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Argento G, Messina F, Giallorenzi MA, Monaco E, Ferretti A, Laghi A, Polverari D, Barbato L, Aureli P. Evolution of Graft Maturation and Tunnel Widening During the First Year Following All-Inside Graft-Link ACL Reconstruction: A Serial MRI Study. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2
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Franciosa G, Maugliani A, Scalfaro C, Floridi F, Aureli P. Expression of internalin A and biofilm formation among Listeria monocytogenes clinical isolates. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:183-93. [PMID: 19309566 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalin A (InlA), a cell wall-bound protein of Listeria monocytogenes, is among the major components involved in the adhesion to and invasion of host cells expressing specific forms of E-cadherin. Some L. monocytogenes strains secrete truncated non-functional forms of InlA. The purpose of this study is to compare the biofilm-forming abilities of L. monocytogenes strains from clinical sources expressing InlA proteins in the different forms. A total of 70 L. monocytogenes strains were examined using SDS-PAGE, Western blot, DNA sequencing, and microtitre plate biofilm formation assays. We found that 8 of the 70 strains expressed truncated InlA, and that this group of strains exhibited significantly enhanced biofilm-forming ability compared to the group expressing full-length InlA. Further experiments showed that: (i) L. monocytogenes biofilms were detached by treatment with protease K; (ii) protein fragments resulting from proteolysis, rather than intact proteins, are responsible for biofilm enhancement, because biofilm formation was impaired by the protease inhibitor alpha2-macroglobulin; (iii) truncated and/or proteolytically cleaved InlA are likely involved in the biofilm enhancement, based on the effects that anti-InlA monoclonal antibodies produced on the biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes strains expressing either truncated or full-length InlA. These data provide a basis for further investigation of the molecular structure and composition of L. monocytogenes biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Microorganisms and Food Technologies, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Gianfranceschi M, Gattuso A, D'Ottavio MC, Fokas S, Aureli P. Results of a 12-month long enhanced surveillance of listeriosis in Italy. Euro Surveill 2007; 12:E7-8. [DOI: 10.2807/esm.12.11.00746-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1993, the reporting of listeriosis has been mandatory in Italy. The surveillance system based on case notifications from physicians is managed by the Ministry of Health. The information collected includes only gender, age and case distribution by region. To gather more information, an active surveillance was conducted for 12 months (2002-2003). All hospital microbiological laboratories in Italy (n=103) were given clinical and food questionnaires and were requested to report positive cases and send strains for testing. A higher number of cases of listeriosis were reported by this active surveillance compared to the mandatory notifications. In addition, information on risk factors, clinical symptoms and outcomes of 77 reported cases were analysed. In one case it was possible to trace the source of infection. Of the 77 cases of listeriosis, 41 Listeria monocytogenes isolates were characterised by serotype and pulsotype. More than 95% of the strains belonged to serotypes 1/2a, 4b and 1/2b; molecular analysis revealed 23 different AscI pulsotypes. The information collected is very important for understanding the real situation of listeriosis in Italy. It can be used to take effective actions in improving food safety and to provide dietary advice to individuals at greater risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gianfranceschi
- National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Gattuso
- National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M C D'Ottavio
- National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Fokas
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Aureli
- National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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4
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Abstract
Botulism in humans is caused by botulinum neurotoxins, produced in most cases by Clostridium botulinum, although other Clostridia species are implicated as well. Of the five forms of botulism in humans, three are referred to as "infective": wound botulism, infant botulism, and adult intestinal botulism; the latter two forms are also referred to as "intestinal toxemia botulism" because the organism colonizes the lumen of the intestinal tract and produces botulinum neurotoxin in vivo. Twenty-three cases of infant botulism and three cases of adult intestinal botulism occurred in Italy between 1984 and 2005. Microbiological analyses of clinical, environmental, and food samples and analysis of clinical and epidemiological data revealed two main characteristics of intestinal toxemia botulism in Italy that are not common in cases in other countries: the isolation of a strain of C. butyricum that produced botulinum neurotoxin type E in 6 of 26 cases, including two cases of adult intestinal toxemia botulism, and the onset of botulism in these cases with concomitant severe gastrointestinal symptomatology. This report summarizes the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological data of all cases of intestinal toxemia botulism that have occurred in Italy in the period 1984-2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fenicia
