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Ferecskó AS, Smallwood MJ, Moore A, Liddle C, Newcombe J, Holley J, Whatmore J, Gutowski NJ, Eggleton P. STING-Triggered CNS Inflammation in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051375. [PMID: 37239045 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some neurodegenerative diseases have an element of neuroinflammation that is triggered by viral nucleic acids, resulting in the generation of type I interferons. In the cGAS-STING pathway, microbial and host-derived DNA bind and activate the DNA sensor cGAS, and the resulting cyclic dinucleotide, 2'3-cGAMP, binds to a critical adaptor protein, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which leads to activation of downstream pathway components. However, there is limited work demonstrating the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in human neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS Post-mortem CNS tissue from donors with multiple sclerosis (n = 4), Alzheimer's disease (n = 6), Parkinson's disease (n = 3), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 3) and non-neurodegenerative controls (n = 11) were screened by immunohistochemistry for STING and relevant protein aggregates (e.g., amyloid-β, α-synuclein, TDP-43). Human brain endothelial cells were cultured and stimulated with the STING agonist palmitic acid (1-400 μM) and assessed for mitochondrial stress (release of mitochondrial DNA into cytosol, increased oxygen consumption), downstream regulator factors, TBK-1/pIRF3 and inflammatory biomarker interferon-β release and changes in ICAM-1 integrin expression. RESULTS In neurodegenerative brain diseases, elevated STING protein was observed mainly in brain endothelial cells and neurons, compared to non-neurodegenerative control tissues where STING protein staining was weaker. Interestingly, a higher STING presence was associated with toxic protein aggregates (e.g., in neurons). Similarly high STING protein levels were observed within acute demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis subjects. To understand non-microbial/metabolic stress activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, brain endothelial cells were treated with palmitic acid. This evoked mitochondrial respiratory stress up to a ~2.5-fold increase in cellular oxygen consumption. Palmitic acid induced a statistically significant increase in cytosolic DNA leakage from endothelial cell mitochondria (Mander's coefficient; p < 0.05) and a significant increase in TBK-1, phosphorylated transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3, cGAS and cell surface ICAM. In addition, a dose response in the secretion of interferon-β was observed, but it failed to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The histological evidence shows that the common cGAS-STING pathway appears to be activated in endothelial and neural cells in all four neurodegenerative diseases examined. Together with the in vitro data, this suggests that the STING pathway might be activated via perturbation of mitochondrial stress and DNA leakage, resulting in downstream neuroinflammation; hence, this pathway may be a target for future STING therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Ferecskó
- UCB Pharma, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Miranda J Smallwood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Corin Liddle
- Bioimaging Unit, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Janet Holley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Jacqueline Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- UCB Pharma, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
- Revolo Biotherapeutics, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
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Pranjol MZI, Gutowski NJ, Hannemann M, Whatmore JL. Cathepsin L Induces Proangiogenic Changes in Human Omental Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Activation of the ERK1/2 Pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:231-242. [PMID: 30173647 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180831123951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis still remains the major cause of therapeutic failure, poor prognosis and high mortality in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Previously, we showed that EOC cells secrete a range of factors with potential pro-angiogenic activity, in disease-relevant human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs), including the lysosomal protease cathepsin L (CathL). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine potential pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effects of CathL in HOMECs and the activated signalling pathways, and whether these proangiogenic responses are dependent on CathL-catalytic activity. METHODS HOMECs proliferation was investigated using WST-1, BrdU and CyQUANT assays. Cell migration was examined using a Cultrex Cell 96 transwell migration assay. Enzyme activity was assayed at various pHs using the CathL-specific fluorogenic substrate FY-CHO. Activation of cell signalling pathways was tested using a commercially available phosphokinase array and intact cellbased ELISAs. RESULTS We showed for the first time that CathL has a potent pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effect on HOMECs. For instance, CathL significantly increases HOMEC proliferation (134.8±14.7% vs control 100%) and migration (146.6±17.3% vs control 100%). Our data strongly suggest that these proangiogenic effects of CathL are mediated via a non-proteolytic mechanism. Finally, we show that CathL-induced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway is involved in inducing these cellular effects in HOMECs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CathL acts as an extracellular ligand and plays an important pro-angiogenic, and thus pro-metastatic, role during EOC metastasis to the omentum, by activating the omental microvasculature, and thus can potentially be targeted therapeutically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hannemann
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
