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Malka O, Kalson D, Yaniv K, Shafir R, Rajendran M, Ben-David O, Kushmaro A, Meijler MM, Jelinek R. Cross-kingdom inhibition of bacterial virulence and communication by probiotic yeast metabolites. Microbiome 2021; 9:70. [PMID: 33762022 PMCID: PMC7992341 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotic milk-fermented microorganism mixtures (e.g., yogurt, kefir) are perceived as contributing to human health, and possibly capable of protecting against bacterial infections. Co-existence of probiotic microorganisms are likely maintained via complex biomolecular mechanisms, secreted metabolites mediating cell-cell communication, and other yet-unknown biochemical pathways. In particular, deciphering molecular mechanisms by which probiotic microorganisms inhibit proliferation of pathogenic bacteria would be highly important for understanding both the potential benefits of probiotic foods as well as maintenance of healthy gut microbiome. RESULTS The microbiome of a unique milk-fermented microorganism mixture was determined, revealing a predominance of the fungus Kluyveromyces marxianus. We further identified a new fungus-secreted metabolite-tryptophol acetate-which inhibits bacterial communication and virulence. We discovered that tryptophol acetate blocks quorum sensing (QS) of several Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Vibrio cholerae, a prominent gut pathogen. Notably, this is the first report of tryptophol acetate production by a yeast and role of the molecule as a signaling agent. Furthermore, mechanisms underscoring the anti-QS and anti-virulence activities of tryptophol acetate were elucidated, specifically down- or upregulation of distinct genes associated with V. cholerae QS and virulence pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study illuminates a yet-unrecognized mechanism for cross-kingdom inhibition of pathogenic bacteria cell-cell communication in a probiotic microorganism mixture. A newly identified fungus-secreted molecule-tryptophol acetate-was shown to disrupt quorum sensing pathways of the human gut pathogen V. cholerae. Cross-kingdom interference in quorum sensing may play important roles in enabling microorganism co-existence in multi-population environments, such as probiotic foods and the gut microbiome. This discovery may account for anti-virulence properties of the human microbiome and could aid elucidating health benefits of probiotic products against bacterially associated diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Malka
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Dorin Kalson
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Karin Yaniv
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Shafir
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Manikandan Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael M. Meijler
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be’er Sheva, Israel
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Belo Y, Mielko Z, Nudelman H, Afek A, Ben-David O, Shahar A, Zarivach R, Gordan R, Arbely E. Unexpected implications of STAT3 acetylation revealed by genetic encoding of acetyl-lysine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1343-1350. [PMID: 31170499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is activated by phosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue (Tyr705) in response to various extracellular signals. STAT3 activity was also found to be regulated by acetylation of Lys685. However, the molecular mechanism by which Lys685 acetylation affects the transcriptional activity of STAT3 remains elusive. By genetically encoding the co-translational incorporation of acetyl-lysine into position Lys685 and co-expression of STAT3 with the Elk receptor tyrosine kinase, we were able to characterize site-specifically acetylated, and simultaneously acetylated and phosphorylated STAT3. We measured the effect of acetylation on the crystal structure, and DNA binding affinity and specificity of Tyr705-phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated STAT3. In addition, we monitored the deacetylation of acetylated Lys685 by reconstituting the mammalian enzymatic deacetylation reaction in live bacteria. Surprisingly, we found that acetylation, per se, had no effect on the crystal structure, and DNA binding affinity or specificity of STAT3, implying that the previously observed acetylation-dependent transcriptional activity of STAT3 involves an additional cellular component. In addition, we discovered that Tyr705-phosphorylation protects Lys685 from deacetylation in bacteria, providing a new possible explanation for the observed correlation between STAT3 activity and Lys685 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Belo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Zachery Mielko
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hila Nudelman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ariel Afek
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Anat Shahar
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raluca Gordan
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Computer Science, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Eyal Arbely
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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Avrahami EM, Levi S, Zajfman E, Regev C, Ben-David O, Arbely E. Reconstitution of Mammalian Enzymatic Deacylation Reactions in Live Bacteria Using Native Acylated Substrates. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2348-2354. [PMID: 30207693 PMCID: PMC6198279 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Lysine deacetylases
(KDACs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis
of acyl groups from acyl-lysine residues. The recent identification
of thousands of putative acylation sites, including specific acetylation
sites, created an urgent need for biochemical methodologies aimed
at better characterizing KDAC-substrate specificity and evaluating
KDACs activity. To address this need, we utilized genetic code expansion
technology to coexpress site-specifically acylated substrates with
mammalian KDACs, and study substrate recognition and deacylase activity
in live Escherichia coli. In this system the bacterial
cell serves as a “biological test tube” in which the
incubation of a single mammalian KDAC and a potential peptide or full-length
acylated substrate transpires. We report novel deacetylation activities
of Zn2+-dependent deacetylases and sirtuins in bacteria.