- National Reference Center for Botulism, National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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Ferrini AM, Mannoni V, Aureli P, Salvatore G, Piccirilli E, Ceddia T, Pontieri E, Sessa R, Oliva B. Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil possesses potent anti-staphylococcal activity extended to strains resistant to antibiotics. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17026838 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel essential oil (TTO) and its major component terpinen-4-ol were examined against a large number of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to establish their anti-staphylococcal activities. Classic and established procedures were used to study M.I.C., time-kill curves, synergism and mutational frequency. The anti-staphylococcal activity of terpinen-4-ol and TTO were superior to those of antibiotics belonging to the major families (all the tested drugs are for topical use or included in ointments, eye drops or used during surgery); terpinen 4-ol and TTO were active against strains resistant to mupirocin, fusidic acid, vancomycin, methicillin and linezolid. TTO and terpinen-4-ol were bactericidal as revealed by time-kill curves; the frequency of mutational frequency to TTO was < 2.9 x 10 9. The study demonstrates good anti-staphylococcal activity of TTO and terpinen-4-ol against a large number of S.aureus isolates and suggests the possible application of these agents for topical treatment of staphylococcal infections. This is the first extensive study on the anti-staphylococcal activity of TTO. The results suggest that this compound may have application as a topical agent for the control of superficial staphylococcal infections, including activity against organisms resistant to antibiotics which can be used, or are specific, for topical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ferrini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita, National Centre for Food Quality, Rome, Italy
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6
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Gianfranceschi M, Gattuso A, Fiore A, D'Ottavio MC, Casale M, Palumbo A, Aureli P. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in uncooked Italian dry sausage (salami). J Food Prot 2006; 69:1533-8. [PMID: 16865882 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.7.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to supplement existing information on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Italian salami. The fact that Italian salami is frequently consumed by a large number of people poses some serious health implications. Some raw materials have been found to be microbiologically contaminated, for their production occurs without any thermic treatment, and these are in circulation throughout Italy all year round. We selected the product for its microbiological, technological, and commercial characteristics. We analyzed 1,020 samples taken during the autumn and winter 2002 and spring and summer 2003 periods and immediately before selling. The samples were collected from 17 plants with an annual production of between 1 and 2000 metric tons and with a distribution of products in over 80% of Italy in geographic terms. To detect and enumerate L. monocytogenes, we followed International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11290 part 1 and 2: 1996 (modified using chromogenic medium Agar Listeria according to Ottarviani and Agosti [ALOA]). L. monocytogenes was found in 22.7% of samples, but the contamination level was less than 10 CFU/g. Contamination prevalence ranged from 1.6 to 58.3% and was lower than 10% in 5 of the 17 plants checked. The most frequently isolated serotypes were 1/2c, 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Additional studies are necessary to establish if the exposure to a small number of L. monocytogenes cells through the consumption of salami represents a significant health risk and, in light of the future introduction of the SANCO/4198/2001 revision 21 "Commission Regulation on Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs," is a necessary investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gianfranceschi
- National Center for Food Quality and Risks Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ferrini AM, Mannoni V, Aureli P. Combined Plate Microbial Assay (CPMA): a 6-plate-method for simultaneous first and second level screening of antibacterial residues in meat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:16-24. [PMID: 16393810 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500307131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an improved high throughput microbial method for the simultaneous performance of first and second level screening for antibacterial residues in meat. It is based on growth inhibition of B. subtilis on agar medium pH 6, 7.2 and 8, of B. cereus on agar medium pH 5.9, of M. luteus on agar medium pH 8 and of E. coli on agar medium pH 7.2 (research or first level screening) and on the use of confirmatory solutions (Pase, Paba, MgSO4) for the identification or second level screening. In kidney control samples, dialysis membranes were interposed between samples and the agar surface to both prevent the action of lysozyme and reduce false positive results. The proposed method detects beta-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides and quinolones at MRL concentrations and reliably indicates the inhibitor family. Results are obtained in 18-24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ferrini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Roma, Italy
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Gianfranceschi M, D'Ottavio MC, Gattuso A, Pourshaban M, Bertoletti I, Bignazzi R, Manzoni P, Marchetti M, Aureli P. Listeriosis Associated with Gorgonzola (Italian Blue-Veined Cheese). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:190-5. [PMID: 16761945 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of listeriosis in Italy associated with the consumption of cheese. Opened samples of two brands of gorgonzola (Italian blue-veined cheese; referred to as brands "B" and "C") were collected from the patient's refrigerator. Unopened samples of the brand suspected to be the source of infection (brand B) were taken from the store where the cheese had been purchased, other local stores, and the production plant. Listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2b was isolated from the patient and from the opened and unopened cheese samples. The contamination level varied from <100 to 1,200 cfu g(-1). Molecular typing of the isolates, using both randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), demonstrated that the isolates from the patient's refrigerator, food stores, and production-plant samples were indistinguishable from the clinical isolate. Molecular typing verified the peristence of closely related L. monocytogenes isolates in the production plant B for 5 months. The results stress the importance of developing a code of hygienic practice for preventing, limiting, and where possible, eliminating this pathogen in processed foods and of educating at-risk persons on foods likely to be contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gianfranceschi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Rome, Italy.
