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Goldsmith GR, Aiken ML, Camarillo-Abad HM, Diki K, Gardner DL, Stipčić M, Espeleta JF. Overcoming the Barriers to Teaching Teamwork to Undergraduates in STEM. CBE Life Sci Educ 2024; 23:es2. [PMID: 38442149 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.23-07-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
There is widespread recognition that undergraduate students in the life sciences must learn how to work in teams. However, instructors who wish to incorporate teamwork into their classrooms rarely have formal training in how to teach teamwork. This is further complicated by the application of synonymous and often ambiguous terminology regarding teamwork that is found in literature spread among many different disciplines. There are significant barriers for instructors wishing to identify and implement best practices. We synthesize key concepts in teamwork by considering the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) necessary for success, the pedagogies and curricula for teaching those KSAs, and the instruments available for evaluating and assessing success. There are only a limited number of studies on teamwork in higher education that present an intervention with a control group and a formal evaluation or assessment. Moreover, these studies are almost exclusively outside STEM disciplines, raising questions about their extensibility. We conclude by considering how to build an evidence base for instruction that will empower students with the KSAs necessary for participating in a lifetime of equitable and inclusive teamwork.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miranda L Aiken
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866
| | | | - Kamal Diki
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866
| | - Daniel L Gardner
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866
| | - Mario Stipčić
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866
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2
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Valverdi NA, Acosta C, Dauber GR, Goldsmith GR, Ávila‐Lovera E. A comparison of methods for excluding light from stems to evaluate stem photosynthesis. Appl Plant Sci 2023; 11:e11542. [PMID: 38106534 PMCID: PMC10719881 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Premise A comparison of methods using different materials to exclude light from stems to prevent stem CO2 exchange (i.e., photosynthesis), without affecting stem conductance to water vapor, surface temperature, and relative humidity, was conducted on stems of avocado trees in California. Methods and Results The experiment featured three materials: aluminum foil, paper-based wrap, and mineral-based paint. We examined stem CO2 exchange with and without the light exclusion treatments. We also examined stem surface temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) under the cover materials. All materials reduced PAR and stem CO2 exchange. However, aluminum foil reduced stem surface temperature and increased relative humidity. Conclusions Methods used to study stem CO2 exchange through light exclusion have historically relied on methods that may induce experimental artifacts. Among the methods tested here, mineral-based paint effectively reduced PAR without affecting stem surface temperature and relative humidity around the stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A. Valverdi
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Catamarca – La RiojaCatamarcaArgentina
| | - Camilla Acosta
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gabriella R. Dauber
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Eleinis Ávila‐Lovera
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónPanama CityPanama
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3
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Doughty CE, Keany JM, Wiebe BC, Rey-Sanchez C, Carter KR, Middleby KB, Cheesman AW, Goulden ML, da Rocha HR, Miller SD, Malhi Y, Fauset S, Gloor E, Slot M, Oliveras Menor I, Crous KY, Goldsmith GR, Fisher JB. Tropical forests are approaching critical temperature thresholds. Nature 2023; 621:105-111. [PMID: 37612501 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The critical temperature beyond which photosynthetic machinery in tropical trees begins to fail averages approximately 46.7 °C (Tcrit)1. However, it remains unclear whether leaf temperatures experienced by tropical vegetation approach this threshold or soon will under climate change. Here we found that pantropical canopy temperatures independently triangulated from individual leaf thermocouples, pyrgeometers and remote sensing (ECOSTRESS) have midday peak temperatures of approximately 34 °C during dry periods, with a long high-temperature tail that can exceed 40 °C. Leaf thermocouple data from multiple sites across the tropics suggest that even within pixels of moderate temperatures, upper canopy leaves exceed Tcrit 0.01% of the time. Furthermore, upper canopy leaf warming experiments (+2, 3 and 4 °C in Brazil, Puerto Rico and Australia, respectively) increased leaf temperatures non-linearly, with peak leaf temperatures exceeding Tcrit 1.3% of the time (11% for more than 43.5 °C, and 0.3% for more than 49.9 °C). Using an empirical model incorporating these dynamics (validated with warming experiment data), we found that tropical forests can withstand up to a 3.9 ± 0.5 °C increase in air temperatures before a potential tipping point in metabolic function, but remaining uncertainty in the plasticity and range of Tcrit in tropical trees and the effect of leaf death on tree death could drastically change this prediction. The 4.0 °C estimate is within the 'worst-case scenario' (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5) of climate change predictions2 for tropical forests and therefore it is still within our power to decide (for example, by not taking the RCP 6.0 or 8.5 route) the fate of these critical realms of carbon, water and biodiversity3,4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Jenna M Keany
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin C Wiebe
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Camilo Rey-Sanchez
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kelsey R Carter
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kali B Middleby
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander W Cheesman
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Humberto R da Rocha
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Imma Oliveras Menor
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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4
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Siegwolf RTW, Lehmann MM, Goldsmith GR, Churakova Sidorova OV, Mirande-Ney C, Timoveeva G, Weigt RB, Saurer M. Updating the dual C and O isotope-Gas-exchange model: A concept to understand plant responses to the environment and its implications for tree rings. Plant Cell Environ 2023. [PMID: 37283560 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined study of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotopes in plant organic matter has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding plant functional responses to environmental change. The approach relies on established relationships between leaf gas exchange and isotopic fractionation to derive a series of model scenarios that can be used to infer changes in photosynthetic assimilation and stomatal conductance driven by changes in environmental parameters (CO2 , water availability, air humidity, temperature, nutrients). We review the mechanistic basis for a conceptual model, in light of recently published research, and discuss where isotopic observations do not match our current understanding of plant physiological response to the environment. We demonstrate that (1) the model was applied successfully in many, but not all studies; (2) although originally conceived for leaf isotopes, the model has been applied extensively to tree-ring isotopes in the context of tree physiology and dendrochronology. Where isotopic observations deviate from physiologically plausible conclusions, this mismatch between gas exchange and isotope response provides valuable insights into underlying physiological processes. Overall, we found that isotope responses can be grouped into situations of increasing resource limitation versus higher resource availability. The dual-isotope model helps to interpret plant responses to a multitude of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | | | - Cathleen Mirande-Ney
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Galina Timoveeva
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- ETH Alumni Association, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rosmarie B Weigt
