho Pihlajamäki
- Lappeenranta University of Technology; Skinnarilankatu 34 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Lappeenranta University of Technology; Skinnarilankatu 34 53850 Lappeenranta Finland
| | - Sergio Enrique Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group; CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo Miramón 182 C 20009 San Sebastián Gipuzkoa Spain
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Laakso T, Kallioinen M, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M, Wong JE. Polyelectrolyte multilayer coated ultrafiltration membranes for wood extract fractionation. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Mänttäri M, Lahti J, Hatakka H, Louhi-Kultanen M, Kallioinen M. Separation phenomena in UF and NF in the recovery of organic acids from kraft black liquor. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Stade S, Kallioinen M, Tuuva T, Mänttäri M. Compaction and its effect on retention of ultrafiltration membranes at different temperatures. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Almanasrah M, Brazinha C, Kallioinen M, Duarte LC, Roseiro LB, Bogel-Lukasik R, Carvalheiro F, Mänttäri M, Crespo JG. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis as a platform for production of natural botanic extracts: The case study of carob by-products. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Mänttäri M, Al Manasrah M, Strand E, Laasonen H, Preis S, Puro L, Xu C, Kisonen V, Korpinen R, Kallioinen M. Improvement of ultrafiltration performance by oxidation treatment in the recovery of galactoglucomannan from wood autohydrolyzate. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stade S, Hakkarainen T, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M, Tuuva T. A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:15090-100. [PMID: 26131667 PMCID: PMC4541822 DOI: 10.3390/s150715090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fouling, where unwanted particles accumulate on the membrane surface and reduce its permeability, causes problems in membrane filtration processes. With ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) it is possible to measure the extent of membrane fouling and hence take actions to minimize it. However, the usability of UTDR is very limited to constant filtration conditions if the sonic velocity, which has a great impact on UTDR measurement accuracy, is unknown. With a reference transducer the actual sonic velocity can be measured. This requires another transducer to be installed in the module, where there may be only limited space or the module dimensions may not be suitable for the reference transducer. A double transducer described in this study eliminates the need for a separate reference transducer because in the double transducer the reference measurement is included in the design of the transducer holder. Two sensors in the same holder require less space. Other advantage is that the double transducer can be placed near the measurement target and hence the local sonic velocity can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Stade
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Hakkarainen
- Laboratory of Physics, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FIN-53851, Finland.
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland.
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland.
| | - Tuure Tuuva
- Laboratory of Physics, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FIN-53851, Finland.
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Strand E, Kallioinen M, Reinikainen SP, Arkell A, Mänttäri M. Multivariate data examination in evaluation of the effect of the molecular mass of lignin and hemicelluloses on ultrafiltration efficiency. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Siitonen J, Mänttäri M, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Sainio T. Robustness of steady state recycling chromatography with an integrated solvent removal unit. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1391:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stade S, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M, Tuuva T. High precision UTDR measurements by sonic velocity compensation with reference transducer. Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:11682-90. [PMID: 24991939 PMCID: PMC4168493 DOI: 10.3390/s140711682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasonic sensor design with sonic velocity compensation is developed to improve the accuracy of distance measurement in membrane modules. High accuracy real-time distance measurements are needed in membrane fouling and compaction studies. The benefits of the sonic velocity compensation with a reference transducer are compared to the sonic velocity calculated with the measured temperature and pressure using the model by Belogol'skii, Sekoyan et al. In the experiments the temperature was changed from 25 to 60 °C at pressures of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 MPa. The set measurement distance was 17.8 mm. Distance measurements with sonic velocity compensation were over ten times more accurate than the ones calculated based on the model. Using the reference transducer measured sonic velocity, the standard deviations for the distance measurements varied from 0.6 to 2.0 µm, while using the calculated sonic velocity the standard deviations were 21-39 µm. In industrial liquors, not only the temperature and the pressure, which were studied in this paper, but also the properties of the filtered solution, such as solute concentration, density, viscosity, etc., may vary greatly, leading to inaccuracy in the use of the Belogol'skii, Sekoyan et al. model. Therefore, calibration of the sonic velocity with reference transducers is needed for accurate distance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Stade
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, LUT Chemtech, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland.
| | - Mari Kallioinen
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, LUT Chemtech, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland.
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, LUT Chemtech, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland.
| | - Tuure Tuuva
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FIN-53851, Finland.
