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Levasseur PA, Aherne J, Basiliko N, Emilson EJS, Preston MD, Sager EPS, Watmough SA. Soil carbon pools and fluxes following the regreening of a mining and smelting degraded landscape. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166734. [PMID: 37673266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing forest cover by regreening mining and smelting degraded landscapes provides an opportunity for global carbon (C) sequestration, however, the reported effects of regreening on soil C processes are mixed. One of the world's largest regreening programs is in the City of Greater Sudbury, Canada and has been ongoing since 1978. Prior to regreening, soils in the City of Greater Sudbury area were highly eroded, acidic, rich in metals, and poor in nutrients. This study used a chronosequence approach to investigate how forest soil C pools and fluxes have changed with stand age in highly "eroded" sites with minimal soil cover (n = 6) and "stable" sites covered by soil (n = 6). Encouragingly, the relationship between stand age and soil C processes (litterfall, litter decomposition, soil respiration, fine root growth) at both stable and eroded sites were comparable to observations reported for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations that have not been subject to over a century of industrial impacts. There was a strong "home-field advantage" for local decomposers, where litter decomposition rates were higher using a site-specific pine litter compared with a common pine litter. Higher soil respiration at eroded sites was linked to higher soil temperature, likely because of a more open tree canopy. Forest floor C pools increased with stand age while mineral soil C and aggregate C concentrations decreased with stand age. This loss of soil C is small relative to the substantial increases in aboveground tree and forest floor C pools, leading to a sizeable increase in total ecosystem C pools following regreening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Levasseur
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Julian Aherne
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Nathan Basiliko
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Erik J S Emilson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Michael D Preston
- Faculty of Environment, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Eric P S Sager
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Shaun A Watmough
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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Watmough S, Gilbert-Parkes S, Basiliko N, Lamit LJ, Lilleskov EA, Andersen R, del Aguila-Pasquel J, Artz RE, Benscoter BW, Borken W, Bragazza L, Brandt SM, Bräuer SL, Carson MA, Chen X, Chimner RA, Clarkson BR, Cobb AR, Enriquez AS, Farmer J, Grover SP, Harvey CF, Harris LI, Hazard C, Hoyt AM, Hribljan J, Jauhiainen J, Juutinen S, Kane ES, Knorr KH, Kolka R, Könönen M, Laine AM, Larmola T, Levasseur PA, McCalley CK, McLaughlin J, Moore TR, Mykytczuk N, Normand AE, Rich V, Robinson B, Rupp DL, Rutherford J, Schadt CW, Smith DS, Spiers G, Tedersoo L, Thu PQ, Trettin CC, Tuittila ES, Turetsky M, Urbanová Z, Varner RK, Waldrop MP, Wang M, Wang Z, Warren M, Wiedermann MM, Williams ST, Yavitt JB, Yu ZG, Zahn G. Variation in carbon and nitrogen concentrations among peatland categories at the global scale. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275149. [PMID: 36417456 PMCID: PMC9683585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands account for 15 to 30% of the world's soil carbon (C) stock and are important controls over global nitrogen (N) cycles. However, C and N concentrations are known to vary among peatlands contributing to the uncertainty of global C inventories, but there are few global studies that relate peatland classification to peat chemistry. We analyzed 436 peat cores sampled in 24 countries across six continents and measured C, N, and organic matter (OM) content at three depths down to 70 cm. Sites were distinguished between northern (387) and tropical (49) peatlands and assigned to one of six distinct broadly recognized peatland categories that vary primarily along a pH gradient. Peat C and N concentrations, OM content, and C:N ratios differed significantly among peatland categories, but few differences in chemistry with depth were found within each category. Across all peatlands C and N concentrations in the 10-20 cm layer, were 440 ± 85.1 g kg-1 and 13.9 ± 7.4 g kg-1, with an average C:N ratio of 30.1 ± 20.8. Among peatland categories, median C concentrations were highest in bogs, poor fens and tropical swamps (446-532 g kg-1) and lowest in intermediate and extremely rich fens (375-414 g kg-1). The C:OM ratio in peat was similar across most peatland categories, except in deeper samples from ombrotrophic tropical peat swamps that were higher than other peatlands categories. Peat N concentrations and C:N ratios varied approximately two-fold among peatland categories and N concentrations tended to be higher (and C:N lower) in intermediate fens compared with other peatland types. This study reports on a unique data set and demonstrates that differences in peat C and OM concentrations among broadly classified peatland categories are predictable, which can aid future studies that use land cover assessments to refine global peatland C and N stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Watmough
- Trent University, School of the Environment, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nathan Basiliko
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis J. Lamit
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Lilleskov
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Andersen
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle St., United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebekka E. Artz
- Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Castle St., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W. Benscoter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States of America
| | - Werner Borken
- University Bayreuth, Soil Ecology, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Luca Bragazza
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefani M. Brandt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, United States of America
| | - Suzanna L. Bräuer
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Carson
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rodney A. Chimner
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander R. Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea S. Enriquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (CONICET-INTA), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Jenny Farmer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha P. Grover
- RMIT University, Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles F. Harvey
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lorna I. Harris
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Hazard
- École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, Ecully, France
| | - Alison M. Hoyt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - John Hribljan
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jyrki Jauhiainen
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evan S. Kane
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Klaus-Holger Knorr
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Randy Kolka
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Mari Könönen
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tuula Larmola
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Carmody K. McCalley
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Jim McLaughlin
- Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, United States of America
| | - Tim R. Moore
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadia Mykytczuk
- Laurentian University, School of the Environment and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna E. Normand
- University of Florida, Soil and Water Sciences, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Virginia Rich
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Bryce Robinson
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle L. Rupp
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Rutherford
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A., Australia
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Dave S. Smith
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States of America
| | - Graeme Spiers
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pham Q. Thu
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Carl C. Trettin
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Cordesville, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Merritt Turetsky
- INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Zuzana Urbanová
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Department of Earth Science and Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Waldrop
- Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, USGS Menlo Park, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Meng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Matt Warren
- Earth Innovation Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Magdalena M. Wiedermann
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shanay T. Williams
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph B. Yavitt
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Guo Yu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Geoff Zahn
- Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, United States of America
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