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Felton AJ, Goldsmith GR. Timing and magnitude of drought impacts on carbon uptake across a grassland biome. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2790-2803. [PMID: 36792968 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although drought is known to negatively impact grassland functioning, the timing and magnitude of these impacts within a growing season remain unresolved. Previous small-scale assessments indicate grasslands may only respond to drought during narrow periods within a year; however, large-scale assessments are now needed to uncover the general patterns and determinants of this timing. We combined remote sensing datasets of gross primary productivity and weather to assess the timing and magnitude of grassland responses to drought at 5 km2 temporal resolution across two expansive ecoregions of the western US Great Plains biome: the C4 -dominated shortgrass steppe and the C3 -dominated northern mixed prairies. Across over 700,000 pixel-year combinations covering more than 600,000 km2 , we studied how the driest years between 2003-2020 altered the daily and bi-weekly dynamics of grassland carbon (C) uptake. Reductions to C uptake intensified into the early summer during drought and peaked in mid- and late June in both ecoregions. Stimulation of spring C uptake during drought was small and insufficient to compensate for losses during summer. Thus, total grassland C uptake was consistently reduced by drought across both ecoregions; however, reductions were twice as large across the more southern and warmer shortgrass steppe. Across the biome, increased summer vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was strongly linked to peak reductions in vegetation greenness during drought. Rising VPD will likely exacerbate reductions in C uptake during drought across the western US Great Plains, with these reductions greatest during the warmest months and in the warmest locations. High spatiotemporal resolution analyses of grassland response to drought over large areas provide both generalizable insights and new opportunities for basic and applied ecosystem science in these water-limited ecoregions amid climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Felton
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
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6
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Wright KT, Johnson KR, Marks GS, McGee D, Bhattacharya T, Goldsmith GR, Tabor CR, Lacaille-Muzquiz JL, Lum G, Beramendi-Orosco L. Dynamic and thermodynamic influences on precipitation in Northeast Mexico on orbital to millennial timescales. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2279. [PMID: 37080955 PMCID: PMC10119167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing and mechanisms of past hydroclimate change in northeast Mexico are poorly constrained, limiting our ability to evaluate climate model performance. To address this, we present a multiproxy speleothem record of past hydroclimate variability spanning 62.5 to 5.1 ka from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Here we show a strong influence of Atlantic and Pacific sea surface temperatures on orbital and millennial scale precipitation changes in the region. Multiple proxies show no clear response to insolation forcing, but strong evidence for dry conditions during Heinrich Stadials. While these trends are consistent with other records from across Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, the relative importance of thermodynamic and dynamic controls in driving this response is debated. An isotope-enabled climate model shows that cool Atlantic SSTs and stronger easterlies drive a strong inter-basin sea surface temperature gradient and a southward shift in moisture convergence, causing drying in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Wright
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, 3200 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Kathleen R Johnson
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, 3200 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Gabriela Serrato Marks
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David McGee
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Clay R Tabor
- Department of Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Gianna Lum
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, 3200 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura Beramendi-Orosco
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de, México, México
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7
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Ávila-Lovera E, Winter K, Goldsmith GR. Evidence for phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant-water relation traits. New Phytol 2023; 237:392-407. [PMID: 36271615 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships are likely to play a significant role in shaping plant physiological and structural traits observed in contemporary taxa. We review research on phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant-water relation traits, which play important roles in allowing plants to acquire, use, and conserve water. We found more evidence for a phylogenetic signal in structural traits (e.g. stomatal length and stomatal density) than in physiological traits (e.g. stomatal conductance and water potential at turgor loss). Although water potential at turgor loss is the most-studied plant-water relation trait in an evolutionary context, it is the only trait consistently found to not have a phylogenetic signal. Correlated evolution was common among traits related to water movement efficiency and hydraulic safety in both leaves and stems. We conclude that evidence for phylogenetic signal varies depending on: the methodology used for its determination, that is, model-based approaches to determine phylogenetic signal such as Blomberg's K or Pagel's λ vs statistical approaches such as ANOVAs with taxonomic classification as a factor; on the number of taxa studied (size of the phylogeny); and the setting in which plants grow (field vs common garden). More explicitly and consistently considering the role of evolutionary relationships in shaping plant ecophysiology could improve our understanding of how traits compare among species, how traits are coordinated with one another, and how traits vary with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleinis Ávila-Lovera
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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8
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Harenčár JG, Ávila‐Lovera E, Goldsmith GR, Chen GF, Kay KM. Flexible drought deciduousness in a neotropical understory herb. Am J Bot 2022; 109:1262-1272. [PMID: 35862815 PMCID: PMC9545341 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Adaptive divergence across environmental gradients is a key driver of speciation. Precipitation seasonality gradients are common in the tropics, yet drought adaptation is nearly unexplored in neotropical understory herbs. Here, we examined two recently diverged neotropical spiral gingers, one adapted to seasonal drought and one reliant on perennial water, to uncover the basis of drought adaptation. METHODS We combined ecophysiological trait measurements in the field and greenhouse with experimental and observational assessments of real-time drought response to determine how Costus villosissimus (Costaceae) differs from C. allenii to achieve drought adaptation. RESULTS We found that drought-adapted C. villosissimus has several characteristics indicating flexible dehydration avoidance via semi-drought-deciduousness and a fast economic strategy. Although the two species do not differ in water-use efficiency, C. villosissimus has a more rapid growth rate, lower leaf mass per area, lower stem density, higher leaf nitrogen, and a strong trend of greater light-saturated photosynthetic rates. These fast economic strategy traits align with both field-based observations and experimental dry-down results. During drought, C. villosissimus displays facultative drought-deciduousness, losing lower leaves during the dry season and rapidly growing new leaves in the wet season. CONCLUSIONS We revealed a drought adaptation strategy that has not, to our knowledge, previously been documented in tropical herbs. This divergent drought adaptation evolved recently and is an important component of reproductive isolation between C. villosissimus and C. allenii, indicating that adaptive shifts to survive seasonal drought may be an underappreciated axis of neotropical understory plant diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Harenčár
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95060USA
| | - Eleinis Ávila‐Lovera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado Postal 0843‐03092Panamá, República de Panamá
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCA92866USA
| | | | - Grace F. Chen
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNC27858USA
| | - Kathleen M. Kay
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95060USA
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9
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Berry ZC, Larue J, Goldsmith GR. Quantifying and manipulating the angles of light in experimental measurements of plant gas exchange. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:1954-1961. [PMID: 35297071 PMCID: PMC9314070 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse light has been shown to alter plant leaf photosynthesis, transpiration and water-use efficiency. Despite this, the angular distribution of light for the artificial light sources used with common gas exchange systems is unknown. Here, we quantify the angular distribution of light from common gas exchange systems and demonstrate the use of an integrating sphere for manipulating those light distributions. Among three different systems, light from a 90° angle perpendicular to the leaf surface (±5.75°) was <25% of the total light reaching the leaf surface. The integrating sphere resulted in a greater range of possible distributions from predominantly direct light (i.e., >40% of light from a 90 ± 5.75° angle perpendicular to the leaf surface) to almost entirely diffuse (i.e., light from an even distribution drawn from a nearly 0° horizontal angle to a perpendicular 90° angle). The integrating sphere can thus create light environments that more closely mimic the variation in sunlight under both clear and cloudy conditions. In turn, different proportions of diffuse light increased, decreased or did not change photosynthetic rates depending on the plant species observed. This new tool should allow the scientific community to explore new and creative questions about plant function within the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Carter Berry
