Risk factors for difficult endoscopic hemostasis for colonic diverticular bleeding and efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization

This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for difficult endoscopic hemostasis in patients with colonic diverticular bleeding and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for colonic diverticular bleeding. This study included 208 patients with colorectal diverticular hemorrhage. The non-interventional radiotherapy group consisted of patients who underwent successful spontaneous hemostasis (n = 131) or endoscopic hemostasis (n = 56), whereas the interventional radiotherapy group consisted of patients who underwent TAE (n = 21). Patient clinical characteristics were compared to identify independent risk factors for the interventional radiotherapy group. Furthermore, the hemostasis success rate, rebleeding rate, complications, and recurrence-free survival were compared between patients who underwent endoscopic hemostasis and those who underwent TAE. Bleeding from the right colon (odds ratio [OR]: 7.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-38.8; P = .0113) and systolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg (OR: 0.108; 95% CI: 0.0189-0.62; P = .0126) were identified as independent risk factors for the interventional radiology group. The hemostasis success rate (P = 1.00), early rebleeding rate (within 30 days) (P = .736), late rebleeding rate (P = 1.00), and recurrence-free survival rate (P = .717) were not significantly different between the patients who underwent TAE and those who underwent endoscopic hemostasis. Patients in the TAE group experienced more complications than those in the endoscopic hemostasis group (P < .001). Complications included mild intestinal ischemia (19.0%) and perforation requiring surgery (4.8%). Patients who required interventional radiotherapy were more likely to bleed from the right colon and presented with a systolic blood pressure of <80 mm Hg. TAE is an effective treatment for patients with colonic diverticular hemorrhage that is refractory to endoscopic hemostasis. However, complications must be monitored carefully.

Efficacy of glass membrane emulsification device in conventional transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC)-B hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A novel glass membrane emulsification device (GMD) produces a high percentage of water/oil emulsions with homogeneous and stable droplets. There are few reports on the efficacy of GMD-conventional-TACE (GMD-c-TACE); therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of GMD-c-TACE.

METHODS

Seventy-one patients with HCC with tumor diameter <5 cm who underwent c-TACE with and without GMD were included in this study to investigate local recurrence and hepatic functional reserve.

RESULTS

The local recurrence rates of TACE without GMD were 3.0% at 6 months, 16.7% at 12 months, and 35.0% at 18 months, around where it plateaued. In contrast, the local recurrence rates in the GMD-c-TACE group were 0.0% at 12 months and 15.4% at 18 months, respectively. Thus, GMD-c-TAE had a significantly lower local recurrence. ALBI score of c-TACE with GMD significantly preserved hepatic reserve. Multivariate analysis showed that GMD-c-TACE could suppress local recurrence and maintain hepatic reserve.

CONCLUSIONS

GMD-c-TACE allows dense lipiodol accumulation in the tumor and the attainment of good local control. Additionally, in vitro evaluation of the sustained release properties of GMD, the inhibition of the release of anticancer drugs may lead to maintain hepatic reserve. GMD-c-TACE is useful in preventing local recurrence and is expected to become the standard treatment form of c-TACE in the future.

Analysis of predictors after partial splenic embolization for thrombocytopenia with liver cirrhosis

Blood transfusion, splenectomy, and partial splenic embolization (PSE) are generally performed for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis. Recently, thrombopoietin (TPO) agonists have become available, and investigations of patients who would benefit from them are necessary. Therefore, it is important to understand the fluctuations in cytokine levels associated with PSE. Therefore, fluctuations in platelet-associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and TPO levels with PSE were analyzed in this study. The study included 110 patients with liver cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia, with the aim of improving platelet counts. Fluctuations in PAIgG, IL-6, and TPO levels were investigated. The average splenic embolization ratio was 58.0% in patients with PSE. The platelet count rose significantly from 6.95 [5.40, 8.60] × 104/mL to 14.05 [10.43, 18.05] × 104/mL (P < .01), IL-6 rose significantly from 3.56 [2.53, 7.33] pg/mL to 18.90 [9.17, 32.95] pg/mL (P < .01), TPO rose significantly from 0.82 [0.52, 1.21] fmol/mL to 1.58 [0.97, 2.26] fmol/mL (P < .01), and PAIgG decreased significantly from 64.20 [38.33, 118.75] ng/107 cells to 37.50 [22.25, 70.00] ng/107 cells (P < .01). On multivariate analysis of factors related to the rate of platelet increase with PSE, primary biliary cholangitis (B = 0.475, P < .01), splenic embolization ratio (B = 0.75, P < .01), IL-6 change ratio (B = 0.019, P < .01), and PAIgG change ratio (B = -0.325, P < .01) were significant. When attempting to improve thrombocytopenia with PSE, adequate splenic embolization needs to be obtained together with improvements in IL-6, PAIgG, and TPO levels. With unsatisfactory improvement in thrombocytopenia, TPO agonist administration was considered.