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Oliva B, Piccirilli E, Ceddia T, Pontieri E, Aureli P, Ferrini AM. Antimycotic activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its major components. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:185-7. [PMID: 12859665 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to analyse the antimycotic properties of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil, TTO) and its principal components and to compare them with the activity of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B. METHODS AND RESULTS The screening for the antimycotic activity was performed by serial twofold dilutions in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium with the inclusion of Tween-80 (0.5%). TTO and terpinen-4-olo were the most active compounds. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the organisms were sensitive to the essential oil, with TTO and terpinen-4-olo being the most active oils showing antifungal activity at minimum inhibitory concentration values lower than other drugs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a sample large enough to determine the antifungal properties of TTO and terpinen-4-olo and suggests further studies for a possible therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oliva
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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10
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Fenicia L, Da Dalt L, Anniballi F, Franciosa G, Zanconato S, Aureli P. A case if infant botulism due to neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum type E associated with Clostridium difficile colitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21:736-8. [PMID: 12479171 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-002-0816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the sixth case of intestinal toxemia botulism caused by Clostridium butyricum type E in Italy since 1984. In this case, the patient was concomitantly affected with colitis due to Clostridium difficile toxin. A review of previously reported cases revealed that some of these patients may also have had intestinal toxemia botulism associated with Clostridium difficile colitis, based on the reported symptoms. Given that this association has been shown to exist not only in Italy but also in the USA, it is recommended that individuals with intestinal botulism and symptoms of colitis undergo testing for Clostridium difficile and its toxins in fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fenicia
- National Reference Center for Botulism, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Microbial strains traditionally used to ferment food have a long history of safe use and are, therefore, considered as generally recognised as safe. Many of these micro-organisms have also functional attributes and are included among probiotics. New species and strains of bacteria with desirable technological and functional properties are constantly being identified; in addition, micro-organisms can be engineered by recently developed biotechnological tools in order to accelerate strain improvement. Although the potentialities of novel micro-organisms with better probiotic and technological properties are promising, it cannot be assumed that they share the safety record of traditional micro-organisms, since they may pose unique challenges for human health. The risk assessment and safety evaluation of novel micro-organisms must focus, primarily, on their potential harmful effects, both direct and indirect, upon host resident intestinal microflora. Genetically modified micro-organisms need further assessment for the complete characterisation of the DNA rearrangement and of the final product, in order to establish the "substantial equivalence" with the parental strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aureli
- Food Department, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Istituto Superiore della Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Aureli P, Di Cunto M, Maffei A, De Chiara G, Franciosa G, Accorinti L, Gambardella AM, Greco D. An outbreak in Italy of botulism associated with a dessert made with mascarpone cream cheese. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 16:913-8. [PMID: 11338122 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011002401014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1996, an outbreak of botulism affected eight young people (age of patients ranged from 6 to 23 years) in Italy. The onset of the illness was the same for all of these patients: gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea and vomiting) followed by neurologic symptoms. The most common neurologic symptoms were dysphagia, respiratory failure (100%), diplopia (87%), dysarthria, ptosis (75%) and mydriasis (50%). All patients required mechanical ventilation. Botulinum toxin was detected from two of respectively five sera and six stool samples analysed, while spores of Clostridium botulinum type A were recovered from all patient' faeces. The epidemiological investigation led to suspect a commercial cream cheese ('mascarpone') as a source of botulinum toxin: indeed, it had been eaten by all the patients before onset of the symptoms, either alone or as the (uncooked) ingredient of a dessert, 'tiramisù'. Botulinum toxin type A was found in the 'tiramisù' leftover consumed by two patients and in some mascarpone cheese samples collected from the same retail stores where the other patients had previously bought their cheeses. A break in the cold-chain at the retail has likely caused germination of C. botulinum spores contaminating the products, with subsequent production of the toxin. One of the patients died, while the others recovered very slowly. Prompt international alerting and recall of the mascarpone cheese prevented the spread of the outbreak due to the wide range of distribution, demonstrating the importance of a rapid surveillance system. None of the people complaining of symptoms after the public alert resulted positive for botulinum spores and toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aureli