We also measure the deacylation of propionyl-, butyryl-, and crotonyl-lysine,
as well as novel deacetylation of Lys310-acetylated RelA by SIRT3,
SIRT5, SIRT6, and HDAC8. This study highlights the importance of native
interactions to KDAC-substrate recognition and deacylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel M. Avrahami
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shahar Levi
- Department of Chemistry and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Eyal Zajfman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Clil Regev
- Department of Chemistry and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Chemistry and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Eyal Arbely
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Aloush N, Schvartz T, König AI, Cohen S, Brozgol E, Tam B, Nachmias D, Ben-David O, Garini Y, Elia N, Arbely E. Live Cell Imaging of Bioorthogonally Labelled Proteins Generated With a Single Pyrrolysine tRNA Gene. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14527. [PMID: 30267004 PMCID: PMC6162220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic code expansion enables the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into expressed proteins. ncAAs are usually encoded by a stop codon that is decoded by an exogenous orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and its cognate suppressor tRNA, such as the pyrrolysine [Formula: see text] pair. In such systems, stop codon suppression is dependent on the intracellular levels of the exogenous tRNA. Therefore, multiple copies of the tRNAPyl gene (PylT) are encoded to improve ncAA incorporation. However, certain applications in mammalian cells, such as live-cell imaging applications, where labelled tRNAs contribute to background fluorescence, can benefit from the use of less invasive minimal expression systems. Accordingly, we studied the effect of tRNAPyl on live-cell fluorescence imaging of bioorthogonally-labelled intracellular proteins. We found that in COS7 cells, a decrease in PylT copy numbers had no measurable effect on protein expression levels. Importantly, reducing PylT copy numbers improved the quality of live-cell images by enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing an immobile tRNAPyl population. This enabled us to improve live cell imaging of bioorthogonally labelled intracellular proteins, and to simultaneously label two different proteins in a cell. Our results indicate that the number of introduced PylT genes can be minimized according to the transfected cell line, incorporated ncAA, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Aloush
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Tomer Schvartz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Andres I König
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Sarit Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Eugene Brozgol
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanotechnology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Benjamin Tam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Dikla Nachmias
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yuval Garini
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanotechnology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Natalie Elia
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Eyal Arbely
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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Muzika M, Muskat NH, Sarid S, Ben-David O, Mehl RA, Arbely E. Chemically-defined lactose-based autoinduction medium for site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25558-25567. [PMID: 30713681 PMCID: PMC6333248 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04359k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic code expansion technology enables the site-specific incorporation of dozens of non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs) into proteins expressed in live cells. The NCAAs can introduce various chemical functionalities into proteins, ranging from natural post-translational modifications, to spectroscopic probes and chemical handles for bioorthogonal reactions. These chemical groups provide powerful tools for structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies, which may require significant quantities of recombinantly expressed proteins. NCAAs are usually encoded by an in-frame stop codon, such as the TAG (amber) stop codon, which leads to the expression of C-terminally truncated proteins. In addition, the incubation medium should be supplemented with the NCAA at a final concentration of 1–10 mM, which may be challenging when the availability of the NCAA is limited. Hence, bacterial expression of proteins carrying NCAAs can benefit from improvement in protein yield per given amount of added NCAA. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of an optimized chemically-defined lactose-based autoinduction (AI) medium to the expression of proteins carrying a NCAA, using the archaeal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair from the Methanosarcina genus. Per given amount of added NCAA, the use of AI medium improved protein expression levels by up to 3-fold, compared to IPTG induction, without an increase in misincorporation of canonical amino acids in response to the in-frame stop codon. The suggested medium composition can be used with various Escherichia coli variants transformed with different expression vectors and incubated at different temperatures. Optimized chemically-defined lactose-based autoinduction media for superior expression levels of proteins with non-canonical amino acids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muzika
