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AbdusSalam SS, Agocs FJ, Allanach BC, Athron P, Balázs C, Bagnaschi E, Bechtle P, Buchmueller O, Beniwal A, Bhom J, Bloor S, Bringmann T, Buckley A, Butter A, Camargo-Molina JE, Chrzaszcz M, Conrad J, Cornell JM, Danninger M, de Blas J, De Roeck A, Desch K, Dolan M, Dreiner H, Eberhardt O, Ellis J, Farmer B, Fedele M, Flächer H, Fowlie A, Gonzalo TE, Grace P, Hamer M, Handley W, Harz J, Heinemeyer S, Hoof S, Hotinli S, Jackson P, Kahlhoefer F, Kowalska K, Krämer M, Kvellestad A, Martinez ML, Mahmoudi F, Santos DM, Martinez GD, Mishima S, Olive K, Paul A, Prim MT, Porod W, Raklev A, Renk JJ, Rogan C, Roszkowski L, Ruiz de Austri R, Sakurai K, Scaffidi A, Scott P, Sessolo EM, Stefaniak T, Stöcker P, Su W, Trojanowski S, Trotta R, Sming Tsai YL, Van den Abeele J, Valli M, Vincent AC, Weiglein G, White M, Wienemann P, Wu L, Zhang Y. Simple and statistically sound recommendations for analysing physical theories. Rep Prog Phys 2022; 85:052201. [PMID: 35522172 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac60ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physical theories that depend on many parameters or are tested against data from many different experiments pose unique challenges to statistical inference. Many models in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology fall into one or both of these categories. These issues are often sidestepped with statistically unsound ad hoc methods, involving intersection of parameter intervals estimated by multiple experiments, and random or grid sampling of model parameters. Whilst these methods are easy to apply, they exhibit pathologies even in low-dimensional parameter spaces, and quickly become problematic to use and interpret in higher dimensions. In this article we give clear guidance for going beyond these procedures, suggesting where possible simple methods for performing statistically sound inference, and recommendations of readily-available software tools and standards that can assist in doing so. Our aim is to provide any physicists lacking comprehensive statistical training with recommendations for reaching correct scientific conclusions, with only a modest increase in analysis burden. Our examples can be reproduced with the code publicly available at Zenodo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fruzsina J Agocs
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Athron
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Csaba Balázs
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Philip Bechtle
- University of Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Buchmueller
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ankit Beniwal
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology (CP3), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jihyun Bhom
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sanjay Bloor
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Torsten Bringmann
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Box 1048, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andy Buckley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Butter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marcin Chrzaszcz
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M Cornell
- Department of Physics, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson St., Dept. 2508, Ogden, UT 84408, United States of America
| | - Matthias Danninger
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby B.C., Canada
| | - Jorge de Blas
- Institute of Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Albert De Roeck
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Desch
- University of Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthew Dolan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Herbert Dreiner
- University of Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Otto Eberhardt
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, IFIC-UV/CSIC, Apt. Correus 22085, E-46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - John Ellis
- Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Marco Fedele
- Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Henning Flächer
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Fowlie
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tomás E Gonzalo
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Grace
- ARC Centre for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Matthias Hamer
- University of Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Will Handley
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Harz
- Physik Department T70, James-Franck-Straße, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sven Heinemeyer
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Hoof
- Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Selim Hotinli
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jackson
- ARC Centre for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Felix Kahlhoefer
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kamila Kowalska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Pasteura 7, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Krämer
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anders Kvellestad
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Box 1048, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Farvah Mahmoudi
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, UMR 5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Diego Martinez Santos
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gregory D Martinez
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | | | - Keith Olive
- William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Ayan Paul
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Tobias Prim
- University of Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Porod
- University of Würzburg, Emil-Hilb-Weg 22, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Are Raklev
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Box 1048, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Janina J Renk
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Rogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Leszek Roszkowski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Pasteura 7, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Astrocent, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kazuki Sakurai
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andre Scaffidi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Pat Scott
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Tim Stefaniak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Stöcker
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wei Su
- ARC Centre for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Trojanowski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Pasteura 7, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Astrocent, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roberto Trotta
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- SISSA International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yue-Lin Sming Tsai
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Mauro Valli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America
