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Thu Huong N, Hue TT, Duy Hung N, Minh Duc N. Ductal carcinoma in situ arises from microglandular adenosis and atypical microglandular adenosis in a young woman. J Clin Imaging Sci 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 37292245 PMCID: PMC10246311 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_32_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglandular adenosis (MGA) and atypical microglandular adenosis (AMGA) are intensely rare and distinctive forms of adenosis of the breast, usually occurring in middle-aged women. Carcinoma arising in MGA is an extremely rare subtype of breast carcinoma, and most reported cases are of invasive carcinoma. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are accurate imaging modalities for diagnosing these abnormalities. Our goal in this article was to report a rare instance of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) arising from MGA and AMGA in a very young Vietnamese woman who presented with a palpable mass in her right breast for 1 month. During clinical examination and imaging, suspected lesions were found and categorized as BI-RADS 4a. The final histopathological findings confirmed DCIS arising from MGA/AMGA. In this patient, the disease was detected and managed early when the lesion was localized in the duct and there were no signs of invasive ductal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thu Huong
- Department of Radiology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tran-Thi Hue
- Department of Radiology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duy Hung
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Duc
- Department of Radiology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Protection against infection by the bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a subject of controversy. We investigated the association between BCG vaccination at birth and infection by M. tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of data from tuberculin skin test (TST) surveys in Vietnamese schoolchildren between 1988 and 2001. We investigated whether a BCG scar was associated with a lower prevalence of TST positivity, adjusting for BCG-induced variation by varying cut-off values for a positive TST. RESULTS: We found a positive association between BCG scar and TST positivity. The strength of the association decreased with increasing TST cut-off values; however, it never inverted significantly, irrespective of geographic region and survey year. CONCLUSION: In Vietnam, BCG vaccination was not associated with reduced M. tuberculosis infection prevalence as measured using TST. This in contrary to a similar study conducted in Tanzania. These contradictory findings may be explained by geographical differences and the relatively high prevalence in Vietnam of the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype, which is reported to be capable of circumventing BCG-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Pelzer
- KNCV Tuberculosis foundation, Technical division, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Smit
- KNCV Tuberculosis foundation, Technical division, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - E W Tiemersma
- KNCV Tuberculosis foundation, Technical division, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - N T Huong
- NTP Vietnam, National Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - N V Nhung
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Country office in Vietnam, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - F Cobelens
- Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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George S, Geldhof P, Albonico M, Ame SM, Bethony JM, Engels D, Mekonnen Z, Montresor A, Hem S, Tchuem-Tchuenté LA, Huong NT, Kang G, Vercruysse J, Levecke B. The molecular speciation of soil-transmitted helminth eggs collected from school children across six endemic countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 110:657-663. [PMID: 28100811 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms) is traditionally based on the demonstration of eggs in stool using microscopic techniques. While molecular techniques are more appropriate to speciate STH species they are seldom applied. In this study we speciated STH eggs from stool using molecular techniques to gain insights into the distribution of both human and animal STH species in the human host. METHODS We speciated 207 STH egg isolates from stool collected during the baseline survey of six drug efficacy trials conducted in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Vietnam applying a PCR - restriction fragment length polymorphisms based approach. RESULTS DNA of Ascaris was detected in 71 (34.3%) samples, of which all were identified as the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. In 87 (42.0%) samples, DNA of Trichuris spp. was found and further speciation demonstrated the presence of the human Trichuris trichiura (100%) and the canine Trichuris vulpis (n=7; 8.0%; in Cameroon only). Hookworms were identified in 104 (50.2%) samples, with Necator americanus (n=73; 70.2%) being the predominant species followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (n=40; 38.5%). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that STH infections in humans are predominantly caused by human STH species. They also suggest that zoonotic transmission occurs on a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh George
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marco Albonico
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital - WHO Collaborating Centre on strongyloidiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections, Negrar, Italy.,University of Torino, Italy
| | - Shaali M Ame
- Public Health Laboratory, Ivo de Carneri, Chake-chake, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Dirk Engels
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sopheak Hem
- Clinical Laboratory, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Nguyen Thu Huong
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Van Khoi N, Tung NT, Trang PT, Huong NT, Duc NT, Tuyen NT. Study on mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) based biocomposite reinforced with lotus fiber. VJCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/vjch.201800083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Khoi
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thu Trang
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thu Huong
- Lac Trung Technology and Trading services Company Limited; Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Trung Duc
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Tuyen
- Lac Trung Technology and Trading services Company Limited; Viet Nam
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Gaschignard J, Grant AV, Thuc NV, Orlova M, Cobat A, Huong NT, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Schurr E, Alcaïs A. Pauci- and Multibacillary Leprosy: Two Distinct, Genetically Neglected Diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004345. [PMID: 27219008 PMCID: PMC4878860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After sustained exposure to Mycobacterium leprae, only a subset of exposed individuals develops clinical leprosy. Moreover, leprosy patients show a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that extend from the paucibacillary (PB) to the multibacillary (MB) form of the disease. This "polarization" of leprosy has long been a major focus of investigation for immunologists because of the different immune response in these two forms. But while leprosy per se has been shown to be under tight human genetic control, few epidemiological or genetic studies have focused on leprosy subtypes. Using PubMed, we collected available data in English on the epidemiology of leprosy polarization and the possible role of human genetics in its pathophysiology until September 2015. At the genetic level, we assembled a list of 28 genes from the literature that are associated with leprosy subtypes or implicated in the polarization process. Our bibliographical search revealed that improved study designs are needed to identify genes associated with leprosy polarization. Future investigations should not be restricted to a subanalysis of leprosy per se studies but should instead contrast MB to PB individuals. We show the latter approach to be the most powerful design for the identification of genetic polarization determinants. Finally, we bring to light the important resource represented by the nine-banded armadillo model, a unique animal model for leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gaschignard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Audrey Virginia Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- Unité de Génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, EU
| | | | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- URC, CIC, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France, EU
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Magwali TL, Butrick E, Ayadi AE, Bergel E, Gibbons L, Huong NT, Merialdi M, Mambo V, Miller S. A cluster randomized controlled trial of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment for obstetric haemorrhage: sub-analysis of the Zimbabwean Arm. Cent Afr J Med 2015; 61:27-32. [PMID: 29144074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To determine whether earlier application of the Non-pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG) at clinic level compared to the referral hospital level reduces maternal morbidity and mortality and recovery time from shock due to severe Obstetric Haemorrhage (OH) and to determine the safety of the NASG when applied at clinic level. Design A cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Setting Harare and Parirenyatwa Referral Hospitals (RH) in Harare and the twelve Harare City Council clinics that offer maternity care. Subjects Women who had suffered severe OH at clinic level and were being transferred to a Referral Hospital (RH). Iterventions The clinics were randomized into two groups. In the early NASG group eligible women were given the standard management for OH and had the NASG applied at the clinic level before transport to RH. In the control group, eligible women were given the standard management for OH at the clinic level, transferred to the RH, and received the NASG at the RH. All women received equivalent OH/hypovolemic shock management at the RH. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were maternal mortality and morbidity, blood loss, recovery from shock and the occurrence of side effects whilst in the NASG. Results There were few maternal deaths and morbidities, and no statistically significant differences between the two groups were noted. Women in the early NASG group spent a statistically significant shorter time in the NASG at referral hospital level (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52 - 0.79, p < 0.001) and had a non-significant 40% faster recovery from shock (HR 1.39; 95% CI 0.98-1.97, p=0.07). There were no differences in reported side effects. Conclusion Earlier NASG application at the clinic level was associated with faster recovery from shock in women who had suffered severe OH and appears safe to use.
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Levecke B, Montresor A, Albonico M, Ame SM, Behnke JM, Bethony JM, Noumedem CD, Engels D, Guillard B, Kotze AC, Krolewiecki AJ, McCarthy JS, Mekonnen Z, Periago MV, Sopheak H, Tchuem-Tchuenté LA, Duong TT, Huong NT, Zeynudin A, Vercruysse J. Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in school children in six countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3204. [PMID: 25299391 PMCID: PMC4191962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Robust reference values for fecal egg count reduction (FECR) rates of the most widely used anthelmintic drugs in preventive chemotherapy (PC) programs for controlling soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm) are still lacking. However, they are urgently needed to ensure detection of reduced efficacies that are predicted to occur due to growing drug pressure. Here, using a standardized methodology, we assessed the FECR rate of a single oral dose of mebendazole (MEB; 500 mg) against STHs in six trials in school children in different locations around the world. Our results are compared with those previously obtained for similarly conducted trials of a single oral dose of albendazole (ALB; 400 mg). Methodology The efficacy of MEB, as assessed by FECR, was determined in six trials involving 5,830 school children in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, United Republic of Tanzania, and Vietnam. The efficacy of MEB was compared to that of ALB as previously assessed in 8,841 school children in India and all the above-mentioned study sites, using identical methodologies. Principal Findings The estimated FECR rate [95% confidence interval] of MEB was highest for A. lumbricoides (97.6% [95.8; 99.5]), followed by hookworm (79.6% [71.0; 88.3]). For T. trichiura, the estimated FECR rate was 63.1% [51.6; 74.6]. Compared to MEB, ALB was significantly more efficacious against hookworm (96.2% [91.1; 100], p<0.001) and only marginally, although significantly, better against A. lumbricoides infections (99.9% [99.0; 100], p = 0.012), but equally efficacious for T. trichiura infections (64.5% [44.4; 84.7], p = 0.906). Conclusions/Significance A minimum FECR rate of 95% for A. lumbricoides, 70% for hookworm, and 50% for T. trichiura is expected in MEB-dependent PC programs. Lower FECR results may indicate the development of potential drug resistance. Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms) infect millions of children in sub-tropical and tropical countries, resulting in malnutrition, growth stunting, intellectual retardation, and cognitive deficits. To fight against STH, large-scale deworming programs are implemented in which anthelmintic drugs (either albendazole (ALB) or mebendazole (MEB)) are administered. Currently, these large-scale programs are intensifying, highlighting the need to closely monitor the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs to detect changes in drug efficacy that may arise through the evolution of anthelmintic drug resistance in the parasites. We have previously defined the minimum expected efficacy of ALB based on the fecal egg count reduction (FECR) rate, but these reference values are lacking for MEB. Therefore, we therefore evaluated the FECR rate of MEB against STHs in six STH endemic countries. In addition, we compared the results of the FECR rate for MEB with those we obtained previously for ALB. The results confirm that MEB treatment was highly efficacious against roundworms, and to a lesser extend against hookworms, but not against whipworms. Compared to ALB, MEB is less efficacious against hookworm, but equally efficacious against roundworms and whipworms. Based on this study we propose the minimum expected FECR rate for MEB-dependent large-scale deworming programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Shaali M. Ame
- Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jerzy M. Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Bethony
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Calvine D. Noumedem
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dirk Engels
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew C. Kotze
- Division of Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alejandro J. Krolewiecki
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta/CONICET, Oran, Argentina
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Maria V. Periago
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hem Sopheak
- Clinical Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Tran Thanh Duong
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Huong
