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Sheth AI, Engel K, Tolison H, Althoff MJ, Amaya ML, Krug A, Young T, Pei S, Patel SB, Minhajuddin M, Winters A, Miller R, Shelton I, St-Germain J, Ling T, Jones C, Raught B, Gillen A, Ransom M, Staggs S, Smith CA, Pollyea DA, Stevens BM, Jordan CT. Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells Through Perturbation of Mitochondrial Calcium. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.02.560330. [PMID: 37873284 PMCID: PMC10592899 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that acute myeloid leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are uniquely reliant on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for survival. Moreover, maintenance of OXPHOS is dependent on BCL2, creating a therapeutic opportunity to target LSCs using the BCL2 inhibitor drug venetoclax. While venetoclax-based regimens have indeed shown promising clinical activity, the emergence of drug resistance is prevalent. Thus, in the present study, we investigated how mitochondrial properties may influence mechanisms that dictate venetoclax responsiveness. Our data show that utilization of mitochondrial calcium is fundamentally different between drug responsive and non-responsive LSCs. By comparison, venetoclax-resistant LSCs demonstrate a more active metabolic (i.e., OXPHOS) status with relatively high steady-state levels of calcium. Consequently, we tested genetic and pharmacological approaches to target the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, MCU. We demonstrate that inhibition of calcium uptake sharply reduces OXPHOS and leads to eradication of venetoclax-resistant LSCs. These findings demonstrate a central role for calcium signaling in the biology of LSCs and provide a therapeutic avenue for clinical management of venetoclax resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Inguva Sheth
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Krysta Engel
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Hunter Tolison
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Mark J Althoff
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maria L. Amaya
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anna Krug
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tracy Young
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sweta B. Patel
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Winters
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Regan Miller
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ian Shelton
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianyi Ling
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Courtney Jones
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Austin Gillen
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Monica Ransom
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Staggs
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Clayton A. Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A. Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brett M. Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Craig T. Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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2
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Gutman JA, Winters A, Kent A, Amaya M, McMahon C, Smith C, Jordan CT, Stevens B, Minhajuddin M, Pei S, Schowinsky J, Tobin J, O'Brien K, Falco A, Taylor E, Brecl C, Zhou K, Ho P, Sohalski C, Dell-Martin J, Ondracek O, Abbott D, Pollyea DA. Higher-dose venetoclax with measurable residual disease-guided azacitidine discontinuation in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2023; 108:2616-2625. [PMID: 37051756 PMCID: PMC10542846 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.282681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax+azacitidine is the standard of care for newly-diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for whom intensive chemotherapy is inappropriate. Efforts to optimize this regimen are necessary. We designed a clinical trial to investigate two hypotheses: i) higher doses of venetoclax are tolerable and more effective, and ii) azacitidine can be discontinued after deep remissions. Forty-two newly diagnosed AML patients were enrolled in the investigator-initiated High Dose Discontinuation Azacitidine+Venetoclax (HiDDAV) Study (clinicaltrials gov. Identifier: NCT03466294). Patients received one to three "induction" cycles of venetoclax 600 mg daily with azacitidine. Responders received MRD-positive or MRDnegative "maintenance" arms: azacitidine with 400 mg venetoclax or 400 mg venetoclax alone, respectively. The toxicity profile of HiDDAV was similar to 400 mg venetoclax. The overall response rate was 66.7%; the duration of response (DOR), event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival were 12.9, 7.8 and 9.8 months, respectively. The MRD negativity rate was 64.3% by flow cytometry and 25.0% when also measured by droplet digital polymerase chain recation. MRD-negative patients by flow cytometry had improved DOR and EFS; more stringent measures of MRD negativity were not associated with improved OS, DOR or EFS. Using MRD to guide azacitidine discontinuation did not lead to improved DOR, EFS or OS compared to patients who discontinued azacitidine without MRD guidance. Within the context of this study design, venetoclax doses >400 mg with azacitidine were well tolerated but not associated with discernible clinical improvement, and MRD may not assist in recommendations to discontinue azacitidine. Other strategies to optimize, and for some patients, de-intensify, venetoclax+azacitidine regimens are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Gutman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Amanda Winters
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Andrew Kent
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Maria Amaya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Christine McMahon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Clayton Smith
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Brett Stevens
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | | | - Jennifer Tobin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Kelly O'Brien
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Angela Falco
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Constance Brecl
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Katie Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Phuong Ho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Connor Sohalski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Jessica Dell-Martin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Olivia Ondracek
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Diana Abbott
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO.
