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Haddox CL, Shenoy N, Shah KK, Kao JC, Jain S, Halfdanarson TR, Wijdicks EF, Goetz MP. Pembrolizumab induced bulbar myopathy and respiratory failure with necrotizing myositis of the diaphragm. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:673-675. [PMID: 27993808 PMCID: PMC5391710 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C L Haddox
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - N Shenoy
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K K Shah
- Anatomic/Clinical Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J C Kao
- Neurology , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Jain
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - T R Halfdanarson
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E F Wijdicks
- Anatomic/Clinical Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M P Goetz
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Jahagirdar R, Attwell S, Marusic S, Bendele A, Shenoy N, McLure KG, Gilham D, Norek K, Hansen HC, Yu R, Tobin J, Wagner GS, Young PR, Wong NCW, Kulikowski E. RVX-297, a BET Bromodomain Inhibitor, Has Therapeutic Effects in Preclinical Models of Acute Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:694-706. [PMID: 28974538 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain (BD) and extra-terminal domain containing proteins (BET) are chromatin adapters that bind acetylated histone marks via two tandem BDs, BD1 and BD2, to regulate gene transcription. BET proteins are involved in transcriptional reprogramming in response to inflammatory stimuli. BET BD inhibitors (BETis) that are nonselective for BD1 or BD2 have recognized anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and counter pathology in models of inflammation or autoimmune disease. Although both BD1 and BD2 bind acetylated histone residues, they may independently regulate the expression of BET-sensitive genes. Here we characterized the ability of RVX-297, a novel orally active BETi with selectivity for BD2, to modulate inflammatory processes in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. RVX-297 suppressed inflammatory gene expression in multiple immune cell types in culture. Mechanistically, RVX-297 displaced BET proteins from the promoters of sensitive genes and disrupted recruitment of active RNA polymerase II, a property shared with pan-BETis that nonselectively bind BET BDs. In the lipopolysaccharide model of inflammation, RVX-297 reduced proinflammatory mediators assessed in splenic gene expression and serum proteins. RVX-297 also countered pathology in three rodent models of polyarthritis: rat and mouse collagen-induced arthritis, and mouse collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Further, RVX-297 prevented murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of human multiple sclerosis) disease development when administered prophylactically and reduced hallmarks of pathology when administered therapeutically. We show for the first time that a BD2-selective BETi maintains anti-inflammatory properties and is effective in preclinical models of acute inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jahagirdar
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Sarah Attwell
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Suzana Marusic
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Alison Bendele
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Narmada Shenoy
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Kevin G McLure
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Dean Gilham
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Karen Norek
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Henrik C Hansen
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Raymond Yu
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Jennifer Tobin
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Gregory S Wagner
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Peter R Young
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Norman C W Wong
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
| | - Ewelina Kulikowski
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.J., S.A., K.G.M., D.G., K.N., H.C.H., R.Y., J.T., G.S.W., P.R.Y., N.C.W.W., E.K.); Hooke Laboratories Inc., Lawrence, Massachusetts (S.M.); Bolder BioPATH Inc., Boulder, Colorado (A.B.); and Aravasc Inc., Sunnyvale, California (N.S.)