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Ahmed Zeynudin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Orlova M, Cobat A, Huong NT, Ba NN, Van Thuc N, Spencer J, Nédélec Y, Barreiro L, Thai VH, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Gene set signature of reversal reaction type I in leprosy patients. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003624. [PMID: 23874223 PMCID: PMC3708838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reversal reactions type 1 (T1R) are acute immune episodes that affect a subset of leprosy patients and remain a major cause of nerve damage. Little is known about the relative importance of innate versus environmental factors in the pathogenesis of T1R. In a retrospective design, we evaluated innate differences in response to Mycobacterium leprae between healthy individuals and former leprosy patients affected or free of T1R by analyzing the transcriptome response of whole blood to M. leprae sonicate. Validation of results was conducted in a subsequent prospective study. We observed the differential expression of 581 genes upon exposure of whole blood to M. leprae sonicate in the retrospective study. We defined a 44 T1R gene set signature of differentially regulated genes. The majority of the T1R set genes were represented by three functional groups: i) pro-inflammatory regulators; ii) arachidonic acid metabolism mediators; and iii) regulators of anti-inflammation. The validity of the T1R gene set signature was replicated in the prospective arm of the study. The T1R genetic signature encompasses genes encoding pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators of innate immunity. This suggests an innate defect in the regulation of the inflammatory response to M. leprae antigens. The identified T1R gene set represents a critical first step towards a genetic profile of leprosy patients who are at increased risk of T1R and concomitant nerve damage. Leprosy type 1 reversal reactions (T1R) are an important cause of nerve damage in leprosy patients and accurate prediction of patients at increased risk of T1R is a major challenge of current leprosy control. The incidence of T1R differs widely from 6% to 67% of leprosy patients in different leprosy endemic settings. Whether or not this reflects the impact of unknown environmental triggers or differences in the genetic background across ethnicities is not known. We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis between leprosy patients affected and free of T1R in response to M. leprae antigens. As the discovery sample we enrolled cured leprosy patients who had been diagnosed with T1R at the time of leprosy diagnosis and leprosy patients who had never undergone T1R (retrospective arm). Whole genome transcriptome analysis after stimulation of blood with M. leprae antigen resulted in the definition of a T1R signature gene set. We validated the T1R gene set in RNA samples obtained from T1R-free patients at the time of leprosy diagnosis and followed for 3 years for development of T1R (prospective arm). These results confirm the role of innate factors in T1R and are a first step towards a predictive genetic T1R signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Orlova
- McGill International TB Centre, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- McGill International TB Centre, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venereology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - John Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yohann Nédélec
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Barreiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venereology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- URC-CIC, Hopital Tarnier, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- McGill International TB Centre, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Grant AV, Alter A, Huong NT, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Schurr E, Alcais A. Crohn's disease susceptibility genes are associated with leprosy in the Vietnamese population. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1763-7. [PMID: 22984114 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A genomewide association study in Chinese patients with leprosy detected association signals in 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to 6 loci, of which 4 are related to the NOD2 signaling pathway and are Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Here, we studied these 16 SNPs as potential leprosy susceptibility factors in 474 Vietnamese leprosy simplex families. We replicated SNPs at HLA-DR-DQ, RIPK2, CCDC122-LACC1, and NOD2 as leprosy susceptibility factors in Vietnam. These results validated the striking overlap in the genetic control of Crohn's disease and leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey V Grant
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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Abstract
This paper examines the social management of rape within kin groups in contemporary Vietnam, with a particular focus on the decision whether or not to seek legal redress. Post-rape management entails negotiations among families on matters such as apology and compensation before a decision is made about whether to report the incident to the authorities. By drawing on an ethnographic study of a limited number of respondents, this paper highlights how rape disclosure is often bound up with notions of family honour, with assumptions about kinship, gender relations, social belonging and shared responsibility in a collective society such as Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thu Huong
- Department of Anthropology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Sinou V, Quang LH, Pelleau S, Huong VN, Huong NT, Tai LM, Bertaux L, Desbordes M, Latour C, Long LQ, Thanh NX, Parzy D. Polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum Na(+)/H(+) exchanger is indicative of a low in vitro quinine susceptibility in isolates from Viet Nam. Malar J 2011; 10:164. [PMID: 21669011 PMCID: PMC3123604 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium falciparum NA+/H+ exchanger (pfnhe1, gene PF13_0019) has recently been proposed to influence quinine (QN) susceptibility. However, its contribution to QN resistance seems to vary geographically depending on the genetic background of the parasites. Here, the role of this gene was investigated in in vitro QN susceptibility of isolates from Viet Nam. Method Ninety-eight isolates were obtained from three different regions of the Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong bordering Cambodia provinces during 2006-2008. Among these, 79 were identified as monoclonal infection and were genotyped at the microsatellite pfnhe1 ms4760 locus and in vitro QN sensitivity data were obtained for 51 isolates. Parasite growth was assessed in the field using the HRP2 immunodetection assay. Results Significant associations were found between polymorphisms at pfnhe1 microsatellite ms4760 and susceptibility to QN. Isolates with two or more DNNND exhibited much lower susceptibility to QN than those harbouring zero or one DNNND repeats (median IC50 of 682 nM versus median IC50 of 300 nM; p = 0.0146) while isolates with one NHNDNHNNDDD repeat presented significantly reduced QN susceptibility than those who had two (median IC50 of 704 nM versus median IC50 of 375 nM; p < 0.01). These QNR associated genotype features were mainly due to the over representation of profile 7 among isolates (76.5%). The majority of parasites had pfcrt76T and wild-type pfmdr1 (> 95%) thus preventing analysis of associations with these mutations. Interestingly, area with the highest median QN IC50 showed also the highest percentage of isolates carrying the pfnhe1 haplotype 7. Conclusions The haplotype 7 which is the typical Asian profile is likely well-adapted to high drug pressure in this area and may constitute a good genetic marker to evaluate the dissemination of QNR in this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Sinou
- UMR-MD3 Relations Hôte-Parasite, Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique, Université de la Méditerranée, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Antenne IRBA-Marseille, Marseille, France.
