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Gabor RS, Hall SJ, Eiriksson DP, Jameel Y, Millington M, Stout T, Barnes ML, Gelderloos A, Tennant H, Bowen GJ, Neilson BT, Brooks PD. Persistent Urban Influence on Surface Water Quality via Impacted Groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:9477-9487. [PMID: 28730814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing urban environments stress hydrologic systems and impact downstream water quality. We examined a third-order catchment that transitions from an undisturbed mountain environment into urban Salt Lake City, Utah. We performed synoptic surveys during a range of seasonal baseflow conditions and utilized multiple lines of evidence to identify mechanisms by which urbanization impacts water quality. Surface water chemistry did not change appreciably until several kilometers into the urban environment, where concentrations of solutes such as chloride and nitrate increase quickly in a gaining reach. Groundwater springs discharging in this gaining system demonstrate the role of contaminated baseflow from an aquifer in driving stream chemistry. Hydrometric and hydrochemical observations were used to estimate that the aquifer contains approximately 18% water sourced from the urban area. The carbon and nitrogen dynamics indicated the urban aquifer also serves as a biogeochemical reactor. The evidence of surface water-groundwater exchange on a spatial scale of kilometers and time scale of months to years suggests a need to evolve the hydrologic model of anthropogenic impacts to urban water quality to include exchange with the subsurface. This has implications on the space and time scales of water quality mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Gabor
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Steven J Hall
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University , 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David P Eiriksson
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yusuf Jameel
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mallory Millington
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Trinity Stout
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Michelle L Barnes
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Andrew Gelderloos
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Hyrum Tennant
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Gabriel J Bowen
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Bethany T Neilson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Paul D Brooks
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Swetnam TL, Brooks PD, Barnard HR, Harpold AA, Gallo EL. Topographically driven differences in energy and water constrain climatic control on forest carbon sequestration. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson L. Swetnam
- BIO5 Institute University of Arizona 1657 E Helen Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Paul D. Brooks
- Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Utah Frederick Albert Sutton Building, 115 S 1460 E 383 Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Holly R. Barnard
- Department of Geography and INSTAAR University of Colorado Guggenheim 110, 260 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Adrian A. Harpold
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Erika L. Gallo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources University of Arizona JW Harshbarger Building 11 Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
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Tai X, Mackay DS, Anderegg WRL, Sperry JS, Brooks PD. Plant hydraulics improves and topography mediates prediction of aspen mortality in southwestern USA. New Phytol 2017; 213:113-127. [PMID: 27432086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated forest mortality has been attributed to climate change-induced droughts, but prediction of spatial mortality patterns remains challenging. We evaluated whether introducing plant hydraulics and topographic convergence-induced soil moisture variation to land surface models (LSM) can help explain spatial patterns of mortality. A scheme predicting plant hydraulic safety loss from soil moisture was developed using field measurements and a plant physiology-hydraulics model, TREES. The scheme was upscaled to Populus tremuloides forests across Colorado, USA, using LSM-modeled and topography-mediated soil moisture, respectively. The spatial patterns of hydraulic safety loss were compared against aerial surveyed mortality. Incorporating hydraulic safety loss raised the explanatory power of mortality by 40% compared to LSM-modeled soil moisture. Topographic convergence was mostly influential in suppressing mortality in low and concave areas, explaining an additional 10% of the variations in mortality for those regions. Plant hydraulics integrated water stress along the soil-plant continuum and was more closely tied to plant physiological response to drought. In addition to the well-recognized topo-climate influence due to elevation and aspect, we found evidence that topographic convergence mediates tree mortality in certain parts of the landscape that are low and convergent, likely through influences on plant-available water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Tai
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, 105 Wilkeson Quadrangle, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, 105 Wilkeson Quadrangle, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Paul D Brooks
