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Kuzman M, Bhatti KM, Islam O. 214 Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Most Primeval and Pervasive Yet Least Congruent. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is one of the commonest surgical procedures performed worldwide. However, there is considerable variation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy practice, and a lack of robust data on variations in practices.
Method
A 45-item electronic survey was designed to capture global variations in practice of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The survey was disseminated to the global community of surgeons performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy through professional surgical and training organizations and social media.
Results
638 surgeons from 70 countries completed the survey. Pre-operatively 5.6% routinely performed an endoscopy to rule out peptic ulcer disease. Cholecystectomy theatre lists were provided acutely by 58.6%, with 61.2% (n=389) performing index admission cholecystectomy for gallstone pancreatitis. Peri-operative practice included the use of prophylactic antibiotics (n=362) and elastic compression stocking routinely by over half of the respondents. However, 69.7% do not use pharmacological DVT prophylaxis preoperatively.
Open juxta umbilical is the preferred method of pneumoperitoneum (n=410, 64.6%). The most common approach to difficult Calot's triangle is retrograde dissection from fundus (49.2%, n= 312). Transection of the gallbladder in the middle and retrograde dissection is practiced by about 18% of surgeons (n=114).
Local anesthetic is instilled into the gallbladder bed by 14.2% of surgeons. Half of the surgeons discharge their patients on the following day, while around 44% would discharge them on the same day.
Conclusions
This study highlights significant variations in practices concerning various aspects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and stressed on the need for developing consensus guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuzman
- Freeman Hospital , Newcastle , United Kingdom
| | - KM Bhatti
- Royal Blackburn Hospital , Blackburn , United Kingdom
| | - O Islam
- Wirral University Hospital , Wirral , United Kingdom
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Rishiq A, Islam O, Golomb E, Gilon D, Smith Y, Savchenko I, Eliaz R, Foo RS, Razin E, Tshori S. The Role Played by Transcription Factor E3 in Modulating Cardiac Hypertrophy. Int Heart J 2021; 62:1358-1368. [PMID: 34744144 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.21-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor E3 (TFE3), which is a key regulator of cellular adaptation, is expressed in most tissues, including the heart, and is reportedly overexpressed during cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, TFE3's role in cardiac hypertrophy was investigated. To understand TFE3's physiological importance in cardiac hypertrophy, pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy was induced through transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in both wild-type (WT) and TFE3 knockout mice (TFE3-/-). Eleven weeks after TAC induction, cardiac hypertrophy was observed in both WT and TFE3-/- mice. However, significant reductions in ejection fraction and fractional shortening were observed in WT mice compared to TFE3-/- mice. To understand the mechanism, we found that myosin heavy chain (Myh7), which increases during hemodynamic overload, was lower in TFE3-/- TAC mice than in WT TAC mice, whereas extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) phosphorylation, which confers cardioprotection, was lower in the left ventricles of WT mice than in TFE3-/- mice. We also found high expressions of TFE3, histone, and MYH7 and low expression of pERK in the normal human heart compared to the hypertensive heart. In the H9c2 cell line, we found that ERK inhibition caused TFE3 nuclear localization. In addition, we found that MYH7 was associated with TFE3, and during TFE3 knockdown, MYH7 and histone were downregulated. Therefore, we showed that TFE3 expression was increased in the mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy and tissues from human hypertensive hearts, whereas pERK was decreased reversibly, which suggested that TFE3 is involved in cardiac hypertrophy through TFE3-histone-MYH7-pERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rishiq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
| | - Omedul Islam
- NUS-HUJ-CREATE Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Eliahu Golomb
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center
| | - Dan Gilon
- Heart Institute, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center
| | - Yoav Smith
- Unit of Genomic Data Analysis, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
| | | | - Ran Eliaz
- Heart Institute, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center
| | - Roger Sy Foo
- Cardiovascular Research institute, Center of Translational Medicine
| | - Ehud Razin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
- NUS-HUJ-CREATE Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Sagi Tshori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Kaplan Medical Center
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Mahmood F, Patel P, Islam O. 365 Arrival to Decision: Improving Waiting Times in Surgical Ambulatory Care. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
An audit of the newly established Surgical Emergency Ambulatory Care Unit (SEAC) at Furness General Hospital found perceived patient waiting times were high. This Quality Improvement Project assessed the patient flow through the SEAC unit and aimed to improve the average time from arrival in the department to senior review by 10%.