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Moore L, Eggleton P, Smerdon G, Newcombe J, Holley JE, Gutowski NJ, Smallwood M. Engagement of people with multiple sclerosis to enhance research into the physiological effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 43:102084. [PMID: 32442882 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) have used self-administered oxygen therapy in the UK. Clinical trials have been performed, with scant evidence that people with MS have been consulted to explore how they benefit from or how to optimize this treatment. The conventional MS disease disability scores used in trials seldom reflect the effects individuals report when using oxygen therapy to treat their symptoms. METHODS Three people with MS and the manager of an MS Centre formed a public involvement group and collaborated with clinicians and scientists to inform a lab-based study to investigate the physiological effects of oxygen therapy on microvascular brain endothelial cells. RESULTS People with MS often use oxygen therapy at a later stage when their symptoms worsen and only after using other treatments. The frequency of oxygen therapy sessions and hyperbaric pressure is individualized and varies for people with MS. Despite direct comparisons of efficacy proving difficult, most individuals are exposed to 100% O2 at 1.5 atmosphere absolute (ATA; 1140 mmHg absolute) for 60 min. In a laboratory-based study human brain endothelial cells were exposed in vitro to 152 mmHg O2 for 60 min with and without pressure, as this equates to 20% O2 achievable via hyperbarics, which was then replicated at atmospheric pressure. A significant reduction in endothelial cells ICAM-1 (CD54) implicated in inflammatory cell margination across the blood brain barrier was observed under oxygen treatment. CONCLUSIONS By collaborating with people living with MS, we were able to design laboratory-based experimental protocols that replicate their treatment regimens to advance our understanding of the physiological effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on brain cells and their role in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Moore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
| | - Gary Smerdon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; DDRC Healthcare, Hyperbaric Medical Centre, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jia Newcombe
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; NeuroResource, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janet E Holley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Miranda Smallwood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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Lye JJ, Latorre E, Lee BP, Bandinelli S, Holley JE, Gutowski NJ, Ferrucci L, Harries LW. Astrocyte senescence may drive alterations in GFAPα, CDKN2A p14 ARF, and TAU3 transcript expression and contribute to cognitive decline. GeroScience 2019; 41:561-573. [PMID: 31654269 PMCID: PMC6885035 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues is causally linked to the development of several age-related diseases; the removal of senescent glial cells in animal models prevents Tau accumulation and cognitive decline. Senescent cells can arise through several distinct mechanisms; one such mechanism is dysregulation of alternative splicing. In this study, we characterised the senescent cell phenotype in primary human astrocytes in terms of SA-β-Gal staining and SASP secretion, and then assessed splicing factor expression and candidate gene splicing patterns. Finally, we assessed associations between expression of dysregulated isoforms and premature cognitive decline in 197 samples from the InCHIANTI study of ageing, where expression was present in both blood and brain. We demonstrate here that senescent astrocytes secrete a modified SASP characterised by increased IL8, MMP3, MMP10, and TIMP2 but decreased IL10 levels. We identified significant changes in splicing factor expression for 10/20 splicing factors tested in senescent astrocytes compared with early passage cells, as well as dysregulation of isoform levels for 8/13 brain or senescence genes tested. Finally, associations were identified between peripheral blood GFAPα, TAU3, and CDKN2A (P14ARF) isoform levels and mild or severe cognitive decline over a 3–7-year period. Our data are suggestive that some of the features of cognitive decline may arise from dysregulated splicing of important genes in senescent brain support cells, and that defects in alternative splicing or splicing regulator expression deserve exploration as points of therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed J Lye
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Eva Latorre
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Ben P Lee
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Janet E Holley
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, Clinical Research Branch, Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21225, USA
| | - Lorna W Harries
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK.
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5
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Pranjol MZI, Zinovkin DA, Maskell ART, Stephens LJ, Achinovich SL, Los' DM, Nadyrov EA, Hannemann M, Gutowski NJ, Whatmore JL. Cathepsin L-induced galectin-1 may act as a proangiogenic factor in the metastasis of high-grade serous carcinoma. J Transl Med 2019; 17:216. [PMID: 31269957 PMCID: PMC6610868 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New treatment options for metastasised high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) are urgently needed. HGSC frequently metastasises to the omentum, inducing angiogenesis in the local omental microvasculature to facilitate tumour growth. We previously showed that HGSC-secreted cathepsin L (CathL) induces pro-angiogenic changes in disease relevant human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs), suggesting a role in tumour angiogenesis. Here we investigate whether CathL acts by inducing local production of the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-1 (Gal1), which has been reported to be involved in tumourigenesis in other tumours. Methods HOMECs were used for all experiments. Gal1 mRNA and protein levels were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Gal1-induced cell proliferation was assessed using WST-1 assay, migration using a transwell assay and in vivo Gal1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results CathL transcriptionally regulated HOMEC production and secretion of Gal1 via activation of NFκB (significantly inhibited by sulfasalazine). Gal1 significantly enhanced HOMEC migration (p < 0.001) and proliferation (p < 0.001), suggesting an autocrine action. The latter was significantly reduced by the MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 suggesting downstream activation of this pathway. Immunohistochemical analysis of omenta from HGSC patients with or without metastatic disease demonstrated a positive correlation between Gal1 expression and number of microvessels (r = 0.8702, p < 0.001), and area of vessels (r = 0.7283, p < 0.001), supporting a proangiogenic role for Gal1 in omental metastases. Conclusion HOMEC Gal1 transcription and release in response to CathL secreted from metastasising HGSC acts in an autocrine manner on the local microvasculature to induce pro-angiogenic changes, highlighting a potential new therapeutic target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1963-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dmitry A Zinovkin
- Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, 246000, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Annelie R T Maskell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Laura J Stephens
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sergey L Achinovich
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Gomel Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary, 246012, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Dmitry M Los'
- Gomel Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary, 246012, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Eldar A Nadyrov
- Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, 246000, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Michael Hannemann
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
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6
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Pranjol MZI, Gutowski NJ, Hannemann M, Whatmore JL. Cathepsin D non-proteolytically induces proliferation and migration in human omental microvascular endothelial cells via activation of the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2017; 1865:25-33. [PMID: 29024694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) frequently metastasises to the omentum, a process that requires pro-angiogenic activation of human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs) by tumour-secreted factors. We have previously shown that ovarian cancer cells secrete a range of factors that induce pro-angiogenic responses e.g. migration, in HOMECs including the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CathD). However, the cellular mechanism by which CathD induces these cellular responses is not understood. The aim of this study was to further examine the pro-angiogenic effects of CathD in HOMECs i.e. proliferation and migration, to investigate whether these effects are dependent on CathD catalytic activity and to delineate the intracellular signalling kinases activated by CathD. We report, for the first time, that CathD significantly increases HOMEC proliferation and migration via a non-proteolytic mechanism resulting in activation of ERK1/2 and AKT. These data suggest that EOC cancer secreted CathD acts as an extracellular ligand and may play an important pro-angiogenic, and thus pro-metastatic, role by activating the omental microvasculature during EOC metastasis to the omentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, UK
| | - Michael Hannemann
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
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O'Gara MA, Dharia S, Hilton D, Gutowski NJ. Multifocal necrotising leucoencephalopathy following Salmonella infection in an immunocompetent patient. Pract Neurol 2017; 18:156-158. [PMID: 28972033 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2017-001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Multifocal necrotising leucoencephalopathy is a rare disorder affecting the central nervous system. It is characterised pathologically by microscopic areas of necrosis with pontine predilection but also involvement of extrapontine regions, including the cerebellum, medulla and cerebral hemispheres. It usually occurs on the background of immunosuppression. Here we describe an immunocompetent patient with a recent history of Salmonella infection who presented with subacute neurological deterioration. At postmortem, she had evidence of multifocal necrotising leucoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A O'Gara
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonali Dharia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - David Hilton
- Department of Neuropathology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
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Haile Y, Deng X, Ortiz-Sandoval C, Tahbaz N, Janowicz A, Lu JQ, Kerr BJ, Gutowski NJ, Holley JE, Eggleton P, Giuliani F, Simmen T. Rab32 connects ER stress to mitochondrial defects in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:19. [PMID: 28115010 PMCID: PMC5260063 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, this physiological mechanism has multiple manifestations that range from impaired clearance of unfolded proteins to altered mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. While connections between the triggering of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and downstream mitochondrial dysfunction are poorly understood, the membranous contacts between the ER and mitochondria, called the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM), could provide a functional link between these two mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated whether the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab32, a known regulator of the MAM, mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis, could be associated with ER stress as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS We assessed Rab32 expression in MS patient and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) tissue, via observation of mitochondria in primary neurons and via monitoring of survival of neuronal cells upon increased Rab32 expression. RESULTS We found that the induction of Rab32 and other MAM proteins correlates with ER stress proteins in MS brain, as well as in EAE, and occurs in multiple central nervous system (CNS) cell types. We identify Rab32, known to increase in response to acute brain inflammation, as a novel unfolded protein response (UPR) target. High Rab32 expression shortens neurite length, alters mitochondria morphology, and accelerates apoptosis/necroptosis of human primary neurons and cell lines. CONCLUSIONS ER stress is strongly associated with Rab32 upregulation in the progression of MS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Present address: Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Nasser Tahbaz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet E Holley
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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9