| | - Aaron C Vincent
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Arthur B McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Georg Weiglein
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin White
- ARC Centre for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Peter Wienemann
- University of Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, ZhengZhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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Athron P, Balázs C, Beniwal A, Bloor S, Camargo-Molina JE, Cornell JM, Farmer B, Fowlie A, E. Gonzalo T, Kahlhoefer F, Kvellestad A, Martinez GD, Scott P, Vincent AC, Wild S, White M, Williams AG. Global analyses of Higgs portal singlet dark matter models using GAMBIT. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2019; 79:38. [PMID: 30872966 PMCID: PMC6383837 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present global analyses of effective Higgs portal dark matter models in the frequentist and Bayesian statistical frameworks. Complementing earlier studies of the scalar Higgs portal, we use GAMBIT to determine the preferred mass and coupling ranges for models with vector, Majorana and Dirac fermion dark matter. We also assess the relative plausibility of all four models using Bayesian model comparison. Our analysis includes up-to-date likelihood functions for the dark matter relic density, invisible Higgs decays, and direct and indirect searches for weakly-interacting dark matter including the latest XENON1T data. We also account for important uncertainties arising from the local density and velocity distribution of dark matter, nuclear matrix elements relevant to direct detection, and Standard Model masses and couplings. In all Higgs portal models, we find parameter regions that can explain all of dark matter and give a good fit to all data. The case of vector dark matter requires the most tuning and is therefore slightly disfavoured from a Bayesian point of view. In the case of fermionic dark matter, we find a strong preference for including a CP-violating phase that allows suppression of constraints from direct detection experiments, with odds in favour of CP violation of the order of 100:1. Finally, we present DDCalc 2.0.0, a tool for calculating direct detection observables and likelihoods for arbitrary non-relativistic effective operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- The GAMBIT Collaboration:
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Athron
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Csaba Balázs
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ankit Beniwal
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Bloor
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - José Eliel Camargo-Molina
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Jonathan M. Cornell
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
| | - Ben Farmer
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrew Fowlie
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | | | - Felix Kahlhoefer
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anders Kvellestad
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gregory D. Martinez
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Pat Scott
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Aaron C. Vincent
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | | | - Martin White
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Anthony G. Williams
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
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Athron P, Balázs C, Bringmann T, Buckley A, Chrząszcz M, Conrad J, Cornell JM, Dal LA, Edsjö J, Farmer B, Jackson P, Kahlhoefer F, Krislock A, Kvellestad A, McKay J, Mahmoudi F, Martinez GD, Putze A, Raklev A, Rogan C, Saavedra A, Savage C, Scott P, Serra N, Weniger C, White M. Status of the scalar singlet dark matter model. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2017; 77:568. [PMID: 32009844 PMCID: PMC6959423 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the simplest viable models for dark matter is an additional neutral scalar, stabilised by a Z 2 symmetry. Using the GAMBIT package and combining results from four independent samplers, we present Bayesian and frequentist global fits of this model. We vary the singlet mass and coupling along with 13 nuisance parameters, including nuclear uncertainties relevant for direct detection, the local dark matter density, and selected quark masses and couplings. We include the dark matter relic density measured by Planck, direct searches with LUX, PandaX, SuperCDMS and XENON100, limits on invisible Higgs decays from the Large Hadron Collider, searches for high-energy neutrinos from dark matter annihilation in the Sun with IceCube, and searches for gamma rays from annihilation in dwarf galaxies with the Fermi-LAT. Viable solutions remain at couplings of order unity, for singlet masses between the Higgs mass and about 300 GeV, and at masses above ∼ 1 TeV. Only in the latter case can the scalar singlet constitute all of dark matter. Frequentist analysis shows that the low-mass resonance region, where the singlet is about half the mass of the Higgs, can also account for all of dark matter, and remains viable. However, Bayesian considerations show this region to be rather fine-tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Athron
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Australia, http://www.coepp.org.au/
| | - Csaba Balázs
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Australia, http://www.coepp.org.au/
| | | | - Andy Buckley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Marcin Chrząszcz
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M. Cornell
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
| | - Lars A. Dal
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joakim Edsjö
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben Farmer
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Jackson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Australia, http://www.coepp.org.au/
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Abram Krislock
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - James McKay
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Farvah Mahmoudi
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, 69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Gregory D. Martinez
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Antje Putze
- LAPTh, Université de Savoie, CNRS, 9 chemin de Bellevue, B.P.110, 74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - Are Raklev
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aldo Saavedra
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Australia, http://www.coepp.org.au/
- Centre for Translational Data Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Pat Scott
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nicola Serra
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weniger
- GRAPPA, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin White
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Tera-scale, Australia, http://www.coepp.org.au/
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
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