Method
The Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) methodology for quality improvement was used, the time from arrival in the unit to senior decision was recorded for each patient seen over one-week data collection periods. Analysis of the data allowed for a patient process map to be created to visualise bottlenecks in patient flow. The findings were discussed with all team members and an agreed intervention was implemented and tested.
Results
Over three PDSA cycles, a significant improvement in the overall time from arrival to decision was achieved, from an average time of 193 minutes to 150 minutes. This was achieved by introducing a referral form, which altered how and when members of the multidisciplinary team communicated with each other.
Conclusions
Clear communication at the appropriate time between all members of the SEAC team significantly improved the average time from arrival to decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mahmood
- Furness General Hospital, Barrow-In-Furness, United Kingdom
| | - P Patel
- Furness General Hospital, Barrow-In-Furness, United Kingdom
| | - O Islam
- Furness General Hospital, Barrow-In-Furness, United Kingdom
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Ma D, Liu Z, Loh LJ, Zhao Y, Li G, Liew R, Islam O, Wu J, Chung YY, Teo WS, Ching CK, Tan BY, Chong D, Ho KL, Lim P, Yong RYY, Panama BK, Kaplan AD, Bett GCL, Ware J, Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO, Cook SA, Rasmusson RL, Wei H. Identification of an I Na-dependent and I to-mediated proarrhythmic mechanism in cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells of a Brugada syndrome patient. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11246. [PMID: 30050137 PMCID: PMC6062539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia commonly associated with SCN5A mutations, yet its ionic mechanisms remain unclear due to a lack of cellular models. Here, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) from a BrS patient (BrS1) to evaluate the roles of Na+ currents (INa) and transient outward K+ currents (Ito) in BrS induced action potential (AP) changes. To understand the role of these current changes in repolarization we employed dynamic clamp to “electronically express” IK1 and restore normal resting membrane potentials and allow normal recovery of the inactivating currents, INa, ICa and Ito. HiPSC-CMs were generated from BrS1 with a compound SCN5A mutation (p. A226V & p. R1629X) and a healthy sibling control (CON1). Genome edited hiPSC-CMs (BrS2) with a milder p. T1620M mutation and a commercial control (CON2) were also studied. CON1, CON2 and BrS2, had unaltered peak INa amplitudes, and normal APs whereas BrS1, with over 75% loss of INa, displayed a loss-of-INa basal AP morphology (at 1.0 Hz) manifested by a reduced maximum upstroke velocity (by ~80%, p < 0.001) and AP amplitude (p < 0.001), and an increased phase-1 repolarization pro-arrhythmic AP morphology (at 0.1 Hz) in ~25% of cells characterized by marked APD shortening (~65% shortening, p < 0.001). Moreover, Ito densities of BrS1 and CON1 were comparable and increased from 1.0 Hz to 0.1 Hz by ~ 100%. These data indicate that a repolarization deficit could be a mechanism underlying BrS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Ma
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Li Jun Loh
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yongxing Zhao
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Guang Li
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Reginald Liew
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore
| | - Omedul Islam
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianjun Wu
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Chung
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Teo
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chi Keong Ching
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Yew Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Daniel Chong
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kah Leng Ho
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Paul Lim
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rita Yu Yin Yong
- Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore
| | - Brian K Panama
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Aaron D Kaplan
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Glenna C L Bett
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - James Ware
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore.,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore.,Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Randall L Rasmusson
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Heming Wei
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Republic of Singapore. .,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore.