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Shenoy N, Bhagat T, Nieves E, Stenson M, Lawson J, Choudhary GS, Habermann T, Nowakowski G, Singh R, Wu X, Verma A, Witzig TE. Upregulation of TET activity with ascorbic acid induces epigenetic modulation of lymphoma cells. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e587. [PMID: 28731456 PMCID: PMC5549257 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes have been found to be mutated in both diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) and peripheral T-cell (PTCL) lymphomas resulting in DNA hypermethylation. Recent studies in embryonal stem cells showed that ascorbic acid (AA) is a cofactor for TET with a binding site at the catalytic domain, and enhances TET activity. We hypothesized that AA could potentially enhance TET activity in lymphoma cells to cause DNA demethylation, reactivate expression of tumor suppressor genes and enhance chemosensitivity. We demonstrate in vitro that AA treatment of DLBCL and PTCL cells using AA concentrations achievable intravenously increased TET activity leading to DNA demethylation. This epigenetic effect is independent of hydrogen peroxide. AA treatment increased the expression of SMAD1, a tumor suppressor gene known to be suppressed by methylation, and increased chemosensitivity of lymphoma cells. Twenty-nine percent (10/34) of unselected lymphoma patients had plasma AA levels that were deficient suggesting an additional clinical mechanism of TET hypofunction. These data indicate that AA has the potential to modify TET function in lymphoma and enhance chemosensitivity. In addition, the AA deficiency seen in some patients may further impair TET function and contribute to resistance. Clinical trials testing intravenous AA with chemotherapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shenoy
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - T Bhagat
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - E Nieves
- Biochemistry and Developmental &Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Stenson
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J Lawson
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - G S Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - T Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - G Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - X Wu
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Verma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - T E Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Shenoy N, Esplin B, Barbosa N, Wieland C, Thanarajasingam U, Markovic S. Pembrolizumab induced severe sclerodermoid reaction. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:432-433. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Shenoy N, Pagliaro L. Sequential pathogenesis of metastatic VHL mutant clear cell renal cell carcinoma: putting it together with a translational perspective. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1685-95. [PMID: 27329246 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for ∼80% of all RCC, and biallelic Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene defects occur in ∼75% of sporadic ccRCC. The etiopathogenesis of VHL mutant metastatic RCC, based on our understanding to date of molecular mechanisms involved, is a sequence of events which can be grouped under the following: (i) loss of VHL activity (germline/somatic mutation + inactivation of the wild-type copy); (ii) constitutive activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway due to loss of VHL activity and transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, survival, anaerobic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway; (iii) interactions of the HIF pathway with other oncogenic pathways; (iv) genome-wide epigenetic changes (potentially driven by an overactive HIF pathway) and the influence of epigenetics on various oncogenic, apoptotic, cell cycle regulatory and mismatch repair pathways (inhibition of multiple tumor suppressor genes); (v) immune evasion, at least partially caused by changes in the epigenome. These mechanisms interact throughout the pathogenesis and progression of disease, and also confer chemoresistance and radioresistance, making it one of the most difficult metastatic cancers to treat. This article puts together the sequential pathogenesis of VHL mutant ccRCC by elaborating these mechanisms and the interplay of oncogenic pathways, epigenetics, metabolism and immune evasion, with a perspective on potential therapeutic strategies. We reflect on the huge gap between our understanding of the molecular biology and currently accepted standard of care in metastatic ccRCC, and present ideas for better translational research involving therapeutic strategies with combinatorial drug approach, targeting different aspects of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shenoy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - L Pagliaro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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Rishikesh K, Kini U, Shenoy N, Joy B, D'Souza G, Shet A. Malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Assoc Physicians India 2013; 61:576-579. [PMID: 24818349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Shenoy N, Ongole R, Maharjan I. Tobacco induced oral black lesion. J Coll Med Sci-Nepal 2012. [DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v7i2.6684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-2, 55-56DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i2.6684