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3
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Pei S, Shelton IT, Gillen AE, Stevens BM, Gasparetto M, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu J, Brunetti TM, Engel K, Staggs S, Showers W, Sheth AI, Amaya ML, Minhajuddin M, Winters A, Patel SB, Tolison H, Krug AE, Young TN, Schowinsky J, McMahon CM, Smith CA, Pollyea DA, Jordan CT. A Novel Type of Monocytic Leukemia Stem Cell Revealed by the Clinical Use of Venetoclax-Based Therapy. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2032-2049. [PMID: 37358260 PMCID: PMC10527971 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has recently emerged as an important component of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Notably, use of this agent has revealed a previously unrecognized form of pathogenesis characterized by monocytic disease progression. We demonstrate that this form of disease arises from a fundamentally different type of leukemia stem cell (LSC), which we designate as monocytic LSC (m-LSC), that is developmentally and clinically distinct from the more well-described primitive LSC (p-LSC). The m-LSC is distinguished by a unique immunophenotype (CD34-, CD4+, CD11b-, CD14-, CD36-), unique transcriptional state, reliance on purine metabolism, and selective sensitivity to cladribine. Critically, in some instances, m-LSC and p-LSC subtypes can co-reside in the same patient with AML and simultaneously contribute to overall tumor biology. Thus, our findings demonstrate that LSC heterogeneity has direct clinical significance and highlight the need to distinguish and target m-LSCs as a means to improve clinical outcomes with venetoclax-based regimens. SIGNIFICANCE These studies identify and characterize a new type of human acute myeloid LSC that is responsible for monocytic disease progression in patients with AML treated with venetoclax-based regimens. Our studies describe the phenotype, molecular properties, and drug sensitivities of this unique LSC subclass. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 1949.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pei
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ian T Shelton
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Austin E Gillen
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maura Gasparetto
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tonya M Brunetti
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Krysta Engel
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah Staggs
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - William Showers
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anagha Inguva Sheth
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria L Amaya
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda Winters
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sweta B Patel
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hunter Tolison
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna E Krug
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tracy N Young
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schowinsky
- Dept of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine M McMahon
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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4
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Culp-Hill R, Stevens BM, Jones CL, Pei S, Dzieciatkowska M, Minhajuddin M, Jordan CT, D'Alessandro A. Therapy-Resistant Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells Are Resensitized to Venetoclax + Azacitidine by Targeting Fatty Acid Desaturases 1 and 2. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040467. [PMID: 37110126 PMCID: PMC10142983 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in targeting leukemic stem cells (LSCs) using venetoclax with azacitidine (ven + aza) has significantly improved outcomes for de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. However, patients who relapse after traditional chemotherapy are often venetoclax-resistant and exhibit poor clinical outcomes. We previously described that fatty acid metabolism drives oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and acts as a mechanism of LSC survival in relapsed/refractory AML. Here, we report that chemotherapy-relapsed primary AML displays aberrant fatty acid and lipid metabolism, as well as increased fatty acid desaturation through the activity of fatty acid desaturases 1 and 2, and that fatty acid desaturases function as a mechanism of recycling NAD+ to drive relapsed LSC survival. When combined with ven + aza, the genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of fatty acid desaturation results in decreased primary AML viability in relapsed AML. This study includes the largest lipidomic profile of LSC-enriched primary AML patient cells to date and indicates that inhibition of fatty acid desaturation is a promising therapeutic target for relapsed AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Courtney L Jones
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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5
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Ye H, Minhajuddin M, Krug A, Pei S, Chou CH, Culp-Hill R, Ponder J, De Bloois E, Schniedewind B, Amaya ML, Inguva A, Stevens BM, Pollyea DA, Christians U, Grimes HL, D'Alessandro A, Jordan CT. The Hepatic Microenvironment Uniquely Protects Leukemia Cells through Induction of Growth and Survival Pathways Mediated by LIPG. Cancer Discov 2020; 11:500-519. [PMID: 33028621 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the disseminated nature of leukemia, malignant cells are exposed to many different tissue microenvironments, including a variety of extramedullary sites. In the present study, we demonstrate that leukemic cells residing in the liver display unique biological properties and also contribute to systemic changes that influence physiologic responses to chemotherapy. Specifically, the liver microenvironment induces metabolic adaptations via upregulating expression of endothelial lipase in leukemia cells, which not only stimulates tumor cell proliferation through polyunsaturated fatty acid-mediated pathways, but also promotes survival by stabilizing antiapoptotic proteins. Additionally, hepatic infiltration and tissue damage caused by malignant cells induces release of liver-derived enzymes capable of degrading chemotherapy drugs, an event that further protects leukemia cells from conventional therapies. Together, these studies demonstrate a unique role for liver in modulating the pathogenesis of leukemic disease and suggest that the hepatic microenvironment may protect leukemia cells from chemotherapeutic challenge. SIGNIFICANCE: The studies presented herein demonstrate that the liver provides a microenvironment in which leukemia cells acquire unique metabolic properties. The adaptations that occur in the liver confer increased resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, we propose that therapies designed to overcome liver-specific metabolic changes will yield improved outcomes for patients with leukemia.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Ye