- Reparto di Microbiologia degli Alimenti, Centro Nazionale di Riferimento per il Botulismo, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Franciosa G, Tartaro S, Wedell-Neergaard C, Aureli P. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains involved in invasive and noninvasive listeriosis outbreaks by PCR-based fingerprinting techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1793-9. [PMID: 11282635 PMCID: PMC92799 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1793-1799.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Accepted: 01/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 32 Listeria monocytogenes strains (16 from a recent outbreak of invasive listeriosis and 16 from two outbreaks of noninvasive listeriosis, all three occurring in Italy) were characterized by PCR-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR), and the recently developed infrequent-restriction-site PCR (IRS-PCR). The discriminatory ability of the techniques, first evaluated on 29 unrelated L. monocytogenes food isolates using Simpson's index of diversity, was 0.714 for PCR-ribotyping, 0.690 for AP-PCR, and 0.919 for IRS-PCR. IRS-PCR was also more capable of distinguishing among strains from the invasive listeriosis outbreak: three different clusters were identified by IRS-PCR compared to two clusters identified by both PCR-ribotyping and AP-PCR. Within each of the two outbreaks of noninvasive listeriosis, the patterns were practically identical, as demonstrated by all three techniques. Only IRS-PCR succeeded in clearly discriminating the strains related to noninvasive listeriosis from all of the other strains included in this study, including those from the outbreak of invasive listeriosis. This finding may suggest the presence of unique differences in their DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Food Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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14
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Gattuso A, Gianfranceschi M, Sessa R, Taggi F, Pourshaban M, Aureli P. In vivo and in vitro assessment of the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes strains. New Microbiol 2000; 23:289-95. [PMID: 10939044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate whether the in vitro model (invasion and intracellular growth in Caco-2 cells) for determining virulence is a suitable alternative to the in vivo model (50% lethal dose), we compared the levels of virulence obtained with the two models. We tested L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food and clinical samples during three episodes of listeriosis occurring in Italy in the period 1993-1995. We also tested L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food during official control activities. The results obtained from the tested strains varied according to the experimental method adopted: the L. monocytogenes strains featuring the same genetic pattern showed a greater uniformity of response in vivo than in vitro. We can conclude that the in vitro model may be used as an alternative to the animal model to determine Listeria spp pathogenicity, though it cannot distinguish levels of virulence within the L. monocytogenes species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gattuso
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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15
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Aureli P, Fiorucci GC, Caroli D, Marchiaro G, Novara O, Leone L, Salmaso S. An outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis associated with corn contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1236-41. [PMID: 10781619 DOI: 10.1056/nejm200004273421702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On May 21, 1997, numerous cases of febrile gastrointestinal illness were reported among the students and staff of two primary schools in northern Italy, all of whom had eaten at cafeterias served by the same caterer. METHODS We interviewed people who ate at the cafeterias about symptoms and foods consumed on May 20. There were no samples of foods left at the cafeterias, but we tested routine samples taken on May 20 by the caterer and environmental specimens at the catering plant. The hospitalized patients were tested for common enteropathogens and toxins. RESULTS Of the 2189 persons interviewed (82 percent of those exposed), 1566 (72 percent) reported symptoms; of these, 292 (19 percent) were hospitalized. Among samples obtained from hospitalized patients, all but two of the stool specimens and all blood specimens were negative for common enteropathogens. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from one blood specimen and from 123 of the 141 stool specimens. Consumption of a cold salad of corn and tuna was associated with the development of symptoms (relative risk, 6.19; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.81 to 7.98; P<0.001). L. monocytogenes was isolated from the caterer's sample of the salad and from environmental specimens collected from the catering plant. All listeria isolates were serotype 4b and were found to be identical on DNA analysis. Experimental contamination of sterile samples of the implicated foods showed that L. monocytogenes grew on corn when kept for at least 10 hours at 25 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS Food-borne infection with L. monocytogenes can cause febrile illness with gastroenteritis in immunocompetent persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aureli