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Reginold W, Itorralba J, Luedke AC, Fernandez-Ruiz J, Reginold J, Islam O, Garcia A. Tractography at 3T MRI of Corpus Callosum Tracts Crossing White Matter Hyperintensities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1617-22. [PMID: 27127001 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The impact of white matter hyperintensities on the diffusion characteristics of crossing tracts is unclear. This study used quantitative tractography at 3T MR imaging to compare, in the same individuals, the diffusion characteristics of corpus callosum tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities with the diffusion characteristics of corpus callosum tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brain T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-weighted and diffusion tensor 3T MR imaging scans were acquired in 24 individuals with white matter hyperintensities. Tractography data were generated by the Fiber Assignment by Continuous Tracking method. White matter hyperintensities and corpus callosum tracts were manually segmented. In the corpus callosum, the fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity of tracts crossing white matter hyperintensities were compared with the fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity of tracts that did not cross white matter hyperintensities. The cingulum, long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and thalamic projection fibers were included for comparison. RESULTS Within the corpus callosum, tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities had decreased fractional anisotropy compared with tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities (P = .002). Within the cingulum, tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities had increased radial diffusivity compared with tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS In the corpus callosum and cingulum, tracts had worse diffusion characteristics when they crossed white matter hyperintensities. These results support a role for white matter hyperintensities in the disruption of crossing tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reginold
- From the Departments of Medical Imaging (W.R.) Memory Clinics (W.R., A.G.), Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - J Itorralba
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies (J.I., A.G., A.C.L.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A C Luedke
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies (J.I., A.G., A.C.L.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Fernandez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina, (J.F.-R.), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - J Reginold
- Life Sciences (J.R.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Islam
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology (O.I.), Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Garcia
- Memory Clinics (W.R., A.G.), Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine Centre for Neuroscience Studies (J.I., A.G., A.C.L.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Ma D, Wei H, Lu J, Huang D, Liu Z, Loh LJ, Islam O, Liew R, Shim W, Cook SA. Characterization of a novel KCNQ1 mutation for type 1 long QT syndrome and assessment of the therapeutic potential of a novel IKs activator using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:39. [PMID: 25889101 PMCID: PMC4396080 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 1 long QT syndrome (LQT1) is a common type of cardiac channelopathy associated with loss-of-function mutations of KCNQ1. Currently there is a lack of drugs that target the defected slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKs). With LQT1 patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), we tested the effects of a selective IKs activator ML277 on reversing the disease phenotypes. Methods A LQT1 family with a novel heterozygous exon 7 deletion in the KCNQ1 gene was identified. Dermal fibroblasts from the proband and her healthy father were reprogrammed to hiPSCs and subsequently differentiated into hiPSC-CMs. Results Compared with the control, LQT1 patient hiPSC-CMs showed reduced levels of wild type KCNQ1 mRNA accompanied by multiple exon skipping mRNAs and a ~50% reduction of the full length Kv7.1 protein. Patient hiPSC-CMs showed reduced IKs current (tail current density at 30 mV: 0.33 ± 0.02 vs. 0.92 ± 0.21, P < 0.05) and prolonged action potential duration (APD) (APD 50 and APD90: 603.9 ± 39.2 vs. 319.3 ± 13.8 ms, P < 0.005; and 671.0 ± 41.1 vs. 372.9 ± 14.2 ms, P < 0.005). ML277, a small molecule recently identified to selectively activate KV7.1, reversed the decreased IKs and partially restored APDs in patient hiPSC-CMs. Conclusions From a LQT1 patient carrying a novel heterozygous exon7 deletion mutation of KCNQ1, we generated hiPSC-CMs that faithfully recapitulated the LQT1 phenotypes that are likely associated with haploinsufficiency and trafficking defect of KCNQ1/Kv7.1. The small molecule ML277 restored IKs function in hiPSC-CMs and could have therapeutic value for LQT1 patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0027-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Ma
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Heming Wei
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Jun Lu
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Dou Huang
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Li Jun Loh
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Omedul Islam
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Reginald Liew
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Winston Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5th Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Mustafa G, Chowdhury M, Saha D, Hussain S, Islam O. Annealing Effects on the Properties of Chemically Deposited CdS Thin Films at Ambient Condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemically-deposited CdS thin films have been investigated using various techniques to discuss annealing effects on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the films. It has been observed from XRD that the deposited layers are mainly consisting of CdS phase. After annealing, metastable cubic phase was transformed into stable hexagonal phase. The average grain sizes were found to increase and the lattice constant, micro-strain and dislocation density were found to decrease after annealing. Optical absorption measurements show that band gap is observed to be 2.42 eV for as deposited and be 2.27 eV upon heat treatment at 673 K for one hour in air. The conductivity of this film has been determined by I-V measurement and observed to increase with increase of temperature. The activation energy of electrical conductivity of this film is also determined.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11536 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 283-288, 2012 (July)