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O'Connell RJ, Thon MR, Hacquard S, Amyotte SG, Kleemann J, Torres MF, Damm U, Buiate EA, Epstein L, Alkan N, Altmüller J, Alvarado-Balderrama L, Bauser CA, Becker C, Birren BW, Chen Z, Choi J, Crouch JA, Duvick JP, Farman MA, Gan P, Heiman D, Henrissat B, Howard RJ, Kabbage M, Koch C, Kracher B, Kubo Y, Law AD, Lebrun MH, Lee YH, Miyara I, Moore N, Neumann U, Nordström K, Panaccione DG, Panstruga R, Place M, Proctor RH, Prusky D, Rech G, Reinhardt R, Rollins JA, Rounsley S, Schardl CL, Schwartz DC, Shenoy N, Shirasu K, Sikhakolli UR, Stüber K, Sukno SA, Sweigard JA, Takano Y, Takahara H, Trail F, van der Does HC, Voll LM, Will I, Young S, Zeng Q, Zhang J, Zhou S, Dickman MB, Schulze-Lefert P, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Ma LJ, Vaillancourt LJ. Lifestyle transitions in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi deciphered by genome and transcriptome analyses. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1060-5. [PMID: 22885923 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum species are fungal pathogens that devastate crop plants worldwide. Host infection involves the differentiation of specialized cell types that are associated with penetration, growth inside living host cells (biotrophy) and tissue destruction (necrotrophy). We report here genome and transcriptome analyses of Colletotrichum higginsianum infecting Arabidopsis thaliana and Colletotrichum graminicola infecting maize. Comparative genomics showed that both fungi have large sets of pathogenicity-related genes, but families of genes encoding secreted effectors, pectin-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolism enzymes, transporters and peptidases are expanded in C. higginsianum. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed that these genes are transcribed in successive waves that are linked to pathogenic transitions: effectors and secondary metabolism enzymes are induced before penetration and during biotrophy, whereas most hydrolases and transporters are upregulated later, at the switch to necrotrophy. Our findings show that preinvasion perception of plant-derived signals substantially reprograms fungal gene expression and indicate previously unknown functions for particular fungal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J O'Connell
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Oral malodor one of the most common complaints with which patients approaches us thinking it can be detrimental to his self-image and confidence. Even though majority of oral malodor is of oral origin, there are multiple other systemic causes that have to be addressed while we diagnose and treat this condition. Most of these patients look up to oral care physicians for expert advice, it is critical for us to have the knowledge base and communication techniques to provide quality clinical assessment and implement effective intervention programs. This article reviews the various causes and the diagnostic modalities which will help us treat this multifaceted condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ongole
- Department of Oral Medicine &Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore
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Abstract
SU5416 (Z-isomer), the first in its class of angiogenesis inhibitors, in solution converts to the E-isomer following light exposure and reverts to the Z-isomer in the dark. Kinetics of this Z-E isomerism in pharmaceutical media is reported. Analytical solutions need light protection at 5 degrees C to maintain integrity. While E-isomer in light-exposed product increased to 0.9% in 24 hours, light-protected product showed no change (25 degrees C, 18 months). Infusate studies indicated that < 1.9% E-isomer will be dosed to patients and would likely convert to the Z-isomer, following administration. This report implies Z-E isomerism in SU5416 is controllable with no limitations towards ensuring pharmaceutical product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sistla
- Pfizer Inc., 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Sistla A, Kertelj A, Shenoy N. Development of an intravenous formulation of SU010382 (prodrug of SU5416, an anti-angiogenesis agent). PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2008; 62:200-210. [PMID: 18661869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
SU5416, the first in a new class of anti-angiogenesis agents, is an insoluble and neutral molecule which requires a formulation containing Cremophor EL, ethanol, and polyethylene glycol. SU010382, a prodrug of SU5416, was designed as N-Mannich base to provide a basic handle that could be exploited to increase the compound's solubility. Though an increase in solubility was obtained, the inherent hydrolytic instability of SU010382 presented a major challenge in formulation development. The aim of this study is to design a stable intravenous formulation of SU010382 at 2 mg/mL equivalent to the 1.5 mg/mL clinical formulation of SU5416 without a high surfactant/co-solvent content. A stable formulation of SU010382 was successfully designed using a combination of adjusted pH and complexation with sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin. This formulation was designed as a lyophilized product to further increase stability. The lyophilized formulation was stable for at least 6 months at 40 degrees C/75% relative humidity, reconstituted completely within 1 min, and was stable for at least 24 h at 25 degrees C following reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sistla
- Research Formulations, Pfizer Inc, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Shankar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N, Chandrasekhar TS, Dubey AK. Knowledge about heart attack and hypertension among individuals attending a cardiac camp in Pokhara city. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2007; 5:273-278. [PMID: 18604037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies in other countries had shown lacunae in patients' and general publics' understanding of cardiovascular diseases. Such studies are lacking in Nepal. Hence the present study was carried out to: a) note the respondent's knowledge regarding myocardial infarction and hypertension and b) note the association, if any, of the knowledge with demographic and personal characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Respondents attending a cardiac camp organized in the Manipal Teaching hospital during September 2002 were interviewed by previously briefed seventh semester students using a structured questionnaire. Basic demographic information and knowledge about myocardial infarction and hypertension was collected. The median score was calculated. Differences in scores among different subgroups of respondents were noted using appropriate statistical tests (p<0.05). RESULTS Sixty-six respondents were interviewed; 44 were male. The knowledge scores for heart attack and hypertension were 6 (maximum score 8) and 11 (maximum score 14) respectively. The scores were significantly lower among respondents with a monthly family income below 2000 rupees and was higher among respondents/family members suffering from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION The respondents were aware of the basic facts regarding myocardial infarction and hypertension. However, lacunae in knowledge were noted. Further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal.