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anna Krug
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chih-Hsing Chou
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Ponder
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Erik De Bloois
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Björn Schniedewind
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Maria L Amaya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anagha Inguva
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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6
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Jones CL, Stevens BM, Pollyea DA, Culp-Hill R, Reisz JA, Nemkov T, Gehrke S, Gamboni F, Krug A, Winters A, Pei S, Gustafson A, Ye H, Inguva A, Amaya M, Minhajuddin M, Abbott D, Becker MW, DeGregori J, Smith CA, D'Alessandro A, Jordan CT. Nicotinamide Metabolism Mediates Resistance to Venetoclax in Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:748-764.e4. [PMID: 32822582 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients are selectively reliant on amino acid metabolism and that treatment with the combination of venetoclax and azacitidine (ven/aza) inhibits amino acid metabolism, leading to cell death. In contrast, ven/aza fails to eradicate LSCs in relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients, suggesting altered metabolic properties. Detailed metabolomic analysis revealed elevated nicotinamide metabolism in relapsed LSCs, which activates both amino acid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation to drive OXPHOS, thereby providing a means for LSCs to circumvent the cytotoxic effects of ven/aza therapy. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in nicotinamide metabolism, demonstrated selective eradication of R/R LSCs while sparing normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that elevated nicotinamide metabolism is both the mechanistic basis for ven/aza resistance and a metabolic vulnerability of R/R LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Jones
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anna Krug
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda Winters
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Annika Gustafson
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Haobin Ye
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anagha Inguva
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maria Amaya
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Diana Abbott
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael W Becker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - James DeGregori
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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7
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Pei S, Pollyea DA, Gustafson A, Stevens BM, Minhajuddin M, Fu R, Riemondy KA, Gillen AE, Sheridan RM, Kim J, Costello JC, Amaya ML, Inguva A, Winters A, Ye H, Krug A, Jones CL, Adane B, Khan N, Ponder J, Schowinsky J, Abbott D, Hammes A, Myers JR, Ashton JM, Nemkov T, D'Alessandro A, Gutman JA, Ramsey HE, Savona MR, Smith CA, Jordan CT. Monocytic Subclones Confer Resistance to Venetoclax-Based Therapy in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:536-551. [PMID: 31974170 PMCID: PMC7124979 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Venetoclax-based therapy can induce responses in approximately 70% of older previously untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, up-front resistance as well as relapse following initial response demonstrates the need for a deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms. In the present study, we report that responses to venetoclax +azacitidine in patients with AML correlate closely with developmental stage, where phenotypically primitive AML is sensitive, but monocytic AML is more resistant. Mechanistically, resistant monocytic AML has a distinct transcriptomic profile, loses expression of venetoclax target BCL2, and relies on MCL1 to mediate oxidative phosphorylation and survival. This differential sensitivity drives a selective process in patients which favors the outgrowth of monocytic subpopulations at relapse. Based on these findings, we conclude that resistance to venetoclax + azacitidine can arise due to biological properties intrinsic to monocytic differentiation. We propose that optimal AML therapies should be designed so as to independently target AML subclones that may arise at differing stages of pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: Identifying characteristics of patients who respond poorly to venetoclax-based therapy and devising alternative therapeutic strategies for such patients are important topics in AML. We show that venetoclax resistance can arise due to intrinsic molecular/metabolic properties of monocytic AML cells and that such properties can potentially be targeted with alternative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Annika Gustafson
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kent A Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Austin E Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jihye Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Maria L Amaya
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anagha Inguva
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amanda Winters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Haobin Ye
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anna Krug