- Department of BiologyWake Forest UniversityWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jerry Larue
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
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10
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Cooley SS, Fisher JB, Goldsmith GR. Convergence in water use efficiency within plant functional types across contrasting climates. Nat Plants 2022; 8:341-345. [PMID: 35422082 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water use efficiency (WUE) provides a direct measure of the inextricable link between plant carbon uptake and water loss, and it can be used to study how ecosystem function varies with climate. We analysed WUE data from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS), leveraging the high spatial resolution of ECOSTRESS to study the distribution of WUE values both within and among regions with different plant functional types. Our results indicate that despite wide local variability of WUE estimates, WUE tended to converge to common global optima (peaked distributions with variance <0.5 g C per kg H2O, kurtosis >3.0) for five of nine plant functional types (grassland, permanent wetland, savannah, deciduous broadleaf and deciduous needleleaf forest), and this convergence occurred in functional types that spanned distinct geographic regions and climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah S Cooley
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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11
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Ávila-Lovera E, Goldsmith GR, Kay KM, Funk JL. Above- and below-ground functional trait coordination in the Neotropical understory genus Costus. AoB Plants 2022; 14:plab073. [PMID: 35035869 PMCID: PMC8757582 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant functional traits and variation among and within species can help illuminate functional coordination and trade-offs in key processes that allow plants to grow, reproduce and survive. We studied 20 leaf, above-ground stem, below-ground stem and fine-root traits of 17 Costus species from forests in Costa Rica and Panama to answer the following questions: (i) Do congeneric species show above-ground and below-ground trait coordination and trade-offs consistent with theory of resource acquisition and conservation? (ii) Is there correlated evolution among traits? (iii) Given the diversity of habitats over which Costus occurs, what is the relative contribution of site and species to trait variation? We performed a principal components analysis (PCA) to assess for the existence of a spectrum of trait variation and found that the first two PCs accounted for 21.4 % and 17.8 % of the total trait variation, respectively, with the first axis of variation being consistent with a continuum of resource-acquisitive and resource-conservative traits in water acquisition and use, and the second axis of variation being related to the leaf economics spectrum. Stomatal conductance was negatively related to both above-ground stem and rhizome specific density, and these relationships became stronger after accounting for evolutionary relatedness, indicating correlated evolution. Despite elevation and climatic differences among sites, high trait variation was ascribed to individuals rather than to sites. We conclude that Costus species present trait coordination and trade-offs that allow species to be categorized as having a resource-acquisitive or resource-conservative functional strategy, consistent with a whole-plant functional strategy with evident coordination and trade-offs between above-ground and below-ground function. Our results also show that herbaceous species and species with rhizomes tend to agree with trade-offs found in more species-rich comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleinis Ávila-Lovera
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Jennifer L Funk
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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12
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Goldsmith GR, Gormally BMG, Green RM, Harrison AW, Hoover BA, Quides KW, Thammavongsy Z, Welles SR, Zhang B, Gray KM. Facilitating Constructive Discussions of Difficult Socio-Scientific Issues. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2021; 22:jmbe00153-21. [PMID: 34594458 PMCID: PMC8442025 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00153-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Discussion can be an important and powerful tool in efforts to build a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive future for STEM (i.e., science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). However, facilitating discussions on difficult, complex, and often uncomfortable issues, like racism and sexism, can feel daunting. We outline a series of steps that can be used by educators to facilitate productive discussions that empower everyone to listen, contribute, learn, and ultimately act to transform STEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Brenna M. G. Gormally
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Green
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Aaron W. Harrison
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Brian A. Hoover
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Kenjiro W. Quides
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Zachary Thammavongsy
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Shana R. Welles
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Gray
- Grand Challenges Initiative, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
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13
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Abstract
While student stress and anxiety are frequently cited as having negative effects on students' academic performance, the role that instructors can play in mitigating these challenges is often underappreciated. We provide summaries of different evidence-based strategies, ranging from changes in instructional strategies to specific classroom interventions, that instructors may employ to address and ameliorate student stress and anxiety. While we focus on students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, the strategies we delineate may be more broadly applicable. We begin by highlighting ways in which instructors can learn about and prepare to act to alleviate stress and anxiety. We then discuss how to better connect with students and build an inclusive, equitable, and empowering classroom environment. When coupled with strategies to change student evaluation and assessment, these approaches may collectively reduce student stress and anxiety, as well as improve student performance. We then discuss the roles that instructors may play in empowering students with skills that improve their time management, studying, and approach toward learning, with an eye toward ensuring their success across all their academic endeavors. We conclude by noting areas in which further research is needed to determine best practices for alleviating student stress and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Hsu
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866
- *Address correspondence to: Jeremy L. Hsu ()
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14
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Lehmann MM, Goldsmith GR, Mirande-Ney C, Weigt RB, Schönbeck L, Kahmen A, Gessler A, Siegwolf RTW, Saurer M. The 18 O-signal transfer from water vapour to leaf water and assimilates varies among plant species and growth forms. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:510-523. [PMID: 31732962 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 18 O signature of atmospheric water vapour (δ18 OV ) is known to be transferred via leaf water to assimilates. It remains, however, unclear how the 18 O-signal transfer differs among plant species and growth forms. We performed a 9-hr greenhouse fog experiment (relative humidity ≥ 98%) with 18 O-depleted water vapour (-106.7‰) on 140 plant species of eight different growth forms during daytime. We quantified the 18 O-signal transfer by calculating the mean residence time of O in leaf water (MRTLW ) and sugars (MRTSugars ) and related it to leaf traits and physiological drivers. MRTLW increased with leaf succulence and thickness, varying between 1.4 and 10.8 hr. MRTSugars was shorter in C3 and C4 plants than in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants and highly variable among species and growth forms; MRTSugars was shortest for grasses and aquatic plants, intermediate for broadleaf trees, shrubs, and herbs, and longest for conifers, epiphytes, and succulents. Sucrose was more sensitive to δ18 OV variations than other assimilates. Our comprehensive study shows that plant species and growth forms vary strongly in their sensitivity to δ18 OV variations, which is important for the interpretation of δ18 O values in plant organic material and compounds and thus for the reconstruction of climatic conditions and plant functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866