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Rai S, Nejadhamzeeigilani Z, Gutowski NJ, Whatmore JL. Loss of the endothelial glycocalyx is associated with increased E-selectin mediated adhesion of lung tumour cells to the brain microvascular endothelium. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:105. [PMID: 26407999 PMCID: PMC4582832 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Arrest of metastasising lung cancer cells to the brain microvasculature maybe mediated by interactions between ligands on circulating tumour cells and endothelial E-selectin adhesion molecules; a process likely to be regulated by the endothelial glycocalyx. Using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, we describe how factors secreted by NSCLC cells i.e. cystatin C, cathepsin L, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), damage the glycocalyx and enhance initial contacts between lung tumour and cerebral endothelial cells. Methods Endothelial cells were treated with tumour secreted-proteins or lung tumour conditioned medium (CM). Surface levels of E-selectin were quantified by ELISA. Adhesion of A549 and SK-MES-1 cells was examined under flow conditions (1 dyne/cm2). Alterations in the endothelial glycocalyx were quantified by binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-linked wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-FITC). Results A549 and SK-MES-1 CM and secreted-proteins significantly enhanced endothelial surface E-selectin levels after 30 min and 4 h and tumour cell adhesion after 30 min, 4 and 24 h. Both coincided with significant glycocalyx degradation; A549 and SK-MES-1 CM removing 55 ± 12 % and 58 ± 18.7 % of WGA-FITC binding, respectively. Inhibition of E-selectin binding by monoclonal anti-E-selectin antibody completely attenuated tumour cell adhesion. Conclusion These data suggest that metastasising lung cancer cells facilitate their own adhesion to the brain endothelium by secreting factors that damage the endothelial glycocalyx, resulting in exposure of the previously shielded adhesion molecules and engagement of the E-selectin-mediated adhesion axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0223-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Rai
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Zaynab Nejadhamzeeigilani
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK. .,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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10
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Abstract
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD) encompass a number of related conditions and includes Duane syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the external ocular muscles, Möbius syndrome, congenital ptosis and hereditary congenital facial paresis. These are congenital disorders where the primary findings are non-progressive and are caused by developmental abnormalities of cranial nerves/nuclei with primary or secondary dysinnervation. Several CCDD genes have been found, which enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain stem development and axonal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation Hospital, Exeter, UK University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - J K Chilton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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11
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Winiarski BK, Cope N, Alexander M, Pilling LC, Warren S, Acheson N, Gutowski NJ, Whatmore JL. Clinical Relevance of Increased Endothelial and Mesothelial Expression of Proangiogenic Proteases and VEGFA in the Omentum of Patients with Metastatic Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:267-276.e4. [PMID: 24913675 PMCID: PMC4101350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) metastasis to the omentum requires implantation and angiogenesis. We propose that prometastatic changes in the omental endothelium (for angiogenesis) and mesothelium (for implantation) are critical. We investigated the expression of angiogenic proteases [cathepsin D (CD), cathepsin L (CL), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9] and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in the mesothelium and endothelium of omentum from patients with EOC with omental metastases and control patients with benign ovarian tumors. Endothelial expression of CL, VEGFA, and MMP9 and mesothelial expression of VEGFA, MMP9, and CD were significantly increased in patients with metastasized EOC. High expression of MMP9 and VEGFA in endothelium and mesothelium and CD in mesothelium was positively associated with poor disease-specific survival (DSS). High MMP9 expression in either endothelium or mesothelium and presence of ascites prospectively showed the greatest risk of shorter DSS [hazard ratio (HR)= 6.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.76-21.6, P = .0045; HR = 11.42, 95% CI = 2.59-50.35, P = .0013; and HR = 6.35, 95% CI = 2.01-20.1, P = .002, respectively]. High endothelial MMP9 expression and ascites were independent predictors of reduced DSS and overall survival, together resulting in worst patient prognosis. Our data show that omental metastasis of EOC is associated with increased proangiogenic protein expression in the omental endothelium and mesothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw K Winiarski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nichola Cope
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Luke C Pilling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sophie Warren
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nigel Acheson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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12
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Winiarski BK, Acheson N, Gutowski NJ, McHarg S, Whatmore JL. An improved and reliable method for isolation of microvascular endothelial cells from human omentum. Microcirculation 2012; 18:635-45. [PMID: 21854489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite an increasing research demand for human microvascular endothelial cells, isolation of primary endothelial cells from human tissue remains difficult. The omentum, a highly vascular visceral adipose tissue, could provide an excellent source of these cells. METHODS A reliable method to isolate HOMECs has been developed. It consists of initial enzymatic digestion (to deplete cell contaminants), followed by further digestion, selective filtration, and immunoselection using Dynabeads coated with CD31 antibody. Cultures were characterized for expression of endothelial cell markers and their ability to undergo VEGF-dependent in vitro tube structure formation. RESULTS Omental-derived cultures of microvascular endothelial cells were achieved with <5% contamination of other cell types. The endothelial origin of cells was confirmed by the constitutive expression of a range of vascular endothelial markers (CD31, CD105, vWF) and internalization of DiI-AcLDL. Furthermore, cultures were negative for lymphatic endothelial markers, underwent in vitro angiogenesis, and exhibited typical endothelial morphology. CONCLUSIONS This isolation method produces homogeneous HOMEC cultures that can be maintained in vitro for at least six passages without loss of cellular features characterizing endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw K Winiarski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Sabah
- Neurology Department, The Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, UK.