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Sistla A, Yang WL, Shenoy N. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of reversible isomers of SU5416. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:73-80. [PMID: 16472814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SU5416 shows light-induced reversible geometric isomerism. A simple, reliable, isocratic HPLC method using an UV-vis detector at lambda(425nm) was developed. The method provides efficient (R(S)=3.5) analysis of the two isomers with retention of the isomeric integrity. Additionally, the method has linearity over a wide range (50-1000microg/mL, r(2)=0.99), is accurate (99-102%, RSD <4%), and reproducible (RSD <0.8%). The method was used for analyzing pharmaceutical samples and understanding the kinetics of SU5416 isomers in methanol. In addition, this method can be used for quantifying the non-isolatable E-isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sistla
- Formulations Research, SUGEN Inc., 230 S. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Sistla A, Sunga A, Phung K, Koparkar A, Shenoy N. Powder‐in‐Bottle Formulation of SU011248. Enabling Rapid Progression into Human Clinical Trials. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:19-25. [PMID: 15000426 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120027507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
SU011248 is an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (anti PDGFR, VEGFR, Kit, and Flt3) for the treatment of solid tumors. The powder-in-bottle (PIB) approach was used to accelerate development and introduction into Phase I clinical trials. This approach consists of extemporaneously compounding the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into a solution or a suspension in the clinic prior to oral administration. The development consisted of physico-chemical assessment, constitution fluid selection, weighing and dosing validation, and stability evaluation of API, before and after constitution with the fluid. Of the oral liquids evaluated, apple juice was selected as the constitution fluid. Particle size of SU011248 had an impact on the weighing validation and the dissolution time. Particle size specifications of breadth d90 < 180 microm and length d90 < 750 microm were set to achieve pharmaceutical acceptability. Dosing validation studies showed complete recovery of SU011248 from the bottle over a dose range of 10 to 2200 mg. SU011248 is stable as the solid API. Following constitution with apple juice, the product is stable through the predicted duration of compounding and dosing at the clinical site. This approach provided a high degree of dosing flexibility during the initial phase of clinical trials. Additionally, the PIB approach reduced the time and API required for clinical development and supplies to < 2 months and < 100 gm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sistla
- Sugen Inc. (a Pharmacia Company), S. San Francisco, California, USA.
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Shankar PR, Das B, Partha P, Shenoy N, Dubey AK. Inter-rater reliability of the assessment of communication skills in Pharmacology. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2003. [DOI: 10.31729/jnma.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective communication skills are required for medical students and doctors. Communication skills trainingand assessment in Pharmacology is conducted in English using simulated patients. The assessment procedurehas not been tested for inter-rater reliability. To overcome this deficiency, the present study was carried outto obtain information on the agreement between two independent observers simultaneously evaluating thestudents using a standardized check list. The study was conducted on 175 second and fourth semestermedical students at the Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, during the month of December2001. Two observers, who had agreed beforehand on the scoring criteria and the checklist to be used,simultaneously and independently evaluated the students. Kappa test was used to measure agreement. Therewas very good to moderate agreement regarding the total scores. Very good to moderate agreement was alsoseen for the parameters: drug-related factors and non-drug factors. Individual factors showed poor agreementbecause of the ‘kappa paradox’. The findings, overall, demonstrate the validity of the system of assessment.This was a preliminary study and more detailed studies are required before modifications in the system ofcommunication skills assessment can be suggested.Key Words: Communication, Educational measurement, Undergraduate medical education.