| | | | - Rosemarie B Weigt
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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15
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Berry ZC, Goldsmith GR. Diffuse light and wetting differentially affect tropical tree leaf photosynthesis. New Phytol 2020; 225:143-153. [PMID: 31418864 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most ecosystems experience frequent cloud cover resulting in light that is predominantly diffuse rather than direct. Moreover, these cloudy conditions are often accompanied by rain that results in wet leaf surfaces. Despite this, our understanding of photosynthesis is built upon measurements made on dry leaves experiencing direct light. Using a modified gas exchange setup, we measured the effects of diffuse light and leaf wetting on photosynthesis in canopy species from a tropical montane cloud forest. We demonstrate significant variation in species-level response to light quality independent of light intensity. Some species demonstrated 100% higher rates of photosynthesis in diffuse light, and others had 15% greater photosynthesis in direct light. Even at lower light intensities, diffuse light photosynthesis was equal to that under direct light conditions. Leaf wetting generally led to decreased photosynthesis, particularly when the leaf surface with stomata became wet; however, there was significant variation across species. Ultimately, we demonstrate that ecosystem photosynthesis is significantly altered in response to environmental conditions that are ubiquitous. Our results help to explain the observation that net ecosystem exchange can increase in cloudy conditions and can improve the representation of these processes in Earth systems models under projected scenarios of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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16
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Halbritter AH, De Boeck HJ, Eycott AE, Reinsch S, Robinson DA, Vicca S, Berauer B, Christiansen CT, Estiarte M, Grünzweig JM, Gya R, Hansen K, Jentsch A, Lee H, Linder S, Marshall J, Peñuelas J, Kappel Schmidt I, Stuart‐Haëntjens E, Wilfahrt P, Vandvik V, Abrantes N, Almagro M, Althuizen IHJ, Barrio IC, te Beest M, Beier C, Beil I, Berry ZC, Birkemoe T, Bjerke JW, Blonder B, Blume‐Werry G, Bohrer G, Campos I, Cernusak LA, Chojnicki BH, Cosby BJ, Dickman LT, Djukic I, Filella I, Fuchslueger L, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Gillespie MAK, Goldsmith GR, Gough C, Halliday FW, Joar Hegland S, Hoch G, Holub P, Jaroszynska F, Johnson DM, Jones SB, Kardol P, Keizer JJ, Klem K, Konestabo HS, Kreyling J, Kröel‐Dulay G, Landhäusser SM, Larsen KS, Leblans N, Lebron I, Lehmann MM, Lembrechts JJ, Lenz A, Linstädter A, Llusià J, Macias‐Fauria M, Malyshev AV, Mänd P, Marshall M, Matheny AM, McDowell N, Meier IC, Meinzer FC, Michaletz ST, Miller ML, Muffler L, Oravec M, Ostonen I, Porcar‐Castell A, Preece C, Prentice IC, Radujković D, Ravolainen V, Ribbons R, Ruppert JC, Sack L, Sardans J, Schindlbacher A, Scoffoni C, Sigurdsson BD, Smart S, Smith SW, Soper F, Speed JDM, Sverdrup‐Thygeson A, Sydenham MAK, Taghizadeh‐Toosi A, Telford RJ, Tielbörger K, Töpper JP, Urban O, Ploeg M, Van Langenhove L, Večeřová K, Ven A, Verbruggen E, Vik U, Weigel R, Wohlgemuth T, Wood LK, Zinnert J, Zurba K. The handbook for standardized field and laboratory measurements in terrestrial climate change experiments and observational studies (ClimEx). Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aud H. Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Hans J. De Boeck
- Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Universiteit Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Amy E. Eycott
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Steinkjer Norway
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Bangor UK
| | | | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Universiteit Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Bernd Berauer
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | | | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain
- CREAF Vallès Spain
| | - José M. Grünzweig
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Ragnhild Gya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Karin Hansen
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Hanna Lee
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain
- CREAF Vallès Spain
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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17
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Cernusak LA, Goldsmith GR, Arend M, Siegwolf RTW. Effect of Vapor Pressure Deficit on Gas Exchange in Wild-Type and Abscisic Acid-Insensitive Plants. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:1573-1586. [PMID: 31562233 PMCID: PMC6878010 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the gas exchange of terrestrial plant leaves, and are therefore essential to plant growth and survival. We investigated gas exchange responses to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in two gray poplar (Populus × canescens) lines: wild type and abscisic acid-insensitive (abi1) with functionally impaired stomata. Transpiration rate in abi1 increased linearly with VPD, up to about 2 kPa. Above this, sharply declining transpiration was followed by leaf death. In contrast, wild type showed a steady or slightly declining transpiration rate up to VPD of nearly 7 kPa, and fully recovered photosynthetic function afterward. There were marked differences in discrimination against 13CO2 (Δ13C) and C18OO (Δ18O) between abi1 and wild-type plants. The Δ13C indicated that intercellular CO2 concentrations decreased with VPD in wild-type plants, but not in abi1 plants. The Δ18O reflected progressive stomatal closure in wild type in response to increasing VPD; however, in abi1, stomata remained open and oxygen atoms of CO2 continued to exchange with 18O enriched leaf water. Coupled measurements of Δ18O and gas exchange were used to estimate intercellular vapor pressure, e i In wild-type leaves, there was no evidence of unsaturation of e i, even at VPD above 6 kPa. In abi1 leaves, e i approached 0.6 times saturation vapor pressure before the precipitous decline in transpiration rate. For wild type, a sensitive stomatal response to increasing VPD was pivotal in preventing unsaturation of e i In abi1, after taking unsaturation into account, stomatal conductance increased with increasing VPD, consistent with a disabled active response of guard cell osmotic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4879, Australia
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes and Stable Isotope Research Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arend
- Physiological Plant Ecology Group, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Ecosystem Fluxes and Stable Isotope Research Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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18
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Yu K, Goldsmith GR, Wang Y, Anderegg WRL. Phylogenetic and biogeographic controls of plant nighttime stomatal conductance. New Phytol 2019; 222:1778-1788. [PMID: 30779147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widely documented phenomenon of nighttime stomatal conductance gsn could lead to substantial water loss with no carbon gain, and thus it remains unclear whether nighttime stomatal conductance confers a functional advantage. Given that studies of gsn have focused on controlled environments or small numbers of species in natural environments, a broad phylogenetic and biogeographic context could provide insights into potential adaptive benefits of gsn . We measured gsn on a diverse suite of species (n = 73) across various functional groups and climates-of-origin in a common garden to study the phylogenetic and biogeographic/climatic controls on gsn and further assessed the degree to which gsn co-varied with leaf functional traits and daytime gas-exchange rates. Closely related species were more similar in gsn than expected by chance. Herbaceous species had higher gsn than woody species. Species that typically grow in climates with lower mean annual precipitation - where the fitness cost of water loss should be the highest - generally had higher gsn . Our results reveal the highest gsn rates in species from environments where neighboring plants compete most strongly for water, suggesting a possible role for the competitive advantage of gsn .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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19