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14
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Hamilton AJ, Gutowski NJ. Aseptic meningitis in a patient receiving treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha. J Neurol 2011; 258:1174-5. [PMID: 21193921 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Holley JE, Newcombe J, Whatmore JL, Gutowski NJ. Increased blood vessel density and endothelial cell proliferation in multiple sclerosis cerebral white matter. Neurosci Lett 2009; 470:65-70. [PMID: 20036712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily considered an inflammatory demyelinating disease, however the role of vasculature in MS pathogenesis is now receiving much interest. MS lesions often develop along blood vessels and alterations in blood brain barrier structure and function, with associated changes in the basement membrane, are pathological features. Nevertheless, the possibility of angiogenesis occurring in MS has received little attention. In this study we used triple label enzyme immunohistochemistry to investigate blood vessel density and endothelial cell proliferation in MS samples (n=39) compared with control tissue to explore evidence of angiogenesis in MS. The results showed that in all MS samples examined blood vessel density increased compared with controls. The greatest increase was found in subacute lesions where numbers of positively stained vessels increased from 43.9+/-8.5% in controls to 84.2+/-13.3% (P=0.001). Furthermore, using an antibody against endoglin (CD105), a specific marker of proliferating endothelial cells, which are characteristic of angiogenesis, we have shown that vessels containing proliferating endothelial cells were more pronounced in all MS tissue examined (normal-appearing white matter, acute, subacute and chronic lesions, P>or=0.027) compared with control and this was greatest in the MS normal-appearing white matter (68.8+/-19.8% versus 10.58+/-6.4%, P=0.003). These findings suggest that angiogenesis may play a role in lesion progression, failure of repair and scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Holley
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
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16
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Abstract
Although Lyme borreliosis is increasingly diagnosed in the United Kingdom, few systematic studies have been performed there. UK data suggest that the commonest complications are neurological, but inadequate information exists about their nature and the incidence of late neuroborreliosis. Local data are necessary because clinical presentations may show geographical variation. This study aimed to provide data on clinical manifestations in an area of South West England and to estimate treatment delay. We reviewed clinical records of 88 patients in the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital catchment area who had positive Borrelia antibody tests during a 5-year period. Fifty-six (64%) reported tick bites. The commonest presentations were erythema migrans (65%) and arthralgia/myalgia (27%). However, 22 patients (25%) had neurological symptoms other than headache alone. Fourteen had facial palsy, eight had confusion/drowsiness, four had meningism, five had radiculopathy, two had sixth nerve palsies, and two had peripheral neuropathies. No late, progressive or atypical neurological syndromes were found. Neurological manifestations were generally predictable and usually included either (or all) of meningoencephalitis, facial palsy or radiculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lovett
- Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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17
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Eccles MJ, Gutowski NJ. Precipitation of long duration hypnic headaches after ACE inhibitor withdrawal. J Neurol 2007; 254:1597-8. [PMID: 17965960 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Defence against oxidative damage is mediated by antioxidants. Peroxiredoxin V (PRDX V) is an intracellular anti-oxidant enzyme with peroxynitrite reductase activity. It is increased during inflammation, when free radical production intensifies, and is protective in an animal model of brain injury. However, little is known about PRDX V expression in the human brain. We investigated PRDX V expression in white matter from normal human brain (n = 5) and MS patients (n = 18), using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. A global increase in PRDX V was evident in MS normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) but the most striking increase was in astrocytes in MS lesions. PRDX V- positive hypertrophic reactive astrocytes were seen in acute lesions where inflammation was present. Yet surprisingly, in chronic lesions (CL), where inflammation has abated and a glial scar formed, there was strong PRDX V staining of post-reactive, scar astrocytes. Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis of tissue from two MS cases confirmed a substantial increase in PRDX V expression in CL compared with NAWM from the same individual. This might indicate ongoing oxidative stress despite the absence of histologically defined inflammation. Further investigations of this phenomenon will be of interest for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Holley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School (Exeter), and Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Devon, UK.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Oates
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
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20
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21
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Gormley KM, Gutowski NJ. Recurrent headache and sixth nerve palsy associated with lumbar ependymoma. J Neurol 2005; 252:359-60. [PMID: 15726275 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Astrocytic scar formation occurs subsequent to brain and spinal cord injury and impedes repair. The exact mechanisms of scar formation have yet to be elucidated but it is known that astrocytes within the scar have a different antigenic phenotype from normal or reactive astrocytes. Astrocyte cell culture offers a suitable system to identify factors that induce the scar phenotype as well as factors that reverse this process and that may help identify therapeutic strategies to treat astrogliosis. However, when placed in standard culture conditions, astrocytes become activated/reactive and express molecules characteristic of scar tissue in vivo. In the present study, we made use of this phenomenon to identify culture conditions that change the activated phenotype of cultured astrocytes into one characteristic of normal quiescent astrocytes. In particular, we examined the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins found in the human brain, on the phenotype of human adult astrocytes. Significantly fewer astrocytes expressed scar properties when grown on tenascin-C (TN-C) than those cultured on other ECM proteins or poly-L-lysine-coated dishes. TN-C also significantly reduced the proliferation rate of the astrocytes in vitro. In addition, further manipulation of culture conditions induced partial astrocyte reactivation. Our findings suggest that astrocytes grown on TN-C revert to a quiescent, nonactivated state that is partially reversible. This raises the possibility that therapeutic strategies aimed at manipulating TN-C levels during CNS injury may help reduce astrocytic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Holley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School (Exeter), Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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23
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Gormley KM, Gutowski NJ. Circumscribed unilateral lower pontine lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1707. [PMID: 15548487 PMCID: PMC1738865 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Gormley
- Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
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24
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Abstract
Dense astrocytic scarring in chronic multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques produces an inhibitory environment which can impede tissue repair. Animal studies have shown that the antigenic phenotype of the most abundant cell type in the brain, the astrocyte, varies depending on astrocyte type and location. To identify the phenotype of scar astrocytes (SAs) in chronic lesions, markers of reactive astrocytes characterized in animal studies were investigated. To date these are the only established markers. Cerebral subventricular deep white matter from normal control, MS normal appearing white matter and lesions (acute, subacute and chronic) were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The antigenic profile of SAs revealed significant modification of astrocyte protein expression in chronic MS lesions. SAs express nestin, embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, epidermal growth factor receptor, nerve growth factor and a subpopulation of SAs also express basic fibroblast growth factor. These are in addition to the expected markers glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and the tenascins C and R. Therefore, an SA antigenic phenotype has now been defined. This knowledge may allow the development of therapeutic strategies that prevent scar formation and promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Holley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School (Exeter), London, UK.
