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Lara-Esqueda A, Zaizar-Fregoso SA, Madrigal-Perez VM, Ramirez-Flores M, Montes-Galindo DA, Martinez-Fierro ML, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Guzman-Esquivel J, Meza-Robles C, Ceja-Espiritu G, Kuri-Morales PA, Delgado-Enciso J, Barriguete-Melendez A, Galvan-Salazar HR, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Guillermo-Espinosa E, Lara-Basulto AD, Gonzalez-Roldan JF, Delgado-Enciso I. Evaluation of Medical Care for Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients in Primary Care in Mexico: Observational Retrospective Study. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:7365075. [PMID: 34426789 PMCID: PMC8380161 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7365075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study evaluated the quality of medical care for patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HBP), and both pathologies (DM+HBP) within a public health system in Mexico. METHODS 45,498 patients were included from 2012 to 2015. All information was taken from the electronic medical record database. Each patient record was compared against the standard to test the quality of medical care. RESULTS Glycemia with hypertension goals reached 29.6% in DM+HBP, 48.6% in DM, and 53.2% in HBP. The goals of serum lipids were reached by 3% in DM+HBP, 5% in DM, and 0.2% in HBP. Glycemia, hypertension, and LDL cholesterol reached 0.04%. 15% of patients had an undiagnosed disease. Clinical follow-up examinations reached 20% for foot examination and clinical eye examination. Specialty referrals reached 1% in angiology or cardiology. CONCLUSION Goals for glycemic and hypertension reached 50% in the overall population, while serum lipids, clinical follow-up examinations, and referral to a specialist were deficient. Patients who had both diseases had more consultations, better control for hypertension and lipids, but inferior glycemic control. Overall, quality care for DM and/or HBP has not been met according to the standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Lara-Esqueda
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Sergio A. Zaizar-Fregoso
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Violeta M. Madrigal-Perez
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Mario Ramirez-Flores
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Daniel A. Montes-Galindo
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Molecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - José Guzman-Esquivel
- Department of Research, Mexican Social Security Institute, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico
| | - Carmen Meza-Robles
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Ceja-Espiritu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Pablo A. Kuri-Morales
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - Josuel Delgado-Enciso
- Fundación para la Etica, Education e Investigación del Cáncer del Instituto Estatal de Cancerologia de Colima, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | | | - Hector R. Galvan-Salazar
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | | | | | - Agustin D. Lara-Basulto
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Jesus F. Gonzalez-Roldan
- Subsecretaria de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaria de Salud de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, 06600, Mexico
| | - Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Moreno-Garcia M, Santos-Luna R, Román-Pérez S, Salazar-Penagos F, Lombera-González M, Sánchez-Tejeda G, González-Roldán JF. Insecticide susceptibility status in Mexican populations of Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti): a nationwide assessment. Med Vet Entomol 2018; 32:162-174. [PMID: 29165810 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, mosquito vector-borne diseases are of public health concern as a result of their impact on human morbidity and mortality. The use of insecticides against adult mosquitoes is one of the most common ways of controlling mosquito population densities. However, the use of these compounds has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. The aim of this study was to estimate susceptibility to six pyrethroids, two carbamates and two organophosphates in Mexican populations of Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Bottle insecticide susceptibility tests, with 1 h exposure, were performed on adult mosquitoes from 75 localities across 28 states. At 30 min of exposure, the proportion of fallen mosquitoes was recorded. After 60 min of exposure, mosquitoes were recovered in non-treated containers and mortality was determined at 24 h after the set-up of the experiment. In general, the carbamate insecticides represented the most effective group in terms of the proportion of mosquitoes fallen at 30 min (72-100%) and 24-h mortality (97-100%). High and widespread resistance to pyrethroids Types I and II and, to a lesser extent, to organophosphates was observed. Insecticide susceptibility among and within states was highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C González-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo, Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Morelos, Mexico
| | - R Santos-Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - S Román-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - G Sánchez-Tejeda
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J F González-Roldán
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Moreno-Garcia M, Dávalos-Becerril E, Benitez-Alva JI, Peralta-Rodriguez J, Salazar-Bueyes V, González-Roldán JF. Efficacy of 13 Commercial Household Aerosol Insecticides Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Morelos, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2018; 55:417-422. [PMID: 29228197 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses. Control programs include community participation using personal protection such as household aerosol insecticides. In both, urban or rural areas, the use of aerosol insecticides is a common practice to avoiding mosquito biting. Thus, information on the efficacy of commercial products must be available. This study reports the efficacy of 13 household aerosol insecticides against Ae. aegypti from an endemic dengue area in Mexico. To test each insecticide, six netting cages, containing 10 non-blood fed female mosquitoes each one, were placed in different locations inside a bedroom. Readings at 30 min and 24 h after exposure were recorded. No products showed 100% mortality after 30 min of exposure. Only three products killed the 100% of the individuals 24 h after exposure. Results showed a high mortality variance among insecticides. Location in the room also impacts the insecticide efficacy. Mosquitoes located inside cabinets or with behind an obstacle (preventing an accurate insecticide exposure) showed lower mortalities. Products and spraying methods could and should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Mexico