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Berry ZC, Emery NC, Gotsch SG, Goldsmith GR. Foliar water uptake: Processes, pathways, and integration into plant water budgets. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:410-423. [PMID: 30194766 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all plant families, represented across most major biomes, absorb water directly through their leaves. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as foliar water uptake. Recent studies have suggested that foliar water uptake provides a significant water subsidy that can influence both plant water and carbon balance across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Despite this, our mechanistic understanding of when, where, how, and to what end water is absorbed through leaf surfaces remains limited. We first review the evidence for the biophysical conditions necessary for foliar water uptake to occur, focusing on the plant and atmospheric water potentials necessary to create a gradient for water flow. We then consider the different pathways for uptake, as well as the potential fates of the water once inside the leaf. Given that one fate of water from foliar uptake is to increase leaf water potentials and contribute to the demands of transpiration, we also provide a quantitative synthesis of observed rates of change in leaf water potential and total fluxes of water into the leaf. Finally, we identify critical research themes that should be addressed to effectively incorporate foliar water uptake into traditional frameworks of plant water movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Nathan C Emery
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sybil G Gotsch
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
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20
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Doughty CE, Santos-Andrade PE, Shenkin A, Goldsmith GR, Bentley LP, Blonder B, Díaz S, Salinas N, Enquist BJ, Martin RE, Asner GP, Malhi Y. Tropical forest leaves may darken in response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1918-1924. [PMID: 30455442 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forest leaf albedo (reflectance) greatly impacts how much energy the planet absorbs; however; little is known about how it might be impacted by climate change. Here, we measure leaf traits and leaf albedo at ten 1-ha plots along a 3,200-m elevation gradient in Peru. Leaf mass per area (LMA) decreased with warmer temperatures along the elevation gradient; the distribution of LMA was positively skewed at all sites indicating a shift in LMA towards a warmer climate and future reduced tropical LMA. Reduced LMA was significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with reduced leaf near-infrared (NIR) albedo; community-weighted mean NIR albedo significantly (P < 0.01) decreased as temperature increased. A potential future 2 °C increase in tropical temperatures could reduce lowland tropical leaf LMA by 6-7 g m-2 (5-6%) and reduce leaf NIR albedo by 0.0015-0.002 units. Reduced NIR albedo means that leaves are darker and absorb more of the Sun's energy. Climate simulations indicate this increased absorbed energy will warm tropical forests more at high CO2 conditions with proportionately more energy going towards heating and less towards evapotranspiration and cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Lisa P Bentley
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Norma Salinas
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.,Seccion Quimica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Abstract
Contents Summary 1156 I. Introduction 1156 II. How often are leaves wet? 1157 III. The costs of leaf wetting 1157 IV. The real and potential benefits of leaf wetting 1161 V. Wet leaves: costs, benefits and tradeoffs in a changing world 1165 Acknowledgements 1166 References 1166 SUMMARY: An often-overlooked feature of all plants is that their leaf surfaces are wet for significant periods over their lifetimes. Leaf wetting has a number of direct and indirect effects on plant function from the scale of the leaf to that of the ecosystem. The costs of leaf wetting for plant function, such as the growth of pathogens and the leaching of nutrients, have long been recognized. However, an emerging body of research has also begun to demonstrate some very clear benefits. For instance, leaf wetting can improve plant-water relations and lead to increased photosynthesis. Leaf wetting may also lead to synergistic effects on plant function, such as when leaf water potential improvements lead to enhanced growth that does not occur when plant leaves are dry. We identify important reasons why leaf wetting can be critical for plant sciences to not only acknowledge, but also directly address, in future research. To do so, we provide a framework for the consideration of the relative balance of the various costs and benefits resulting from leaf wetting, as well as how this balance may be expected to change given projected scenarios of global climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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22
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Goldsmith GR. What's in a name?
The Art of Naming
Michael Ohl Translated by Elisabeth Lauffer
MIT Press, 2018. 310 pp. Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A taxonomist contemplates the implications involved in naming new species
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- The reviewer is at Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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23
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Lehmann MM, Goldsmith GR, Schmid L, Gessler A, Saurer M, Siegwolf RTW. The effect of 18 O-labelled water vapour on the oxygen isotope ratio of water and assimilates in plants at high humidity. New Phytol 2018; 217:105-116. [PMID: 28940549 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how temporal variations of atmospheric water vapour and its isotopic composition (δ18 OV ) influence water and assimilates in plants remains limited, restricting our ability to use δ18 O as a tracer of ecophysiological processes. We exposed oak (Quercus robur) saplings under wet and dry soil moisture conditions to 18 O-depleted water vapour (c. - 200‰) at high relative humidity (c. 93%) for 5 h, simulating a fog event. We then traced the step change in δ18 OV into water and assimilates (e.g. sucrose, hexoses, quercitol and starch) in the leaf lamina, main veins and twigs over 24 h. The immediate δ18 OV effect was highest for δ18 O of leaf lamina water, but 40% lower on δ18 O of main vein water. To a smaller extent, we also observed changes in δ18 O of twig xylem water. Depending on the individual assimilation rate of each plant, the 18 O-label was partitioned among different assimilates, with highest changes in δ18 O of starch/sucrose and lowest in δ18 O of quercitol. Additionally, 18 O-label partitioning and allocation towards leaf starch and twig phloem sugars was influenced by the plant water status. Our results have important implications for water isotope heterogeneity in plants and for our understanding of how the δ18 O signal is incorporated into biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Lehmann
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Lola Schmid
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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24
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Doughty CE, Goldsmith GR, Raab N, Girardin CAJ, Farfan-Amezquita F, Huaraca-Huasco W, Silva-Espejo JE, Araujo-Murakami A, da Costa ACL, Rocha W, Galbraith D, Meir P, Metcalfe DB, Malhi Y. What controls variation in carbon use efficiency among Amazonian tropical forests? Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber systems; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA
| | - Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group; Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- Schmid College of Science and Technology; Chapman University; Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Nicolas Raab
- Environmental Change Institute; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Cecile A. J. Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | | | - Walter Huaraca-Huasco
- Environmental Change Institute; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco; Cusco Peru
| | | | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado; Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno; Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | | | - Wanderley Rocha
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM); Canarana Mato Grosso Brazil
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra Australia
- School of Geosciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Dan B. Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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Goldsmith GR, Bentley LP, Shenkin A, Salinas N, Blonder B, Martin RE, Castro‐Ccossco R, Chambi‐Porroa P, Diaz S, Enquist BJ, Asner GP, Malhi Y. Variation in leaf wettability traits along a tropical montane elevation gradient. New Phytol 2017; 214:989-1001. [PMID: 27463359 PMCID: PMC5412938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leaf wetting is often considered to have negative effects on plant function, such that wet environments may select for leaves with certain leaf surface, morphological, and architectural traits that reduce leaf wettability. However, there is growing recognition that leaf wetting can have positive effects. We measured variation in two traits, leaf drip tips and leaf water repellency, in a series of nine tropical forest communities occurring along a 3300-m elevation gradient in southern Peru. To extend this climatic gradient, we also assembled published leaf water repellency values from 17 additional sites. We then tested hypotheses for how these traits should vary as a function of climate. Contrary to expectations, we found that the proportion of species with drip tips did not increase with increasing precipitation. Instead, drip tips increased with increasing temperature. Moreover, leaf water repellency was very low in our sites and the global analysis indicated high repellency only in sites with low precipitation and temperatures. Our findings suggest that drip tips and repellency may not solely reflect the negative effects of wetting on plant function. Understanding the drivers of leaf wettability traits can provide insight into the effects of leaf wetting on plant, community, and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