Clinical efficacy of Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer as a biomarker for albumin-bilirubin grade and the Controlling Nutritional Status score in chronic liver disease: investigation of cut-off values by the type of chronic liver disease

BACKGROUND

Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi), a novel noninvasive biomarker for fibrosis, is a prognostic factor for liver disease; however, its relationship with hepatic function reserve and nutritional status remains unclear. Furthermore, the cut-off value of this marker varies with the underlying liver disease. This study aims to clarify that M2BPGi can be clinically used as a hepatic function reserve marker and nutritional index without pushing the search for alternative markers to the forefront in clinical practice as an important biomarker.

METHODS

Seven hundred and forty-three outpatients with chronic liver disease (CLD) were enrolled. We evaluated the relationship among M2BPGi, albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade, and Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score as nutritional status markers. Diagnostic performance of M2BPGi values in distinguishing different modified ALBI (mALBI) grade and CONUT score were compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

The M2BPGi level increased with ALBI and mALBI grades. The correlation coefficient (r2) between M2BPGi and ALBI grade was 0.40 (r=0.63), indicating a positive correlation between M2BPGi and ALBI grade. The cut-off for M2BPGi to predict mALBI G1 vs. G2-G3 was 1.07, G1-2a vs. G2b-3 was 1.73, and mALBI G1-2 vs. G3 was 5.83 under the ROC curves. The cut-off for M2BPGi to predict CONUT score normal vs. light-severe was 1.60, normal-light vs. moderate-severe was 1.74, and normal-moderate vs. severe was 5.83 under the ROC curves. M2BPGi correlates with ALBI grade and is useful for diagnosing ROC analysis results, especially G2 and above. M2BPGi also correlates with the CONUT score and is useful for diagnosing ROC analysis results, especially moderate or higher. These results showed similar diagnostic performance regardless of the etiology of the background liver disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the predictive cut-off value varied with the type of liver disease, M2BPGi was found to be a single predict biomarker of ALBI and CONUT, and thus, is an effective indicator of CLD status. Further investigation is warranted to determine the clinical utility of this marker.

Effectiveness of different coils for endovascular coiling for intractable hepatic encephalopathy caused by a portosystemic shunt

BACKGROUND

Interventional radiology (IVR), including balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) and percutaneous transhepatic obliteration (PTO), is performed for patients with intractable hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, information on the appropriate coil for endovascular coiling for preventing recanalization is lacking. This study aimed to compare the different types of coils for endovascular coiling used in BRTO and PTO for cases of intractable HE.

METHODS

This retrospective study included patients who underwent endovascular coiling with BRTO or PTO for HE caused by portosystemic shunts. The number of coils required for complete occlusion was compared among bare, fiber, and hydrogel-coated coils, and the expansion types that close the gap between and inside the hydrogel-coated coils were also compared.

RESULTS

Of 38 patients (age range, 30-86 years), 16 and 22 underwent BRTO and PTO, respectively, using bare (19 patients), fiber (8 patients), and hydrogel-coated coils (10 patients; external expansion type, 4; internal expansion type, 6). No significant differences in the size of portosystemic shunts were observed according to the type of coil. The mean number of coils required for complete occlusion varied (bare coils, 19.32; fiber coils, 18.11; hydrogel-coated coils, 10.70). Significantly fewer coils were required for endovascular coiling with hydrogel-coated coils. In the internal expansion type, a mean of 8.5 coils was required for occlusion.

CONCLUSIONS

In some patients who underwent portal vein embolization, complete occlusion was not achieved with the scheduled type of coil because of slight expansion of blood vessels due to coil pressure. The findings suggested that hydrogel-coated coils were effective in endovascular coiling for HE caused by a portosystemic shunt, and internal expansion-type hydrogel-coated coils may be effective for the first-line procedure.

Clinical Usefulness of Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Patients With Hematological Diseases With Liver Dysfunction

Introduction

Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is indicated for patients in whom percutaneous liver biopsy is contraindicated, such as those with hematological diseases complicated by liver dysfunction. However, the clinical utility of TJLB in this group of patients has not been thoroughly investigated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of TJLB in patients with hematological diseases complicated by liver dysfunction.

Methods

We analyzed the data of patients who developed liver disorders during treatment for hematological diseases at our hospital and required tissue diagnosis via TJLB. The clinical features of patients were analyzed.

