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Davison J, Moora M, Öpik M, Adholeya A, Ainsaar L, Bâ A, Burla S, Diedhiou AG, Hiiesalu I, Jairus T, Johnson NC, Kane A, Koorem K, Kochar M, Ndiaye C, Pärtel M, Reier Ü, Saks Ü, Singh R, Vasar M, Zobel M. FUNGAL SYMBIONTS. Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism. Science 2015. [PMID: 26315436 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2m15n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The global biogeography of microorganisms remains largely unknown, in contrast to the well-studied diversity patterns of macroorganisms. We used arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus DNA from 1014 plant-root samples collected worldwide to determine the global distribution of these plant symbionts. We found that AM fungal communities reflected local environmental conditions and the spatial distance between sites. However, despite AM fungi apparently possessing limited dispersal ability, we found 93% of taxa on multiple continents and 34% on all six continents surveyed. This contrasts with the high spatial turnover of other fungal taxa and with the endemism displayed by plants at the global scale. We suggest that the biogeography of AM fungi is driven by unexpectedly efficient dispersal, probably via both abiotic and biotic vectors, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - M Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - M Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - A Adholeya
- Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India
| | - L Ainsaar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - A Bâ
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
| | - S Burla
- Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India
| | - A G Diedhiou
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles-Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Département de Biologie Végétale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - I Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelska 135, 379 01 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - T Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - N C Johnson
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5694, USA
| | - A Kane
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles-Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Département de Biologie Végétale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - K Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - M Kochar
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, TERI, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India
| | - C Ndiaye
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles-Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Département de Biologie Végétale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - M Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Ü Reier
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Ü Saks
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - R Singh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, TERI, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India
| | - M Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - M Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
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Johnson NC. XG: the forgotten blood group system. Immunohematology 2011; 27:68-71. [PMID: 22356523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The XG blood group system is best known for its contributions to the fields of genetics and chromosome mapping. This system comprises two antigens, Xg(a) and CD99, that are not antithetical but that demonstrate a unique phenotypic relationship. XG is located on the tip of the short arm of the X chromosome with exons 1 to 3 present in the pseudoautosomal region of the X (and Y) chromosome(s) and exons 4 to 10 located only on the X chromosome. Xg(a) demonstrates a clear X-linked pattern of inheritance. MIC2, the gene encoding the CD99 antigen, is found in the pseudoautosomal region of both the X and Y chromosomes. Anti-Xg(a) is comparatively rare, and only two examples of anti-CD99 have ever been identified. Alloanti-Xg(a) is considered clinically insignificant; only one example of autoanti-Xg(a) has been reported, but it resulted in severe hemolytic anemia. Insufficient data exist to determine the clinical significance of anti-CD99. Linkage of XG to several X-borne genes encoding inherited disorders has been demonstrated. CD99 is an adhesion molecule, and high levels are associated with some types of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen
- Anemia, Hemolytic/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic/genetics
- Anemia, Hemolytic/immunology
- Anemia, Hemolytic/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Group Antigens/blood
- Blood Group Antigens/genetics
- Blood Group Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/blood
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Frequency
- Genes, X-Linked/genetics
- Genes, Y-Linked/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Johnson
- Immunohematology Reference Laboratory, Greater Chesapeake and Potomac Region, 4700 Mt. Hope Drive, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