- Ecosystem Fluxes GroupLaboratory for Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institute5232 VilligenSwitzerland
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del CuscoAvenida de la Cultura, Nro. 733CuscoPeru
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science260 Panama StreetStanfordCA 94305USA
| | - Rosa Castro‐Ccossco
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del CuscoAvenida de la Cultura, Nro. 733CuscoPeru
| | - Percy Chambi‐Porroa
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del CuscoAvenida de la Cultura, Nro. 733CuscoPeru
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal and FCEFyNUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICETC.C. 4955000 CórdobaArgentina
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science260 Panama StreetStanfordCA 94305USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
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26
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Malhi Y, Girardin CAJ, Goldsmith GR, Doughty CE, Salinas N, Metcalfe DB, Huaraca Huasco W, Silva-Espejo JE, Del Aguilla-Pasquell J, Farfán Amézquita F, Aragão LEOC, Guerrieri R, Ishida FY, Bahar NHA, Farfan-Rios W, Phillips OL, Meir P, Silman M. The variation of productivity and its allocation along a tropical elevation gradient: a whole carbon budget perspective. New Phytol 2017; 214:1019-1032. [PMID: 27768811 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Why do forest productivity and biomass decline with elevation? To address this question, research to date generally has focused on correlative approaches describing changes in woody growth and biomass with elevation. We present a novel, mechanistic approach to this question by quantifying the autotrophic carbon budget in 16 forest plots along a 3300 m elevation transect in Peru. Low growth rates at high elevations appear primarily driven by low gross primary productivity (GPP), with little shift in either carbon use efficiency (CUE) or allocation of net primary productivity (NPP) between wood, fine roots and canopy. The lack of trend in CUE implies that the proportion of photosynthate allocated to autotrophic respiration is not sensitive to temperature. Rather than a gradual linear decline in productivity, there is some limited but nonconclusive evidence of a sharp transition in NPP between submontane and montane forests, which may be caused by cloud immersion effects within the cloud forest zone. Leaf-level photosynthetic parameters do not decline with elevation, implying that nutrient limitation does not restrict photosynthesis at high elevations. Our data demonstrate the potential of whole carbon budget perspectives to provide a deeper understanding of controls on ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E Doughty
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Daniel B Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, CREAF c/o Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, 08290, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Françoise Yoko Ishida
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Centre of Tropical Environmental and Sustainabilility Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4870, Australia
| | - Nur H A Bahar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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27
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Blonder B, Salinas N, Patrick Bentley L, Shenkin A, Chambi Porroa PO, Valdez Tejeira Y, Violle C, Fyllas NM, Goldsmith GR, Martin RE, Asner GP, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Malhi Y. Predicting trait‐environment relationships for venation networks along an Andes‐Amazon elevation gradient. Ecology 2017; 98:1239-1255. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
- Sección Química Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú San Miguel Lima Peru
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | | | | | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175), CNRS Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE Montpellier France
| | - Nikolaos M. Fyllas
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen 5232 Switzerland
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV, CONICET‐UNC) and FCEFyN Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Cordoba Argentina
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
- The Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Rd Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QY UK
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28
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deVries MS, Stock BC, Christy JH, Goldsmith GR, Dawson TE. Specialized morphology corresponds to a generalist diet: linking form and function in smashing mantis shrimp crustaceans. Oecologia 2016; 182:429-42. [PMID: 27312263 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many animals are considered to be specialists because they have feeding structures that are fine-tuned for consuming specific prey. For example, "smasher" mantis shrimp have highly specialized predatory appendages that generate forceful strikes to break apart hard-shelled prey. Anecdotal observations suggest, however, that the diet of smashers may include soft-bodied prey as well. Our goal was to examine the diet breadth of the smasher mantis shrimp, Neogonodactylus bredini, to determine whether it has a narrow diet of hard-shelled prey. We combined studies of prey abundance, feeding behavior, and stable isotope analyses of diet in both seagrass and coral rubble to determine if N. bredini's diet was consistent across different habitat types. The abundances of hard-shelled and soft-bodied prey varied between habitats. In feeding experiments, N. bredini consumed both prey types. N. bredini consumed a range of different prey in the field as well and, unexpectedly, the stable isotope analysis demonstrated that soft-bodied prey comprised a large proportion (29-53 %) of the diet in both habitats. Using a Bayesian mixing model framework (MixSIAR), we found that this result held even when we used uninformative, or generalist, priors and informative priors reflecting a specialist diet on hard-shelled prey and prey abundances in the field. Thus, contrary to expectation, the specialized feeding morphology of N. bredini corresponds to a broad diet of both hard-shelled and soft-bodied prey. Using multiple lines of study to describe the natural diets of other presumed specialists may demonstrate that specialized morphology often broadens rather than narrows diet breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya S deVries
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0202, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0202, USA.
| | - Brian C Stock
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0202, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0202, USA
| | - John H Christy
- Naos Marine Laboratories, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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29
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Goldsmith GR, Morueta‐Holme N, Sandel B, Fitz ED, Fitz SD, Boyle B, Casler N, Engemann K, Jørgensen PM, Kraft NJB, McGill B, Peet RK, Piel WH, Spencer N, Svenning J, Thiers BM, Violle C, Wiser SK, Enquist BJ. Plant‐O‐Matic
: a dynamic and mobile guide to all plants of the Americas. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen 5232 Switzerland
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX13QY UK
- Ocotea Technologies LLC Newton MA 02458 USA
| | - Naia Morueta‐Holme
- Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | | | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Nathan Casler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Kristine Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90025 USA
| | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology & Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599‐3280 USA
| | - William H. Piel
- Yale‐NUS College 16 College Avenue West Singapore 138527 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Nick Spencer
- Landcare Research P.O. Box 69040 Lincoln 7640 NZ USA
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Barbara M. Thiers
- The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10348‐5126 USA
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS ‐ Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – EPHE 1919 route de Mende F‐34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5 France
| | | | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
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Goldsmith GR. If a tree falls in a forest…
The Adaptors
Season 1
www.theadaptors.org. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Will a podcast about climate change reach the audiences that need to hear it most?