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Mambelli S, Brooks PD, Sutka R, Hughes S, Finstad KM, Nelson JP, Dawson TE. High-throughput method for simultaneous quantification of N, C and S stable isotopes and contents in organics and soils. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:1743-1753. [PMID: 27426450 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Information about the sulfur stable isotope composition (δ(34) S value) of organic materials and sediments, in addition to their nitrogen (δ(15) N value) and carbon (δ(13) C value) stable isotope compositions, can provide insights into mechanisms and processes in different areas of biological and geological research. The quantification of δ(34) S values has traditionally required an additional and often more difficult analytical procedure than NC dual analysis. Here, we report on the development of a high-throughput method that simultaneously measures the elemental and isotopic compositions of N, C and S in a single sample, and over a wide range of sample sizes and C/N and C/S ratios. METHODS We tested a commercially available CHNOS elemental analyzer in line with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer for the simultaneous quantification of N, C and S stable isotope ratios and contents, and modified the elemental analyzer in order to overcome the interference of (18) O in δ(34) S values, to minimize any water condensation that could also influence S memory, and to achieve the complete reduction of nitrogen oxides to N2 gas for accurate measurement of δ(15) N values. A selection of organic materials and soils was analyzed with a ratio of 1:1.4 standards to unknowns per run. RESULTS The modifications allowed high quality measurements for N, C and S isotope ratios simultaneously (1 SD of ±0.13‰ for δ(15) N value, ±0.12‰ for δ(13) C value, and ±0.4‰ for δ(34) S value), with high throughput (>75 unknowns per run) and over a wide range of element amount per capsule (25 to 500 μg N, 200-4000 μg C, and 8-120 μg S). CONCLUSIONS This method is suitable for widespread use and can significantly enhance the application of δ(34) S measurements in a broad range of soils and organic samples in ecological and biogeochemical research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mambelli
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, 1140 Valley Life Science Building, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Paul D Brooks
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, 1140 Valley Life Science Building, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robin Sutka
- MLS Analytical, 21380 Sea Ray Lane, Wilmington, IL, 60481, USA
| | - Scott Hughes
- EA Consumables, Inc., 5090 Central Hwy, STE 3A, Pennsauken, NJ, 08109, USA
| | - Kari M Finstad
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joey Pakes Nelson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Biological Laboratories 4081, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, 1140 Valley Life Science Building, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Hall SJ, Weintraub SR, Eiriksson D, Brooks PD, Baker MA, Bowen GJ, Bowling DR. Stream Nitrogen Inputs Reflect Groundwater Across a Snowmelt-Dominated Montane to Urban Watershed. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1137-1146. [PMID: 26744921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Snowmelt dominates the hydrograph of many temperate montane streams, yet little work has characterized how streamwater sources and nitrogen (N) dynamics vary across wildland to urban land use gradients in these watersheds. Across a third-order catchment in Salt Lake City, Utah, we asked where and when groundwater vs shallow surface water inputs controlled stream discharge and N dynamics. Stream water isotopes (δ(2)H and δ(18)O) reflected a consistent snowmelt water source during baseflow. Near-chemostatic relationships between conservative ions and discharge implied that groundwater dominated discharge year-round across the montane and urban sites, challenging the conceptual emphasis on direct stormwater inputs to urban streams. Stream and groundwater NO3(-) concentrations remained consistently low during snowmelt and baseflow in most montane and urban stream reaches, indicating effective subsurface N retention or denitrification and minimal impact of fertilizer or deposition N sources. Rather, NO3(-) concentrations increased 50-fold following urban groundwater inputs, showing that subsurface flow paths potentially impact nutrient loading more than surficial land use. Isotopic composition of H2O and NO3(-) suggested that snowmelt-derived urban groundwater intercepted NO3(-) from leaking sewers. Sewer maintenance could potentially mitigate hotspots of stream N inputs at mountain/valley transitions, which have been largely overlooked in semiarid urban ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha R Weintraub
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | | | - Paul D Brooks
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Michelle A Baker
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University , 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Gabriel J Bowen