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13
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Alter A, Huong NT, Singh M, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Katoch K, Gao X, Thai VH, Ba NN, Carrington M, Abel L, Mehra N, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Human leukocyte antigen class I region single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with leprosy susceptibility in Vietnam and India. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1274-81. [PMID: 21459816 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggested the existence of unidentified leprosy susceptibility loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. To identify such genetic risk factors, a high-density association scan of a 1.9-mega-base (Mb) region in the HLA complex was performed. Among 682 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 59 were associated with leprosy (P <.01) in 198 Vietnamese single-case leprosy families. Genotyping of these SNPs in an independent sample of 292 Vietnamese single-case leprosy families replicated the association of 12 SNPs (P <.01). Multivariate analysis of these 12 SNPs showed that the association information could be captured by 2 intergenic HLA class I region SNPs (P = 9.4 × 10⁻⁹)-rs2394885 and rs2922997 (marginal multivariate P = 2.1 × 10⁻⁷ and P = .0016, respectively). SNP rs2394885 tagged the HLA-C*15:05 allele in the Vietnamese population. The identical associations were validated in a third sample of 364 patients with leprosy and 371 control subjects from North India. These results implicated class I alleles in leprosy pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alter
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
This paper discusses the knowledge transfer process in offshore outsourcing. The focus is a case study of software offshore outsourcing from Japan to Vietnam. Initial results confirm that willingness to cooperate and good impressions facilitate the knowledge transfer process. In addition, communication barriers, cultural differences, lack of equivalence in individual competence, and lack of common rules slow down the transfer process. The study also identifies the Bridge System Engineer (Bridge SE)-a type of coordinator who mediates and enhances the relationship between Japanese clients and Vietnamese service providers. Employing a Bridge SE is an effective way to fill the communication gap, the cultural gap, and generally improve the business relationship. Bridge SEs use their background of higher education and long-term residence in Japan to give advice to Vietnamese software teams on Japanese cultural characteristics, such as the apology culture and the separation between work and private time. In other situations, Bridge SEs use their IT background and communication skills to verify and adjust communication contents before information is sent from one side to another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dam Hieu Chi
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
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15
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Alter A, de Léséleuc L, Van Thuc N, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Cardoso CC, Grant AV, Abel L, Moraes MO, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Genetic and functional analysis of common MRC1 exon 7 polymorphisms in leprosy susceptibility. Hum Genet 2009; 127:337-48. [PMID: 20035344 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal region 10p13 has been linked to paucibacillary leprosy in two independent studies. The MRC1 gene, encoding the human mannose receptor (MR), is located in the 10p13 region and non-synonymous SNPs in exon 7 of the gene have been suggested as leprosy susceptibility factors. We determined that G396S is the only non-synonymous exon 7-encoded polymorphism in 396 unrelated Vietnamese subjects. This SNP was genotyped in 490 simplex and 90 multiplex leprosy families comprising 704 patients (47% paucibacillary; 53% multibacillary). We observed significant under-transmission of the serine allele of the G396S polymorphism with leprosy per se (P = 0.036) and multibacillary leprosy (P = 0.034). In a sample of 384 Brazilian leprosy cases (51% paucibacillary; 49% multibacillary) and 399 healthy controls, we observed significant association of the glycine allele of the G396S polymorphism with leprosy per se (P = 0.016) and multibacillary leprosy (P = 0.023). In addition, we observed a significant association of exon 7 encoded amino acid haplotypes with leprosy per se (P = 0.012) and multibacillary leprosy (P = 0.004). Next, we tested HEK293 cells over-expressing MR constructs (293-MR) with three exon 7 haplotypes of MRC1 for their ability to bind and internalize ovalbumin and zymosan, two classical MR ligands. No difference in uptake was measured between the variants. In addition, 293-MR failed to bind and internalize viable Mycobacterium leprae and BCG. We propose that the MR-M. leprae interaction is modulated by an accessory host molecule of unknown identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alter
- Department of Medicine, McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Umble KE, Brooks J, Lowman A, Malison M, Huong NT, Iademarco M, Laserson K. Management training in Vietnam's National Tuberculosis Program: an impact evaluation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13:238-246. [PMID: 19146754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), Vietnam. OBJECTIVES To show how the Sustainable Management Development Program (SMDP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention created capacity within Vietnam's NTP to organize a management training program, and to assess the influence of the NTP's in-country training program on individual and team management practices and the performance of provincial TB control programs. DESIGN Eight case studies of participating provincial TB organizations, including cross-case and content analysis. RESULTS Participants and their back-home learning project teams demonstrated a solid understanding of the concepts taught, particularly evidence-based decision making, problem diagnosis and problem solving, and using teamwork to improve results. They gave multiple examples of how they use these concepts in their daily work. Project teams exceeded, attained or very nearly attained their target objectives, including improved DOTS implementation. Process improvements had become a routine part of their practice and were often diffused to other districts. Several teams said they now took more initiative in identifying problems and devising solutions. Others said that increased teamwork was improving the commitment of the NTP staff. CONCLUSION Management training, including applied projects with coaching, can improve managerial and program performance of NTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Umble
- North Carolina Institute for Public Health, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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17
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Ranque B, Alter A, Mira M, Thuc NV, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Khoa PX, Schurr E, Abel L, Alcaïs A. Genomewide linkage analysis of the granulomatous mitsuda reaction implicates chromosomal regions 2q35 and 17q21. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1248-52. [PMID: 17955444 DOI: 10.1086/521684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitsuda reaction, a delayed granulomatous skin reaction elicited by the intradermal injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium leprae, is an in vivo test reflecting the ability to generate an immune granuloma after sensitization by diverse mycobacterial infections. Accumulating evidence for the genetic control of the Mitsuda reaction has been reported. We performed a genomewide linkage scan for the quantitative Mitsuda reaction in 19 large families from Vietnam with a history of leprosy (114 offspring). Suggestive linkage was found at chromosomal regions 2q35 (P = 9 x 10(-4) at the SLC11A1 locus) and 17q21-25 (P = 8 x 10(-4)). Interestingly, these 2 regions have been previously linked to mycobacterial infection and other granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Ranque
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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18
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Vree M, Huong NT, Duong BD, Sy DN, Van LN, Hung NV, Co NV, Borgdorff MW, Cobelens FG. Survival and relapse rate of tuberculosis patients who successfully completed treatment in Vietnam. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11:392-7. [PMID: 17394684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Reported tuberculosis (TB) cure rates are high in Vietnam with the 8-month short-course chemotherapy regimen. However, long-term treatment outcomes are unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess survival and relapse rates among patients successfully treated for new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS A cohort of patients treated in 32 randomly selected districts in northern Vietnam were followed up 12-24 months after reported cure or treatment success for survival and bacteriologically confirmed relapse. Measurements included sputum smear examination, culture and interview for recent treatment history. RESULTS Of 304 patients included in the study, no information was available for 31 (10%) and 19 (6%) had died. Bacteriology results were available for 244 (80%). The median interval between treatment completion and follow-up was 19 months. Relapse was recorded in 21/244 (8.6%, 95%CI 5.4-13), including 9 (4%) with positive sputum smears, 3 (1%) with negative smears but positive culture and 9 (4%) who had started TB retreatment. Four of 12 culture-positive relapse cases (33%) had multidrug-resistant strains. If the definition of relapse was extended to include death, reportedly due to TB, the relapse proportion was 26/263 (9.9%, 95%CI 6.6-14). CONCLUSION A substantial proportion of patients (15%) had died or relapsed after being successfully treated for TB in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vree
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, 3501 CC The Hague, The Netherlands.