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Sánchez-Tejeda G, Moreno-Garcia M, Dávalos-Becerril E, Juárez-Franco MF, Benitez-Alva JI, González-Roldán JF. Repellency of 29 Synthetic and Natural Commercial Topical Insect Repellents Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Mexico. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1305-1311. [PMID: 28402436 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, the use of repellents to prevent insects from landing and biting is a common practice. However, variation in the efficiency of natural and synthetic repellents has been observed. In this study, we evaluated the repellency and protection time of 16 synthetic and 13 natural-based commercial products against Aedes aegypti (L.) from an endemic dengue area (Jojutla, Morelos) in Central Mexico. The "arm exposure" cage test was used to assess the efficacy of the repellents. Tests were conducted by three adult volunteers. Results showed that DEET (N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) repellents provided the highest protection and duration times against Ae. aegypti. However, low repellency and short-time protection was observed (when compared with the manufacturers' protection times). Natural-based products did not repel (either landing or biting) mosquitoes for >30 min. These results show that most of the repellent products did not provide satisfactory levels of personal protection against mosquito bites. Frequent reapplication of repellents (synthetic and natural-based) may compensate for their short duration of action. Repellent efficacy data must be integrated into the decision-making process for an optimal response to the local (or specific region) situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabián Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cassandra González-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Sánchez-Tejeda
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Emiliano Zapata 95, Jojutla, C.P. 62900, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Dávalos-Becerril
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marissa F Juárez-Franco
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Ismael Benitez-Alva
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús F González-Roldán
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin 132, Col. Escandón, C.P. 11800, Mexico City, Mexico
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Falcón-Lezama JA, Martínez-Vega RA, Kuri-Morales PA, Ramos-Castañeda J, Adams B. Day-to-Day Population Movement and the Management of Dengue Epidemics. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:2011-2033. [PMID: 27704330 PMCID: PMC5069346 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a growing public health problem in tropical and subtropical cities. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, and the main strategy for epidemic prevention and control is insecticide fumigation. Effective management is, however, proving elusive. People’s day-to-day movement about the city is believed to be an important factor in the epidemiological dynamics. We use a simple model to examine the fundamental roles of broad demographic and spatial structures in epidemic initiation, growth and control. We show that the key factors are local dilution, characterised by the vector–host ratio, and spatial connectivity, characterised by the extent of habitually variable movement patterns. Epidemic risk in the population is driven by the demographic groups that frequent the areas with the highest vector–host ratio, even if they only spend some of their time there. Synchronisation of epidemic trajectories in different demographic groups is governed by the vector–host ratios to which they are exposed and the strength of connectivity. Strategies for epidemic prevention and management may be made more effective if they take into account the fluctuating landscape of transmission intensity associated with spatial heterogeneity in the vector–host ratio and people’s day-to-day movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Falcón-Lezama
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad 655, Colonia Sta. Maria Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera. C.P., 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Carlos Slim Health Institute, Lago Zurich 245, Edif. Presa Falcón piso 20, Ampliación Granada. Del. Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11529, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ruth A Martínez-Vega
- Organizacion Latinoamericana de Fomento a la Investigacion en Salud, Calle 110 No. 21-30, Of. 604, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Pablo A Kuri-Morales
- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Lieja 7, 1er piso, Colonia Juárez, Del. Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06600, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Ramos-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad 655, Colonia Sta. Maria Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera. C.P., 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,UTMB Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0435, USA
| | - Ben Adams
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA27AY, UK.
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Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Fernández-Santos NA, Orozco-Algarra ME, Rodríguez-Atanacio JA, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Rodríguez-Morales KB, Real-Najarro O, Prado-Velasco FG, Cupp EW, Richards FO, Hassan HK, González-Roldán JF, Kuri-Morales PA, Unnasch TR. Elimination of Onchocerciasis from Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003922. [PMID: 26161558 PMCID: PMC4498594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is one of the six countries formerly endemic for onchocerciasis in Latin America. Transmission has been interrupted in the three endemic foci of that country and mass drug distribution has ceased. Three years after mass drug distribution ended, post-treatment surveillance (PTS) surveys were undertaken which employed entomological indicators to check for transmission recrudescence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In-depth entomologic assessments were performed in 18 communities in the three endemic foci of Mexico. None of the 108,212 Simulium ochraceum s.l. collected from the three foci were found to contain parasite DNA when tested by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA), resulting in a maximum upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (95%-ULCI) of the infective rate in the vectors of 0.035/2,000 flies examined. This is an order of magnitude below the threshold of a 95%-ULCI of less than one infective fly per 2,000 flies tested, the current entomological criterion for interruption of transmission developed by the international community. The point estimate of seasonal transmission potential (STP) was zero, and the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for the STP ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 L3/person/season in the different foci. This value is below all previous estimates for the minimum transmission potential required to maintain the parasite population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results from the in-depth entomological post treatment surveillance surveys strongly suggest that transmission has not resumed in the three foci of Mexico during the three years since the last distribution of ivermectin occurred; it was concluded that transmission remains undetectable without intervention, and Onchocerca volvulus has been eliminated from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia A. Fernández-Santos
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - María E. Orozco-Algarra
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Atanacio
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | | | | | | | - Francisco G. Prado-Velasco
- Programa de Eliminación de la Oncocercosis en Chiapas, Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Secretaría de Salud Unidad Administrativa, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
| | - Eddie W. Cupp
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Frank O. Richards
- River Blindness Program, Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hassan K. Hassan
- Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health,University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jesús F. González-Roldán
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Pablo A. Kuri-Morales
- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Juárez, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, México, D.F., México
| | - Thomas R. Unnasch
- Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health,University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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