Results

Twenty-seven patients (mean age, 60.07 years; 12 men, 15 women) requiring tissue diagnoses via TJLB after developing liver disorders while undergoing treatment for hematological diseases were enrolled. One patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia was diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury; two patients with amyloidosis had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; one patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia had a drug-induced liver injury; one patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia had liver infiltration caused by an underlying disease; three patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura had autoimmune hepatitis; four patients with malignant lymphoma had liver infiltration by the underlying disease, and one patient with multiple myeloma had liver disorder caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Moreover, one patient had hepatitis B reactivation, another had hepatitis E, and six patients had a drug-induced liver injury. The treatment regimen was altered in cases of liver infiltration caused by the underlying disease, and the drug was changed for patients with drug-induced liver injury.

Conclusion

The etiology of liver disorders in patients with hematological diseases varies widely. Therefore, histological diagnosis using TJLB is useful to determine an appropriate therapeutic strategy for underlying hematological diseases.

Clinical Efficacy of Liver Tumor Biopsy With Radiofrequency Ablation of the Puncture Route Using a Co-access Needle

BACKGROUND/AIM

Tumor biopsy are needed frequency for accurate diagnosis. However, percutaneous liver tumor biopsy presents a risk of complications such as bleeding and tumor seeding. We investigated the feasibility of liver tumor biopsy, followed by cauterization with expandable radiofrequency ablation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tumor biopsies using a co-access needle were performed in 102 patients. Expandable radiofrequency ablation was used to ensure cauterization and hemostasis of the puncture route. We evaluated the clinical background and complications.

RESULTS

The average (±standard deviation) tumor diameter was 56.87±39.45 mm. Pathological diagnosis was possible in all cases. In 20 patients, the postoperative pathological diagnosis differed from the preoperative diagnosis. No significant anemia progression was observed in any patients after biopsy, and no peritoneal seeding was observed during a mean follow-up observation period of 18.5 months.

CONCLUSION

Liver tumor biopsy, followed by cauterization with expandable radiofrequency ablation via a co-access needle, is safe and useful for obtaining reliable diagnoses.

Risk of delayed bleeding after hot snare polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection in the colorectum with continuation of anticoagulants

Background

Current guidelines recommend the temporary discontinuation of anticoagulants before colonoscopic polypectomy, but the effect of this practice on reducing the risk of delayed bleeding after hot snare polypectomy (HSP) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) remains unclear. Our aim was to assess the impact of anticoagulants on the risk of colorectal delayed bleeding after HSP and EMR, and evaluate the necessity of drug withdrawal.

Methods

We reviewed the clinical data of patients with colorectal polyps using antithrombotic drugs who underwent HSP and/or EMR between January 2016 and September 2020 at Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital. After excluding antiplatelet users, patients were classified into those who continued anticoagulants [continuation group: 50 patients (93 lesions)] and those who discontinued anticoagulants [discontinuation group: 87 patients (190 lesions)].

Results

Delayed bleeding occurred in 12 lesions, and there was no significant difference in the incidence rates between the continuation and the discontinuation groups (3.2% vs. 4.7%; P=0.756). Logistic regression analysis showed that continued use of anticoagulants was not a significant risk factor for delayed bleeding compared to anticoagulant discontinuation (odds ratio, 0.670; 95% CI, 0.177-2.537; P=0.556). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate and risk of delayed bleeding, regardless of the length of the anticoagulant withdrawal period.

Conclusions

Continued use of anticoagulants, compared to their discontinuation, did not increase the risk of colorectal delayed bleeding after HSP and EMR. Our results suggest that current guideline recommendations for anticoagulant withdrawal before colonoscopic polypectomy may be reconsidered.

Trial Registration

UMIN000040449.

Comparison of the efficacy of self-expandable metallic stents in colorectal obstructions caused by extracolonic malignancy and colorectal cancer

The current study aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of self-expandable metallic stent placement among patients with extracolonic malignancy and those with colorectal cancer. Patient information, technical and clinical success rates and complication rates were compared between patients with colorectal cancer and extracolonic malignancy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the time elapsed before the onset of complications. Risk factors for re-obstruction in patients with self-expandable metallic stents were evaluated by multivariate analysis. A total of 68 patients who underwent self-expandable metallic stent placement at Saiseikai Niigata Hospital between January 2012 and September 2019 were included. The clinical success rate was significantly different between the colorectal cancer (96.6%) and extracolonic malignancy (66.7%) groups (P=0.01). The incidence of complications was significantly higher in the extracolonic malignancy group (66.7%) than in the colorectal cancer group (25.4%; P=0.02). Additionally, the time elapsed before the onset of complications was shorter in the extracolonic malignancy group than in the colorectal cancer group (P=0.0008). Risk factors for re-obstruction were higher in the extracolonic malignancy group [odds ratio, 7.76 (1.02-57.2)] than in the palliative stent placement group [odds ratio, 5.45 (1.01-29.5); P=0.04]. In extracolonic malignancy, self-expandable metallic stent placement was associated with lower clinical success rates and increased risk of complications. The time elapsed before the onset of complications was short, and extracolonic malignancy was a risk factor for re-obstruction, suggesting that the placement of self-expandable metallic stents for malignant colorectal obstruction in extracolonic malignancy is not optimal.

