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Suwannachuen N, Leetanasaksakul K, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Thaisakun S, Roongsattham P, Jantasuriyarat C, Sanevas N, Sirikhachornkit A. Palmelloid Formation and Cell Aggregation Are Essential Mechanisms for High Light Tolerance in a Natural Strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098374. [PMID: 37176080 PMCID: PMC10179368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms, such as higher plants and algae, require light to survive. However, an excessive amount of light can be harmful due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause cell damage and, if it is not effectively regulated, cell death. The study of plants' responses to light can aid in the development of methods to improve plants' growth and productivity. Due to the multicellular nature of plants, there may be variations in the results based on plant age and tissue type. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, has also been used as a model organism to study photosynthesis and photoprotection. Nonetheless, the majority of the research has been conducted with strains that have been consistently utilized in laboratories and originated from the same source. Despite the availability of many field isolates of this species, very few studies have compared the light responses of field isolates. This study examined the responses of two field isolates of Chlamydomonas to high light stress. The light-tolerant strain, CC-4414, managed reactive oxygen species (ROS) slightly better than the sensitive strain, CC-2344, did. The proteomic data of cells subjected to high light revealed cellular modifications of the light-tolerant strain toward membrane proteins. The morphology of cells under light stress revealed that this strain utilized the formation of palmelloid structures and cell aggregation to shield cells from excessive light. As indicated by proteome data, morphological modifications occur simultaneously with the increase in protein degradation and autophagy. By protecting cells from stress, cells are able to continue to upregulate ROS management mechanisms and prevent cell death. This is the first report of palmelloid formation in Chlamydomonas under high light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Suwannachuen
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thaisakun
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Roongsattham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Sanevas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Sirikhachornkit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Bunyoo C, Roongsattham P, Khumwan S, Phonmakham J, Wonnapinij P, Thamchaipenet A. Dynamic Alteration of Microbial Communities of Duckweeds from Nature to Nutrient-Deficient Condition. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11212915. [PMID: 36365369 PMCID: PMC9658847 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds live with complex assemblages of microbes as holobionts that play an important role in duckweed growth and phytoremediation ability. In this study, the structure and diversity of duckweed-associated bacteria (DAB) among four duckweed subtypes under natural and nutrient-deficient conditions were investigated using V3-V4 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. High throughput sequencing analysis indicated that phylum Proteobacteria was predominant in across duckweed samples. A total of 24 microbial genera were identified as a core microbiome that presented in high abundance with consistent proportions across all duckweed subtypes. The most abundant microbes belonged to the genus Rhodobacter, followed by other common DAB, including Acinetobacter, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, and Pseudomonas. After nutrient-deficient stress, diversity of microbial communities was significantly deceased. However, the relative abundance of Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Pelomonas, Roseateles and Novosphingobium were significantly enhanced in stressed duckweeds. Functional prediction of the metagenome data displayed the relative abundance of essential pathways involved in DAB colonization, such as bacterial motility and biofilm formation, as well as biodegradable ability, such as benzoate degradation and nitrogen metabolism, were significantly enriched under stress condition. The findings improve the understanding of the complexity of duckweed microbiomes and facilitate the establishment of a stable microbiome used for co-cultivation with duckweeds for enhancement of biomass and phytoremediation under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakrit Bunyoo
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Roongsattham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Khumwan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Juthaporn Phonmakham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresource, Food and Health Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Arinthip Thamchaipenet
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresource, Food and Health Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Fooyontphanich K, Morcillo F, Joët T, Dussert S, Serret J, Collin M, Amblard P, Tangphatsornruang S, Roongsattham P, Jantasuriyarat C, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Multi-scale comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key genes and metabolic reprogramming processes associated with oil palm fruit abscission. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:92. [PMID: 33573592 PMCID: PMC7879690 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit abscission depends on cell separation that occurs within specialized cell layers that constitute an abscission zone (AZ). To determine the mechanisms of fleshy fruit abscission of the monocot oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) compared with other abscission systems, we performed multi-scale comparative transcriptome analyses on fruit targeting the developing primary AZ and adjacent tissues. RESULTS Combining between-tissue developmental comparisons with exogenous ethylene treatments, and naturally occurring abscission in the field, RNAseq analysis revealed a robust core set of 168 genes with differentially regulated expression, spatially associated with the ripe fruit AZ, and temporally restricted to the abscission timing. The expression of a set of candidate genes was validated by qRT-PCR in the fruit AZ of a natural oil palm variant with blocked fruit abscission, which provides evidence for their functions during abscission. Our results substantiate the conservation of gene function between dicot dry fruit dehiscence and monocot fleshy fruit abscission. The study also revealed major metabolic transitions occur in the AZ during abscission, including key senescence marker genes and transcriptional regulators, in addition to genes involved in nutrient recycling and reallocation, alternative routes for energy supply and adaptation to oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The study provides the first reference transcriptome of a monocot fleshy fruit abscission zone and provides insight into the mechanisms underlying abscission by identifying key genes with functional roles and processes, including metabolic transitions, cell wall modifications, signalling, stress adaptations and transcriptional regulation, that occur during ripe fruit abscission of the monocot oil palm. The transcriptome data comprises an original reference and resource useful towards understanding the evolutionary basis of this fundamental plant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fooyontphanich
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Grow A Green Co, Ltd. 556 Maha Chakraphat Rd. Namaung, Chachoengsao, Chachoengsao Province, 24000, Thailand
| | - Fabienne Morcillo
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, DIADE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Joët
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Dussert
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Serret
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Collin
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Roongsattham
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus, 50 Phahonyothin Road Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus, 50 Phahonyothin Road Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothy J Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
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Tranbarger TJ, Fooyontphanich K, Roongsattham P, Pizot M, Collin M, Jantasuriyarat C, Suraninpong P, Tragoonrung S, Dussert S, Verdeil JL, Morcillo F. Transcriptome Analysis of Cell Wall and NAC Domain Transcription Factor Genes during Elaeis guineensis Fruit Ripening: Evidence for Widespread Conservation within Monocot and Eudicot Lineages. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28487710 PMCID: PMC5404384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), a monocotyledonous species in the family Arecaceae, has an extraordinarily oil rich fleshy mesocarp, and presents an original model to examine the ripening processes and regulation in this particular monocot fruit. Histochemical analysis and cell parameter measurements revealed cell wall and middle lamella expansion and degradation during ripening and in response to ethylene. Cell wall related transcript profiles suggest a transition from synthesis to degradation is under transcriptional control during ripening, in particular a switch from cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin synthesis to hydrolysis and degradation. The data provide evidence for the transcriptional activation of expansin, polygalacturonase, mannosidase, beta-galactosidase, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase proteins in the ripening oil palm mesocarp, suggesting widespread conservation of these activities during ripening for monocotyledonous and eudicotyledonous fruit types. Profiling of the most abundant oil palm polygalacturonase (EgPG4) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) transcripts during development and in response to ethylene demonstrated both are sensitive markers of ethylene production and inducible gene expression during mesocarp ripening, and provide evidence for a conserved regulatory module between ethylene and cell wall pectin degradation. A comprehensive analysis of NAC transcription factors confirmed at least 10 transcripts from diverse NAC domain clades are expressed in the mesocarp during ripening, four of which are induced by ethylene treatment, with the two most inducible (EgNAC6 and EgNAC7) phylogenetically similar to the tomato NAC-NOR master-ripening regulator. Overall, the results provide evidence that despite the phylogenetic distance of the oil palm within the family Arecaceae from the most extensively studied monocot banana fruit, it appears ripening of divergent monocot and eudicot fruit lineages are regulated by evolutionarily conserved molecular physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Fooyontphanich
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | | | - Maxime Pizot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | - Myriam Collin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | | | - Potjamarn Suraninpong
- Department of Plant Science, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyPathumthani, Thailand
| | - Stéphane Dussert
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Morcillo
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