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- The reviewer is in the Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- The reviewer is in the Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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32
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Malhi Y, Doughty CE, Goldsmith GR, Metcalfe DB, Girardin CAJ, Marthews TR, Del Aguila-Pasquel J, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Brando P, da Costa ACL, Silva-Espejo JE, Farfán Amézquita F, Galbraith DR, Quesada CA, Rocha W, Salinas-Revilla N, Silvério D, Meir P, Phillips OL. The linkages between photosynthesis, productivity, growth and biomass in lowland Amazonian forests. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:2283-95. [PMID: 25640987 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between photosynthesis, net primary productivity and growth in forest ecosystems is key to understanding how these ecosystems will respond to global anthropogenic change, yet the linkages among these components are rarely explored in detail. We provide the first comprehensive description of the productivity, respiration and carbon allocation of contrasting lowland Amazonian forests spanning gradients in seasonal water deficit and soil fertility. Using the largest data set assembled to date, ten sites in three countries all studied with a standardized methodology, we find that (i) gross primary productivity (GPP) has a simple relationship with seasonal water deficit, but that (ii) site-to-site variations in GPP have little power in explaining site-to-site spatial variations in net primary productivity (NPP) or growth because of concomitant changes in carbon use efficiency (CUE), and conversely, the woody growth rate of a tropical forest is a very poor proxy for its productivity. Moreover, (iii) spatial patterns of biomass are much more driven by patterns of residence times (i.e. tree mortality rates) than by spatial variation in productivity or tree growth. Current theory and models of tropical forest carbon cycling under projected scenarios of global atmospheric change can benefit from advancing beyond a focus on GPP. By improving our understanding of poorly understood processes such as CUE, NPP allocation and biomass turnover times, we can provide more complete and mechanistic approaches to linking climate and tropical forest carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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33
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Harvey MS, Lopes PC, Goldsmith GR, Halajian A, Hillyer MJ, Huey JA. A novel symbiotic relationship between sociable weaver birds (Philetairus socius) and a new cheliferid pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones : Cheliferidae) in southern Africa. INVERTEBR SYST 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/is15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Birds harbour a wide array of other taxa in their nests or in their plumage, which either have an ectoparasitic or commensal relationship with the host. We report on the discovery of a cheliferid pseudoscorpion found in the plumage and nests of the sociable weaver bird (Philetairus socius) in southern Africa. The nests of these communal birds are the largest of any bird, and may contain up to 500 individuals. The pseudoscorpion is likely to have a mutualistic relationship with the birds, most likely preying on other small invertebrates in the nests. Molecular data derived from two populations of the pseudoscorpion found divergence levels of 1.1% in cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), and an analysis of CO1 and two rRNA genes (18S and 28S) found a close relationship with Chelifer and Parachelifer in the tribe Cheliferini, which is supported by the morphology of the male genitalia. The molecular analysis also suggests that Beierius may not belong to the Cheliferini. The pseudoscorpion found in association with the sociable weaver represents a new genus and species, Sociochelifer metoecus Harvey, sp. nov.
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34
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35
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36
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Gotsch SG, Asbjornsen H, Holwerda F, Goldsmith GR, Weintraub AE, Dawson TE. Foggy days and dry nights determine crown-level water balance in a seasonal tropical Montane cloud forest. Plant Cell Environ 2014; 37:261-72. [PMID: 23777598 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ecophysiology of tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) trees is influenced by crown-level microclimate factors including regular mist/fog water inputs, and large variations in evaporative demand, which in turn can significantly impact water balance. We investigated the effect of such microclimatic factors on canopy ecophysiology and branch-level water balance in the dry season of a seasonal TMCF in Veracruz, Mexico, by quantifying both water inputs (via foliar uptake, FU) and outputs (day- and night-time transpiration, NT). Measurements of sap flow, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and pressure-volume relations were obtained in Quercus lanceifolia, a canopy-dominant tree species. Our results indicate that FU occurred 34% of the time and led to the recovery of 9% (24 ± 9.1 L) of all the dry-season water transpired from individual branches. Capacity for FU was independently verified for seven additional common tree species. NT accounted for approximately 17% (46 L) of dry-season water loss. There was a strong correlation between FU and the duration of leaf wetness events (fog and/or rain), as well as between NT and the night-time vapour pressure deficit. Our results show the clear importance of fog and NT for the canopy water relations of Q. lanceifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil G Gotsch
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Goldsmith
- Integrative Biology, University of California, Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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38
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Goldsmith GR, Matzke NJ, Dawson TE. The incidence and implications of clouds for cloud forest plant water relations. Ecol Lett 2012; 16:307-14. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Department of Integrative Biology; Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California; Berkeley; California; 94705; USA
| | - Nicholas J. Matzke
- Department of Integrative Biology; Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California; Berkeley; California; 94705; USA
| | - Todd E. Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology; Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California; Berkeley; California; 94705; USA
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39
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West AG, Goldsmith GR, Matimati I, Dawson TE. Spectral analysis software improves confidence in plant and soil water stable isotope analyses performed by isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:2268-2274. [PMID: 21755548 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for large errors to occur when analyzing waters containing organic contaminants using isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). In an attempt to address this problem, IRIS manufacturers now provide post-processing spectral analysis software capable of identifying samples with the types of spectral interference that compromises their stable isotope analysis. Here we report two independent tests of this post-processing spectral analysis software on two IRIS systems, OA-ICOS (Los Gatos Research Inc.) and WS-CRDS (Picarro Inc.). Following a similar methodology to a previous study, we cryogenically extracted plant leaf water and soil water and measured the δ(2)H and δ(18)O values of identical samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and IRIS. As an additional test, we analyzed plant stem waters and tap waters by IRMS and IRIS in an independent laboratory. For all tests we assumed that the IRMS value represented the "true" value against which we could compare the stable isotope results from the IRIS methods. Samples showing significant deviations from the IRMS value (>2σ) were considered to be contaminated and representative of spectral interference in the IRIS measurement. Over the two studies, 83% of plant species were considered contaminated on OA-ICOS and 58% on WS-CRDS. Post-analysis, spectra were analyzed using the manufacturer's spectral analysis software, in order to see if the software correctly identified contaminated samples. In our tests the software performed well, identifying all the samples with major errors. However, some false negatives indicate that user evaluation and testing of the software are necessary. Repeat sampling of plants showed considerable variation in the discrepancies between IRIS and IRMS. As such, we recommend that spectral analysis of IRIS data must be incorporated into standard post-processing routines. Furthermore, we suggest that the results from spectral analysis be included when reporting stable isotope data from IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G West
- Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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40