Changes in the Body Composition and Nutritional Status after Long-term Rifaximin Therapy for Hyperammonemia in Japanese Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

Objective Rifaximin has become available for treating hyperammonemia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. This study analyzed the changes in the body composition and nutritional status after long-term rifaximin therapy. Methods Twenty-one patients who underwent rifaximin therapy at 1,200 mg/day for more than 24 weeks were evaluated for the changes in the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scores for the nutritional assessment, albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) scores for the liver function assessment, and skeletal muscle index (SMI) for the body composition assessment. Results There were 17 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 67.14±8.32 years. Eleven cases had a portosystemic shunt (52.3%), and 10 had hepatocellular carcinoma (47.6%). The Child-Pugh class was A in 9 cases (42.9%), B in 9 cases (42.9%), and C in 3 cases (14.2%). The blood ammonia levels in the rifaximin group improved significantly upon rifaximin therapy, from 124.76±28.68 μg/dL at baseline to 47.00±14.43 μg/dL after 2 weeks (p<0.001) and 49.81±15.02 μg/dL after 24 weeks (p<0.001). The CONUT scores improved significantly during rifaximin therapy, from 6.47±3.25 at baseline to 3.33±2.65 after 24 weeks (p=0.0007). The ALBI scores also improved significantly from -0.39±1.89 at baseline to -2.20±0.55 after 24 weeks (p=0.0002). The SMI scores showed that the body composition had been maintained in response to rifaximin therapy (50.20±7.67 at baseline and 51.29±7.62 after 24 weeks). Conclusion Rifaximin administration for hepatic encephalopathy improved the CONUT and ALBI scores. It may have a secondary effect on the improvement in the nutritional status and hepatic reserve.

The search, coagulation, and clipping (SCC) method prevents delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection

BACKGROUND

Delayed bleeding is an important complication after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The search, coagulation, and clipping (SCC) method can be used to prevent delayed bleeding after ESD. However, its safety and efficacy are unclear. We compared the SCC method with post-ESD coagulation (PEC) to clarify the safety and efficacy of the SCC method for preventing delayed bleeding after gastric ESD.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 438 patients (478 lesions) who underwent gastric ESD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the significant independent factors associated with delayed bleeding and we performed propensity-score matching (PSM) to reduce the effect of procedure-selection bias of SCC method.

RESULTS

Of the 438 patients, 216 underwent PEC and 222 underwent SCC. Delayed bleeding was significantly less common in the SCC than in the PEC (2.6% vs. 7.2%; P = 0.013). Among patients treated with antithrombotic therapy, the delayed bleeding rate was lower in the SCC group than in the PEC group; however, the difference was not significant (P = 0.15). The SCC method was found to be a significant independent factor for the prevention of delayed bleeding. PSM was performed in 156 patients in the PEC group and SCC group. There was a significant difference in the incidence of bleeding in the PEC and SCC groups (P = 0.013). No patient had perforation/bleeding associated with the SCC method.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that the SCC method is a simple, safe, and effective approach for preventing delayed bleeding after gastric ESD.

Cost-effectiveness of combined serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody and serum pepsinogen concentrations for screening for gastric cancer risk in Japan

BACKGROUND

A combination of assays for the presence of serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody (HPA) and serum pepsinogen (PG) concentrations can be used to screen for gastric cancer risk. In Japan, this "ABC method" is considered an effective means of stratifying gastric cancer risk. This study aimed to ascertain its cost-effectiveness for assessing gastric cancer risk.

METHODS

A Markov model was constructed to compare the cost-effectiveness of two strategies for gastric cancer-risk screening over a 30-year period: the ABC method, which uses a combination of assessing the presence of HPA and measuring serum PG concentrations and scheduling endoscopies accordingly, and annual endoscopic screening. Clinical and epidemiological data on variables in the model were obtained from published reports. Analyses were made from the perspective of the Japanese health care payer.