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London CA, Hannah AL, Zadovoskaya R, Chien MB, Kollias-Baker C, Rosenberg M, Downing S, Post G, Boucher J, Shenoy N, Mendel DB, McMahon G, Cherrington JM. Phase I dose-escalating study of SU11654, a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in dogs with spontaneous malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:2755-68. [PMID: 12855656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the following study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of the novel multitargeted indolinone receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, SU11654, using a canine model of spontaneous tumors. This p.o. bioavailable compound exhibits potent inhibitory activity against members of the split kinase family of RTKs, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, Kit, and Flt-3, resulting in both direct antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was a Phase I trial in which successive cohorts of dogs with spontaneous tumors that had failed standard treatment regimens received escalating doses of SU11654 as oral therapy. Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and tumor response were assessed. RESULTS Fifty-seven dogs with a variety of cancers were enrolled; of these, 10 experienced progressive disease within the first 3 weeks. Measurable objective responses were observed in 16 dogs (including 6 complete responses), primarily in mast cell tumors (n = 11), mixed mammary carcinomas (n = 2), soft tissue sarcomas (n = 2), and multiple myeloma (n = 1), for an overall response rate of 28% (16 of 57). Stable disease of sufficient duration to be considered clinically meaningful (>10 weeks) was seen in an additional 15 dogs, for a resultant overall biological activity of 54% (31 of 57). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that p.o. administered kinase inhibitors can exhibit activity against a variety of spontaneous malignancies. Given the similarities of canine and human cancers with regard to tumor biology and the presence of analogous RTK dysregulation, it is likely that such agents will demonstrate comparable antineoplastic activity in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A London
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Shankar PR, Kumar P, Theodore AM, Partha P, Shenoy N. A survey of drug use patterns in western Nepal. Singapore Med J 2003; 44:352-6. [PMID: 14620727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nepal, self-treatment is common and complementary medicine practitioners play an important role in providing health services. Previous studies on drug use patterns have been mainly carried out in the Kathmandu valley. Studies in the Pokhara valley, western Nepal are lacking. The objectives of our study were to obtain: 1) baseline information on drug use patterns in the preceding six-month period, 2) reasons for using complementary and self-medication and 3) any association of drug use patterns with demographic variables. METHODS Health workers of the community medicine department carried out the study in Pokhara city and Bedabari village using a semi-structured questionnaire. Differences in the proportion of patients using self-medication and complementary medicines according to sex, age, place of residence and socioeconomic status of the family were analysed by the z test of proportions (p < 0.05). FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS One hundred and twenty individuals from 112 households had used prescribed allopathic or complementary remedies. Seventy-one point six percent of the respondents had used allopathic medicines. The commonest allopathic medicines prescribed were antibiotics and paracetamol. Complementary medicine use was more common among older respondents (> 30 years). Thirty-nine families practiced self-medication with home remedies accounting for 18.9% of the drugs used. Self-medication was more common among rural households. Complementary practitioners should be integrated into the health care system to provide health care in the rural areas. Studies on drug use patterns and on factors influencing drug use in the remote areas of Nepal are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College or Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal.