- Reparto di Microbiologia degli Alimenti, Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Fenicia L, Franciosa G, Pourshaban M, Aureli P. Intestinal toxemia botulism in two young people, caused by Clostridium butyricum type E. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1381-7. [PMID: 10585782 DOI: 10.1086/313497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two unconnected cases of type E botulism involving a 19-year-old woman and a 9-year-old child are described. The hospital courses of their illness were similar and included initial acute abdominal pain accompanied by progressive neurological impairment. Both patients were suspected of having appendicitis and underwent laparotomy, during which voluminous Meckel's diverticula were resected. Unusual neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strains that produced botulinum-like toxin type E were isolated from the feces of the patients. These isolates were genotypically and phenotypically identical to other neurotoxigenic C. butyricum strains discovered in Italy in 1985-1986. No cytotoxic activity of the strains that might explain the associated gastrointestinal symptoms was demonstrated. The clinical picture of the illness and the persistence of neurotoxigenic clostridia in the feces of these patients suggested a colonization of the large intestine, with in vivo toxin production. The possibility that Meckel's diverticulum may predispose to intestinal toxemia botulism may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fenicia
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, National Reference Center for Botulism, Istituto Superiore della Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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17
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Franciosa G, Pourshaban M, Gianfranceschi M, Gattuso A, Fenicia L, Ferrini AM, Mannoni V, De Luca G, Aureli P. Clostridium botulinum spores and toxin in mascarpone cheese and other milk products. J Food Prot 1999; 62:867-71. [PMID: 10456738 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-62.8.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,017 mascarpone cheese samples, collected at retail, were analyzed for Clostridium botulinum spores and toxin, aerobic mesophilic spore counts, as well as pH, a(w) (water activity), and Eh (oxidation-reduction potential). In addition 260 samples from other dairy products were also analyzed for spores and botulinum toxin. Experiments were carried out on naturally and artificially contaminated mascarpone to investigate the influence of different temperature conditions on toxin production by C. botulinum. Three hundred and thirty-one samples (32.5%) of mascarpone were positive for botulinal spores, and 7 (0.8%) of the 878 samples produced at the plant involved in an outbreak of foodborne botulism also contained toxin type A. The chemical-physical parameters (pH, a(w), Eh) of all samples were compatible with C. botulinum growth and toxinogenesis. Of the other milk products, 2.7% were positive for C. botulinum spores. Growth and toxin formation occurred in naturally and experimentally contaminated mascarpone samples after 3 and 4 days of incubation at 28 degrees C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Orsi GB, Aureli P, Cassone A, Venditti M, Fara GM. Post-surgical Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis outbreak. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42:250-2. [PMID: 10440002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Botulism is a rare, severe, neuroparalytic disease. Four forms of botulism are described in humans: foodborne botulism and the more recently described wound botulism, infant botulism, and infant-like botulism. The two last forms are sometimes grouped un
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Franciosa G, Hatheway CL, Aureli P. The detection of a deletion in the type B neurotoxin gene of Clostridium botulinum A(B) strains by a two-step PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 26:442-6. [PMID: 9717316 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differences between the type B neurotoxin gene sequence of Clostridium botulinum type A(B) and Cl. botulinum type B, including a six nucleotide deletion, were recently proposed as a cause of the lack of expression of this gene in the type A toxigenic strains. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on two sets of primers was designed to investigate the absence of the 6-nucleotide sequence in the apparently unexpressed type B toxin gene of 42 strains of Cl. botulinum type A(B). Thirty-five strains were shown to exhibit a deletion in their type B toxin gene; two strains did not have the deletion and actually produced small amounts of type B toxin when tested by the mouse bioassay. This two-step PCR might be useful for the rapid determination of the presence of the six nucleotide deletion and consequently, whether the type B toxin is likely to be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Food Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Romanello R, De Santis F, Caione R, Fenicia L, Aureli P. A case of botulism due to an infected traumatic injury. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17:295-6. [PMID: 9707318 DOI: 10.1007/bf01699992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Franciosa G, Pourshaban M, Gianfranceschi M, Aureli P. Genetic typing of human and food isolates of Listeria monocytogenes from episodes of listeriosis. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14:205-10. [PMID: 9556182 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007448210169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ten clinical and food Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated during the epidemiological investigations of episodes of listeriosis (one outbreak and two sporadic cases) that occurred in northern Italy during 1993-1995 have been examined by DNA macrorestriction pattern analysis obtained by PFGE and RAPD typing, in order to confirm the food vehicle of infections. The same DNA profiles within the isolates from the three episodes were obtained by both techniques. The Apal and Smal PFGE profiles and RAPD patterns with primer OPM-01 confirmed the close relationship between strains from two distinct episodes. However, RAPD analysis with primer UBC-127 distinguished between these L. monocytogenes isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Reparto Microbiologia degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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23
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Franciosa G, Fenicia L, Pourshaban M, Aureli P. Recovery of a strain of Clostridium botulinum producing both neurotoxin A and neurotoxin B from canned macrobiotic food. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1148-50. [PMID: 9055430 PMCID: PMC168405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.3.1148-1150.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A rare strain of Clostridium botulinum subtype Ab was isolated from a canned macrobiotic food suspected of being linked to a fatal case of food-borne botulism. The strain was recovered and identified by conventional methods modified by the inclusion of a PCR assay (G. Franciosa, J.L. Ferreira, and C.L. Hatheway, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1911-1917, 1994). The titers of neurotoxins produced by the strain were evaluated by a mouse bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Liberti R, Franciosa G, Gianfranceschi M, Aureli P. Effect of combined lysozyme and lipase treatment on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 32:235-42. [PMID: 8880343 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of polyphosphates or lipases to increase the lytic activity of lysozyme was evaluated both on Listeria monocytogenes suspended in buffer and on growing cultures incubated at different temperatures. At 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C polyphosphates combined with lysozyme did not result in the decrease of the number of non-growing L. monocytogenes cells. At the same incubation conditions, the addition of lipase to lysozyme significantly enhanced the bactericidal activity of lysozyme to an extent determined by pH, NaCl concentration and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liberti
- Food Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
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26
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Aureli P, Ferrini A, Mannoni V. Presumptive identification of sulphonamide and antibiotic residues in milk by microbial inhibitor tests. Food Control 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7135(96)00025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Abstract
A PCR was developed and applied for the detection of Clostridium botulinum type C in 18 avian and environmental samples collected during an outbreak of avian botulism, and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional methodologies based on the mouse bioassay. PCR and mouse bioassay results compared well (100%) after the enrichment of samples, but PCR results directly indicated the presence of this microorganism in six samples, while only one of these contained the type C botulinal neurotoxin before enrichment. The PCR assay was sensitive (limit of detection between 15 and 15 x 10(3) spores per PCR), specific (no amplification products were obtained with other clostridia), and rapid, since sonicated and heated samples provided enough template for amplification without any DNA purification. Eleven isolates of C. botulinum type C were recovered from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), grey herons (Ardea cinerea), and mud during investigation of this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Piersante GP, Marino A, Fenicia L, Moro ML, Aureli P. [A large outbreak of botulism caused by home cured ham consumption]. Ann Ig 1995; 7:451-8. [PMID: 8663975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
A case of infant botulism in a 9 week-old female is described. A strain of C. botulinum type B was isolated from the feces of the baby. The epidemiologic study detected in a sample of home canned honey Clostridium botulinum spores of the same serotype that was isolated from the patient. The honey had been used only to sweeten the pacifier of the baby. This is the first case of infant botulism in Europe linked conclusively to honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fenicia