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. ; ; Tel: +972-(0)8-6428739
| | - Natali H Muskat
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. ; ; Tel: +972-(0)8-6428739
| | - Shani Sarid
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. ; ; Tel: +972-(0)8-6428739
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. ; ; Tel: +972-(0)8-6428739
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, Oregon, USA
| | - Eyal Arbely
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. ; ; Tel: +972-(0)8-6428739.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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Mosbech MB, Olsen ASB, Neess D, Ben-David O, Klitten LL, Larsen J, Sabers A, Vissing J, Nielsen JE, Hasholt L, Klein AD, Tsoory MM, Hjalgrim H, Tommerup N, Futerman AH, Møller RS, Færgeman NJ. Reduced ceramide synthase 2 activity causes progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:88-98. [PMID: 25356388 PMCID: PMC4212479 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ceramides are precursors of complex sphingolipids (SLs), which are important for normal functioning of both the developing and mature brain. Altered SL levels have been associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, including epilepsy, although few direct links have been identified between genes involved in SL metabolism and epilepsy. Methods We used quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and enzymatic assays to determine the mRNA, protein, and activity levels of ceramide synthase 2 (CERS2) in fiibroblasts isolated from parental control subjects and from a patient diagnosed with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME). Mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy were used to examine the effects of reduced CERS2 activity on cellular lipid composition and plasma membrane functions. Results We identify a novel 27 kb heterozygous deletion including the CERS2 gene in a proband diagnosed with PME. Compared to parental controls, levels of CERS2 mRNA, protein, and activity were reduced by ˜50% in fibroblasts isolated from this proband, resulting in significantly reduced levels of ceramides and sphingomyelins containing the very long-chain fatty acids C24:0 and C26:0. The change in SL composition was also reflected in a reduction in cholera toxin B immunofluorescence, indicating that membrane composition and function are altered. Interpretation We propose that reduced levels of CERS2, and consequently diminished levels of ceramides and SLs containing very long-chain fatty acids, lead to development of PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Britt Mosbech
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Anne S B Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Ditte Neess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Laura L Klitten
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark
| | - Jan Larsen
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anne Sabers
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lis Hasholt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Andres D Klein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Michael M Tsoory
- Behavioral and Physiological Phenotyping Unit, Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Helle Hjalgrim
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark ; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rikke S Møller
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark ; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
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Ben-David O, Pewzner-Jung Y, Brenner O, Laviad EL, Kogot-Levin A, Weissberg I, Biton IE, Pienik R, Wang E, Kelly S, Alroy J, Raas-Rothschild A, Friedman A, Brügger B, Merrill AH, Futerman AH. Encephalopathy caused by ablation of very long acyl chain ceramide synthesis may be largely due to reduced galactosylceramide levels. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30022-33. [PMID: 21705317 PMCID: PMC3191043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.261206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) act as signaling molecules and as structural components in both neuronal cells and myelin. We now characterize the biochemical, histological, and behavioral abnormalities in the brain of a mouse lacking very long acyl (C22-C24) chain SLs. This mouse, which is defective in the ability to synthesize C22-C24-SLs due to ablation of ceramide synthase 2, has reduced levels of galactosylceramide (GalCer), a major component of myelin, and in particular reduced levels of non-hydroxy-C22-C24-GalCer and 2-hydroxy-C22-C24- GalCer. Noteworthy brain lesions develop with a time course consistent with a vital role for C22-C24-GalCer in myelin stability. Myelin degeneration