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25
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Gutowski NJ, Bosley TM, Engle EC. 110th ENMC International Workshop: the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs). Naarden, The Netherlands, 25-27 October, 2002. Neuromuscul Disord 2003; 13:573-8. [PMID: 12921795 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(03)00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, EX2 5DW, Exeter, UK.
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Giles GI, Giles NM, Collins CA, Holt K, Fry FH, Lowden PAS, Gutowski NJ, Jacob C. Electrochemical, in vitro and cell culture analysis of integrated redox catalysts: implications for cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2003:2030-1. [PMID: 12934896 DOI: 10.1039/b302877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrated catalysts as redox sensitisers towards cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Giles
- School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK EX4 4QD
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27
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Gutowski NJ, Kinsella DC, Sheldon CD, Pocock MA. Transient ischaemic attacks and status epilepticus in HTLV-1-negative adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. Eur Neurol 2001; 45:121-2. [PMID: 11244276 DOI: 10.1159/000052106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and School of Postgraduate Medicine and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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28
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Evans JC, Frayling TM, Ellard S, Gutowski NJ. Confirmation of linkage of Duane's syndrome and refinement of the disease locus to an 8.8-cM interval on chromosome 2q31. Hum Genet 2000; 106:636-8. [PMID: 10942112 DOI: 10.1007/s004390000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Duane's syndrome is a congenital abnormality of eye movement, which may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait but usually occurs sporadically. Genetic mapping in a Mexican family has recently identified a locus for Duane's syndrome within a 17.8-cM region of chromosome 2q31. The region was flanked by the microsatellite markers D2S2330 and D2S364. We performed linkage and haplotype analysis in a four-generation UK family with autosomal dominant transmission of Duane's syndrome. Linkage to 2q31 was confirmed with a maximum logarithm of differences (lod) score of 3.3 at theta = 0. The genetic interval was reduced to an 8.8-cM region between markers D2S326 and D2S364 that includes the candidate homeobox D gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Evans
- Molecular Genetics, Division of Clinical Science, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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29
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Abstract
Duane's syndrome is an unusual congenital form of strabismus where there is paradoxical anomalous lateral rectus innervation of the affected eye due to misdirection of axons destined for the medial rectus. Three types of Duane's syndrome are recognized. Most cases of Duane's syndrome are sporadic but up to 10% are familial, usually with autosomal dominant inheritance. Several autosomal dominant syndromes with dysmorphic features are associated with Duane's syndrome. Chromosomal loci for genes contributing to Duane's syndrome have been suggested at 4q, 8q and 22q. Duane's syndrome is heterogeneous at multiple levels with variations in its ocular manifestations, accompanying systemic manifestations and in the chromosomal loci with which it may be associated. The definition clinically and genetically of the various subgroups of Duane's syndrome will provide a valuable insight into brainstem axonal guidance to the extraocular muscles during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
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30
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Gutowski NJ, Gómez-Ansón B, Torpey N, Revesz T, Miller D, Rudge P. Oligodendroglial gliomatosis cerebri: (1)H-MRS suggests elevated glycine/inositol levels. Neuroradiology 1999; 41:650-3. [PMID: 10525765 DOI: 10.1007/s002340050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial gliomatosis cerebri is very rare. We describe 42-year-old woman who had low-grade oligodendroglial gliomatosis cerebri confirmed on stereotactic biopsy. The diffuse nature of the tumour was apparent clinically, neurophysiologically, on MRI and on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). She also had an isolated, false-localising partial seventh nerve palsy. MRS, of which there are no previous reports, suggested elevated glycine/inositol levels. This might be explained by the cell lineage from which the tumour arose.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and The Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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31
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Abstract
In the present study the distribution of the inhibitory extracellular molecules tenascin-R (TN-R) and tenascin- C (TN-C) was examined by immunocytochemistry during evolution of the multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion, in which astrogliosis is a prominent feature. Sections were cut from five control cases and from 22 blocks containing lesions representing different pathological stages in 18 cases of secondary progressive MS. Widespread expression of TN-R was found in the normal human central nervous system (CNS), while that of TN-C was in general restricted to white matter. In acute MS plaques however, there was a similar striking loss of both TN-R and TN-C up to the edge of the lesion, where the macrophage density is greatest, extending into the apparently normal white matter. In subacute lesions a TN-C and/or TN-R-immunopositive reactive astrocyte subpopulation was prominent, reflecting synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules. Both tenascins were expressed throughout chronic MS plaques at levels similar to those seen in adjacent white matter. The loss of TN-R and TN-C in acute plaques is indicative of enzyme-mediated breakdown of the matrix which may be a marker of blood-brain barrier breakdown and leucocyte extravasation. Subsequent production of tenascins by reactive astrocytes may result in glial scar formation impeding remyelination and axonal repair in MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- The Multiple Sclerosis Laboratory, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Everett