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Courtney L Jones
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Biniam Adane
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nabilah Khan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Ponder
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey Schowinsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Diana Abbott
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew Hammes
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - John M Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan A Gutman
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Haley E Ramsey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael R Savona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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8
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Gasparetto M, Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Stevens B, Smith CA, Seligman P. Low ferroportin expression in AML is correlated with good risk cytogenetics, improved outcomes and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy. Leuk Res 2019; 80:1-10. [PMID: 30852438 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iron metabolism is altered in a variety of cancers; however, little is known about the role of iron metabolism in the biology and response to therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we show that SLC40A1, the gene encoding the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN), is variably expressed among primary AMLs and that low levels are associated with good prognosis and improved outcomes. In particular, core binding factor (CBF) AMLs, which are associated with good outcomes with chemotherapy, consistently have low level of SLC40A1 expression. AML cell lines that expressed relatively low levels of FPN endogenously, or were engineered via gene knockdown, had an increased sensitivity to chemotherapy relative to controls expressing high levels of FPN. Primary FPNlow AML bulk cells also had increased sensitivity to Ara-C treatment, iron treatment and the combination of Ara-C and iron relative to FPNhigh cells. FPNlow leukemic stem cells (LSCs) had decreased viability following addition of iron alone and in combination with Ara-C treatment relative to FPNhigh LSCs. Together these observations suggest a model where FPN mediated iron metabolism may play a role in chemosensitivity and outcome to therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Gasparetto
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Brett Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul Seligman
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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9
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Ye H, Adane B, Khan N, Alexeev E, Nusbacher N, Minhajuddin M, Stevens BM, Winters AC, Lin X, Ashton JM, Purev E, Xing L, Pollyea DA, Lozupone CA, Serkova NJ, Colgan SP, Jordan CT. Subversion of Systemic Glucose Metabolism as a Mechanism to Support the Growth of Leukemia Cells. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:659-673.e6. [PMID: 30270124 PMCID: PMC6177322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From an organismal perspective, cancer cell populations can be considered analogous to parasites that compete with the host for essential systemic resources such as glucose. Here, we employed leukemia models and human leukemia samples to document a form of adaptive homeostasis, where malignant cells alter systemic physiology through impairment of both host insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion to provide tumors with increased glucose. Mechanistically, tumor cells induce high-level production of IGFBP1 from adipose tissue to mediate insulin sensitivity. Further, leukemia-induced gut dysbiosis, serotonin loss, and incretin inactivation combine to suppress insulin secretion. Importantly, attenuated disease progression and prolonged survival are achieved through disruption of the leukemia-induced adaptive homeostasis. Our studies provide a paradigm for systemic management of leukemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Ye
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Biniam Adane
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nabilah Khan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erica Alexeev
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nichole Nusbacher
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda C Winters
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John M Ashton
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Enkhtsetseg Purev
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Radiology, Animal Imaging Shared Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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10
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Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Adane B, Khan N, Stevens BM, Mack SC, Lai S, Rich JN, Inguva A, Shannon KM, Kim H, Tan AC, Myers JR, Ashton JM, Neff T, Pollyea DA, Smith CA, Jordan CT. AMPK/FIS1-Mediated Mitophagy Is Required for Self-Renewal of Human AML Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:86-100.e6. [PMID: 29910151 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are thought to drive the genesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as well as relapse following chemotherapy. Because of their unique biology, developing effective methods to eradicate LSCs has been a significant challenge. In the present study, we demonstrate that intrinsic overexpression of the mitochondrial dynamics regulator FIS1 mediates mitophagy activity that is essential for primitive AML cells. Depletion of FIS1 attenuates mitophagy and leads to inactivation of GSK3, myeloid differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and a profound loss of LSC self-renewal potential. Further, we report that the central metabolic stress regulator AMPK is also intrinsically activated in LSC populations and is upstream of FIS1. Inhibition of AMPK signaling recapitulates the biological effect of FIS1 loss. These data suggest a model in which LSCs co-opt AMPK/FIS1-mediated mitophagy as a means to maintain stem cell properties that may be otherwise compromised by the stresses induced by oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Biniam Adane