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Shankar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N. Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study. BMC Fam Pract 2002; 3:17. [PMID: 12236905 PMCID: PMC130019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-3-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2002] [Accepted: 09/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication and non-doctor prescribing of drugs is common in developing countries. Complementary and alternative medications, especially herbs, are also commonly used. There are few studies on the use of these medications in Pokhara Valley, Western Nepal. METHODS Previously briefed seventh semester medical students, using a semi-structured questionnaire, carried out the study on 142 respondents. Demographic information and information on drugs used for self-medication or prescribed by a non-allopathic doctor were collected. RESULTS Seventy-six respondents (54%) were aged between 20 to 39 years. The majority of the respondents (72 %) stayed within 30 minutes walking distance of a health post/medical store. 59% of these respondents had taken some form of self-medication in the 6-month period preceding the study. The common reasons given for self-medication were mild illness, previous experience of treating a similar illness, and non-availability of health personnel. 70% of respondents were prescribed allopathic drugs by a non-allopathic doctor. The compounder and health assistant were common sources of medicines. Paracetamol and antimicrobials were the drugs most commonly prescribed. A significantly higher proportion of young (<40 years) male respondents had used self-medication than other groups. CONCLUSIONS Self-medication and non-doctor prescribing are common in the Pokhara valley. In addition to allopathic drugs, herbal remedies were also commonly used for self-medication. Drugs, especially antimicrobials, were not taken for the proper duration. Education to help patients decide on the appropriateness of self-medication is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- PR Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences Pokhara, Nepal
| | - P Partha
- Department of Medicine, Manipal teaching hospital Pokhara, Nepal
| | - N Shenoy
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Manipal teaching hospital Pokhara, Nepal
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Liao AT, Chien MB, Shenoy N, Mendel DB, McMahon G, Cherrington JM, London CA. Inhibition of constitutively active forms of mutant kit by multitargeted indolinone tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood 2002; 100:585-93. [PMID: 12091352 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the proto-oncogene c-kit, including point mutations, deletions, or duplications in the negative regulatory juxtamembrane (JM) domain or point mutations in the catalytic domain, have been observed in human and canine cancers and often result in constitutive activation of Kit in the absence of ligand binding. To identify a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor capable of blocking the function of mutant Kit, we evaluated 3 indolinones (SU11652, SU11654, and SU11655) that act as competitive inhibitors of adenosine triphosphate binding to several members of the split kinase family of RTKs, including VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, and Kit. Mast cell lines expressing either wild-type (WT) Kit, a point mutation in the JM domain, a tandem duplication in the JM domain, or a point mutation in the catalytic domain were used for these studies. All 3 indolinones inhibited phosphorylation of WT Kit in the presence of stem cell factor at concentrations as low as 0.01 microM. Autophosphorylation of both JM mutants was inhibited at 0.01 to 0.1 microM, resulting in cell cycle arrest within 24 hours, whereas autophosphorylation of the catalytic domain mutant was inhibited at 0.25 to 0.5 microM, resulting in cell death within 24 hours. poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage was noted in all Kit mutant lines after indolinone treatment. In summary, SU11652, SU11654, and SU11655 are effective RTK inhibitors capable of disrupting the function of all forms of mutant Kit. Because the concentrations of drug necessary for receptor inhibition are readily achievable and nontoxic in vivo, these compounds may be useful in the treatment of spontaneous cancers expressing Kit mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert T Liao