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19
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Vanderborght PR, Pacheco AG, Moraes ME, Antoni G, Romero M, Verville A, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Schurr E, Sarno EN, Moraes MO. HLA-DRB1*04 and DRB1*10 are associated with resistance and susceptibility, respectively, in Brazilian and Vietnamese leprosy patients. Genes Immun 2007; 8:320-4. [PMID: 17396103 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The host genetic background has been considered one of the factors that influence leprosy outcome, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Genome scans demonstrated that the 6p21 region is associated with leprosy and a substantial number of population-based studies analyzing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II loci suggested association of HLA-DR with leprosy. However, some studies lacked robustness as they had limited power. Indeed, experimental designs require increased sample size to achieve adequate power, as well as replication studies with independent samples for confirmation of previous findings. In this work, we analyzed the influence of the HLA-DRB1 locus on leprosy susceptibility per se and disease type using a case-control design carried out in Brazilians (578 cases and 691 controls) and a replication study based on a family design in a Vietnamese population (n=194 families). The results showed that HLA-DRB1*10 is associated with susceptibility to leprosy and HLA-DRB1*04 is associated with resistance, both in the Brazilian and Vietnamese populations suggesting that these alleles play an important role in the activation of cellular immune responses against M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Vanderborght
- Leprosy Laboratory, Department of Mycobacterioses, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
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20
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Huong NT, Duong BD, Co NV, Quy HT, Tung LB, Broekmans JF, Bosman MC, Verhage C, Kalisvaart N, Borgdorff MW, Cobelens FG. Tuberculosis epidemiology in six provinces of Vietnam after the introduction of the DOTS strategy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10:963-9. [PMID: 16964785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Six provinces in Vietnam where the DOTS strategy was introduced in 1989. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of improved tuberculosis (TB) control on TB epidemiology in Vietnam. METHODS Data from the surveillance system in the period 1990-2003 were analysed to assess trends of notification rates and the mean ages of notified cases. Data from repeated tuberculin surveys in the period 1986-2002 were estimated to assess the prevalence of TB infection, the annual risk of infection and its trend using various cut-off points in those with and without bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) scar. RESULTS Age-standardised notification rates in the period 1996-2003 declined significantly, by 2.6% to 5.9% per year, in five provinces. However, in four provinces notification rates in the age group 15-24 years increased significantly, by 4.5% to 13.6% per year, during this period. The mean age of newly diagnosed patients with smear-positive TB increased up to 1995 but decreased thereafter. The annual risk of TB infection showed a significant annual decrease (4.9% per year) in one province in surveys performed between 1986 and 1997, and in two provinces (6.6% and 4.7%) in surveys conducted between 1993 and 2002. CONCLUSION These data suggest limited impact to date of the DOTS strategy in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- National Hospital of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
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21
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Huong NT, Duong BD, Linh NN, Van LN, Co NV, Broekmans JF, Cobelens FG, Borgdorff MW. Evaluation of sputum smear microscopy in the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in the north of Vietnam. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10:277-82. [PMID: 16562707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the yield of sputum smear microscopy and sex differences in the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in the north of Vietnam. METHODS Review of registers of 30 randomly selected laboratories (26 district, 4 provincial level). RESULTS The average daily workload per technician was 4.4 examinations in district and 5.3 examinations in provincial laboratories. To find one smear-positive case, 9.7 suspects were examined and 29.3 smears done. The smear-positive rate (mean 10.3%) was higher among men (11.6%) than among women (8.4%, P < 0.001). There were more men than women among tuberculosis (TB) suspects (male:female ratio 1.36, 95%CI 1.19-1.54), but even more so among smear-positive patients (1.89, 95%CI 1.64-2.14), irrespective of specimen quality and number of smears examined. Three smears were examined for 18,055 suspects (61.7%). The incremental gain was 33.5% and 4.9% for the second and third smear examination, respectively; 186 (95%CI 160-221) smears needed to be examined to find one additional case of TB with a third serial examination. CONCLUSION The diagnostic process seemed generally efficient. The male:female ratios suggest higher TB incidence in men rather than lower access to TB facilities for women. The third smear examination could be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- National Hospital of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
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22
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Ranque B, Alcais A, Thuc NV, Woynard S, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Khoa PX, Schurr E, Abel L. A Recessive Major Gene Controls the Mitsuda Reaction in a Region Endemic for Leprosy. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:1475-82. [PMID: 16170767 DOI: 10.1086/466535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The Mitsuda reaction is a delayed granulomatous skin reaction elicited by intradermal injection of heat-killed M. leprae. Interestingly, results of the Mitsuda test are positive in the majority of individuals, even in areas not endemic for M. leprae. Like leprosy, the Mitsuda reaction is thought to be genetically controlled, but its mode of inheritance is unknown, although the role of the NRAMP1 gene has previously been reported. METHODS We conducted a segregation analysis of quantitative Mitsuda reactivity in 168 Vietnamese nuclear families ascertained through patients with leprosy. RESULTS We found strong evidence (P<10-9) for a major gene controlling the Mitsuda reaction independently of leprosy clinical status. Subsequent linkage analysis showed that this major gene was distinct from NRAMP1. Under the major-gene model, approximately 12% of individuals are homozygous for the recessive predisposing allele and are predicted to display high levels of Mitsuda reactivity (mean, approximately 10 mm, versus 5 mm in other individuals). CONCLUSION We provide evidence that the Mitsuda reaction is controlled by a major gene. Our study paves the way for the identification of this gene and should provide novel insight into the mechanisms involved in granuloma formation, especially in M. leprae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Ranque