RESULTS

According to base-case analysis, the ABC method cost less than annual endoscopic screening (64,489 vs. 64,074 USD) and saved more lives (18.16 vs. 18.30 quality-adjusted life years). One-way analyses confirmed the robustness of the cost-effectiveness results. The probability that the ABC method is cost-effective in Japanese individuals aged 50 years was 0.997.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of HPA and serum PG assays, plus scheduling endoscopy accordingly, is a cost-effective method of screening for gastric cancer risk in Japan.

Prognostic Impact of Indocyanine Green Plasma Disappearance Rate in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients after Radiofrequency Ablation: A Prognostic Nomogram Study

Objective Radiofrequency ablation has been used widely for the local ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly in its early stages. The study aim was to identify significant prognostic factors and develop a predictive nomogram for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who have undergone radiofrequency ablation. We also developed the formula to predict the probability of 3- and 5-year overall survival based on clinical variables. Methods We retrospectively studied 96 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone radiofrequency ablation as a first-line treatment. Independent and significant factors affecting the overall survival were selected using a Cox proportional hazards model, and a prognostic nomogram was developed based on these factors. The predictive accuracy of the nomogram was determined by Harrell's concordance index and compared with the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score and Japan Integrated Staging score. Results A multivariate analysis revealed that age, indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate, and log (des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin) level were independent and significant factors influencing the overall survival. The nomogram was based on these three factors. The mean concordance index of the nomogram was 0.74±0.08, which was significantly better than that of conventional staging systems using the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score (0.54±0.03) and Japan Integrated Staging score (0.59±0.07). Conclusion This study suggested that the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate and age at radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP) are good predictors of the prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after radiofrequency ablation. We successfully developed a nomogram using obtainable variables before treatment.

Therapeutic or spontaneous Helicobacter pylori eradication can obscure magnifying narrow-band imaging of gastric tumors

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

We previously reported that narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) revealed a unique "gastritis-like" appearance in approximately 40 % of early gastric cancers after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Because rates of gastric cancer are increasing in patients with non-persistent infection of H. pylori, we aimed to clarify contribution factors to obscure tumors after therapeutic or spontaneous eradication.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

NBI-ME findings were examined retrospectively in 194 differentiated-type adenocarcinomas from H. pylori-negative patients with prior eradication therapy (83 patients) or without prior eradication therapy (72 patients). A gastritis-like appearance under NBI-ME was defined as an orderly microsurface structure and/or loss of clear demarcation with resemblance to the adjacent, non-cancerous mucosa. The correlation of this phenomenon with the degree of atrophic gastritis, determined both histologically in the adjacent mucosa and endoscopically, was evaluated.

RESULTS

The tumor-obscuring gastritis-like appearance was observed in 42 % and 23 % of the patients in the H. pylori eradication and non-eradication groups, respectively. The development of this appearance was affected by the histological grade of atrophy (P = 0.003) and intestinal metaplasia (P < 0.001) on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed an odds ratio of 0.25 (95 % confidence interval 0.10 - 0.61, P = 0.002) for an endoscopically severe extent of atrophy, independently of eradication therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

An endoscopically mild or moderate extent of atrophy is associated with a gastritis-like appearance under NBI-ME in currently H. pylori-negative gastric cancers. Surveillance endoscopy should be performed carefully after successful eradication or spontaneous elimination of H. pylori, particularly in patients with non-severe atrophic background mucosa.

AFLP analysis of type strains and laboratory and industrial strains of Saccharomyces sensu stricto and its application to phenetic clustering

Using nine primer pairs, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted to characterize industrial, laboratory and type strains of Saccharomyces sensu stricto. S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. carlsbergensis and S. paradoxus had species-specific AFLP profiles, with some variations among the strains. Nineteen wine, ale, bakery, whisky and laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae were differentiated by two primer pairs, while out of 19 strains of sake yeast, two groups consisting of two and eight strains were not differentiated using nine primer pairs. A phenogram of 41 strains of S. cerevisiae, two strains of S. bayanus, the type strain of S. pastorianus, three strains of S. carlsbergensis, one hybrid strain of S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus and the type strain of S. paradoxus was obtained by the unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) based on the percentage of shared AFLP fragments of each sample pair. This phenogram demonstrated clear separations of S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. carlsbergensis and S. paradoxus. However, S. pastorianus ATCC 12752(T) showed the highest percentages of shared fragments with the strains of S. bayanus, and formed a cluster with them. Except for the type strain of S. pastorianus, the percentages of shared fragments showed a similar tendency with reported data of DNA relatedness. The cluster of S. cerevisiae separated into three subclusters: one consisting of sake and shochu strains and a whisky strain; another consisting of bakery, wine, ale and whisky strains; and a third consisting of laboratory strains.