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ferrini AM, Aureli P, Ricciardi C, Stazi AV, Macrì C, Mantovani A. Presence of tobramycin in kidneys and placentae of Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses and newborns following in utero exposure. Pharmacol Res 1992; 26:277-84. [PMID: 1437993 DOI: 10.1016/1043-6618(92)90216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The maternal-fetal transfer of tobramycin (TBM) was investigated in the rat by means of a microbiological assay, to assess the presence and amount in the kidneys and placentae of fetuses at gestational day (GD) 20, in the kidneys of newborns 6 and 11 days after the end of treatment and in the kidneys of the dams. In the qualitative assay, pregnant rats were injected i.p. with 0, 30, 60 mg/kg b.w. of TBM on GD 10-19. A group of dams treated in parallel with 30 mg/kg b.w. was utilized for a microbiological semiquantitative assay. All litters contained some fetuses showing no detectable TBM accumulation in either kidney or in placentae: at 30 mg/kg/b.w. accumulation appeared more prevalent in placenta than in the kidneys of the corresponding fetuses, as confirmed also by the semiquantitative assay. Some newborns (about 6%) of both groups showed detectable renal TBM residues on the 6th and on the 11th day after the end of treatment. The frequency of newborns showing residues was not obviously related to the dose or the day of sampling, and the concentrations of TBM found were comparable to those observed in fetuses. It is possible that they represent a particularly sensitive subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ferrini
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Abstract
A case of wound botulism in a 41-year old man is reported. The patient had accidently been wounded when he fell on an iron bar. Some days later he developed typical clinical manifestations of botulism. Wound botulism was confirmed by detection and quantification of type B botulinal toxin in the serum. Ventilatory supportive care was necessary and botulinal antitoxin was not given. The patient was hospitalized for 30 days and recovery was complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aureli
- Laboratorio di Alimenti, Istuto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of 32 plant essential oils commonly used in food industry was examined against four strains of Listeria monocytogenes and one strain of Listeria innocua . Two different procedures were carried out to test the essential oils, a paper disc diffusion method and an inhibition curve. In the former procedure an absolute ethanolic solution (1:5 v/v) of each oil was tested on the plates inoculated with a bacterial concentration of 106 CFU/ml. Five of the 32 essential oils (cinnamon, clove, origanum, pimento, and thyme) showed antibacterial activity. Some of the five oils were also tested at lower concentration (1:50 v/v). The inhibition curve to study antilisteric efficacies of the five oils in a saline solution system was examined. Pimento oil showed marked and rapid activity (generally within 1 h of exposure), whereas clove, origanum, and thyme oils showed a more slow activity. The antilisteric activity of the tested oils seems to be strain dependent. A L. monocytogenes strain was also tested in a food matrix (minced pork meat) against thyme essential oil. Minced pork meat with thyme oil reduced the L. monocytogenes population by ca. 100-fold over the first week of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aureli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita' - Laboratorio Alimenti V. le Regina Elena 299, Roma, Italy
| | - A Costantini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita' - Laboratorio Alimenti V. le Regina Elena 299, Roma, Italy
| | - S Zolea
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita' - Laboratorio Alimenti V. le Regina Elena 299, Roma, Italy
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Fantasia M, Filetici E, Anastasio MP, Marcozzi MD, Gramenzi MP, Aureli P. Italian experience in Salmonella enteritidis 1978-1988: characterization of isolates from food and man. Int J Food Microbiol 1991; 12:353-62. [PMID: 1854603 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90149-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis accounted for 5.45% of the 118.685 Salmonella isolates from man and for 2.65% of the 3.315 Salmonella isolates from food in Italy in the eleven year period 1978 to 1988. In the years 1978-1982 no S. enteritidis strain was isolated from eggs and poultry; in the years 1983-1988 the 53% of S. enteritidis isolates from food were from eggs and poultry. In 1989 S. enteritidis accounted for 744 isolates from man and 22 from food of which 80% were from eggs and poultry (partial data). In that year 18 outbreaks caused by S. enteritidis were reported to the National Centre of Enteric Pathogens in Rome. Characteristics of 81 S. enteritidis isolates were examined of which 27 were from sporadic cases involving humans and 40 from outbreaks in humans; 14 isolates were from food, all but one connected with the outbreaks. All the isolates studied were sensitive to the antibiotics tested; plasmid profile analysis showed a predominant profile pattern in both epidemic and non-epidemic strains; lysine decarboxylase was present in all the strains tested. Although in at least three epidemics a common supplier of eggs was proved, the source was not identified. Unfortunately it was not possible to determine the phage type of isolates because of the unavailability of specific phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fantasia