- Laboratoire de Genetique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Universite de Paris Rene Descartes-INSERM U.550, Faculte de Medecine Necker, Paris, France, European Union
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Huong NT, Duong BD, Co NV, Quy HT, Tung LB, Bosman M, Gebhardt A, Velema JP, Broekmans JF, Borgdorff MW. Establishment and development of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in Vietnam. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9:151-6. [PMID: 15732733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the establishment and development of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) of Vietnam. METHODS Data were obtained from the surveillance system established by the new NTP in 1986 and based on the principles now described as the WHO DOTS strategy. RESULTS The proportion of districts covered by the NTP increased from 40% in 1986 to almost 100% in 2000. The proportion of communes applying NTP guidelines increased from 18% in 1986 to 99.8% in 2000. The total number of tuberculosis cases notified increased from 8737 in 1986 to 89 792 in 2000. Most of these are new smear-positive cases. Based on WHO estimations of the incidence rate, the proportion of new smear-positive cases detected and put on short-course treatment has been over 70% since 1996. Reported cure rates with short-course chemotherapy are consistently over 85%. CONCLUSIONS DOTS is feasible in a low-income, high-burden country. The main reasons for success were political commitment, a well-functioning health network, integration of tuberculosis control into the general health service at district level, a continuous supply of drugs and effective external support. Major challenges are long-term financial support, expansion to remote areas and vulnerable groups, definition of the role of the private sector, and future developments of the HIV epidemic and multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- National Hospital of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Hanoi, The Netherlands
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Mira MT, Alcaïs A, Van Thuc N, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Verner A, Hudson TJ, Abel L, Schurr E. Chromosome 6q25 is linked to susceptibility to leprosy in a Vietnamese population. Nat Genet 2003; 33:412-5. [PMID: 12577057 DOI: 10.1038/ng1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2002] [Accepted: 01/06/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affects an estimated 700,000 persons each year. Clinically, leprosy can be categorized as paucibacillary or multibacillary disease. These clinical forms develop in persons that are intrinsically susceptible to leprosy per se, that is, leprosy independent of its specific clinical manifestation. We report here on a genome-wide search for loci controlling susceptibility to leprosy per se in a panel of 86 families including 205 siblings affected with leprosy from Southern Vietnam. Using model-free linkage analysis, we found significant evidence for a susceptibility gene on chromosome region 6q25 (maximum likelihood binomial (MLB) lod score 4.31; P = 5 x 10(-6)). We confirmed this by family-based association analysis in an independent panel of 208 Vietnamese leprosy simplex families. Of seven microsatellite markers underlying the linkage peak, alleles of two markers (D6S1035 and D6S305) showed strong evidence for association with leprosy (P = 6.7 x 10(-4) and P = 5.9 x 10(-5), respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Mira
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, H3G 1A4 PQ, Canada
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Holland WG, Do TT, Huong NT, Dung NT, Thanh NG, Vercruysse J, Goddeeris BM. The effect of Trypanosoma evansi infection on pig performance and vaccination against classical swine fever. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:115-23. [PMID: 12531288 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Trypanosoma evansi is not considered as an important pathogen in pigs, it may interfere with other pathogens or vaccinations by its immunosuppressive nature. In order to determine whether T. evansi alters pig performance and induces immunosuppression in pigs, induction of immune responses by vaccination against classical swine fever (CSF) and by immunization with a control antigen, human serum albumin (HSA), was assessed in T. evansi-infected and non-infected animals. Although T. evansi infection did not have a significant influence on growth performance, feed conversion or PCV, antibody responses against both the test antigen HSA and the CSF vaccine were significantly reduced in T. evansi-infected animals as compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the reduced response against the CSF vaccine appears to be accompanied by a less well-developed protection against CSF with higher fever responses and leukopenia. This immunosuppression might explain the accounts of poor protection of CSF-vaccinated pigs reported in T. evansi-endemic areas of Vietnam, and suggests that prior treatments with trypanocidal drugs to improve the efficacy of CSF vaccination, may be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Holland
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Virology-Parasitology-Immunology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Tuan T, Marsh DR, Ha TT, Schroeder DG, Thach TD, Dung VM, Huong NT. Weighing Vietnamese children: how accurate are child weights adjusted for estimates of clothing weight? Food Nutr Bull 2002; 23:48-52. [PMID: 12503231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Children who are weighed for growth monitoring are frequently clothed, especially in the cold weather. Health workers commonly estimate and subtract the weight of these clothes, but the accuracy of these estimates is unknown. We assessed the accuracy of child weights adjusted for estimated clothing typical of hot, cold, and extremely cold ambient temperatures. Trained field workers weighed a sample of 212 children 6 to 42 months old from the ViSION project, adjusted the weights using a job aid describing the weights of common clothing by season and age, and then weighed the clothing to calculate the actual clothing and child weights. Fieldworker estimates of the weight of the clothing that children wore during weighing were remarkably good. In nearly all cases (207 of 212; 97.7%), the difference between the estimated and actual clothing weight was less than the precision of the child scales (+/- 50 g), and most (181 of 212; 84.5%) were within 25 g. Thus, the calculated child weights were, in fact, equivalent to the actual child weights. Using simulations, we found that improperly accounting for clothing weight can overestimate weight-for-age by 0.1 to 0.4 Z score. Accurate weights are possible, even under adverse conditions. Our training methods, clothing album, and job aid might benefit nutrition research and programming in Viet Nam as well as settings with colder climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tuan
- Vietnam Research and Training Center for Community Development in Hanoi