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West AG, Goldsmith GR, Brooks PD, Dawson TE. Discrepancies between isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable isotope analysis of plant and soil waters. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1948-1954. [PMID: 20552579 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) for the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of water is increasing. While IRIS has many advantages over traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), it may also be prone to errors that do not impact upon IRMS analyses. Of particular concern is the potential for contaminants in the water sample to interfere with the spectroscopy, thus leading to erroneous stable isotope data. Water extracted from plant and soil samples may often contain organic contaminants. The extent to which contaminants may interfere with IRIS and thus impact upon data quality is presently unknown. We tested the performance of IRIS relative to IRMS for water extracted from 11 plant species and one organic soil horizon. IRIS deviated considerably from IRMS for over half of the samples tested, with deviations as large as 46 per thousand (delta(2)H) and 15.4 per thousand (delta(18)O) being measured. This effect was reduced somewhat by using activated charcoal to remove organics from the water; however, deviations as large as 35 per thousand (delta(2)H) and 11.8 per thousand (delta(18)O) were still measured for these cleaned samples. Interestingly, the use of activated charcoal to clean water samples had less effect than previously thought for IRMS analyses. Our data show that extreme caution is required when using IRIS to analyse water samples that may contain organic contaminants. We suggest that the development of new cleaning techniques for removing organic contaminants together with instrument-based software to flag potentially problematic samples are necessary to ensure accurate plant and soil water analyses using IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G West
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Kahmen A, Simonin K, Tu K, Goldsmith GR, Dawson TE. The influence of species and growing conditions on the 18-O enrichment of leaf water and its impact on 'effective path length'. New Phytol 2009; 184:619-630. [PMID: 19761496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The stable oxygen isotope ratio (delta(18)O) of plant material has been shown to contain essential information on water and carbon fluxes at the plant and ecosystem scales. However, the effective path length (L(m)), a parameter introduced to leaf-water models still requires a comprehensive biological characterization to allow interpretation of delta(18)O values in plant material with confidence. Here, we tested the variability of L(m) across and within three species that developed leaves in environments with different relative humidity. We also tested whether the L(m) of fully developed leaves is affected by short-term fluctuations in relative humidity. We determined that significant differences in L(m) exist among Phaseolus vulgaris, Rizinus communis and Helianthus annuus. Within a given species, however, L(m) values did not differ significantly among individuals. These findings indicate that L(m) is species specific and a relatively constant parameter and that L(m) will not obscure the interpretation of delta(18)O values in plant material of a given species. We urge caution, however, because values for L(m) are derived from fitting leaf-water models to measured values of delta(18)O, so care must be taken in assigning a 'cause' to values of L(m) as they likely capture a combination of different biological leaf properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Kahmen
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Simonin
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Tu
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Goldsmith GR, Zahawi RA. The function of stilt roots in the growth strategy of Socratea exorrhiza (Arecaceae) at two neotropical sites. REV BIOL TROP 2009; 55:787-93. [PMID: 19086384 DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v55i3-4.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboreal palms have developed a variety of structural root modifications and systems to adapt to the harsh abiotic conditions of tropical rain forests. Stilt roots have been proposed to serve a number of functions including the facilitation of rapid vertical growth to the canopy and enhanced mechanical stability. To examine whether stilt roots provide these functions, we compared stilt root characteristics of the neotropical palm tree Socratea exorrhiza on sloped (>20 degrees) and flat locations at two lowland neotropical sites. S. exorrhiza (n=80 trees) did not demonstrate differences in number of roots, vertical stilt root height, root cone circumference, root cone volume, or location of roots as related to slope. However, we found positive relationships between allocation to vertical growth and stilt root architecture including root cone circumference, number of roots, and root cone volume. Accordingly, stilt roots may allow S. exorrhiza to increase height and maintain mechanical stability without having to concurrently invest in increased stem diameter and underground root structure. This strategy likely increases the species ability to rapidly exploit light gaps as compared to non-stilt root palms and may also enhance survival as mature trees approach the theoretical limits of their mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Goldsmith
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, 6500 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA.
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Bret-Harte MS, Mack MC, Goldsmith GR, Sloan DB, Demarco J, Shaver GR, Ray PM, Biesinger Z, Chapin FS. Plant functional types do not predict biomass responses to removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra. J Ecol 2008; 96:713-726. [PMID: 18784797 PMCID: PMC2438444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities in natural ecosystems are changing and species are being lost due to anthropogenic impacts including global warming and increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. We removed dominant species, combinations of species and entire functional types from Alaskan tussock tundra, in the presence and absence of fertilization, to examine the effects of non-random species loss on plant interactions and ecosystem functioning.After 6 years, growth of remaining species had compensated for biomass loss due to removal in all treatments except the combined removal of moss, Betula nana and Ledum palustre (MBL), which removed the most biomass. Total vascular plant production returned to control levels in all removal treatments, including MBL. Inorganic soil nutrient availability, as indexed by resins, returned to control levels in all unfertilized removal treatments, except MBL.Although biomass compensation occurred, the species that provided most of the compensating biomass in any given treatment were not from the same functional type (growth form) as the removed species. This provides empirical evidence that functional types based on effect traits are not the same as functional types based on response to perturbation. Calculations based on redistributing N from the removed species to the remaining species suggested that dominant species from other functional types contributed most of the compensatory biomass.Fertilization did not increase total plant community biomass, because increases in graminoid and deciduous shrub biomass were offset by decreases in evergreen shrub, moss and lichen biomass. Fertilization greatly increased inorganic soil nutrient availability.In fertilized removal treatments, deciduous shrubs and graminoids grew more than expected based on their performance in the fertilized intact community, while evergreen shrubs, mosses and lichens all grew less than expected. Deciduous shrubs performed better than graminoids when B. nana was present, but not when it had been removed.Synthesis. Terrestrial ecosystem response to warmer temperatures and greater nutrient availability in the Arctic may result in vegetative stable-states dominated by either deciduous shrubs or graminoids. The current relative abundance of these dominant growth forms may serve as a predictor for future vegetation composition.
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Dawid-Milner MS, Silva-Carvalho L, Goldsmith GR, Spyer KM. A potential role of central A1 adenosine receptors in the responses to hypothalamic stimulation in the anaesthetized cat. J Auton Nerv Syst 1994; 49:15-9. [PMID: 7963262 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(94)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In pentobarbitone anaesthetized and paralysed cats the effects of the A1 adenosine antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) have been observed on the pressor response to stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area (HDA) and on the effects of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex activation on arterial blood pressure. The administration of DPCPX decreased the magnitude of the HDA pressor response and the chemoreceptor induced rise in blood pressure. The fall in blood pressure induced by baroreceptor activation was enhanced to a small yet significant extent. No changes were observed in the tachypnoea evoked by hypothalamic defence area (HDA) stimulation. These results suggest a possible role for central adenosine A1 receptors in mediating the cardiovascular changes evoked during HDA stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dawid-Milner
- Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
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