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Johnson NC, Dillard ME, Baluk P, McDonald DM, Harvey NL, Frase SL, Oliver G. Lymphatic endothelial cell identity is reversible and its maintenance requires Prox1 activity. Genes Dev 2009; 22:3282-91. [PMID: 19056883 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1727208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the homeobox gene Prox1 is necessary and sufficient for venous blood endothelial cells (BECs) to acquire a lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) fate. We determined that the differentiated LEC phenotype is a plastic, reprogrammable condition that depends on constant Prox1 activity for its maintenance. We show that conditional down-regulation of Prox1 during embryonic, postnatal, or adult stages is sufficient to reprogram LECs into BECs. Consequently, the identity of the mutant lymphatic vessels is also partially reprogrammed as they acquire some features typical of the blood vasculature. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of Prox1 in LECs in culture demonstrates that reprogramming of LECs into BECs is a Prox1-dependent, cell-autonomous process. We propose that Prox1 acts as a binary switch that suppresses BEC identity and promotes and maintains LEC identity; switching off Prox1 activity is sufficient to initiate a reprogramming cascade leading to the dedifferentiation of LECs into BECs. Therefore, LECs are one of the few differentiated cell types that require constant expression of a certain gene to maintain their phenotypic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that accelerated telomeric attrition and/or aberrant telomerase activity contributes to pathogenesis in a number of diseases. Likewise, there is increasing interest to develop new therapies to restore or replace dysfunctional cells characterized by short telomeric length using telomerase-positive counterparts or stem cells. While telomerase adds telomeric repeats de novo contributing to enhanced proliferative capacity and lifespan, it may also increase cellular survival by conferring resistance to apoptosis. Consequently, we sought to determine the involvement of telomerase for reduced apoptosis using ovarian surface epithelial cells. We found that expression of hTERT, the catalytic component of telomerase, was sufficient and specific to reduce caspase-mediated cellular apoptosis. Further, hTERT expression reduced activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9, reduced expression of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins t-BID, BAD, and BAX and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial protein, Bcl-2. The ability of telomerase to suppress caspase-mediated apoptosis was p-jnk dependent since abrogation of jnk expression with jip abolished resistance to apoptosis. Consequently, these findings indicate that telomerase may promote cellular survival in epithelial cells by suppressing jnk-dependent caspase-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yira Bermudez
- Department of Pathology, University of South Florida and the H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Johnson NC, Kruk PA. BRCA1 Zinc RING Finger Domain Disruption Alters Caspase Response in Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells. Cancer Cell Int 2002; 2:7. [PMID: 12234376 PMCID: PMC140135 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2002] [Accepted: 07/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The frequently occurring 185delAG mutation occurs in the amino-terminal zinc RING domain of the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1. We sought to determine differential cell viability and apoptotic response of human ovarian surface epithelial cells with and without the 185delAG mutation. RESULTS: BRCA1wt and BRCA1+ cells were treated with staurosporine. Cell proliferation assays showed BRCA1wt cells grew to a greater extent compared to BRCA1+ cells. Trypan blue exclusion assays confirmed this observation. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that caspase 3 levels were higher after staurosporine treatment in BRCA1+ cells than in wild type cells, while full length DNA Fragmentation Factor 45 levels were lower in BRCA1+ cells. While there was no significant difference in levels of excision repair cross complementing protein1 (ERCC1) with BRCA1 status, BRCA1+ cells demonstrated cleavage of polyribose ADP polymerase (PARP) before wild type cells. CONCLUSIONS: Disruption of the BRCA1 RING domain caused altered cell viability and caspase-dependent apoptotic response after chemotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Johnson
- Department of Pathology, MDC 11 University of South Florida, College of Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd.Tampa Fl, 33612 USA
| | - Patricia A Kruk
- Department of Pathology, MDC 11 University of South Florida, College of Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd.Tampa Fl, 33612 USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes and delivery of cleft care in Western Australia with the average standard of care in the United Kingdom (UK). This was achieved through a cross-sectional study involving children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate between April 1983 and March 1985 (12 year olds) or between April 1990 and March 1992 (5 year olds). A total of 38 children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate were under the care of the cleft team based at Perth's Princess Margaret Hospital. Dental arch relations, facial skeletal pattern, speech, hearing, success of alveolar bone grafting and dental health were measured. It was found that fewer Princess Margaret Hospital children in both age cohorts had revision surgery and speech therapy compared with the UK average. The facial skeletal pattern, speech, hearing and alveolar bone grafting outcomes from Princess Margaret Hospital were similar to the UK at age 12. Seventeen per cent of the Princess Margaret Hospital 12 year olds had a poor dental arch relationship compared with 39 per cent in the UK. In the 5 year olds, most outcomes in Princess Margaret Hospital patients appeared better than the UK with lower residual treatment needs. While it is difficult to draw firm conclusions because of the small numbers involved, this study indicates standards need to be set and determined for Australia.
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