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Laird AD, Vajkoczy P, Shawver LK, Thurnher A, Liang C, Mohammadi M, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A, Hubbard SR, Blake RA, Fong TA, Strawn LM, Sun L, Tang C, Hawtin R, Tang F, Shenoy N, Hirth KP, McMahon G. SU6668 is a potent antiangiogenic and antitumor agent that induces regression of established tumors. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4152-60. [PMID: 10945623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and their cognate receptor tyrosine kinases are strongly implicated in angiogenesis associated with solid tumors. Using rational drug design coupled with traditional screening technologies, we have discovered SU6668, a novel inhibitor of these receptors. Biochemical kinetic studies using isolated Flk-1, FGF receptor 1, and PDGF receptor beta kinases revealed that SU6668 has competitive inhibitory properties with respect to ATP. Cocrystallographic studies of SU6668 in the catalytic domain of FGF receptor 1 substantiated the adenine mimetic properties of its oxindole core. Molecular modeling of SU6668 in the ATP binding pockets of the FIk-1/KDR and PDGF receptor kinases provided insight to explain the relative potency and selectivity of SU6668 for these receptors. In cellular systems, SU6668 inhibited receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and mitogenesis after stimulation of cells by appropriate ligands. Oral or i.p. administration of SU6668 in athymic mice resulted in significant growth inhibition of a diverse panel of human tumor xenografts of glioma, melanoma, lung, colon, ovarian, and epidermoid origin. Furthermore, intravital multifluorescence videomicroscopy of C6 glioma xenografts in the dorsal skinfold chamber model revealed that SU6668 treatment suppressed tumor angiogenesis. Finally, SU6668 treatment induced striking regression of large established human tumor xenografts. Investigations of SU6668 activity in cancer patients are ongoing in Phase I clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemistry
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Indoles/chemistry
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Molecular
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Oxindoles
- Propionates
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrroles/chemistry
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Mitogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Laird
- SUGEN, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Beck K, Chan VC, Shenoy N, Kirkpatrick A, Ramshaw JA, Brodsky B. Destabilization of osteogenesis imperfecta collagen-like model peptides correlates with the identity of the residue replacing glycine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4273-8. [PMID: 10725403 PMCID: PMC18226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.070050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations resulting in replacement of one obligate Gly residue within the repeating (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)(n) triplet pattern of the collagen type I triple helix are the major cause of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Phenotypes of OI involve fragile bones and range from mild to perinatal lethal. In this study, host-guest triple-helical peptides of the form acetyl-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)(3)-Zaa-Pro-Hyp-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)(4)-Gly-Gly-amide are used to isolate the influence of the residue replacing Gly on triple-helix stability, with Zaa = Gly, Ala, Arg, Asp, Glu, Cys, Ser, or Val. Any substitution for Zaa = Gly (melting temperature, T(m) = 45 degrees C) results in a dramatic destabilization of the triple helix. For Ala and Ser, T(m) decreases to approximately 10 degrees C, and for the Arg-, Val-, Glu-, and Asp-containing peptides, T(m) < 0 degrees C. A Gly --> Cys replacement results in T(m) < 0 degrees C under reducing conditions but shows a broad transition (T(m) approximately 19 degrees C) in an oxidizing environment. Addition of trimethylamine N-oxide increases T(m) by approximately 5 degrees C per 1 M trimethylamine N-oxide, resulting in stable triple-helix formation for all peptides and allowing comparison of relative stabilities. The order of disruption of different Gly replacements in these peptides can be represented as Ala </= Ser < CPO(red) < Arg < Val < Glu </= Asp. The rank of destabilization of substitutions for Gly in these Gly-Pro-Hyp-rich homotrimeric peptides shows a significant correlation with the severity of natural OI mutations in the alpha1 chain of type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Powell TJ, Ben-Bassat H, Klein BY, Chen H, Shenoy N, McCollough J, Narog B, Gazit A, Harzstark Z, Chaouat M, Levitzki R, Tang C, McMahon J, Shawver L, Levitzki A. Growth inhibition of psoriatic keratinocytes by quinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:802-10. [PMID: 10583160 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes associated with an inflammatory infiltrate in the epidermis. Among factors which may be related to hyperplasia of psoriatic keratinocytes is the persistent autocrine stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by transforming growth factor-alpha. Owing to the pivotal role of the EGFR in driving the growth of human psoriatic keratinocytes, we examined two selective inhibitors of EGFR kinase activity: 4-(3-bromophenylamino)-6, 7-dimethoxyquinazoline (AG1517/SU5271) and 4-(3-chlorophenylamino)-6, 7-dimethoxyquinazoline (AG1478) on psoriatic keratinocytes. SU5271 potently inhibits ligand-induced autophosphorylation of EGFR, and downstream signal transduction events, including DNA replication and cell cycle progression. SU5271, at micromolar concentrations, inhibited the proliferation of keratinocytes isolated from psoriatic lesions in excellent correlation with its EGFR kinase inhibitory activity in these cells. Biologically active concentrations of SU5271 penetrated human cadaver skin, suggesting that this compound is a strong candidate as an antipsoriatic agent.