and detachment was observed as was abnormal motor behavior originating from a subcortical region. Additional abnormalities included bilateral and symmetrical vacuolization and gliosis in specific brain areas, which corresponded to some extent to the pattern of ceramide synthase 2 expression, with astrogliosis considerably more pronounced than microglial activation. Unexpectedly, unidentified storage materials were detected in lysosomes of astrocytes, reminiscent of the accumulation that occurs in lysosomal storage disorders. Together, our data demonstrate a key role in the brain for SLs containing very long acyl chains and in particular GalCer with a reduction in their levels leading to distinctive morphological abnormalities in defined brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ori Brenner
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Aviram Kogot-Levin
- Department of Human Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Itai Weissberg
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Inbal E. Biton
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Reut Pienik
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | - Elaine Wang
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
| | - Samuel Kelly
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
| | - Joseph Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 01536, and
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Department of Human Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred H. Merrill
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
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Hou J, Smotkin D, Isani S, Smith H, Ben-David O, Goldberg G, Einstein M. High incidence of anal disease diagnosed from screening HIV-infected women with anal cytology and triage to high-resolution anoscopy. Gynecol Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.12.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ben-David O, Futerman AH. The role of the ceramide acyl chain length in neurodegeneration: involvement of ceramide synthases. Neuromolecular Med 2010; 12:341-50. [PMID: 20502986 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-010-8114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide forms the backbone of all complex sphingolipids and has been the focus of considerable attention in the past few years due to the discovery that ceramide plays vital roles as an intracellular messenger. Ceramide, which consists of a sphingoid long chain base to which a fatty acid is N-acylated, is synthesized in mammals by a family of ceramide synthases (CerS), each of which uses a restricted subset of fatty acyl CoAs for N-acylation. Sphingolipids are found at high levels in nervous tissue, where they perform a variety of important functions in both the adult and the maturing brain. We now review what is known about the role of the acyl chain composition of ceramides and sphingolipids in normal brain development and in neurological diseases. Specifically, we attempt to integrate the information that is available about CerS expression and activity in the brain with the changes in the acyl chain composition of ceramide and complex sphingolipids in a number of neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, such as metachromatic leukodystrophy, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, HIV infection, aging, Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, and epilepsy. We conclude that understanding the direct relationship between the CerS proteins and neurological conditions will be of great importance for delineating the precise roles of sphingolipids in the brain and is likely to be the subject of intense research activity in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Pewzner-Jung Y, Brenner O, Braun S, Laviad EL, Ben-Dor S, Feldmesser E, Horn-Saban S, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Raanan C, Berkutzki T, Erez-Roman R, Ben-David O, Levy M, Holzman D, Park H, Nyska A, Merrill AH, Futerman AH. A critical role for ceramide synthase 2 in liver homeostasis: II. insights into molecular changes leading to hepatopathy. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10911-23. [PMID: 20110366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated a mouse that cannot synthesize very long acyl chain (C22-C24) ceramides (Pewzner-Jung, Y., Park, H., Laviad, E. L., Silva, L. C., Lahiri, S., Stiban, J., Erez-Roman, R., Brugger, B., Sachsenheimer, T., Wieland, F. T., Prieto, M., Merrill, A. H., and Futerman, A. H. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 10902-10910) due to ablation of ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2). As a result, significant changes were observed in the sphingolipid profile of livers from these mice, including elevated C16-ceramide and sphinganine levels. We now examine the functional consequences of these changes. CerS2 null mice develop severe nonzonal hepatopathy from about 30 days of age, the age at which CerS2 expression peaks in wild type mice, and display increased rates of hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation. In older mice there is extensive and pronounced hepatocellular anisocytosis with widespread formation of nodules of regenerative hepatocellular hyperplasia. Progressive hepatomegaly and noninvasive hepatocellular carcinoma are also seen from approximately 10 months of age. Even though CerS2 is found at equally high mRNA levels in kidney and liver, there are no changes in renal function and no pathological changes in the kidney. High throughput analysis of RNA expression in liver revealed up-regulation of genes associated with cell cycle regulation, protein transport, cell-cell interactions and apoptosis, and down-regulation of genes associated with intermediary metabolism, such as lipid and steroid metabolism, adipocyte signaling, and amino acid metabolism. In addition, levels of the cell cycle regulator, the cyclin dependent-kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), were highly elevated, which occurs by at least two mechanisms, one of which may involve p53. We propose a functional rationale for the synthesis of sphingolipids with very long acyl chains in liver homeostasis and in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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López-Bigas N, Olivé M, Rabionet R, Ben-David O, Martínez-Matos JA, Bravo O, Banchs I, Volpini V, Gasparini P, Avraham KB, Ferrer I, Arbonés ML, Estivill X. Connexin 31 (GJB3) is expressed in the peripheral and auditory nerves and causes neuropathy and hearing impairment. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:947-52. [PMID: 11309368 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.9.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the connexin 31 (GJB3) gene have been found in subjects with dominant and recessive deafness and in patients with erythrokeratodermia variabilis. We report here a dominant mutation in the GJB3 gene (D66del) in a family affected with peripheral neuropathy and sensorineural hearing impairment. A wide range of disease severity for peripheral neuropathy, from asymptomatic cases to subjects with chronic skin ulcers in their feet and osteomyelitis leading to amputations, was detected in D66del patients. Mild, often asymmetrical, hearing impairment was found in all but one patient with mutation D66del of this family and the same mutation was present in an independent family ascertained because of hearing impairment. We have found mouse connexin 31 (Gjb3) gene expression in the cochlea and in the auditory and sciatic nerves, showing a pattern similar to that of Gjb1 (connexin 32), of which the human ortholog (GJB1) is involved in X-linked peripheral neuropathy. This expression pattern, together with auditory-evoked brainstem anomalous response in D66del patients, indicates that hearing impairment due to GJB3 mutations involves alterations in both the cochlea and the auditory nerve. Peripheral neuropathy is the third phenotypic alteration linked to GJB3 mutations, which enlarges the list of genes that cause this group of heterogeneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N López-Bigas
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Center, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Ben-David O. Well done on microchips! Aust Vet J 2000; 78:597. [PMID: 11022276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Ben-David O. Microchip mess. Aust Vet J 1999; 77:761. [PMID: 10722420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ben-David
- Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Abstract
RIN1046-38 cells (RIN-38) exhibit a passage-dependent reduction in both basal and glucose-regulated insulin secretion, accompanied by decreased insulin content. In an attempt to explain the mechanism of the gradual decrease in insulin production in cultured cells, we analyzed the insulin promoter activity and the levels of an important trans-activator of the insulin gene, PDX-1, as a function of aging in culture. We demonstrate that the decrease in insulin content and secretion is reflected in decreased promoter activity and is associated with a decrease in E47 and BETA2 nuclear factors, but with a paradoxical 3-fold increase in PDX-1 protein levels. To dissect the effect of increased PDX-1 from the decrease in the additional transcription factors on insulin promoter activity, we overexpressed PDX-1 protein in low passage RIN-38 cells by recombinant adenovirus technology. PDX-1 overexpression did not reduce E47 and BETA2 levels, but was sufficient to suppress rat insulin promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. The fact that PDX-1 levels participate in trans-activation of insulin promoter activity was demonstrated in HIT-T15 cells. Treating HIT-T15 cells with 1-2 multiplicity of infection of AdCMV-PDX-1 increased rat insulin promoter activity, whereas higher doses repressed insulin promoter activity in these cells as in RIN-38 cells. Our data demonstrate that PDX-1 regulates transcription of the insulin gene in a dose-dependent manner. Depending on its nuclear dosage and the levels of additional cooperating transcription factors, PDX-1 may act as an activator or a repressor of insulin gene expression, such that low as well as high doses may be deleterious to insulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seijffers
- Endocrine Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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