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Riha KM, Michalski G, Gallo EL, Lohse KA, Brooks PD, Meixner T. High Atmospheric Nitrate Inputs and Nitrogen Turnover in Semi-arid Urban Catchments. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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West AG, Goldsmith GR, Brooks PD, Dawson TE. Discrepancies between isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable isotope analysis of plant and soil waters. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1948-1954. [PMID: 20552579 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) for the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of water is increasing. While IRIS has many advantages over traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), it may also be prone to errors that do not impact upon IRMS analyses. Of particular concern is the potential for contaminants in the water sample to interfere with the spectroscopy, thus leading to erroneous stable isotope data. Water extracted from plant and soil samples may often contain organic contaminants. The extent to which contaminants may interfere with IRIS and thus impact upon data quality is presently unknown. We tested the performance of IRIS relative to IRMS for water extracted from 11 plant species and one organic soil horizon. IRIS deviated considerably from IRMS for over half of the samples tested, with deviations as large as 46 per thousand (delta(2)H) and 15.4 per thousand (delta(18)O) being measured. This effect was reduced somewhat by using activated charcoal to remove organics from the water; however, deviations as large as 35 per thousand (delta(2)H) and 11.8 per thousand (delta(18)O) were still measured for these cleaned samples. Interestingly, the use of activated charcoal to clean water samples had less effect than previously thought for IRMS analyses. Our data show that extreme caution is required when using IRIS to analyse water samples that may contain organic contaminants. We suggest that the development of new cleaning techniques for removing organic contaminants together with instrument-based software to flag potentially problematic samples are necessary to ensure accurate plant and soil water analyses using IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G West
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Brooks PD, Haas PA, Huth AK. Seasonal variability in the concentration and flux of organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in a semiarid catchment, San Pedro River, Arizona. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Brooks
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Peter A. Haas
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Anne K. Huth
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
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Brooks PD, Lemon MM. Spatial variability in dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a semiarid stream, San Pedro River, Arizona. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Brooks
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Michelle M. Lemon
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Brooks
- a Department of Soil Science , University of California , 108 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Gary J. Atkins
- b Europa Scientific , Europa House, Electra Way, Crewe, CW1 1ZA, UK
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Brooks PD, O’Reilly CM, Diamond SA, Campbell DH, Knapp R, Bradford D, Corn PS, Hossack B, Tonnessen K. Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Amount and Source of Dissolved Organic Carbon: Implications for Ultraviolet Exposure in Amphibian Habitats. Ecosystems 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-003-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brooks PD, Geilmann H, Werner RA, Brand WA. Improved precision of coupled delta13C and delta15N measurements from single samples using an elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometer combination with a post-column six-port valve and selective CO2 trapping; improved halide robustness of the combustion reactor using CeO2. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003; 17:1924-1926. [PMID: 12876695 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Apostol I, Brooks PD, Mathews AJ. Application of high-precision isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry to identify the biosynthetic origins of proteins. Protein Sci 2001; 10:1466-9. [PMID: 11420448 PMCID: PMC2374111 DOI: 10.1110/ps.90101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Isotope ratio monitoring (IRM) mass spectrometry was used to measure the relative abundance of stable isotopes in several samples of adult human hemoglobin expressed in E. coli, yeast, and human blood. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of (15)N and (13)C isotopes among hemoglobin samples produced in these organisms. This indicates that IRM mass spectrometry can be used in forensic protein chemistry to identify the origin of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Apostol
- Baxter Hemoglobin Therapeutics, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA. iapostol@amgen
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Williams MW, Brooks PD, Seastedt T. Nitrogen and Carbon Soil Dynamics in Response to Climate Change in a High-Elevation Ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/1551742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Brooks PD, Schmidt SK, Williams MW. Winter production of CO2 and N2O from alpine tundra: environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes. Oecologia 1997; 110:403-413. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00008814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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