- Department of Neurology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, UK
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33
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Mao X, Jones TA, Tomlinson I, Rowan AJ, Fedorova LI, Zelenin AV, Mao JI, Gutowski NJ, Noble M, Sheer D. Genetic aberrations in glioblastoma multiforme: translocation of chromosome 10 in an O-2A-like cell line. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:724-31. [PMID: 10070860 PMCID: PMC2362672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the genetic aberrations in two near-diploid glioblastoma multiforme cell lines that appear to have arisen from different glial lineages. One cell line, Hu-O-2A/Gb1, expresses antigens and metabolic profiles characteristic of the oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (0-2A) lineage of the rat central nervous system. This line generates, in vitro, cells with characteristics of 0-2A progenitor cells, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The second cell line, IN1434, is derived from an astrocyte or a precursor cell restricted to astrocytic differentiation. In Hu-O-2A/Gb1 the sole homologue of chromosome 10 is disrupted at band 10p11-12.1 by translocation with chromosomes X and 15. The translocation breakpoint is localized between genetic markers D10S2103 and [D10S637, D10S1962, D10S355]. Other aberrations include a 5;14 translocation, deletion of the long and short arms of chromosome 16 and loss of one copy of the CDKN2 gene. IN1434 cells share some cytogenetic abnormalities with Hu-O-2A/Gb1 cells, despite their apparent derivation from a different biological origin, but also have translocations involving the long and short arms of chromosome 1 and the long arm of chromosome 7, and deletion of chromosome 13 at bands 13q12-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Mao
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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34
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Gutowski NJ, Pinkham JM, Akanmu D, Chirico S, Murphy RP. Free radicals in inflammatory neurological disease: increased lipid peroxidation and haptoglobin levels in Guillain Barré syndrome. Ir J Med Sci 1998; 167:43-6. [PMID: 9540301 DOI: 10.1007/bf02937555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage in three inflammatory neurological disorders; Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS), multiple sclerosis and aseptic meningitis, were assessed by measuring the peroxidation of lipids in body fluids. The results were compared to a control group consisting of patients with either migraine, chronic/tension headaches, benign intracranial hypertension or psychological disorders. Antioxidant status was assessed by the measurement of the extracellular proteins, haptoglobin, albumin, caeruloplasmin and transferrin. The results of the study suggested that firstly, haptoglobin levels might be a useful, easily obtainable marker to aid the diagnosis of GBS. Secondly, free radical damage may be implicated in the pathology of GBS and therefore appropriate free radical scavenging might have beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Neurology Department, North Staffordshire Hospital Centre, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent
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35
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Abstract
Foveal pathway visual function was assessed in 11 patients having tumours extending into the suprasellar region but without evidence of visual impairment as assessed by visual acuity and Bjerrum screen campimetry. Psychophysical and routine visual evoked potential (VEP) measurements were obtained from the eye ipsilateral to the maximal suprasellar extension. The sensitivity of luminance and chromatic pathways was assessed psychophysically by measuring increment thresholds for white and red flashes of light presented on a white adapting field. Temporal sensitivity was assessed psychophysically by measuring threshold modulation sensitivity for sinusoidally modulating stimuli (de Lange attenuation characteristic). The patient group showed approximately equal significant psychophysical losses in chromatic, luminance and temporal sensitivities relative to normal controls. Midline VEP P100 latencies of the patient group did not significantly differ from those of the normal control group. It is concluded that tumours extending into the suprasellar region can cause foveal pathway dysfunction affecting both magno- and parvocellular pathways, even in the presence of normal visual acuity and fields suggesting a more widespread and insidious abnormality of the visual pathways in this condition than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K
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36