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39
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Ayati A, Ahmadpour A, Bamoharram FF, Tanhaei B, Mänttäri M, Sillanpää M. A review on catalytic applications of Au/TiO2 nanoparticles in the removal of water pollutant. Chemosphere 2014; 107:163-174. [PMID: 24560285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are showing great potential for the improvement of water treatment technologies. In recent years, catalysis and photocatalysis processes using gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have received great attention due to their effectiveness in degrading and mineralizing organic compounds. This paper aims to review and summarize the recently published works and R & D progress in the field of photocatalytic oxidation of various water pollutants such as toxic organic compounds (i.e. azo dyes and phenols) by Au-NPs/TiO2 under solar, visible and UV irradiation. Extensive research which has focused on the enhancement of photocatalysis by modification of TiO2 employing Au-NPs is also reviewed. Moreover, the effects of various operating parameters on the photocatalytic activity of these catalysts, such as size and loading amount of Au-NPs, pH and calcination, are discussed. The support type, loading amount and particle size of deposited Au-NPs are the most important parameters for Au/TiO2 catalytic activity. Our study showed in particular that the modification of TiO2, including semiconductor coupling, can increase the photoactivity of Au/TiO2. In contrast, doping large gold NPs can mask or block the TiO2 active sites, reducing photocatalytic activity. The optimized loading amount of Au-NP varied for each experimental condition. Finally, research trends and prospects for the future are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ayati
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Jääkärinkatu 31, FI-50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Ali Ahmadpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Bahareh Tanhaei
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Jääkärinkatu 31, FI-50100 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Mänttäri
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Jääkärinkatu 31, FI-50100 Mikkeli, Finland
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Koivula E, Kallioinen M, Sainio T, Antón E, Luque S, Mänttäri M. Enhanced membrane filtration of wood hydrolysates for hemicelluloses recovery by pretreatment with polymeric adsorbents. Bioresour Technol 2013; 143:275-281. [PMID: 23810949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study adsorption of foulants from birch and pine/eucalyptus wood hydrolysates on two polymeric adsorbents was studied aiming to reduce the membrane fouling. The effect of the pretreatment of hydrolysate on polyethersulphone membrane performance was studied in dead-end filtration experiments. Adsorption pretreatment improved significantly filtration capacity and decreased membrane fouling. Especially high-molecular weight lignin was efficiently removed. A multistep adsorption pretreatment was found to reduce the amount of adsorbent required. While large adsorbent amount was shown to increase flux in filtration, it was found also to cause significant hemicellulose losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsi Koivula
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Laboratory of Separation Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
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41
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Metsämuuronen S, Sillanpää M, Bhatnagar A, Mänttäri M. Natural Organic Matter Removal from Drinking Water by Membrane Technology. Separation & Purification Reviews 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2012.712080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Sainio T, Kallioinen M, Nakari O, Mänttäri M. Production and recovery of monosaccharides from lignocellulose hot water extracts in a pulp mill biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 2013; 135:730-7. [PMID: 23069608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Processing of hemicelluloses obtained with pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) from Scots pine to monosaccharides and other chemicals was investigated experimentally. A process scheme consisting of ultrafiltration, acid hydrolysis, and chromatographic separation was proposed and evaluated. A two-stage ultrafiltration was found necessary for efficient fractionation of the wood extract. It was shown that the monosaccharides can be released from a concentrated hemicellulose fraction with sulfuric acid hydrolysis without a significant loss of yield due to decomposition of monosaccharides. Acid hydrolysate was successfully fractionated with ion exchange chromatography and the hydrolysis acid was recovered for reuse. The product fractions obtained include polyphenols and high molar mass hemicelluloses (from UF stage 1), arabinose (from UF stage 2), as well as acetic acid and a mixture of monosaccharides (xylose, galactose, mannose, glucose) from chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Sainio
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, FIN-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
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Al Manasrah M, Kallioinen M, Ilvesniemi H, Mänttäri M. Recovery of galactoglucomannan from wood hydrolysate using regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membranes. Bioresour Technol 2012; 114:375-381. [PMID: 22444636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses show promise as a renewable source of raw material for various industrial processes. In this study, galactoglucomannan was recovered from pressurized hot water extract of spruce-sawdust in two steps using hydrophilic regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membranes having different molecular weight cut-off values. The first step was concentration of galactoglucomannan (GGM) by ultrafiltration using a flat sheet unit and the second step was purification of the retained galactoglucomannan by diafiltration using reverse osmosis filtered water. The highest GGM retention (88%), purity (63%) and recovery (70%) were achieved with the UC005 membrane (cut-off value 5-kDa) at a volume reduction (VR%) of 86%. The UC010 and UC030 membranes (cut-off values 10- and 30-kDa, respectively) partly separated xylan from GGM. Generally, diafiltration did not improve the purity of the GGM due to overlapping of the GGM and lignin molar mass distributions and the fact that most of free low molar mass lignin had already been removed in the concentration filtration step. However, by diafiltration, partial removal of xylan and complete removal of monosaccharides from the GGM rich concentrate was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al Manasrah
- Laboratory of Membrane Technology and Technical Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta, FIN-53851, Finland.
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Koivula E, Kallioinen M, Sainio T, Luque S, Mänttäri M. Adsorption to Improve Filtration Performance in Treatment of Wood-Based Hydrolysates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Samimi A, Mousavi SA, Moallemzadeh A, Roostaazad R, Hesampour M, Pihlajamäki A, Mänttäri M. Preparation and characterization of PES and PSU membrane humidifiers. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Koivula E, Kallioinen M, Preis S, Testova L, Sixta H, Mänttäri M. Evaluation of various pretreatment methods to manage fouling in ultrafiltration of wood hydrolysates. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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48
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Niemi H, Lahti J, Hatakka H, Kärki S, Rovio S, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M, Louhi-Kultanen M. Fractionation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds from Black Liquor by Combining Membrane Separation and Crystallization. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Puro L, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M, Nyström M. Evaluation of behavior and fouling potential of wood extractives in ultrafiltration of pulp and paper mill process water. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M, Pihlajamäki A, Nyström M. Industrial membrane processes in the treatment of process waters and liquors. Water Sci Technol 2010; 62:1653-1660. [PMID: 20935384 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A review on pulp and paper industrial membrane processes using a variety of modules and processes is presented. Membranes are mostly used today to purify process waters and to recover coating colours. Ultrafiltration using tubular membrane modules or cross-rotational (CR) filtration has been widely applied for the purification of process waters. The reuse of UF membrane permeate has decreased the fresh water consumption to lower than 6 m³/t of paper in some paper machines. Some industrial membrane processes also recover valuable products from different streams (e.g lignosulphonates). Membranes are also combined with biological degradation processes in some paper mills. Nanofiltration has been used to purify the effluents discharged from the activated sludge process. At least two reverse osmosis plants purify river water to be used as raw water in the mill. Furthermore, advantages of different membrane modules and the current ways to treat membrane concentrate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mänttäri
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, FIN-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland.
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