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Ackerman MS, Bhate M, Shenoy N, Beck K, Ramshaw JA, Brodsky B. Sequence dependence of the folding of collagen-like peptides. Single amino acids affect the rate of triple-helix nucleation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:7668-73. [PMID: 10075654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.12.7668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The refolding of thermally denatured model collagen-like peptides was studied for a set of 21 guest triplets embedded in a common host framework: acetyl-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)3-Gly-Xaa-Yaa-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)4-Gly-Gly-amide. The results show a strong dependence of the folding rate on the identity of the guest Gly-Xaa-Yaa triplet, with the half-times for refolding varying from 6 to 110 min (concentration = 1 mg/ml). All triplets of the form Gly-Xaa-Hyp promoted rapid folding, with the rate only marginally dependent on the residue in the Xaa position. In contrast, triplets of the form Gly-Pro-Yaa and Gly-Xaa-Yaa were slower and showed a wide range of half-times, varying with the identity of the residues in the triplet. At low concentrations, the folding can be described by third-order kinetics, suggesting nucleation is rate-limiting. Data on the relative nucleation ability of different Gly-Xaa-Yaa triplets support the favorable nature of imino acids, the importance of hydroxyproline, the varying effects of the same residue in the Xaa position versus the Yaa position, and the difficulties encountered when leucine or aspartic acid are in the Yaa position. Information on the relative propensities of different tripeptide sequences to promote nucleation of the triple-helix in peptides will aid in identification of nucleation sites in collagen sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Sathiamoorthy A, Sathiamoorthy SS, Bhat SK, Hiremath S, Shenoy N. Influence of handedness on the visual and auditory reaction time. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1994; 38:297-9. [PMID: 7883297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Visual Reaction Time (VRT) and Auditory Reaction Time (ART) were measured in right-handed and left-handed human volunteers, using an Electronic Response Timer Unit. The study demonstrated that a group of left-handed women reacted faster (P < 0.05) with their left hand to an auditory stimulus than their counterpart using their right hand. VRT did not show any significant change within, and between, the groups and was not influenced by sex or age. The observed differences in ART may be due to central phenomenon.
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Back DJ, Killick SR, Stevenson PJ, Shenoy N, Elstein M, Cohen M. The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol when administered in tablet and capsule form. Contraception 1987; 36:321-6. [PMID: 3119288 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(87)90102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinylestradiol (EE2) administered as a conventional tablet (150/30) or capsule has been assessed in a randomized two-period crossover study in 9 healthy volunteer women. Serum concentrations were monitored for 24h post-dosing. There was no significant difference in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters determined for either steroid. Hence the relative bioavailability is similar after tablet and capsule formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Back
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool
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Back DJ, Grimmer SF, Shenoy N, Orme ML. Plasma concentrations of 3-keto-desogestrel after oral administration of desogestrel and intravenous administration of 3-keto-desogestrel. Contraception 1987; 35:619-26. [PMID: 2959449 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(87)80021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasma concentrations of 3-keto-desogestrel have been measured by radioimmunoassay in a crossover study in nine healthy female volunteers given oral desogestrel (150 micrograms) and ethinyloestradiol (30 micrograms) and intravenous (i.v.) 3-keto-desogestrel (150 micrograms) and ethinyloestradiol (30 micrograms). Bioavailability ranged between 40.0 and 113% with a mean value ( +/- SD) of 76.1 +/- 22.5%. Only 3 subjects had a bioavailability of less than 70%. There was no significant difference in the elimination half life of 3-keto-desogestrel which was 12.6 +/- 4.1h following i.v. administration and 11.9 +/- 4.1h after oral administration of desogestrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Back
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool
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