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Huong NT, Sonthayanon P, Ketterman AJ, Panyim S. A rapid polymerase chain reaction based method for identification of the Anopheles dirus sibling species. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2001; 32:615-20. [PMID: 11944726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method was developed to differentiate the Anopheles dirus, species A, B, C and D in Thailand using specific primers designed from species specific sequences. The PCR protocol was optimized to obtain products of 120 bp, 75 bp, 60 bp and 172 bp for species A, B, C and D, respectively. This method used a cocktail of four primer sets to identify these An. dirus sibling species. The method is very sensitive as only a small portion of mosquito was required allowing the rest of the mosquito to be used for other analyses. Specimens also kept for up to 14 years could be analyzed unambiguously from either larvae or adult. This method is advantageous over other PCR-based methods for identification of malaria vectors because it does not require any specific DNA extraction. A mosquito specimen was homogenized in 1x PCR buffer, then the supernatant directly used for PCR identification, allowing a large number of samples to be processed at the same time. It provides a simple and rapid practical method for screening An. dirus species, which is essential in malaria vector epidemiological studies in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quinhon, Vietnam
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Huong NT, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater A, Prateepchaikul L. Cost-benefit analysis of urine pregnancy tests prior to menstrual regulation in Vietnam. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:825-6. [PMID: 11344899 PMCID: PMC1446667 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.91.5.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Yobimoto K, Matsumoto K, Huong NT, Kasai R, Yamasaki K, Watanabe H. Suppressive effects of vietnamese ginseng saponin and its major component majonoside-R2 on psychological stress-induced enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 66:661-5. [PMID: 10899385 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo effects of Vietnamese ginseng saponin (VG saponin) and its major component majonoside-R2 (MR2) on psychological stress-induced enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain. Psychological stress exposure using a communication box system for 4 h significantly increased the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), an index of lipid peroxidation activity, in the brain. Pretreatment with VG saponin (15-25 mg/kg, PO) and MR2 (1-10 mg/kg, IP) significantly attenuated the psychological stress-induced increase in TBARS content in the brain. The aglycone of MR2 (MR2-aglycone: 1.2 mg/kg, IP), at the equivalent dose of MR2 (i.e., 3 mg/kg, IP), also produced the suppressive effect on the increase in the TBARS content. The in vivo suppressive effect of MR2 was dose dependently attenuated by flumazenil (3 and 10 mg/kg, IP), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, and pregnenolone sulfate (10 mg/kg, IP), a neurosteroidal negative allosteric modulator of GABA(A) receptors. These findings suggest that VG saponin and its major component MR2 have preventive effects on the psychological stress-induced brain cell membrane damage, and that the effect of MR2 is partly due to enhancement of GABA(A)-ergic systems in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yobimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, 930-0194, Toyama, Japan
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Hoan PT, Bao TV, Phong DN, Huong NT, Lazare M, Boelaert M. [Early neonatal mortality at the gynecological-obstetrical hospital of Hanoi, Vietnam]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2000; 93:62-5. [PMID: 10774499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted of a series of 18,834 births at the gynaecological-obstetrics hospital of Hanoi, Vietnam, from January 1-1991 to December 31-1995. The mean early neonatal mortality rate was 24.4". During the study period, a considerable decrease in rate was observed, which was attributed to a change in patient profile. The registered causes of death were primarily due to premature delivery and/or respiratory distress (70%). Forty-nine percent of the early neonatal deaths occurred during the first day of life. The risk factors for early neonatal death were assessed. Improved surveillance at the hospital of delivery practices is necessary and the problem of prematurity should be approached from a broad perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Hoan
- Département de biologie et génétique médicales, Faculté de médecine de Hanoï, Vietnam
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Matsumoto K, Yobimoto K, Huong NT, Abdel-Fattah M, Van Hien T, Watanabe H. Psychological stress-induced enhancement of brain lipid peroxidation via nitric oxide systems and its modulation by anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs in mice. Brain Res 1999; 839:74-84. [PMID: 10482801 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of psychological stress on lipid peroxidation activity in the mouse brain, the mechanism underlying the psychological stress-induced change in the activity, and the effects of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs on the activity in psychologically-stressed animals. Psychological stress exposure using a communication box paradigm for 2-16 h significantly increased the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), an index of lipid peroxidation activity, in the brain, and the effect was maximal after peaked by a 4-h stress exposure. In the animals stressed for over 4 h, the increased brain TBARS content lasted for 30 min after the stress exposure, while no significant increase of the TBARS content was observed in the liver or serum. Trolox (67.6 mg/kg, i.p.), an antioxidant drug, but not monoamine oxidase inhibitors, clorgyline (2.5-5 mg/kg, i.p.) or 5-(4-benzylphenyl)-3-(2-cyanoethyl)-(3H)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-o ne (1-5 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly suppressed the effect of psychological stress. The non-selective nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10-100 mg/kg, i.p.) and the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.), but not the inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (1-100 mg/kg, i.p.), dose dependently suppressed the psychological stress-induced enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the brain. L-Arginine (300 mg/kg, i.p.), a substrate of NOS, antagonized the effect of L-NAME. Measurements of NO metabolites revealed a significant increase of NO production in the brains of stressed mice. The benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonist diazepam (0.05-0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists (+/-)-8-hydroxy-di-propylaminotetralin and buspirone (0.1-1 mg/kg, i. p.), but not the 5-HT(3) receptor agonist MDL72222, dose-dependently suppressed the psychological stress-induced enhancement of brain lipid peroxidation. In contrast, the administration of anxiogenic drugs, FG7142 (an inverse BZD agonist: 1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (a mixed 5-HT(2A/2B/2C) agonist: 0.1-1 mg/kg, i.p.), potentiated it. The effects of diazepam and FG7142 were abolished by the BZD receptor antagonist flumazenil (10 mg/kg, i.p.). These results indicate that psychological stress causes oxidative damage to the brain lipid via enhancing constitutive NOS-mediated production of NO, and that drugs with a BZD or 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist profile have a protective effect on oxidative brain membrane damage induced by psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