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Frangiskakis JM, Ewart AK, Morris CA, Mervis CB, Bertrand J, Robinson BF, Klein BP, Ensing GJ, Everett LA, Green ED, Pröschel C, Gutowski NJ, Noble M, Atkinson DL, Odelberg SJ, Keating MT. LIM-kinase1 hemizygosity implicated in impaired visuospatial constructive cognition. Cell 1996; 86:59-69. [PMID: 8689688 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes important for human cognitive development, we studied Williams syndrome (WS), a developmental disorder that includes poor visuospatial constructive cognition. Here we describe two families with a partial WS phenotype; affected members have the specific WS cognitive profile and vascular disease, but lack other WS features. Submicroscopic chromosome 7q11.23 deletions cosegregate with this phenotype in both families. DNA sequence analyses of the region affected by the smallest deletion (83.6 kb) revealed two genes, elastin (ELN) and LIM-kinase1 (LIMK1). The latter encodes a novel protein kinase with LIM domains and is strongly expressed in the brain. Because ELN mutations cause vascular disease but not cognitive abnormalities, these data implicate LIMK1 hemizygosity in imparied visuospatial constructive cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Frangiskakis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Tassabehji M, Metcalfe K, Fergusson WD, Carette MJ, Dore JK, Donnai D, Read AP, Pröschel C, Gutowski NJ, Mao X, Sheer D. LIM-kinase deleted in Williams syndrome. Nat Genet 1996; 13:272-3. [PMID: 8673124 DOI: 10.1038/ng0796-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Mao X, Jones TA, Williamson J, Gutowski NJ, Pröschel C, Noble M, Sheer D. Assignment of the human and mouse LIM-kinase genes (LIMK1; Limk1) to chromosome bands 7q11.23 and 5G1, respectively, by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1996; 74:190-1. [PMID: 8941371 DOI: 10.1159/000134411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X Mao
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK.
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Pröschel C, Blouin MJ, Gutowski NJ, Ludwig R, Noble M. Limk1 is predominantly expressed in neural tissues and phosphorylates serine, threonine and tyrosine residues in vitro. Oncogene 1995; 11:1271-81. [PMID: 7478547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated the murine Limk1 gene, which is a single copy gene located at the distal end of mouse chromosome 5. Limk1 exhibits a 95% homology to the human homologue, LIMK, which contains two LIM domains and a putative protein kinase domain. Although Limk1 and LIMK contain all motifs found in catalytic kinase domains, amino acids previously described to be diagnostic of either serine/threonine- or tyrosine-kinases are not present. It is demonstrated that GST-Limk1-fusion protein can autophosphorylate on serine, tyrosine and threonine residues in vitro and that mutation of residue D460 within the IHRDL motif abolishes kinase activity. Northern blot showed preferential expression of a 3.5 kb message in adult spinal cord and brain. In situ hybridisation confirmed high expression levels in the nervous system, particularly in the spinal cord and the cranial nerve and dorsal root ganglia. Limk1 also contains two tandem LIM-domains. These zinc-finger like domains can mediate protein-protein interactions and have been described in nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins. The combination of LIM- and kinase domains may provide a novel route by which intracellular signalling can be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pröschel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
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Abstract
Three women in late middle age had recurrent episodes of confusion which could not be explained solely on the basis of an associated infection. All three patients had latent hypopituitarism diagnosed on final presentation. Each patient had a previous history of a severe postpartum haemorrhage followed by two further pregnancies. Experienced clinicians had not made a diagnosis of confusional episodes due to hypopituitary encephalopathy because the history was not immediately available in the confused patient, and the significance of deficient axillary and pubic hair was not given due emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Abstract
A 47-year-old woman developed a complete transverse myelitis 2 weeks after an uncomplicated general anaesthetic for total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. If spinal or epidural anaesthesia had been used, a causal relationship might have been assumed. This case emphasises the danger of attributing all cases of transverse myelitis which have a close temporal relationship to spinal or epidural anaesthesia, to the anaesthetic technique itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent
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Abstract
A 67 year old woman first developed left-sided sensorimotor seizures postoperatively in association with infection and mild hyponatraemia. She was found to have previously unrecognized tuberous sclerosis, with gross pathognomic features: periungual fibromata, facial angiofibromata, calcified subependymal nodules, cortical tubers and multiple renal angiomyolipomata. Her son who was epileptic was also found to have other mild features of tuberous sclerosis as a result. As far as we are aware our patient is the oldest for the first presentation of tuberous sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Neurology Department, North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Abstract
A 35 year old man experienced severe transitory neck pain following a violent sneeze. This was followed by neurological symptoms and signs indicating a left sided upper cervical cord lesion. MRI showed an infarct at this site in the territory of the left posterior spinal artery. This discrete infarct was probably due to partial left vertebral artery dissection secondary to sneezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Neurology Department, North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Abstract
Symptomatic and functional assessments have been made on a number of patients with a variety of involuntary movement disorders. Difficulties of assessment and their relevance to outcome are discussed. Almost all groups showed a substantial symptomatic improvement but functional improvement was less pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hitchcock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Birmingham, U.K
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