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Kannu P, Nour M, Irving M, Xie J, Loder D, Lai J, Islam O, MacKenzie J, Messiaen L. Paraspinal ganglioneuroma in the proband of a large family with mild cutaneous manifestations of NF1, carrying a deepNF1intronic mutation. Clin Genet 2012; 83:191-4. [PMID: 22533502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee AW, Farnquist B, Islam O, Mackenzie J, Taylor SAM, Pang SC, Reifel CW. Noninvasive investigation of asymmetrically conjoined tripus twins with features of rachipagus, parapagus dicephalus, and cephalopagus. Clin Anat 2011; 25:1023-9. [PMID: 21433086 DOI: 10.1002/ca.21149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A hypothetical mechanism for conjoined twinning postulated by Spencer ([2003] Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p 1-476) suggests that, after separation, monovular twins fuse in one of eight predictable homologous sites. The tripus fetal specimen under study embodies characteristics of three types therefore preventing it from classification into a simple variant of any one of the eight twin types described by Spencer. The aim of this study was to reveal internal structural anomalies of the fetal specimen by using magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. Dorsally appended to the primary twin is a secondary head mass (brain tissue and ocular globe) and two spinal columns converging at T4/T5, suggesting rachipagus twinning. The ventral orientation of the secondary twin's (right lateral) lower limb suggests parapagus twinning. The caudal divergence of the spinal columns and the presence of a secondary hemipelvis, separate from the primary pelvis, suggest cephalopagus twinning. Measurements of the long bones indicate a gestational age of ∼20-23 weeks. Secondary malformations of the primary fetal body include anencephaly, cleft palate, renal agenesis, decreased left ventricular outflow, and a prematurely terminating descending aorta. This study demonstrates the possibility of using current imaging techniques to study very old, formalin-preserved human material for documentation and scientific discussion without destroying the specimen, thus keeping it intact for posterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Boyd JG, Taylor S, Rossiter JP, Islam O, Spiller A, Brunet DG. NEW-ONSET REFRACTORY STATUS EPILEPTICUS WITH RESTRICTED DWI AND NEURONOPHAGIA IN THE PULVINAR. Neurology 2010; 74:1003-5. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d5dc4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taylor
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Queen's University c/o Connell 7, Division of Neurology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Islam O, Loo T, Heese K. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has Proliferative Effects on Neural Stem Cells through the Truncated TRK-B Receptor, MAP Kinase, AKT, and STAT-3 Signaling Pathways. Curr Neurovasc Res 2009; 6:42-53. [DOI: 10.2174/156720209787466028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Islam O, Loo T, Heese K. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has Proliferative Effects on Neural Stem Cells through the Truncated TRK-B Receptor, MAP Kinase, AKT, and STAT-3 Signaling Pathways. Curr Neurovasc Res 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/156720209787466028#sthash.4ddr9o4h.dpuf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Besides its wide range of action as a proinflammatory cytokine in the immune system, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has also attracted much attention due to its influence on the nervous system. In the present study we show that the designer fusion protein H-IL-6, consisting of IL-6 and its specific receptor IL-6R-alpha, but not IL-6 alone, mediates both neuro- as well as gliogenesis. Using immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and patch-clamp recording, we demonstrate that H-IL-6 induces the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) specifically into glutamate-responsive neurons and two morphological distinctive astroglia cell types. H-IL-6-activated neurogenesis seems to be induced by the MAPK/CREB (mitogen-activated protein kinase/cAMP response element-binding protein) cascade, whereas gliogenesis is mediated via the STAT-3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription protein-3) signaling pathway. Our finding that IL-6 mediates both processes depending on its specific soluble receptor sIL-6R-alpha has implications for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omedul Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
Stem cells intrigue. They have the ability to divide exponentially, recreate the stem cell compartment, as well as create differentiated cells to generate tissues. Therefore, they should be natural candidates to provide a renewable source of cells for transplantation applied in regenerative medicine. Stem cells have the capacity to generate specific tissues or even whole organs like the blood, heart, or bones. A subgroup of stem cells, the neural stem cells (NSCs), is characterized as a self-renewing population that generates neurons and glia of the developing brain. They can be isolated, genetically manipulated and differentiated in vitro and reintroduced into a developing, adult or a pathologically altered central nervous system. NSCs have been considered for use in cell replacement therapies in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Characterization of genes with tightly controlled expression patterns during differentiation represents an approach to understanding the regulation of stem cell commitment. The regulation of stem cell biology by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters has emerged as an important new field of investigation. As a major focus of stem cell research is in the manipulation of cells to enable differentiation into a targeted cell population; in this review, we discuss recent literatures on ABC transporters and stem cells, and propose an integrated view on the role of the ABC transporters, especially ABCA2, ABCA3, ABCB1 and ABCG2, in NSCs' proliferation, differentiation and regulation, along with comparisons to that in hematopoietic and other stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Islam O, Sweeting CJ. Capnography. Clinical Aspects. Anaesthesia 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kanemura Y, Mori H, Kobayashi S, Islam O, Kodama E, Yamamoto A, Nakanishi Y, Arita N, Yamasaki M, Okano H, Hara M, Miyake J. Evaluation of in vitro proliferative activity of human fetal neural stem/progenitor cells using indirect measurements of viable cells based on cellular metabolic activity. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:869-79. [PMID: 12205680 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To scale up human neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) cultures for clinical use, we need to know how long these cells can live ex vivo without losing their ability to proliferate and differentiate; thus, a convenient method is needed to estimate the proliferative activity of human NSPCs grown in neurosphere cultures, as direct cell counting is laborious and potentially inaccurate. Here, we isolated NSPCs from human fetal forebrain and prepared neurosphere cultures. We determined the number of viable cells and estimated their proliferative activity in long-term culture using two methods that measure viable cell numbers indirectly, based on their metabolic activity: the WST-8 assay, in which a formazan dye is produced upon reduction of the water-soluble tetrazolium salt WST-8 by dehydrogenase activity, and the ATP assay, which measures the ATP content of the total cell plasma. We compared the results of these assays with the proliferative activity estimated by DNA synthesis using the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay. We found the numbers of viable human NSPCs to be directly proportional to the metabolic reaction products obtained in the WST-8 and ATP assays. Both methods yielded identical cell growth curves, showing an exponentially proliferative phase and a change in the population doubling time in long-term culture. They also showed that human NSPCs could be expanded for up to 200 days ex vivo without losing their ability to proliferate and differentiate. Our findings indicated that indirect measurements of viable cells based on metabolic activity, especially the ATP assay, are very effective and reproducible ways to determine the numbers of viable human NSPCs in intact neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonehiro Kanemura
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few articles report the evaluation of pediatric fracture healing and dating based on radiographic appearance. We established a timetable for expected radiographic changes visible during bone healing in otherwise healthy children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 707 radiographs of fractured forearms in 141 patients. Each fracture was assessed by a pediatric radiologist who was unaware of the timing of the initial injury. Assessment included the following features: fracture margins, fracture gap, periosteal reaction, callus, bridging, and remodeling. The time interval between injury and the appearance of the radiographic features and the duration of radiographic signs were determined and correlated with age, sex, angulation, displacement, and location. RESULTS Sclerosis at the fracture margins was evident in 85% of fractures 5 weeks after injury. Widening of the fracture gap was observed in 62% of fractures at 6 weeks. Periosteal reaction was evident on all images by 4 weeks, and after 7 weeks, periosteal reaction was separable from cortex in only 10% of fractures. Fracture callus had a density equal to or greater than that of adjacent cortex 10 weeks after injury in 90% of fractures. CONCLUSION A wide variation exists in the appearance and duration of the radiographic signs of bone healing. Marginal sclerosis should be an expected radiographic sign of normal bone healing. Applying maximum and minimum time spans to objective radiographic signs may aid in fracture dating.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Islam
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kingston General Hospital, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada
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Fujita S, Yoshida Y, Islam O, Ma X, Fujioka M, Ito M, Nakano T, Aizawa Y, Imai S, Higuchi H. Characterization of major phosphoproteins in the cGMP-mediated protein phosphorylation system of vascular smooth muscle membranes. J Vasc Res 1999; 36:299-310. [PMID: 10474043 DOI: 10.1159/000025658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G(0) (215-250 kD) and G(1) (120-140 kD), the unidentified major phosphoproteins in the cGMP-mediated protein phosphorylation system of vascular smooth muscle membranes, were compared for biochemical and immunological properties with the type 1 inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R, 240 kD) and the myosin-binding subunit (MBS, 138 kD) of myosin phosphatase, both of them substrates for cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Two microsomal proteins that were immunoreactive with antibodies to InsP(3)R and MBS were detected, and comigrated with G(0) and G(1), respectively, on SDS-PAGE. When thiophosphorylated G(0) and G(1) were subjected to immunoprecipitation, MBS antibody induced the precipitation of a 138-kD phosphoprotein, but did not significantly affect the amount of G(1) remaining in the supernatant, while InsP(3)R antibody precipitated G(0) almost completely. Unexpectedly, InsP(3)R antibody coprecipitated a large portion of G(1), which did not cross-react with either antibody to MBS or InsP(3)R. Just like InsP(3)R, G(0) bound to the calmodulin column in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and, again, a large portion of G(1) was copurified with G(0). These results suggest that G(0) is identical to InsP(3)R, while G(1) consists of several phosphoproteins, including the 138-kD protein associated with InsP(3)R as a major component. MBS is not G(1) or may represent only a minor component of it.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels/analysis
- Cyclic GMP/physiology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- GTP-Binding Proteins/analysis
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase
- Phenotype
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Swine
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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