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Abstract
We tested a modified Beilstein method for detecting pyrethroids on bednets under laboratory conditions using an emulsifiable concentrate of permethrin (50 EC) for viability as a simple standardized field test and to judge its reliability for detecting different insecticide doses. At the recommended doses of permethrin (0.5 g/m2), sensitivity was near 100%, even when small pieces of fabric were tested and time of extraction was limited. In unwashed nets sensitivity stayed high (80-95%) down to 0.1 g active ingredient/m2. In untreated nets false positives were rare (0-2%). The test could become a valuable tool in vector control programmes: it is cheap, easy to learn and to perform. The Lot Quality Assurance Sampling method, using an upper and lower performance threshold, could be applied for monitoring the impregnation campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verlé
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
To elucidate the antioxidant action of Vietnamese ginseng saponin against free radial-mediated cellular damage, we examined the effect of Vietnamese ginseng saponin on lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain, liver, and liver microsomes by using two in vitro free radical generating systems (iron ferrous+ascorbic acid and iron ferrous+hydrogen peroxide). Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the endogenous and stimulated accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBA-RS). Vietnamese ginseng saponin (0.05-0.5 mg/ml), as well as vitamin E, significantly inhibited the formation of TBA-RS in tissue homogenates. Panax ginseng saponin, at the same concentration range as Vietnamese ginseng saponin, also had inhibitory action on free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation. However, majonoside-R2, ginsenoside-Rg1 and ginsenoside-Rb1, the main saponin components of Vietnamese ginseng saponin fraction, had no effect on lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that Vietnamese ginseng exerts a protective action against free radical-induced tissue injury and that this effect is attributable to minor components rather than the main saponin components tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Oriental Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan
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Huong NT, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. The antistress effect of majonoside-R2, a major saponin component of Vietnamese ginseng: neuronal mechanisms of action. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1998; 20:65-76. [PMID: 9575485 DOI: 10.1358/mf.1998.20.1.485634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Majonoside-R2 (MR2), an ocotillol-type saponin, is a dominant saponin component of Vietnamese ginseng. We have investigated the effect of MR2 on behavioral and pathophysiological changes caused by psychological stress such as the communication box paradigm-induced psychological stress (CBP stress), conditioned fear stress and social isolation stress in laboratory animals, and elucidated the possible neuronal mechanisms underlying the action of this compound. MR2 attenuated CBP stress- and conditioned fear stress-induced antinociception, had a protective effect against CBP stress-induced gastric lesions, and restored the hypnotic activity of pentobarbital decreased by CBP stress or social isolation stress to the level of the unstressed controls. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests the involvement of the central opioid, GABAA receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor mechanisms in the effect of MR2. Here we review the antistress effect of Vietnamese ginseng, especially focusing on the effect of MR2 on psychosomatic disorders caused by psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Oriental Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Huong NT, Matsumoto K, Yamasaki K, Duc NM, Nham NT, Watanabe H. Majonoside-R2, a major constituent of Vietnamese ginseng, attenuates opioid-induced antinociception. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 57:285-91. [PMID: 9164584 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of majonoside-R2 on antinociceptive responses caused by the mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine and the selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-50, 488H were examined by the tail-pinch test in mice. Intraperitoneal (IP) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of majonoside-R2 (3.1-6.2 mg/kg, IP or 5-10 micrograms/mouse, ICV) and diazepam (0.1-0.5 mg/kg, IP or 0.5-1.0 microgram/mouse, ICV), as well as an opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg, IP or 5 micrograms/mouse, ICV), dose-dependently attenuated the antinociception caused by subcutaneously administered morphine and U-50,488H. Moreover, when co-administered ICV or intrathecally (IT) with morphine (4 micrograms/mouse) or U-50,488H (60 micrograms/mouse), majonoside-R2 (5-20 micrograms/mouse) also exhibited antagonism against the antinociceptive action of these opioid receptor agonists in the tail-pinch test. The inhibitory effects of majonoside-R2 (10 micrograms/mouse, ICV) and diazepam (1 microgram/mouse, ICV) were reversed by flumazenil (2.5 micrograms/mouse, ICV), a selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, and picrotoxin (0.25 microgram/mouse, ICV), a GABA-gated chloride channel blocker. These results suggest that majonoside-R2 attenuates the opioid-induced antinociception by acting at the spinal and supraspinal levels, and that the GABAA receptor complex at the supraspinal level is involved in the effect of ICV administered majonoside-R2.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Animals
- Diazepam/pharmacology
- GABA Antagonists/pharmacology
- Ginsenosides
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Morphine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pain Measurement
- Panax/chemistry
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Saponins/isolation & purification
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Vietnam
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huong
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Oriental Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Anh PT, Mai TP, Phuong HT, Cuong DT, Huong NT, Quy PV, Sangpetchsong V, Kitayaporn D. Prevalence of lower genital tract infections among Vietnamese women attending a maternal and child health center in Hanoi, Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1996; 27:193-5. [PMID: 9031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P T Anh
- Institute for the Protection of Mother and the Newborn, Hanoi, Vietnam
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