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nabilah Khan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sisi Lai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anagha Inguva
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin M Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John M Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tobias Neff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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11
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Gasparetto M, Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Khan N, Pollyea DA, Myers JR, Ashton JM, Becker MW, Vasiliou V, Humphries KR, Jordan CT, Smith CA. Targeted therapy for a subset of acute myeloid leukemias that lack expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1. Haematologica 2017; 102:1054-1065. [PMID: 28280079 PMCID: PMC5451337 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.159053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) activity is high in hematopoietic stem cells and functions in part to protect stem cells from reactive aldehydes and other toxic compounds. In contrast, we found that approximately 25% of all acute myeloid leukemias expressed low or undetectable levels of ALDH1A1 and that this ALDH1A1− subset of leukemias correlates with good prognosis cytogenetics. ALDH1A1− cell lines as well as primary leukemia cells were found to be sensitive to treatment with compounds that directly and indirectly generate toxic ALDH substrates including 4-hydroxynonenal and the clinically relevant compounds arsenic trioxide and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. In contrast, normal hematopoietic stem cells were relatively resistant to these compounds. Using a murine xenotransplant model to emulate a clinical treatment strategy, established ALDH1A1− leukemias were also sensitive to in vivo treatment with cyclophosphamide combined with arsenic trioxide. These results demonstrate that targeting ALDH1A1− leukemic cells with toxic ALDH1A1 substrates such as arsenic and cyclophosphamide may be a novel targeted therapeutic strategy for this subset of acute myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Nabilah Khan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John M Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael W Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keith R Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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12
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Pei S, Minhajuddin M, D'Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Stevens BM, Adane B, Khan N, Hagen FK, Yadav VK, De S, Ashton JM, Hansen KC, Gutman JA, Pollyea DA, Crooks PA, Smith C, Jordan CT. Rational design of a parthenolide-based drug regimen that selectively eradicates acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25280. [PMID: 27888238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a116.750653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Pei S, Minhajuddin M, D'Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Stevens BM, Adane B, Khan N, Hagen FK, Yadav VK, De S, Ashton JM, Hansen KC, Gutman JA, Pollyea DA, Crooks PA, Smith C, Jordan CT. Rational Design of a Parthenolide-based Drug Regimen That Selectively Eradicates Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Stem Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21984-22000. [PMID: 27573247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.750653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multidrug approaches to cancer therapy are common, few strategies are based on rigorous scientific principles. Rather, drug combinations are largely dictated by empirical or clinical parameters. In the present study we developed a strategy for rational design of a regimen that selectively targets human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) stem cells. As a starting point, we used parthenolide, an agent shown to target critical mechanisms of redox balance in primary AML cells. Next, using proteomic, genomic, and metabolomic methods, we determined that treatment with parthenolide leads to induction of compensatory mechanisms that include up-regulated NADPH production via the pentose phosphate pathway as well as activation of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway. Using this knowledge we identified 2-deoxyglucose and temsirolimus as agents that can be added to a parthenolide regimen as a means to inhibit such compensatory events and thereby further enhance eradication of AML cells. We demonstrate that the parthenolide, 2-deoxyglucose, temsirolimus (termed PDT) regimen is a potent means of targeting AML stem cells but has little to no effect on normal stem cells. Taken together our findings illustrate a comprehensive approach to designing combination anticancer drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | | | | | | | | | - Vinod K Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, and
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, and
| | - John M Ashton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | | | | | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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14
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Sahasrabudhe DM, Bechelli J, Hagen FP, Paris M, Balys M, Minhajuddin M, Liesveld J. Abstract 4041: IQGAP1 in human acutae myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: AML is phenotypically diverse. However, genome-wide sequencing studies indicate that median number of non-synonymous mutations in AML is 8 (B Vogelstein Science 2013) and that the same pathways are affected in tumors with distinct genetic alterations. These insights provided the impetus to confirm and extend the previously published observation that immunization with normal human white blood cells (WBC) whose surface charge had been modified in vitro by incubation with fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB) elicited an antibody response that cross-reacted against a broad range of leukemias (Nature 232:197-198,1971).
Specific Aims: 1) Isolation and molecular characterization of a shared antigenic moiety from human AML, 2) Examine the prevalence- and role in AML of IQGAP1, which was identified as a shared antigenic moiety.