- Bacteriology and Medical Mycology Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Fantasia M, Pontello M, Filetici E, Aureli P. Salmonella mbandaka isolated in Italy. 1979-1986. Microbiologica 1989; 12:49-54. [PMID: 2716535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 350 strains of Salmonella mbandaka were isolated in Italy during the period 1979 to 1986. S. mbandaka was a rare serotype in Italy. It was first isolated from water in 1979. Since that year the number of isolates has increased: 1980 (3), 1981 (21), 1982 (21), 1983 (24), 1984 (54), 1985 (108), 1986 (118). 67.1% of the strains were isolated from humans, 14.6% from food, 15.1% from water and 2.9% from animals. Frozen eggs and egg-based products were the most frequently contaminated foods. Of the forty-six strains tested for drug resistance, two were multiresistant to gentamicin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin and to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline and tobramycin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fantasia
- Centro Nazionale Enterobatteri Patogeni, Laboratorio di Batteriologia e Micologia Medica, Rome, Italy
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Aureli P, Fenicia L, Salvatore G. [Micro-organisms and aromatic plants: effects in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals]. Boll Chim Farm 1988; 127:124-7. [PMID: 3245902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Aureli P, Ferrini AM. [Identification of C. botulinum spores in a case of sudden infant death in Italy. Description of a clinical case]. Minerva Pediatr 1988; 40:125-6. [PMID: 3290641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, Gianfranceschi M, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis 1986; 154:207-11. [PMID: 3722863 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/154.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first two confirmed cases of type E infant botulism occurred in two 16-week-old girls in Rome, Italy. The original diagnosis for the first patient was intestinal blockage due to an ileocecal invagination, which was treated surgically. Postoperatively, the patient became unresponsive and required ventilatory assistance. A diagnosis of infant botulism was then made. The second infant presented to the same hospital 7 1/2 months later with profound weakness, hypotonicity, mydriasis, and areflexia. This case was recognized as possible botulism at admission. Both cases were confirmed by detection and identification of type E botulinal toxin in stool specimens and in enrichment cultures of those specimens. The toxigenic organisms isolated were quite different from Clostridium botulinum type E. The apparent causative organism in each case resembles Clostridium butyricum but produces a neurotoxin that is indistinguishable from type E botulinal toxin by its effects on mice and by its neutralization with type E botulinal antitoxin.
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Woolaway MC, Bartlett CL, Wieneke AA, Gilbert RJ, Murrell HC, Aureli P. International outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by contaminated lasagne. J Hyg (Lond) 1986; 96:67-73. [PMID: 3950399 PMCID: PMC2129594 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400062549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning in Europe caused by contaminated lasagne was detected and monitored by both national and international surveillance systems. The common source was a pasta-producing factory in Italy and high levels of Staphylococcus aureus were detected in packets of dried lasagne distributed in Luxembourg, the UK, France and Italy. Forty-seven cases were reported in the UK. Outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning attributed to mishandling during the food processing stage are uncommon and pasta as the food vehicle is rare. Prompt recognition of the outbreak and rapid identification of the food vehicle enabled most of the consignment to be withdrawn from the market.
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McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, Aureli P. Characterization of an organism that produces type E botulinal toxin but which resembles Clostridium butyricum from the feces of an infant with type E botulism. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23:201-2. [PMID: 3517043 PMCID: PMC268605 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.23.1.201-202.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The apparent causative organism from the only reported case of type E infant botulism was isolated and characterized. Except for its ability to produce type E botulinal toxin, this organism (strain 5262) would be unquestionably identified as Clostridium butyricum. This is the second time an organism resembling a defined Clostridium species other than a member of the C. botulinum group has been implicated in infant botulism.
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Aureli P, Pasolini B. [Microbiological requirements for non-compulsory sterile drugs]. Boll Chim Farm 1985; 124:229-43. [PMID: 4063090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Aureli P, Fenicia L. [Hygienic and sanitary aspects of mass catering]. Nuovi Ann Ig Microbiol 1985; 36:1-15. [PMID: 3836395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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De Felip G, Toti L, Aureli P. [On the determination technics of phosphatase in milk and its derivatives]. Boll Chim Farm 1973; 112:813-7. [PMID: 4802029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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