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Roongsattham P, Morcillo F, Fooyontphanich K, Jantasuriyarat C, Tragoonrung S, Amblard P, Collin M, Mouille G, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Cellular and Pectin Dynamics during Abscission Zone Development and Ripe Fruit Abscission of the Monocot Oil Palm. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:540. [PMID: 27200017 PMCID: PMC4844998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit primary abscission zone (AZ) is a multi-cell layered boundary region between the pedicel (P) and mesocarp (M) tissues. To examine the cellular processes that occur during the development and function of the AZ cell layers, we employed multiple histological and immunohistochemical methods combined with confocal, electron and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy approaches. During early fruit development and differentiation of the AZ, the orientation of cell divisions in the AZ was periclinal compared with anticlinal divisions in the P and M. AZ cell wall width increased earlier during development suggesting cell wall assembly occurred more rapidly in the AZ than the adjacent P and M tissues. The developing fruit AZ contain numerous intra-AZ cell layer plasmodesmata (PD), but very few inter-AZ cell layer PD. In the AZ of ripening fruit, PD were less frequent, wider, and mainly intra-AZ cell layer localized. Furthermore, DAPI staining revealed nuclei are located adjacent to PD and are remarkably aligned within AZ layer cells, and remain aligned and intact after cell separation. The polarized accumulation of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and vesicles suggested active secretion at the tip of AZ cells occurred during development which may contribute to the striated cell wall patterns in the AZ cell layers. AZ cells accumulated intracellular pectin during development, which appear to be released and/or degraded during cell separation. The signal for the JIM5 epitope, that recognizes low methylesterified and un-methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG), increased in the AZ layer cell walls prior to separation and dramatically increased on the separated AZ cell surfaces. Finally, FT-IR microspectroscopy analysis indicated a decrease in methylesterified HG occurred in AZ cell walls during separation, which may partially explain an increase in the JIM5 epitope signal. The results obtained through a multi-imaging approach allow an integrated view of the dynamic developmental processes that occur in a multi-layered boundary AZ and provide evidence for distinct regulatory mechanisms that underlie oil palm fruit AZ development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Fooyontphanich
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | | | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Genome InstitutePathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Myriam Collin
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique -AgroParisTechERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
| | | | - Timothy J. Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Timothy J. Tranbarger
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Roongsattham P, Morcillo F, Jantasuriyarat C, Pizot M, Moussu S, Jayaweera D, Collin M, Gonzalez-Carranza ZH, Amblard P, Tregear JW, Tragoonrung S, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Temporal and spatial expression of polygalacturonase gene family members reveals divergent regulation during fleshy fruit ripening and abscission in the monocot species oil palm. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:150. [PMID: 22920238 PMCID: PMC3546427 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell separation that occurs during fleshy fruit abscission and dry fruit dehiscence facilitates seed dispersal, the final stage of plant reproductive development. While our understanding of the evolutionary context of cell separation is limited mainly to the eudicot model systems tomato and Arabidopsis, less is known about the mechanisms underlying fruit abscission in crop species, monocots in particular. The polygalacturonase (PG) multigene family encodes enzymes involved in the depolymerisation of pectin homogalacturonan within the primary cell wall and middle lamella. PG activity is commonly found in the separation layers during organ abscission and dehiscence, however, little is known about how this gene family has diverged since the separation of monocot and eudicots and the consequence of this divergence on the abscission process. RESULTS The objective of the current study was to identify PGs responsible for the high activity previously observed in the abscission zone (AZ) during fruit shedding of the tropical monocot oil palm, and to analyze PG gene expression during oil palm fruit ripening and abscission. We identified 14 transcripts that encode PGs, all of which are expressed in the base of the oil palm fruit. The accumulation of five PG transcripts increase, four decrease and five do not change during ethylene treatments that induce cell separation. One PG transcript (EgPG4) is the most highly induced in the fruit base, with a 700-5000 fold increase during the ethylene treatment. In situ hybridization experiments indicate that the EgPG4 transcript increases preferentially in the AZ cell layers in the base of the fruit in response to ethylene prior to cell separation. CONCLUSIONS The expression pattern of EgPG4 is consistent with the temporal and spatial requirements for cell separation to occur during oil palm fruit shedding. The sequence diversity of PGs and the complexity of their expression in the oil palm fruit tissues contrast with data from tomato, suggesting functional divergence underlying the ripening and abscission processes has occurred between these two fruit species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of EgPG4 with PGs from other species suggests some conservation, but also diversification has occurred between monocots and eudicots, in particular between dry and fleshy fruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerapat Roongsattham
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Fabienne Morcillo
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, 50 Phahonyothin Road, Jatujak, Thailand
| | - Maxime Pizot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Steven Moussu
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Dasuni Jayaweera
- Division, Loughborough, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, Plant Science, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Collin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Zinnia H Gonzalez-Carranza
- Division, Loughborough, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, Plant Science, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - James W Tregear
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement CIRAD, UMR AGAP, MRI-PHIV, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Timothy J Tranbarger
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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