Methods: WBCs from healthy donors were incubated with FDNB at 104 molecules/cell for 12-15 minutes in PBS. Three rabbits were immunized with FDNB-treated cells (experimental rabbits). A control rabbit was immunized with sham-treated cells. After complement inactivation, immune sera were absorbed against WBCs from healthy donors. Absorbed immune sera were tested for their ability to stain AML cell lines by flow cytometry and clinical AML samples by Western blotting. Immunoprecipitation of antigens from whole cell lysates of clinical AML samples was done using IgG adsorbed on protein A/G Agarose beads. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the immuneprecipitated material was performed. Fold change in IQGAP1 expression in normal vs AML bone marrow was determined from raw data from Gene Expression Omnibus at the NCBI using Partek Genomic Suite. IQGAP1 expression was knocked down by shRNA and the effect on proliferation and colony formation was measured.
Results: Sera from experimental rabbits stained AML cell lines with greater intensity by flow cytometry compared to serum from the control rabbit. Western blotting of whole cell lysates of clinical AML samples revealed bands that were recognized by immune serum from experimental rabbits but not the control rabbit. Immunoprecipitation of antigens from whole cell lysates of clinical AML samples revealed IQGAP1 as being differentially recognized in independent experiments. Western blots of human AML samples probed with anti-IQGAP1 antibody revealed the predicted 190 kDa band. The fold change in IQGAP1 expression in normal bone marrow versus AML was -3.22636, p-value 2.62 × 10e-7. Knocking down expression of IQGAP1 in K562, MV4-11 and THP1 cell lines resulted in significant decrease in proliferation and colony formation.
Conclusion and Future Directions: IQGAP1 was identified as a shared antigenic moiety in. IQGAP1 is over-expressed in AML compared to normal bone marrow. Knocking down IQGAP1 expression in AML cell lines decreased proliferation and colony formation. Experiments to determine the mechanistic basis of the effect of FDNB on cells and if IQGAP1 is “druggable” are underway.
Citation Format: Deepak M. Sahasrabudhe, Jeremy Bechelli, Fred P. Hagen, Mark Paris, Marlene Balys, Mohammad Minhajuddin, Jane Liesveld. IQGAP1 in human acutae myelogenous leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4041. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4041
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred P. Hagen
- 1University of Rochester Cancer Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Marlene Balys
- 1University of Rochester Cancer Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Jane Liesveld
- 1University of Rochester Cancer Center, Rochester, NY
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15
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Bijli KM, Kanter BG, Minhajuddin M, Leonard A, Xu L, Fazal F, Rahman A. Regulation of endothelial cell inflammation and lung polymorphonuclear lymphocyte infiltration by transglutaminase 2. Shock 2015; 42:562-9. [PMID: 25057925 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We addressed the role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes cross-linking of proteins, in the mechanism of endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and lung polymorphonuclear lymphocyte (PMN) infiltration. Exposure of EC to thrombin, a procoagulant and proinflammatory mediator, resulted in activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and its target genes, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and interleukin 6. RNAi knockdown of TG2 inhibited these responses. Analysis of NF-κB activation pathway showed that TG2 knockdown was associated with inhibition of thrombin-induced DNA binding as well as serine phosphorylation of RelA/p65, a crucial event that controls transcriptional capacity of the DNA-bound RelA/p65. These results implicate an important role for TG2 in mediating EC inflammation by promoting DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of RelA/p65. Because thrombin is released in high amounts during sepsis, and its concentration is elevated in plasma and lavage fluids of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, we determined the in vivo relevance of TG2 in a mouse model of sepsis-induced lung PMN recruitment. A marked reduction in NF-κB activation, adhesion molecule expression, and lung PMN sequestration was observed in TG2 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice exposed to endotoxemia. Together, these results identify TG2 as an important mediator of EC inflammation and lung PMN sequestration associated with intravascular coagulation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser M Bijli
- Departments of *Pediatrics and †Biomedical Genetics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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16
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Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Callahan KP, Balys M, Ashton JM, Neering SJ, Lagadinou ED, Corbett C, Ye H, Liesveld JL, O'Dwyer KM, Li Z, Shi L, Greninger P, Settleman J, Benes C, Hagen FK, Munger J, Crooks PA, Becker MW, Jordan CT. Targeting aberrant glutathione metabolism to eradicate human acute myelogenous leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33542-33558. [PMID: 24089526 PMCID: PMC3837103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies to eradicate primary human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells is a major challenge to the leukemia research field. In particular, primitive leukemia cells, often termed leukemia stem cells, are typically refractory to many forms of therapy. To investigate improved strategies for targeting of human AML cells we compared the molecular mechanisms regulating oxidative state in primitive (CD34(+)) leukemic versus normal specimens. Our data indicate that CD34(+) AML cells have elevated expression of multiple glutathione pathway regulatory proteins, presumably as a mechanism to compensate for increased oxidative stress in leukemic cells. Consistent with this observation, CD34(+) AML cells have lower levels of reduced glutathione and increased levels of oxidized glutathione compared with normal CD34(+) cells. These findings led us to hypothesize that AML cells will be hypersensitive to inhibition of glutathione metabolism. To test this premise, we identified compounds such as parthenolide (PTL) or piperlongumine that induce almost complete glutathione depletion and severe cell death in CD34(+) AML cells. Importantly, these compounds only induce limited and transient glutathione depletion as well as significantly less toxicity in normal CD34(+) cells. We further determined that PTL perturbs glutathione homeostasis by a multifactorial mechanism, which includes inhibiting key glutathione metabolic enzymes (GCLC and GPX1), as well as direct depletion of glutathione. These findings demonstrate that primitive leukemia cells are uniquely sensitive to agents that target aberrant glutathione metabolism, an intrinsic property of primary human AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pei
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | | | - Kevin P Callahan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Marlene Balys
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - John M Ashton
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sarah J Neering
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Eleni D Lagadinou
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Cheryl Corbett
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Haobin Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Jane L Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kristen M O'Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Patricia Greninger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Jeffrey Settleman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Cyril Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Fred K Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Michael W Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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Fazal F, Bijli KM, Murrill M, Leonard A, Minhajuddin M, Anwar KN, Finkelstein JN, Watterson DM, Rahman A. Critical role of non-muscle myosin light chain kinase in thrombin-induced endothelial cell inflammation and lung PMN infiltration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59965. [PMID: 23555849 PMCID: PMC3605402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) involves bidirectional cooperation and close interaction between inflammatory and coagulation pathways. A key molecule linking coagulation and inflammation is the procoagulant thrombin, a serine protease whose concentration is elevated in plasma and lavage fluids of patients with ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, little is known about the mechanism by which thrombin contributes to lung inflammatory response. In this study, we developed a new mouse model that permits investigation of lung inflammation associated with intravascular coagulation. Using this mouse model and in vitro approaches, we addressed the role of non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) in thrombin-induced endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and lung neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Our in vitro experiments revealed a key role of nmMLCK in ICAM-1 expression by its ability to control nuclear translocation and transcriptional capacity of RelA/p65 in EC. When subjected to intraperitoneal thrombin challenge, wild type mice showed a marked increase in lung PMN infiltration via expression of ICAM-1. However, these responses were markedly attenuated in mice deficient in nmMLCK. These results provide mechanistic insight into lung inflammatory response associated with intravascular coagulation and identify nmMLCK as a critical target for modulation of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America.
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18
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Lagadinou ED, Sach A, Callahan K, Rossi RM, Neering SJ, Minhajuddin M, Ashton JM, Pei S, Grose V, O'Dwyer KM, Liesveld JL, Brookes PS, Becker MW, Jordan CT. BCL-2 inhibition targets oxidative phosphorylation and selectively eradicates quiescent human leukemia stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:329-41. [PMID: 23333149 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most forms of chemotherapy employ mechanisms involving induction of oxidative stress, a strategy that can be effective due to the elevated oxidative state commonly observed in cancer cells. However, recent studies have shown that relative redox levels in primary tumors can be heterogeneous, suggesting that regimens dependent on differential oxidative state may not be uniformly effective. To investigate this issue in hematological malignancies, we evaluated mechanisms controlling oxidative state in primary specimens derived from acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. Our studies demonstrate three striking findings. First, the majority of functionally defined leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by relatively low levels of reactive oxygen species (termed "ROS-low"). Second, ROS-low LSCs aberrantly overexpress BCL-2. Third, BCL-2 inhibition reduced oxidative phosphorylation and selectively eradicated quiescent LSCs. Based on these findings, we propose a model wherein the unique physiology of ROS-low LSCs provides an opportunity for selective targeting via disruption of BCL-2-dependent oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni D Lagadinou
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Fazal F, Bijli KM, Minhajuddin M, Finkelstein JN, Rahman A. Essential Role of Cofilin‐1 and mDia1 in Regulating Thrombin‐Induced Actin Dynamics and RelA/p65 Nuclear Translocation in Endothelial Cells. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.964.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Minhajuddin M, Beg ZH, Iqbal J. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tocotrienol rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:747-53. [PMID: 15778015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a dose-dependent hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) isolated from rice bran oil on experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. Feeding of atherogenic diet (5% hydrogenated fat, 0.5% cholic acid and 1% cholesterol) for three weeks resulted in a significant increase in plasma triglyceride (3.3-fold) and total cholesterol (2.4-fold) levels. There was a 5-fold increase in the level of LDL cholesterol with only a small increase in HDL cholesterol. On the other hand, HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly reduced in these animals. The formation of TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, (86%) and conjugated dienes (78%) were also significantly higher in these rats compared to normals. After the induction of hyperlipidemia for three weeks, rats were supplemented with different doses of TRF for one week. TRF supplementation decreased the lipid parameters in a dose-dependent manner with an optimum effect at a dose of 8 mg TRF/kg/day. HMG-CoA reductase activity, which was increased after the withdrawal of atherogenic diet, remained significantly decreased during the TRF treatment. Feeding of TRF also decreased TBARS and conjugated dienes significantly. These results suggest that TRF supplementation has significant health benefits through the modulation of physiological functions that include various atherogenic lipid profiles and antioxidants in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Iqbal J, Minhajuddin M, Beg ZH. Suppression of diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by tocotrienol-rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil. Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 13:515-20. [PMID: 15548946 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200412000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer efficacy of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) was evaluated during diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. TRF treatment was carried out for 6 months, and was started 2 weeks before initiation phase of hepatocarcinogenesis. Morphological examination of the livers from DEN/AAF rats showed numerous off-white patches and few small nodules, which were significantly reduced by TRF treatment. Cytotoxic damage by DEN/AAF was estimated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) release into the plasma from the cell membranes. DEN/AAF caused a twofold increase in the activity of ALP in plasma as compared with normal control rats, and this increase was prevented significantly by TRF treatment. We observed an increase of 79% in liver ALP activity in DEN/AAF rats, which was further increased by another 48% after the administration of TRF. Hepatic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was also increased (3.5-fold) during the induction of hepatic carcinogenesis. Lipid peroxidation and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation increased threefold following initiation by DEN/AAF as compared with normal control rats. However, TRF treatment to DEN/AAF-treated rats substantially decreased (62-66%) the above parameters and thus limited the action of DEN/AAF. We conclude that long-term intake of TRF could reduce cancer risk by preventing hepatic lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation damage due to its antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iqbal
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Box #5, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY-11203, USA.
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Iqbal J, Minhajuddin M, Beg ZH. Suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced carcinogenesis and hypercholesterolaemia in rats by tocotrienol-rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 12:447-53. [PMID: 14639121 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200312000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The anti-tumour and anti-cholesterol impacts of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) were investigated in rats treated with the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz [alpha]anthracene (DMBA), which is known to induce mammary carcinogenesis and hypercholesterolaemia. DMBA administration to rats was associated with the appearance of multiple tumours on mammary glands after 6 months. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) are used as marker enzymes to monitor the severity of carcinogenesis. Although no tumours were visible on livers, hepatic ALP and GST activities of DMBA-treated rats were profoundly elevated in comparison to enzyme activities of normal control rats. Feeding of TRF (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 6 months, isolated from rice bran oil (RBO), to DMBA-administered rats, reduced the severity and extent of neoplastic transformation in the mammary glands. Similarly, plasma and mammary ALP activities increased during carcinogenesis (95% and 43%, respectively), were significantly decreased in TRF-treated rats, whereas TRF mediated a further increase of 51% in hepatic ALP activity. TRF treatment to rats maintained low levels of GST activities in liver ( approximately 32%) and mammary glands ( approximately 21%), which is consistent with anti-carcinogenic properties of TRF. Administration of DMBA also caused a significant increase of 30% in plasma total cholesterol and 111% in LDL-cholesterol levels compared with normal control levels. Feeding of TRF to rats caused a significant decline of 30% in total cholesterol and 67% in LDL-cholesterol levels compared with the DMBA-administered rats. The experimental hypercholesterolaemia caused a significant increase in enzymatic activity (23%) and protein mass (28%) of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Consistent with TRF-mediated reduction in plasma lipid levels, enzymatic activity and protein mass of HMG-CoA reductase was significantly reduced. These results indicate that TRF has potent anti-cancer and anti-cholesterol effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iqbal
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Box No. 5, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY-11203, USA.
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